fix: perform arithmetic simplification through `CheckedCast` #15098

Job	Run time
build-nargo	2m 25s
build-acvm-js	1m 34s
build-noirc-abi	1m 27s
build-noir-wasm	3m 34s
noirc_abi	1m 44s
ACVM JS (Node.js)	42s
ACVM JS (Browser)	1m 42s
Example scripts	11s
Noir JS	1m 0s
noir_codegen	1m 5s
Check external repo - ${{ matrix.project.repo }}	0s
noir_wasm	1m 32s
Integration Tests (Browser)	2m 14s
Integration Tests (Node)	2m 24s
End	1s
	21m 35s

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