[ci] add shellcheck, use latest pre-commit hook versions

[jameslamb]

Contributes to #6498

• enforces shellcheck checks in CI
• updates all pre-commit hooks to their latest versions (via pre-commit autoupdate)

Fixes 1 new warning found by ruff

python-package/lightgbm/basic.py:879:17: PLR1730 [*] Replace `if` statement with `offset = max(offset, max_offset)

Notes for reviewers

Double-checked, and shellcheck-py ships wheels for Linux, Windows, and macOS ... so everyone working on the project should be able to keep running pre-commit without issue.

ref: https://pypi.org/project/shellcheck-py/#files

[StrikerRUS]

Hey, very nice!