[c++] Add CMake check for GCC minimum version 13

[jp-dark]

Add GCC minimum version check to CMake.

Context: #3154 / [sc-57301]. See also #3673 (review).

[johnkerl]

Thanks @jp-dark !! :)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 86.33%. Comparing base (1754fcd) to head (f406379).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3677      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   86.29%   86.33%   +0.04%     
==========================================
  Files          55       55              
  Lines        6390     6390              
==========================================
+ Hits         5514     5517       +3     
+ Misses        876      873       -3     

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	86.33% <ø> (+0.04%)	⬆️

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Components	Coverage Δ
python_api	86.33% <ø> (+0.04%)	⬆️
libtiledbsoma	∅ <ø> (∅)