irangeify most of runtime/core/exec_aten

[swolchok]

Had to skip scalar_type_util.h because it needs the constexpr patch to land in PyTorch (and for us to update our pin to pick it up).

[swolchok]

Stack from ghstack (oldest at bottom):

• -> irangeify most of runtime/core/exec_aten #8612
• Sync constexpr irange patch from PyTorch core #8610
• irangeify some of runtime/core #8609

[pytorch-bot]

🔗 Helpful Links

🧪 See artifacts and rendered test results at hud.pytorch.org/pr/pytorch/executorch/8612

• 📄 Preview Python docs built from this PR

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❌ 2 New Failures, 1 Unrelated Failure

As of commit 760618a with merge base 80d5e5a ():

NEW FAILURES - The following jobs have failed:

• pull / test-binary-size-linux / linux-job (gh)
  /pytorch/executorch/runtime/core/exec_aten/util/tensor_util_portable.cpp:100:21: error: unused variable 'd' [-Werror,-Wunused-variable]
• pull / test-binary-size-linux-gcc / linux-job (gh)
  /pytorch/executorch/runtime/core/exec_aten/util/tensor_util_portable.cpp:100:21: error: unused variable 'd' [-Werror=unused-variable]

BROKEN TRUNK - The following job failed but were present on the merge base:

👉 Rebase onto the `viable/strict` branch to avoid these failures

• pull / unittest / macos / macos-job (gh) (trunk failure)
  RuntimeError: Command bash /Users/ec2-user/runner/_work/_temp/exec_script failed with exit code 1

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