Implement new Concept Exercise: conditionals exercism#1103

* Created all required files for python concept - conditionals

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* Modifications to after.md as per review
-  The modifications made at "one line if statement"
- The inital draft had mentioned about one line if statement after the example for it
-  Now the one line if statement style guide is before showing example

* Minor corrections as stated in initial review
- Chnaged the eerenious output at line 34 for elif statement

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* added the functions definitions and the parameters

* Generated the scaffolding for test cases

* Test cases for first function added to conditionals_test.py
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exercises/concept/conditionals/.docs/after.md

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+## General
+
+Programs without conditional statements run sequentially (i.e. the code is executed line by line). However, this doesn't allow for the implementation of more complex logic. Conditional statements allow the program to execute different lines of code based on some factors. Python uses `if/else` statements to achieve this.
+
+Let's look at the basic structure of python's `if/else` .
+
+```python
+if <expression>:
+    <code block 1 >
+else:
+    <code block 2>
+```
+
+Now look at the following examples
+
+```python
+x = 5
+y = 10
+
+if x > y:                           # expression is True
+    print("x is greater than y")
+>>> x is greater than y
+
+if x < y:                           # expression is False
+    print("x is lower than y")
+>>>                                 # Nothing is executed
+
+```
+
+Here in the first `if` statement, the expression evaluates to `True`. Therefore, the statement associated with the `if` statement gets executed. In the next example, the expression evaluates to `False`, and therefore the statement associated with it is not executed.
+
+## The indentation and blocks
+
+The Python examples shown below are arranged into blocks using indentation. So, if there are multiple expressions that needs to be executed from one `if` statement we can put it in a block by having a uniform indentation throughout.
+
+```python
+if x > y:                           # expression is True
+    print("x is greater than y")
+    print("This is part of same block")
+    print("This is part of same block")
+
+print("this is not part of the if block")
+```
+
+## The else clause
+
+So far we made a single `if` statement. What if we wanted a program to execute one statement if the expression evaluates to `True` or execute an another statement if the expression evaluates to `False`
+In such scenarios we can use the `else` clause
+
+```python
+
+x = 5
+
+if x > 10:                          # Expression evaluvates to False
+    print("x is greater than 10")
+else:
+    print("x is less or equal than 10")      # Expression evaluates to True
+>>> x is less or equal than 10
+
+```
+
+In this example we see that the `if` condition evaluates to `False` so the statement in the `else` block is executed.
+
+A real world analogy to `if/else` statement is like this. If its sunny outside, then go to park. Otherwise read a book.
+
+## The elif clause
+
+Now that we have understood branching for sing `if` statement. What if we need to make several such alternatives in such cases we need to rely on `elif` clause. Which literally means else if. Here is an example using `elif`
+
+```python
+x = 20
+
+if x < 5:
+    print("x is less than 5")
+elif x < 10:
+    print("x is less than 10")
+elif x < 30:
+    print("x is less than 30")
+else:
+    print("None of the above")
+>>> x is less than 30
+```
+
+Here first the code checks the first `if` condition. It finds that the expression evaluates to `False`. Therefore it goes into `elif` statement and sees if the expression inside `elif` evaluates to `True` if not it will continue to go through each `elif` expressions. If none of them evaluates to `True` then the conditional goes to the `else` clause and executes the statement in the `else` clause. Note that in the case where `elif` is used. The `else` clause can come only at the end of the expression.
+
+## One line If statments
+
+It is possible to write `if` conditionals in a single line ,However, as per the [PEP8][pep8-link] standards, the use of multiple statements on same lines are discouraged
+[pep8-link]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#other-recommendations
+
+Example
+
+```python
+x = 5
+if x == 5: print("Came inside the if statement "); print("x equals 5 "); print("came to this part");
+>>> Came inside the if statement x equals 5 came to this part
+```
+
+Here all the statements separated by a semicolon are considered as part of a single block. We can have more complicated ones like the example shown below. This is highly discouraging as this goes against Python's strength which is readability.
+
+```python
+x = 10
+if x == 10: print('x '); print(' contains '); print(' 10')
+    elif x == 20: print('x '); print(' contains '); print(' 20')
+    else: print('x '); print(' contains '); print(' something else')
+
+```
+
+## Additional information
+
+In the `if` clause python strictly doesn't need a `True/False` value. This will become evident with the following example.
+
+```python
+
+string = ""
+string_1 = "Hello,World"
+
+if string:
+    print(string)
+elif string_1:
+    print(string_1)
+else:
+    print("All are empty")
+
+>>> Hello,World
+```
+
+In this example we did not evaluate if condition like this `if str == "":`. Even then it's understood by Python that if a string is empty evaluate it to `False` and evaluate to `True` otherwise.
+
+Here is another on some pythonic expressions inside `if`
+
+```python
+x = ["A", "B", "C"]
+
+if "A" in x:
+    print("A is inside x")
+>>> A is inside x
+```

exercises/concept/conditionals/.docs/hints.md

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+## placeholder text for hints.md

exercises/concept/conditionals/.docs/instructions.md

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+<!--
+Date: 26 Jan 2021
+This is a draft to see if this is question theme is suitable or not and will change according to
+review feedback
+
+Date : 27 Jan 2021
+Second Review, the task are satisfactory. Now Improving the first review
+ -->
+
+In this exercise, we will develop a simple control system for a nuclear reactor.
+
+For a reactor to produce the power it must be in a state of criticality.
+If the reactor becomes less than criticality it can damage the reactor.
+If it goes beyond criticality it can result in a meltdown.
+
+You have three task, all related to maintaining the criticality of the reactor.
+
+<!-- Problem 1 to teach basic if condition -->
+
+## 1. Check for criticality
+
+The first thing a control system must do is to check if the reactor is critical.
+A reactor is said to be critical if it satisfies the following conditions.
+
+- Temperature less than 800
+- Number of neutrons emitted per second greater than 500
+- The product of temperature and neutrons emitted per second less than 500000
+
+Implement a function called `is_criticality_balanced()` that takes in 2 arguments the temperature
+and neutrons emitted per second and returns a boolean True or False
+
+```python
+>>> is_criticality_balanced(750, 600)
+True
+```
+
+<!-- For teaching elif -->
+
+## 2. Determine the Power output range
+
+Now that the reactor has started producing power we need to determine the efficiency of
+the reactor.
+The efficency can be grouped into 4 bands.
+
+- green -> 80-100% efficency
+- orange -> 60-79% efficency
+- red -> 30-59% efficency
+- black -> <30% efficent
+
+efficency is calculated as `(generated power/ theoretical max power)*100`
+where generated `power = voltage * current`
+
+Implement a function called `reactor_efficency()` that takes in 3 arguments: `voltage`,
+`current`, and `theoretical_max_power`. The function returns the efficiency band of the
+reactor either 'green', 'orange', 'red', 'black'
+
+```python
+>>> reactor_efficency(200,50,1500)
+'orange'
+```
+
+<!-- Intention is to teach use of if, elif and else -->
+
+## 3. Fail Safe Mechanism
+
+The final part involves creating a fail-safe mechanism. We can increase/decrease or stop the
+criticality state of a reactor by inserting control rods into the reactor.
+
+Implement a function called `fail_safe()` which takes in 3 parameters: `temperature`,
+`neutrons produced per second`, and `threshold` to outputs status codes.
+
+- If `temperature * neutrons per second` < 40% of threshold, output a status code of 'LOW'
+  indicating that the control rods must be removed to make it go critical and produce power
+
+- If `temperature * neutrons per second` are within plus or minus 10% of the `threshold`
+  the reactor is in criticality and outputs a status code of 'NORMAL' , indicating that the
+  reactor is in optimum condition and control rods are in an idea position
+
+- If `temperature * neutron per second` is not in the above-stated ranges. The reactor is
+  going into meltdown and a status code of 'DANGER' must be passed to immediately shut down the reactor

exercises/concept/conditionals/.docs/introduction.md

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+## Conditionals
+
+Conditionals are the most common statements used in programming. Conditionals determine the flow of control in a program. In python the `if` statement is used to control the flow of execution. An important aspect of conditions in an `if` statement is that it will be resolved to a `boolean` type to determine the flow of execution.
+
+The basic syntax of an `if` statement is as follows
+
+```python
+x = 10
+y = 5
+# Variant 1
+if x > y:
+    print("x is greater than y")
+
+>>> x is greater than y
+
+# Variant 2
+x = 5
+y = 10
+
+if x > y:
+    print("x is greater than y")
+else:
+    print("y is greater than x")
+
+>>> y is greater than x
+
+# Variant 3
+x = 5
+y = 10
+z = 20
+if x > y:
+    print("x is greater than y and z")
+elif y > z:
+    print("y is greater than x and z")
+else:
+    print("z is great than x and y")
+>>> z is great than x and y
+```
+
+There are mainly 3 variants of the `if` statement as seen in above example
+
+- Single `if` statement
+- `if` with `else` clause
+- `if` with `elif` clause

exercises/concept/conditionals/.meta/config.json

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+{
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "github_username": "sachsom95",
+      "exercism_username": "sachsom95"
+    }
+  ]
+}

exercises/concept/conditionals/.meta/design.md

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+ <!--
+
+written:@sachsom95
+updated: 22 Sep 2020
+
+---
+
+Note this file developed from the github issue https://github.com/exercism/v3/issues/1103 by @DavidGerva and @BethanyG
+
+-->
+
+# Design
+
+## Goal
+
+The goal of this exercise is to teach the student what is a `conditional` and how they are used in Python.
+
+## Learning objectives
+
+- create a conditional structure to choose something, take a decision
+- use an if...else structure
+- use an if..elif...else structure
+
+## Out of scope
+
+- ternary operators
+
+## Concepts
+
+- `conditionals`
+- `if`
+- `elif`
+- `else`
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- `basics`
+- `booleans`
+- `comparisons`
+
+## Resources to refer to
+
+- [if statement][if statement]
+
+## Hints
+
+NEED TO DISCUSS THIS
+
+## After
+
+NEED TO DISCUSS THIS
+
+## Representer
+
+NEED HELP WITH THIS
+
+## Analyzer
+
+NEED HELP WITH THIS
+
+## Implementing
+
+Tests should be written using unittest.TestCase and the test file named conditionals_test.py.
+
+## Edits
+
+edited for updated naming by @yawpitch
+edited for prerequisites and learning objectives detail by @BethanyG
+
+[if statement]: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement

exercises/concept/conditionals/.meta/example.py

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+# example.py here

exercises/concept/conditionals/conditionals.py

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+def is_criticality_balanced(temprature, neutrons_emitted_per_second):
+    pass
+
+
+def reactor_efficency(voltage, current, theoretical_max_power):
+    pass
+
+
+def fail_safe(temperature, neutrons_produced_per_second, threshold):
+    pass