ENH: Support ExtensionArray operators via a mixin (#21261)

doc/source/extending.rst

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Extension Types
 
 .. warning::
 
-   The :class:`pandas.api.extension.ExtensionDtype` and :class:`pandas.api.extension.ExtensionArray` APIs are new and
+   The :class:`pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionDtype` and :class:`pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionArray` APIs are new and
    experimental. They may change between versions without warning.
 
 Pandas defines an interface for implementing data types and arrays that *extend*
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ on :ref:`ecosystem.extensions`.
 
 The interface consists of two classes.
 
-:class:`~pandas.api.extension.ExtensionDtype`
+:class:`~pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionDtype`
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-A :class:`pandas.api.extension.ExtensionDtype` is similar to a ``numpy.dtype`` object. It describes the
+A :class:`pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionDtype` is similar to a ``numpy.dtype`` object. It describes the
 data type. Implementors are responsible for a few unique items like the name.
 
 One particularly important item is the ``type`` property. This should be the
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ extension array for IP Address data, this might be ``ipaddress.IPv4Address``.
 
 See the `extension dtype source`_ for interface definition.
 
-:class:`~pandas.api.extension.ExtensionArray`
+:class:`~pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionArray`
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 This class provides all the array-like functionality. ExtensionArrays are
@@ -113,6 +113,54 @@ by some other storage type, like Python lists.
 See the `extension array source`_ for the interface definition. The docstrings
 and comments contain guidance for properly implementing the interface.
 
+.. _extending.extension.operator:
+
+:class:`~pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionArray` Operator Support
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.24.0
+
+By default, there are no operators defined for the class :class:`~pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionArray`.
+There are two approaches for providing operator support for your ExtensionArray:
+
+1. Define each of the operators on your ``ExtensionArray`` subclass.
+2. Use an operator implementation from pandas that depends on operators that are already defined
+   on the underlying elements (scalars) of the ExtensionArray.
+
+For the first approach, you define selected operators, e.g., ``__add__``, ``__le__``, etc. that
+you want your ``ExtensionArray`` subclass to support.
+
+The second approach assumes that the underlying elements (i.e., scalar type) of the ``ExtensionArray``
+have the individual operators already defined.  In other words, if your ``ExtensionArray``
+named ``MyExtensionArray`` is implemented so that each element is an instance
+of the class ``MyExtensionElement``, then if the operators are defined
+for ``MyExtensionElement``, the second approach will automatically
+define the operators for ``MyExtensionArray``.
+
+A mixin class, :class:`~pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionScalarOpsMixin` supports this second
+approach.  If developing an ``ExtensionArray`` subclass, for example ``MyExtensionArray``,
+can simply include ``ExtensionScalarOpsMixin`` as a parent class of ``MyExtensionArray``,
+and then call the methods :meth:`~MyExtensionArray._add_arithmetic_ops` and/or
+:meth:`~MyExtensionArray._add_comparison_ops` to hook the operators into
+your ``MyExtensionArray`` class, as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class MyExtensionArray(ExtensionArray, ExtensionScalarOpsMixin):
+        pass
+
+    MyExtensionArray._add_arithmetic_ops()
+    MyExtensionArray._add_comparison_ops()
+
+Note that since ``pandas`` automatically calls the underlying operator on each
+element one-by-one, this might not be as performant as implementing your own
+version of the associated operators directly on the ``ExtensionArray``.
+
+.. _extending.extension.testing:
+
+Testing Extension Arrays
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
 We provide a test suite for ensuring that your extension arrays satisfy the expected
 behavior. To use the test suite, you must provide several pytest fixtures and inherit
 from the base test class. The required fixtures are found in
@@ -174,11 +222,11 @@ There are 3 constructor properties to be defined:
 Following table shows how ``pandas`` data structures define constructor properties by default.
 
 ===========================  ======================= =============
-Property Attributes          ``Series``              ``DataFrame``      
+Property Attributes          ``Series``              ``DataFrame``
 ===========================  ======================= =============
-``_constructor``             ``Series``              ``DataFrame``      
-``_constructor_sliced``      ``NotImplementedError`` ``Series``         
-``_constructor_expanddim``   ``DataFrame``           ``Panel``          
+``_constructor``             ``Series``              ``DataFrame``
+``_constructor_sliced``      ``NotImplementedError`` ``Series``
+``_constructor_expanddim``   ``DataFrame``           ``Panel``
 ===========================  ======================= =============
 
 Below example shows how to define ``SubclassedSeries`` and ``SubclassedDataFrame`` overriding constructor properties.

doc/source/whatsnew/v0.24.0.txt

@@ -10,6 +10,22 @@ New features
 
 - ``ExcelWriter`` now accepts ``mode`` as a keyword argument, enabling append to existing workbooks when using the ``openpyxl`` engine (:issue:`3441`)
 
+.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.extension_array_operators
+
+``ExtensionArray`` operator support
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A ``Series`` based on an ``ExtensionArray`` now supports arithmetic and comparison
+operators. (:issue:`19577`). There are two approaches for providing operator support for an ``ExtensionArray``:
+
+1. Define each of the operators on your ``ExtensionArray`` subclass.
+2. Use an operator implementation from pandas that depends on operators that are already defined
+   on the underlying elements (scalars) of the ``ExtensionArray``.
+
+See the :ref:`ExtensionArray Operator Support
+<extending.extension.operator>` documentation section for details on both
+ways of adding operator support.
+
 .. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.other:
 
 Other Enhancements

pandas/api/extensions/__init__.py

@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
                                   register_index_accessor,
                                   register_series_accessor)
 from pandas.core.algorithms import take  # noqa
-from pandas.core.arrays.base import ExtensionArray  # noqa
+from pandas.core.arrays.base import (ExtensionArray,    # noqa
+                                     ExtensionScalarOpsMixin)
 from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import ExtensionDtype  # noqa

pandas/conftest.py

@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ def observed(request):
                              '__mul__', '__rmul__',
                              '__floordiv__', '__rfloordiv__',
                              '__truediv__', '__rtruediv__',
-                             '__pow__', '__rpow__']
+                             '__pow__', '__rpow__',
+                             '__mod__', '__rmod__']
 if not PY3:
     _all_arithmetic_operators.extend(['__div__', '__rdiv__'])
 
@@ -102,6 +103,22 @@ def all_arithmetic_operators(request):
     return request.param
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(params=['__eq__', '__ne__', '__le__',
+                        '__lt__', '__ge__', '__gt__'])
+def all_compare_operators(request):
+    """
+    Fixture for dunder names for common compare operations
+
+    * >=
+    * >
+    * ==
+    * !=
+    * <
+    * <=
+    """
+    return request.param
+
+
 @pytest.fixture(params=[None, 'gzip', 'bz2', 'zip',
                         pytest.param('xz', marks=td.skip_if_no_lzma)])
 def compression(request):
@@ -320,20 +337,3 @@ def mock():
         return importlib.import_module("unittest.mock")
     else:
         return pytest.importorskip("mock")
-
-
-@pytest.fixture(params=['__eq__', '__ne__', '__le__',
-                        '__lt__', '__ge__', '__gt__'])
-def all_compare_operators(request):
-    """
-    Fixture for dunder names for common compare operations
-
-    * >=
-    * >
-    * ==
-    * !=
-    * <
-    * <=
-    """
-
-    return request.param

pandas/core/arrays/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-from .base import ExtensionArray  # noqa
+from .base import (ExtensionArray,    # noqa
+                   ExtensionScalarOpsMixin)
 from .categorical import Categorical  # noqa

pandas/core/arrays/base.py

@@ -7,8 +7,13 @@
 """
 import numpy as np
 
+import operator
+
 from pandas.errors import AbstractMethodError
 from pandas.compat.numpy import function as nv
+from pandas.compat import set_function_name, PY3
+from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_list_like
+from pandas.core import ops
 
 _not_implemented_message = "{} does not implement {}."
 
@@ -610,3 +615,125 @@ def _ndarray_values(self):
         used for interacting with our indexers.
         """
         return np.array(self)
+
+
+class ExtensionOpsMixin(object):
+    """
+    A base class for linking the operators to their dunder names
+    """
+    @classmethod
+    def _add_arithmetic_ops(cls):
+        cls.__add__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.add)
+        cls.__radd__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.radd)
+        cls.__sub__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.sub)
+        cls.__rsub__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rsub)
+        cls.__mul__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.mul)
+        cls.__rmul__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rmul)
+        cls.__pow__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.pow)
+        cls.__rpow__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rpow)
+        cls.__mod__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.mod)
+        cls.__rmod__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rmod)
+        cls.__floordiv__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.floordiv)
+        cls.__rfloordiv__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rfloordiv)
+        cls.__truediv__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.truediv)
+        cls.__rtruediv__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rtruediv)
+        if not PY3:
+            cls.__div__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(operator.div)
+            cls.__rdiv__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rdiv)
+
+        cls.__divmod__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(divmod)
+        cls.__rdivmod__ = cls._create_arithmetic_method(ops.rdivmod)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _add_comparison_ops(cls):
+        cls.__eq__ = cls._create_comparison_method(operator.eq)
+        cls.__ne__ = cls._create_comparison_method(operator.ne)
+        cls.__lt__ = cls._create_comparison_method(operator.lt)
+        cls.__gt__ = cls._create_comparison_method(operator.gt)
+        cls.__le__ = cls._create_comparison_method(operator.le)
+        cls.__ge__ = cls._create_comparison_method(operator.ge)
+
+
+class ExtensionScalarOpsMixin(ExtensionOpsMixin):
+    """A mixin for defining the arithmetic and logical operations on
+    an ExtensionArray class, where it is assumed that the underlying objects
+    have the operators already defined.
+
+    Usage
+    ------
+    If you have defined a subclass MyExtensionArray(ExtensionArray), then
+    use MyExtensionArray(ExtensionArray, ExtensionScalarOpsMixin) to
+    get the arithmetic operators.  After the definition of MyExtensionArray,
+    insert the lines
+
+    MyExtensionArray._add_arithmetic_ops()
+    MyExtensionArray._add_comparison_ops()
+
+    to link the operators to your class.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_method(cls, op, coerce_to_dtype=True):
+        """
+        A class method that returns a method that will correspond to an
+        operator for an ExtensionArray subclass, by dispatching to the
+        relevant operator defined on the individual elements of the
+        ExtensionArray.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        op : function
+            An operator that takes arguments op(a, b)
+        coerce_to_dtype :  bool
+            boolean indicating whether to attempt to convert
+            the result to the underlying ExtensionArray dtype
+            (default True)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        A method that can be bound to a method of a class
+
+        Example
+        -------
+        Given an ExtensionArray subclass called MyExtensionArray, use
+
+        >>> __add__ = cls._create_method(operator.add)
+
+        in the class definition of MyExtensionArray to create the operator
+        for addition, that will be based on the operator implementation
+        of the underlying elements of the ExtensionArray
+
+        """
+
+        def _binop(self, other):
+            def convert_values(param):
+                if isinstance(param, ExtensionArray) or is_list_like(param):
+                    ovalues = param
+                else:  # Assume its an object
+                    ovalues = [param] * len(self)
+                return ovalues
+            lvalues = self
+            rvalues = convert_values(other)
+
+            # If the operator is not defined for the underlying objects,
+            # a TypeError should be raised
+            res = [op(a, b) for (a, b) in zip(lvalues, rvalues)]
+
+            if coerce_to_dtype:
+                try:
+                    res = self._from_sequence(res)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+
+            return res
+
+        op_name = ops._get_op_name(op, True)
+        return set_function_name(_binop, op_name, cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_arithmetic_method(cls, op):
+        return cls._create_method(op)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_comparison_method(cls, op):
+        return cls._create_method(op, coerce_to_dtype=False)

pandas/core/ops.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     is_bool_dtype,
     is_list_like,
     is_scalar,
+    is_extension_array_dtype,
     _ensure_object)
 from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import (
     maybe_upcast_putmask, find_common_type,
@@ -993,6 +994,26 @@ def _construct_divmod_result(left, result, index, name, dtype):
     )
 
 
+def dispatch_to_extension_op(op, left, right):
+    """
+    Assume that left or right is a Series backed by an ExtensionArray,
+    apply the operator defined by op.
+    """
+
+    # The op calls will raise TypeError if the op is not defined
+    # on the ExtensionArray
+    if is_extension_array_dtype(left):
+        res_values = op(left.values, right)
+    else:
+        # We know that left is not ExtensionArray and is Series and right is
+        # ExtensionArray.  Want to force ExtensionArray op to get called
+        res_values = op(list(left.values), right.values)
+
+    res_name = get_op_result_name(left, right)
+    return left._constructor(res_values, index=left.index,
+                             name=res_name)
+
+
 def _arith_method_SERIES(cls, op, special):
     """
     Wrapper function for Series arithmetic operations, to avoid
@@ -1061,6 +1082,11 @@ def wrapper(left, right):
             raise TypeError("{typ} cannot perform the operation "
                             "{op}".format(typ=type(left).__name__, op=str_rep))
 
+        elif (is_extension_array_dtype(left) or
+              (is_extension_array_dtype(right) and
+               not is_categorical_dtype(right))):
+            return dispatch_to_extension_op(op, left, right)
+
         lvalues = left.values
         rvalues = right
         if isinstance(rvalues, ABCSeries):
@@ -1238,6 +1264,11 @@ def wrapper(self, other, axis=None):
             return self._constructor(res_values, index=self.index,
                                      name=res_name)
 
+        elif (is_extension_array_dtype(self) or
+              (is_extension_array_dtype(other) and
+               not is_categorical_dtype(other))):
+            return dispatch_to_extension_op(op, self, other)
+
         elif isinstance(other, ABCSeries):
             # By this point we have checked that self._indexed_same(other)
             res_values = na_op(self.values, other.values)

pandas/tests/extension/base/__init__.py

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ class TestMyDtype(BaseDtypeTests):
 from .groupby import BaseGroupbyTests  # noqa
 from .interface import BaseInterfaceTests  # noqa
 from .methods import BaseMethodsTests  # noqa
+from .ops import BaseArithmeticOpsTests, BaseComparisonOpsTests  # noqa
 from .missing import BaseMissingTests  # noqa
 from .reshaping import BaseReshapingTests  # noqa
 from .setitem import BaseSetitemTests  # noqa