feat: Implement option 'delete_rows' of argument 'if_exists' in 'DataFrame.to_sql' API.

doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ Other enhancements
 - :meth:`Series.map` can now accept kwargs to pass on to func (:issue:`59814`)
 - :meth:`pandas.concat` will raise a ``ValueError`` when ``ignore_index=True`` and ``keys`` is not ``None`` (:issue:`59274`)
 - :meth:`str.get_dummies` now accepts a  ``dtype`` parameter to specify the dtype of the resulting DataFrame (:issue:`47872`)
+- Add ``"delete_rows"`` option to ``if_exists`` argument in :meth:`DataFrame.to_sql` deleting all records of the table before inserting data (:issue:`37210`).
 - Implemented :meth:`Series.str.isascii` and :meth:`Series.str.isascii` (:issue:`59091`)
 - Multiplying two :class:`DateOffset` objects will now raise a ``TypeError`` instead of a ``RecursionError`` (:issue:`59442`)
 - Restore support for reading Stata 104-format and enable reading 103-format dta files (:issue:`58554`)

pandas/core/generic.py

@@ -2795,6 +2795,12 @@ def to_sql(
         Databases supported by SQLAlchemy [1]_ are supported. Tables can be
         newly created, appended to, or overwritten.
 
+        .. warning::
+            The pandas library does not attempt to sanitize inputs provided via a to_sql call.
+            Please refer to the documentation for the underlying database driver to see if it
+            will properly prevent injection, or alternatively be advised of a security risk when
+            executing arbitrary commands in a to_sql call.
+
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str

pandas/io/sql.py

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
 
     from sqlalchemy import Table
     from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import (
+        Delete,
         Select,
         TextClause,
     )
@@ -738,7 +739,7 @@ def to_sql(
     name: str,
     con,
     schema: str | None = None,
-    if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append"] = "fail",
+    if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"] = "fail",
     index: bool = True,
     index_label: IndexLabel | None = None,
     chunksize: int | None = None,
@@ -750,6 +751,12 @@ def to_sql(
     """
     Write records stored in a DataFrame to a SQL database.
 
+    .. warning::
+        The pandas library does not attempt to sanitize inputs provided via a to_sql call.
+        Please refer to the documentation for the underlying database driver to see if it
+        will properly prevent injection, or alternatively be advised of a security risk when
+        executing arbitrary commands in a to_sql call.
+
     Parameters
     ----------
     frame : DataFrame, Series
@@ -764,10 +771,11 @@ def to_sql(
     schema : str, optional
         Name of SQL schema in database to write to (if database flavor
         supports this). If None, use default schema (default).
-    if_exists : {'fail', 'replace', 'append'}, default 'fail'
+    if_exists : {'fail', 'replace', 'append', 'delete_rows'}, default 'fail'
         - fail: If table exists, do nothing.
         - replace: If table exists, drop it, recreate it, and insert data.
         - append: If table exists, insert data. Create if does not exist.
+        - delete_rows: If a table exists, delete all records and insert data.
     index : bool, default True
         Write DataFrame index as a column.
     index_label : str or sequence, optional
@@ -818,7 +826,7 @@ def to_sql(
     `sqlite3 <https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount>`__ or
     `SQLAlchemy <https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/core/connections.html#sqlalchemy.engine.BaseCursorResult.rowcount>`__
     """  # noqa: E501
-    if if_exists not in ("fail", "replace", "append"):
+    if if_exists not in ("fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"):
         raise ValueError(f"'{if_exists}' is not valid for if_exists")
 
     if isinstance(frame, Series):
@@ -926,7 +934,7 @@ def __init__(
         pandas_sql_engine,
         frame=None,
         index: bool | str | list[str] | None = True,
-        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append"] = "fail",
+        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"] = "fail",
         prefix: str = "pandas",
         index_label=None,
         schema=None,
@@ -974,11 +982,13 @@ def create(self) -> None:
         if self.exists():
             if self.if_exists == "fail":
                 raise ValueError(f"Table '{self.name}' already exists.")
-            if self.if_exists == "replace":
+            elif self.if_exists == "replace":
                 self.pd_sql.drop_table(self.name, self.schema)
                 self._execute_create()
             elif self.if_exists == "append":
                 pass
+            elif self.if_exists == "delete_rows":
+                self.pd_sql.delete_rows(self.name, self.schema)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"'{self.if_exists}' is not valid for if_exists")
         else:
@@ -997,7 +1007,7 @@ def _execute_insert(self, conn, keys: list[str], data_iter) -> int:
            Each item contains a list of values to be inserted
         """
         data = [dict(zip(keys, row)) for row in data_iter]
-        result = conn.execute(self.table.insert(), data)
+        result = self.pd_sql.execute(self.table.insert(), data)
         return result.rowcount
 
     def _execute_insert_multi(self, conn, keys: list[str], data_iter) -> int:
@@ -1014,7 +1024,7 @@ def _execute_insert_multi(self, conn, keys: list[str], data_iter) -> int:
 
         data = [dict(zip(keys, row)) for row in data_iter]
         stmt = insert(self.table).values(data)
-        result = conn.execute(stmt)
+        result = self.pd_sql.execute(stmt)
         return result.rowcount
 
     def insert_data(self) -> tuple[list[str], list[np.ndarray]]:
@@ -1480,7 +1490,7 @@ def to_sql(
         self,
         frame,
         name: str,
-        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append"] = "fail",
+        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"] = "fail",
         index: bool = True,
         index_label=None,
         schema=None,
@@ -1649,12 +1659,18 @@ def run_transaction(self):
         else:
             yield self.con
 
-    def execute(self, sql: str | Select | TextClause, params=None):
+    def execute(self, sql: str | Select | TextClause | Delete, params=None):
         """Simple passthrough to SQLAlchemy connectable"""
         args = [] if params is None else [params]
         if isinstance(sql, str):
-            return self.con.exec_driver_sql(sql, *args)
-        return self.con.execute(sql, *args)
+            execute_function = self.con.exec_driver_sql
+        else:
+            execute_function = self.con.execute
+
+        try:
+            return execute_function(sql, *args)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DatabaseError(f"Execution failed on sql '{sql}': {exc}") from exc
 
     def read_table(
         self,
@@ -1866,7 +1882,7 @@ def prep_table(
         self,
         frame,
         name: str,
-        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append"] = "fail",
+        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"] = "fail",
         index: bool | str | list[str] | None = True,
         index_label=None,
         schema=None,
@@ -1943,7 +1959,7 @@ def to_sql(
         self,
         frame,
         name: str,
-        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append"] = "fail",
+        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"] = "fail",
         index: bool = True,
         index_label=None,
         schema: str | None = None,
@@ -1961,10 +1977,11 @@ def to_sql(
         frame : DataFrame
         name : string
             Name of SQL table.
-        if_exists : {'fail', 'replace', 'append'}, default 'fail'
+        if_exists : {'fail', 'replace', 'append', 'delete_rows'}, default 'fail'
             - fail: If table exists, do nothing.
             - replace: If table exists, drop it, recreate it, and insert data.
             - append: If table exists, insert data. Create if does not exist.
+            - delete_rows: If a table exists, delete all records and insert data.
         index : boolean, default True
             Write DataFrame index as a column.
         index_label : string or sequence, default None
@@ -2061,6 +2078,18 @@ def drop_table(self, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None) -> None:
                 self.get_table(table_name, schema).drop(bind=self.con)
             self.meta.clear()
 
+    def delete_rows(self, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None) -> None:
+        schema = schema or self.meta.schema
+        if self.has_table(table_name, schema):
+            self.meta.reflect(
+                bind=self.con, only=[table_name], schema=schema, views=True
+            )
+            with self.run_transaction():
+                table = self.get_table(table_name, schema)
+                self.execute(table.delete())
+
+            self.meta.clear()
+
     def _create_sql_schema(
         self,
         frame: DataFrame,
@@ -2296,7 +2325,7 @@ def to_sql(
         self,
         frame,
         name: str,
-        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append"] = "fail",
+        if_exists: Literal["fail", "replace", "append", "delete_rows"] = "fail",
         index: bool = True,
         index_label=None,
         schema: str | None = None,
@@ -2318,6 +2347,7 @@ def to_sql(
             - fail: If table exists, do nothing.
             - replace: If table exists, drop it, recreate it, and insert data.
             - append: If table exists, insert data. Create if does not exist.
+            - delete_rows: If a table exists, delete all records and insert data.
         index : boolean, default True
             Write DataFrame index as a column.
         index_label : string or sequence, default None
@@ -2368,6 +2398,9 @@ def to_sql(
                     cur.execute(f"DROP TABLE {table_name}")
             elif if_exists == "append":
                 mode = "append"
+            elif if_exists == "delete_rows":
+                mode = "append"
+                self.delete_rows(name, schema)
 
         import pyarrow as pa
 
@@ -2377,9 +2410,12 @@ def to_sql(
             raise ValueError("datatypes not supported") from exc
 
         with self.con.cursor() as cur:
-            total_inserted = cur.adbc_ingest(
-                table_name=name, data=tbl, mode=mode, db_schema_name=schema
-            )
+            try:
+                total_inserted = cur.adbc_ingest(
+                    table_name=name, data=tbl, mode=mode, db_schema_name=schema
+                )
+            except Exception as exc:
+                raise DatabaseError("Execution failed") from exc
 
         self.con.commit()
         return total_inserted
@@ -2402,6 +2438,11 @@ def has_table(self, name: str, schema: str | None = None) -> bool:
 
         return False
 
+    def delete_rows(self, name: str, schema: str | None = None) -> None:
+        table_name = f"{schema}.{name}" if schema else name
+        if self.has_table(name, schema):
+            self.execute(f"DELETE FROM {table_name}").close()
+
     def _create_sql_schema(
         self,
         frame: DataFrame,
@@ -2521,7 +2562,10 @@ def insert_statement(self, *, num_rows: int) -> str:
 
     def _execute_insert(self, conn, keys, data_iter) -> int:
         data_list = list(data_iter)
-        conn.executemany(self.insert_statement(num_rows=1), data_list)
+        try:
+            conn.executemany(self.insert_statement(num_rows=1), data_list)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DatabaseError("Execution failed") from exc
         return conn.rowcount
 
     def _execute_insert_multi(self, conn, keys, data_iter) -> int:
@@ -2769,10 +2813,11 @@ def to_sql(
         frame: DataFrame
         name: string
             Name of SQL table.
-        if_exists: {'fail', 'replace', 'append'}, default 'fail'
+        if_exists: {'fail', 'replace', 'append', 'delete_rows'}, default 'fail'
             fail: If table exists, do nothing.
             replace: If table exists, drop it, recreate it, and insert data.
             append: If table exists, insert data. Create if it does not exist.
+            delete_rows: If a table exists, delete all records and insert data.
         index : bool, default True
             Write DataFrame index as a column
         index_label : string or sequence, default None
@@ -2848,6 +2893,11 @@ def drop_table(self, name: str, schema: str | None = None) -> None:
         drop_sql = f"DROP TABLE {_get_valid_sqlite_name(name)}"
         self.execute(drop_sql)
 
+    def delete_rows(self, name: str, schema: str | None = None) -> None:
+        delete_sql = f"DELETE FROM {_get_valid_sqlite_name(name)}"
+        if self.has_table(name, schema):
+            self.execute(delete_sql)
+
     def _create_sql_schema(
         self,
         frame,

pandas/tests/io/test_sql.py

@@ -1068,7 +1068,9 @@ def test_to_sql(conn, method, test_frame1, request):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("conn", all_connectable)
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode, num_row_coef", [("replace", 1), ("append", 2)])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, num_row_coef", [("replace", 1), ("append", 2), ("delete_rows", 1)]
+)
 def test_to_sql_exist(conn, mode, num_row_coef, test_frame1, request):
     conn = request.getfixturevalue(conn)
     with pandasSQL_builder(conn, need_transaction=True) as pandasSQL:
@@ -2698,6 +2700,58 @@ def test_drop_table(conn, request):
         assert not insp.has_table("temp_frame")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("conn_name", all_connectable)
+def test_delete_rows_success(conn_name, test_frame1, request):
+    table_name = "temp_frame"
+    conn = request.getfixturevalue(conn_name)
+
+    with pandasSQL_builder(conn) as pandasSQL:
+        with pandasSQL.run_transaction():
+            assert pandasSQL.to_sql(test_frame1, table_name) == test_frame1.shape[0]
+
+        with pandasSQL.run_transaction():
+            assert pandasSQL.delete_rows(table_name) is None
+
+        assert count_rows(conn, table_name) == 0
+        assert pandasSQL.has_table("temp_frame")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("conn_name", all_connectable)
+def test_delete_rows_is_atomic(conn_name, request):
+    sqlalchemy = pytest.importorskip("sqlalchemy")
+
+    table_name = "temp_frame"
+    table_stmt = f"CREATE TABLE {table_name} (a INTEGER, b INTEGER UNIQUE NOT NULL)"
+
+    if conn_name != "sqlite_buildin" and "adbc" not in conn_name:
+        table_stmt = sqlalchemy.text(table_stmt)
+
+    # setting dtype is mandatory for adbc related tests
+    original_df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2], "b": [3, 4]}, dtype="int32")
+    replacing_df = DataFrame({"a": [5, 6, 7], "b": [8, 8, 8]}, dtype="int32")
+
+    conn = request.getfixturevalue(conn_name)
+    pandasSQL = pandasSQL_builder(conn)
+
+    with pandasSQL.run_transaction() as cur:
+        cur.execute(table_stmt)
+
+    with pandasSQL.run_transaction():
+        pandasSQL.to_sql(original_df, table_name, if_exists="append", index=False)
+
+    # inserting duplicated values in a UNIQUE constraint column
+    with pytest.raises(pd.errors.DatabaseError):
+        with pandasSQL.run_transaction():
+            pandasSQL.to_sql(
+                replacing_df, table_name, if_exists="delete_rows", index=False
+            )
+
+    # failed "delete_rows" is rolled back preserving original data
+    with pandasSQL.run_transaction():
+        result_df = pandasSQL.read_query(f"SELECT * FROM {table_name}", dtype="int32")
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(result_df, original_df)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("conn", all_connectable)
 def test_roundtrip(conn, request, test_frame1):
     if conn == "sqlite_str":
@@ -3409,8 +3463,8 @@ def test_to_sql_with_negative_npinf(conn, request, input):
             mark = pytest.mark.xfail(reason="GH 36465")
             request.applymarker(mark)
 
-        msg = "inf cannot be used with MySQL"
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        msg = "Execution failed on sql"
+        with pytest.raises(pd.errors.DatabaseError, match=msg):
             df.to_sql(name="foobar", con=conn, index=False)
     else:
         assert df.to_sql(name="foobar", con=conn, index=False) == 1