1. How do you see the files changed within each commit from git log? by using git log --stat
2. How do you see the contents of what changed within each file from the git log? by using git log --patch What does HEAD refer to in the context of git? (Not to be confused with the "HEAD<<<<" one observes within merge conflict). The term HEAD refers to the current commit you are viewing. By default, you'll view the tip of the master branch on a repository, unless the main branch of your repository has a different name. The tip of the master branch is the most recent commit on the main branch of your codebase.