[vcpkg_from_git] Add SHA512 argument, deprecate usage without argument.

[ras0219]

This PR adds a SHA512 argument to vcpkg_from_git(), allowing vcpkg to verify the integrity of the intermediate archives. As part of this change, calling vcpkg_from_git() without this argument is deprecated (with a warning) and all ports using vcpkg_from_git() have been updated to pass an appropriate SHA512.

As a drive by fix, this PR also fixes portaudio's ninja 1.9.0 issue by only building one of static/shared.

[strega-nil]

@ras0219 is there anything else to be done here?

[ras0219]

No functional changes; just a matter of getting a clean build

[strega-nil]

/azp run

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines successfully started running 1 pipeline(s).

[ras0219]

There are additional challenges to be faced with making git.exe produce stable archives across all OSes. Marking this as draft for now until those problems are solved.

• git.exe uses internal code to produce .tar files, and it changed in 2.26 for repos with paths longer than 100 characters
  • We can make sure we're using a precise git version on Windows, but we can't easily update the git version on other platforms.
• The .gz format has an OS field that can differ between Windows and non-Windows (note: msys gzip does produce "unix" tagged archives).

[JackBoosY]

This PR has been inactive for a long time, please reopen it if there is any progress.

[autoantwort]

Would be cool to get this in some kind so that asset caching would capture git repos too.