feat: make Series generic

docs/backcompat.md

@@ -99,6 +99,20 @@ before making any change.
 
 ### After `stable.v1`
 
+- Since Narwhals 1.15, `Series` is generic in the native Series, meaning that you can
+  write:
+  ```python
+  import narwhals as nw
+  import polars as pl
+
+  s_pl = pl.Series([1, 2, 3])
+  s = nw.from_native(s, series_only=True)
+  # mypy infers `s.to_native()` to be `polars.Series`
+  reveal_type(s.to_native())
+  ```
+  Previously, `Series` was not generic, so in the above example
+  `s.to_native()` would have been inferred as `Any`.
+
 - Since Narwhals 1.13.0, the `strict` parameter in `from_native`, `to_native`, and `narwhalify`
     has been deprecated in favour of `pass_through`. This is because several users expressed
     confusion/surprise over what `strict=False` did.

narwhals/dataframe.py

@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class DataFrame(BaseFrame[DataFrameT]):
     """
 
     @property
-    def _series(self) -> type[Series]:
+    def _series(self) -> type[Series[Any]]:
         from narwhals.series import Series
 
         return Series
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ def shape(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
         """
         return self._compliant_frame.shape  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
-    def get_column(self, name: str) -> Series:
+    def get_column(self, name: str) -> Series[Any]:
         """Get a single column by name.
 
         Notes:
@@ -721,23 +721,23 @@ def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[Sequence[int], Sequence[int]]) -> Self: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[slice, Sequence[int]]) -> Self: ...
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[Sequence[int], str]) -> Series: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[Sequence[int], str]) -> Series[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[slice, str]) -> Series: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[slice, str]) -> Series[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[Sequence[int], Sequence[str]]) -> Self: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[slice, Sequence[str]]) -> Self: ...
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[Sequence[int], int]) -> Series: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[Sequence[int], int]) -> Series[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[slice, int]) -> Series: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    def __getitem__(self, item: tuple[slice, int]) -> Series[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, item: Sequence[int]) -> Self: ...
 
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, item: str) -> Series: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    def __getitem__(self, item: str) -> Series[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, item: Sequence[str]) -> Self: ...
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ def __getitem__(
             | tuple[slice | Sequence[int], Sequence[int] | Sequence[str] | slice]
             | tuple[slice, slice]
         ),
-    ) -> Series | Self:
+    ) -> Series[Any] | Self:
         """Extract column or slice of DataFrame.
 
         Arguments:
@@ -881,14 +881,16 @@ def __contains__(self, key: str) -> bool:
         return key in self.columns
 
     @overload
-    def to_dict(self, *, as_series: Literal[True] = ...) -> dict[str, Series]: ...
+    def to_dict(self, *, as_series: Literal[True] = ...) -> dict[str, Series[Any]]: ...
     @overload
     def to_dict(self, *, as_series: Literal[False]) -> dict[str, list[Any]]: ...
     @overload
-    def to_dict(self, *, as_series: bool) -> dict[str, Series] | dict[str, list[Any]]: ...
+    def to_dict(
+        self, *, as_series: bool
+    ) -> dict[str, Series[Any]] | dict[str, list[Any]]: ...
     def to_dict(
         self, *, as_series: bool = True
-    ) -> dict[str, Series] | dict[str, list[Any]]:
+    ) -> dict[str, Series[Any]] | dict[str, list[Any]]:
         """Convert DataFrame to a dictionary mapping column name to values.
 
         Arguments:
@@ -2317,7 +2319,7 @@ def join_asof(
         )
 
     # --- descriptive ---
-    def is_duplicated(self: Self) -> Series:
+    def is_duplicated(self: Self) -> Series[Any]:
         r"""Get a mask of all duplicated rows in this DataFrame.
 
         Returns:
@@ -2399,7 +2401,7 @@ def is_empty(self: Self) -> bool:
         """
         return self._compliant_frame.is_empty()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
-    def is_unique(self: Self) -> Series:
+    def is_unique(self: Self) -> Series[Any]:
         r"""Get a mask of all unique rows in this DataFrame.
 
         Returns:

narwhals/functions.py

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
     from narwhals.schema import Schema
     from narwhals.series import Series
     from narwhals.typing import DTypes
+    from narwhals.typing import IntoSeriesT
 
     class ArrowStreamExportable(Protocol):
         def __arrow_c_stream__(
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ def new_series(
     dtype: DType | type[DType] | None = None,
     *,
     native_namespace: ModuleType,
-) -> Series:
+) -> Series[Any]:
     """Instantiate Narwhals Series from iterable (e.g. list or array).
 
     Arguments:
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@ def _new_series_impl(
     *,
     native_namespace: ModuleType,
     dtypes: DTypes,
-) -> Series:
+) -> Series[Any]:
     implementation = Implementation.from_native_namespace(native_namespace)
 
     if implementation is Implementation.POLARS:
@@ -904,7 +905,7 @@ def show_versions() -> None:
 
 
 def get_level(
-    obj: DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series,
+    obj: DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series[IntoSeriesT],
 ) -> Literal["full", "interchange"]:
     """Level of support Narwhals has for current object.
 

narwhals/series.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 from typing import overload
 
 from narwhals.dtypes import _validate_dtype
+from narwhals.typing import IntoSeriesT
 from narwhals.utils import _validate_rolling_arguments
 from narwhals.utils import parse_version
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@
     from narwhals.dtypes import DType
 
 
-class Series:
+class Series(Generic[IntoSeriesT]):
     """Narwhals Series, backed by a native series.
 
     The native series might be pandas.Series, polars.Series, ...
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ def __arrow_c_stream__(self, requested_schema: object | None = None) -> object:
         ca = pa.chunked_array([self.to_arrow()])
         return ca.__arrow_c_stream__(requested_schema=requested_schema)
 
-    def to_native(self) -> Any:
+    def to_native(self) -> IntoSeriesT:
         """Convert Narwhals series to native series.
 
         Returns:
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ def to_native(self) -> Any:
                 3
             ]
         """
-        return self._compliant_series._native_series
+        return self._compliant_series._native_series  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
     def scatter(self, indices: int | Sequence[int], values: Any) -> Self:
         """Set value(s) at given position(s).
@@ -3326,7 +3327,7 @@ def cat(self: Self) -> SeriesCatNamespace[Self]:
         return SeriesCatNamespace(self)
 
 
-SeriesT = TypeVar("SeriesT", bound=Series)
+SeriesT = TypeVar("SeriesT", bound=Series[Any])
 
 
 class SeriesCatNamespace(Generic[SeriesT]):

narwhals/stable/v1/__init__.py

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ def _l1_norm(self: Self) -> Self:
         return self.select(all()._l1_norm())
 
 
-class Series(NwSeries):
+class Series(NwSeries[Any]):
     """Narwhals Series, backed by a native series.
 
     The native series might be pandas.Series, polars.Series, ...
@@ -1153,15 +1153,15 @@ def _stableify(obj: NwDataFrame[IntoFrameT]) -> DataFrame[IntoFrameT]: ...
 @overload
 def _stableify(obj: NwLazyFrame[IntoFrameT]) -> LazyFrame[IntoFrameT]: ...
 @overload
-def _stableify(obj: NwSeries) -> Series: ...
+def _stableify(obj: NwSeries[Any]) -> Series: ...
 @overload
 def _stableify(obj: NwExpr) -> Expr: ...
 @overload
 def _stableify(obj: Any) -> Any: ...
 
 
 def _stableify(
-    obj: NwDataFrame[IntoFrameT] | NwLazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | NwSeries | NwExpr | Any,
+    obj: NwDataFrame[IntoFrameT] | NwLazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | NwSeries[Any] | NwExpr | Any,
 ) -> DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series | Expr | Any:
     from narwhals.stable.v1 import dtypes
 

narwhals/translate.py

@@ -65,13 +65,15 @@ def to_native(
     narwhals_object: LazyFrame[IntoFrameT], *, pass_through: Literal[False] = ...
 ) -> IntoFrameT: ...
 @overload
-def to_native(narwhals_object: Series, *, pass_through: Literal[False] = ...) -> Any: ...
+def to_native(
+    narwhals_object: Series[IntoSeriesT], *, pass_through: Literal[False] = ...
+) -> IntoSeriesT: ...
 @overload
 def to_native(narwhals_object: Any, *, pass_through: bool) -> Any: ...
 
 
 def to_native(
-    narwhals_object: DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series,
+    narwhals_object: DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series[IntoSeriesT],
     *,
     strict: bool | None = None,
     pass_through: bool | None = None,
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ def from_native(
     eager_or_interchange_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     series_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     allow_series: Literal[True],
-) -> DataFrame[IntoDataFrameT] | Series: ...
+) -> DataFrame[IntoDataFrameT] | Series[IntoSeriesT]: ...
 
 
 @overload
@@ -197,7 +199,7 @@ def from_native(
     eager_or_interchange_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     series_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     allow_series: Literal[True],
-) -> DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series: ...
+) -> DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series[IntoSeriesT]: ...
 
 
 @overload
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ def from_native(
     eager_or_interchange_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     series_only: Literal[True],
     allow_series: None = ...,
-) -> Series: ...
+) -> Series[IntoSeriesT]: ...
 
 
 @overload
@@ -269,7 +271,7 @@ def from_native(
     eager_or_interchange_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     series_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     allow_series: Literal[True],
-) -> DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series: ...
+) -> DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series[Any]: ...
 
 
 @overload
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@ def from_native(
     eager_or_interchange_only: Literal[False] = ...,
     series_only: Literal[True],
     allow_series: None = ...,
-) -> Series: ...
+) -> Series[IntoSeriesT]: ...
 
 
 @overload
@@ -318,7 +320,7 @@ def from_native(
     eager_or_interchange_only: bool = False,
     series_only: bool = False,
     allow_series: bool | None = None,
-) -> LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series | T:
+) -> LazyFrame[IntoFrameT] | DataFrame[IntoFrameT] | Series[IntoSeriesT] | T:
     """Convert `native_object` to Narwhals Dataframe, Lazyframe, or Series.
 
     Arguments:
@@ -728,7 +730,7 @@ def _from_native_impl(  # noqa: PLR0915
     return native_object
 
 
-def get_native_namespace(obj: DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series) -> Any:
+def get_native_namespace(obj: DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series[Any]) -> Any:
     """Get native namespace from object.
 
     Arguments:

narwhals/typing.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class DataFrameLike(Protocol):
         def __dataframe__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
 
 
-IntoExpr: TypeAlias = Union["Expr", str, "Series"]
+IntoExpr: TypeAlias = Union["Expr", str, "Series[Any]"]
 """Anything which can be converted to an expression.
 
 Use this to mean "either a Narwhals expression, or something which can be converted
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def __dataframe__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
     ...     return df.columns
 """
 
-IntoSeries: TypeAlias = Union["Series", "NativeSeries"]
+IntoSeries: TypeAlias = Union["Series[Any]", "NativeSeries"]
 """Anything which can be converted to a Narwhals Series.
 
 Use this if your function can accept an object which can be converted to `nw.Series`

narwhals/utils.py

@@ -41,9 +41,10 @@
     from narwhals.dataframe import DataFrame
     from narwhals.dataframe import LazyFrame
     from narwhals.series import Series
+    from narwhals.typing import IntoSeriesT
 
     FrameOrSeriesT = TypeVar(
-        "FrameOrSeriesT", bound=Union[LazyFrame[Any], DataFrame[Any], Series]
+        "FrameOrSeriesT", bound=Union[LazyFrame[Any], DataFrame[Any], Series[Any]]
     )
 
 
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ def validate_laziness(items: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
 
 
 def maybe_align_index(
-    lhs: FrameOrSeriesT, rhs: Series | DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any]
+    lhs: FrameOrSeriesT, rhs: Series[Any] | DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any]
 ) -> FrameOrSeriesT:
     """Align `lhs` to the Index of `rhs`, if they're both pandas-like.
 
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ def _validate_index(index: Any) -> None:
     return lhs
 
 
-def maybe_get_index(obj: DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series) -> Any | None:
+def maybe_get_index(obj: DataFrame[Any] | LazyFrame[Any] | Series[Any]) -> Any | None:
     """Get the index of a DataFrame or a Series, if it's pandas-like.
 
     Arguments:
@@ -314,7 +315,7 @@ def maybe_set_index(
     obj: FrameOrSeriesT,
     column_names: str | list[str] | None = None,
     *,
-    index: Series | list[Series] | None = None,
+    index: Series[IntoSeriesT] | list[Series[IntoSeriesT]] | None = None,
 ) -> FrameOrSeriesT:
     """Set the index of a DataFrame or a Series, if it's pandas-like.
 
@@ -516,7 +517,7 @@ def maybe_convert_dtypes(
     return obj_any  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
 
-def is_ordered_categorical(series: Series) -> bool:
+def is_ordered_categorical(series: Series[Any]) -> bool:
     """Return whether indices of categories are semantically meaningful.
 
     This is a convenience function to accessing what would otherwise be

tests/utils_test.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from narwhals.series import Series
+    from narwhals.typing import IntoSeriesT
 
 
 def test_maybe_align_index_pandas() -> None:
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ def test_maybe_set_index_polars_column_names(
     ],
 )
 def test_maybe_set_index_pandas_direct_index(
-    narwhals_index: Series | list[Series] | None,
+    narwhals_index: Series[IntoSeriesT] | list[Series[IntoSeriesT]] | None,
     pandas_index: pd.Series | list[pd.Series] | None,
     native_df_or_series: pd.DataFrame | pd.Series,
 ) -> None:
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ def test_maybe_set_index_pandas_direct_index(
     ],
 )
 def test_maybe_set_index_polars_direct_index(
-    index: Series | list[Series] | None,
+    index: Series[IntoSeriesT] | list[Series[IntoSeriesT]] | None,
 ) -> None:
     df = nw.from_native(pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6]}))
     result = nw.maybe_set_index(df, index=index)