Include backtracking in user guide

docs/html/user_guide.rst

@@ -1276,6 +1276,8 @@ In this situation, you could consider:
 -  Refactoring your project to reduce the number of dependencies (for
    example, by breaking up a monolithic code base into smaller pieces)
 
+.. _`Getting help`:
+
 Getting help
 ------------
 
@@ -1304,6 +1306,227 @@ issue tracker`_ if you believe that your problem has exposed a bug in pip.
 .. _"How do I ask a good question?": https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask
 .. _pip issue tracker: https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues
 
+.. _`Dependency resolution backtracking`:
+
+Dependency resolution backtracking
+==================================
+
+Or more commonly known as *"Why does pip download multiple versions of
+the same package over and over again during an install?"*.
+
+The purpose of this section is to provide explanation of why
+backtracking happens, and practical suggestions to pip users who
+encounter it during a ``pip install``.
+
+What is backtracking?
+---------------------
+
+Backtracking is not a bug, or an unexpected behaviour. It is part of the
+way pip's dependency resolution process works.
+
+During a pip install (e.g. ``pip install tea``), pip needs to work out
+the package's dependencies (e.g. ``spoon``, ``hot-water``, ``cup`` etc), the
+versions of each of these packages it needs to install. For each package
+pip needs to decide which version is a good candidate to install.
+
+A "good candidate" means a version of each package that is compatible with all
+the other package versions being installed at the same time.
+
+In the case where a package has a lot of versions, arriving at a good
+candidate can take a lot of time. (The amount of time depends on the
+package size, the number of versions pip must try, and other concerns.)
+
+How does backtracking work?
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When doing a pip install, pip starts by making assumptions about the
+packages it needs to install. During the install process it needs to check these
+assumptions as it goes along.
+
+When pip finds that an assumption is incorrect, it has to try another approach
+(backtrack), which means discarding some of the work that has already been done,
+and going back to choose another path.
+
+For example; The user requests ``pip install tea``. ```tea`` has dependencies of
+``cup``, ``hot-water``, ``spoon`` amongst others.
+
+pip starts by installing a version of ``cup``. If it finds out it isn’t
+compatible (with the other package versions) it needs to “go back”
+(backtrack) and download an older version.
+
+It then tries to install that version. If it is successful, it will continue
+onto the next package. If not it will continue to backtrack until it finds a
+compatible version.
+
+This backtrack behaviour can end in 2 ways - either 1) it will
+successfully find a set of packages it can install (good news!), or 2) it will
+eventually display a `resolution impossible <https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/user_guide/#id35>`__ error
+message (not so good).
+
+If pip starts backtracking during dependency resolution, it does not
+know how long it will backtrack, and how much computation would be
+needed. For the user this means it can take a long time to complete.
+
+Why does backtracking occur?
+----------------------------
+
+With the release of the new resolver (:ref:`Resolver changes 2020`), pip is now
+more strict in the package versions it installs when a user runs a
+``pip install`` command.
+
+Pip needs to backtrack because initially, it doesn't have all the information it
+needs to work out the correct set of packages. This is because package indexes
+don't provide full package dependency information before you have downloaded
+the package.
+
+This new resolver behaviour means that pip works harder to find out which
+version of a package is a good candidate to install. It reduces the risk that
+installing a new package will accidentally break an existing installed package,
+and so reduces the risk that your environment gets messed up.
+
+What does this behaviour look like?
+-----------------------------------
+
+Right now backtracking behaviour looks like this:
+
+::
+
+   $ pip install tea==1.9.8
+   Collecting tea==1.9.8
+     Downloading tea-1.9.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl (346 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 346 kB 10.4 MB/s
+   Collecting spoon==2.27.0
+     Downloading spoon-2.27.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (312 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 312 kB 19.2 MB/s
+   Collecting hot-water>=0.1.9
+   Downloading hot-water-0.1.13-py3-none-any.whl (9.3 kB)
+   Collecting cup>=1.6.0
+     Downloading cup-3.22.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (397 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 397 kB 28.2 MB/s
+   INFO: pip is looking at multiple versions of this package to determine
+   which version is compatible with other requirements.
+   This could take a while.
+     Downloading cup-3.21.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (395 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 395 kB 27.0 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.20.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (394 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 394 kB 24.4 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.19.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (394 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 394 kB 21.3 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.19.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (394 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 394 kB 26.2 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (393 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 393 kB 22.1 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.17.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (382 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 382 kB 23.8 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.16.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (376 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 376 kB 27.5 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.15.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (385 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 385 kB 30.4 MB/s
+   INFO: pip is looking at multiple versions of this package to determine
+   which version is compatible with other requirements.
+   This could take a while.
+     Downloading cup-3.15.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (378 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 378 kB 21.4 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.14.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (372 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 372 kB 21.1 MB/s
+     Downloading cup-3.13.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (381 kB)
+        |████████████████████████████████| 381 kB 21.8 MB/s
+   This is taking longer than usual. You might need to provide the
+   dependency resolver with stricter constraints to reduce runtime.
+   If you want to abort this run, you can press Ctrl + C to do so.
+     Downloading cup-3.13.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (374 kB)
+
+In the above sample output, pip had to download multiple versions of
+package ``cup`` - cup-3.22.0 to cup-3.13.0 - to find a version that will be
+compatible with the other packages - ``spoon``, ``hot-water``, etc.
+
+These multiple ``Downloading cup-version`` lines show pip backtracking.
+
+Possible ways to reduce backtracking occurring
+----------------------------------------------
+
+It's important to mention backtracking behaviour is expected during a
+``pip install`` process. What pip is trying to do is complicated - it is
+working through potentially millions of package versions to identify the
+compatible versions.
+
+There is no guaranteed solution to backtracking but you can reduce it -
+here are a number of ways.
+
+.. _1-allow-pip-to-complete-its-backtracking:
+
+1. Allow pip to complete its backtracking
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In most cases, pip will complete the backtracking process successfully.
+It is possible this could take a very long time to complete - this may
+not be the preferred option.
+
+However there is a possibility pip will not be able to find a set of
+compatible versions.
+
+If you'd prefer not to wait, you can interrupt pip (ctrl and c) and use
+:ref:`Constraints Files`: to reduce the number of package versions it tries.
+
+.. _2-reduce-the-versions-of-the-backtracking-package:
+
+2. Reduce the number of versions pip will try to backtrack through
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+If pip is backtracking more than you'd like, the next option is to
+constrain the number of package versions it tries.
+
+A first good candidate for this constraining is the package(s) it is
+backtracking on (e.g. in the above example - ``cup``).
+
+You could try:
+
+``pip install tea "cup > 3.13"``
+
+This will reduce the number of versions of ``cup`` it tries, and
+possibly reduce the time pip takes to install.
+
+There is a possibility that if you're wrong (in this case an older
+version would have worked) then you missed the chance to use it. This
+can be trial and error.
+
+.. _3-use-constraint-files-or-lockfiles:
+
+3. Use constraint files or lockfiles
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+This option is a progression of 2 above. It requires users to know how
+to inspect:
+
+-  the packages they're trying to install
+-  the package release frequency and compatibility policies
+-  their release notes and changelogs from past versions
+
+During deployment, you can create a lockfile stating the exact package and
+version number for for each dependency of that package. You can create this
+with `pip-tools <https://github.com/jazzband/pip-tools/>`__.
+
+This means the "work" is done once during development process, and so
+will save users this work during deployment.
+
+The pip team is not available to provide support in helping you create a
+suitable constraints file.
+
+.. _4-be-more-strict-on-package-dependencies-during-development:
+
+4. Be more strict on package dependencies during development
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For package maintainers during the development, give pip some help by
+creating constraint files for the dependency tree. This will reduce the
+number of versions it will try.
+
+Getting help
+------------
+
+If none of the suggestions above work for you, we recommend that you ask
+for help. :ref:`Getting help`.
+
 .. _`Using pip from your program`:
 
 Using pip from your program

news/9039.doc.rst

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add a section to the User Guide to cover backtracking during dependency resolution.