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Layer2-Architecture

Layer 2 scaling solutions build on top of Ethereum (L1) to provide increased throughput and reduced costs while inheriting L1's security guarantees.

Architecture Diagram

graph TB
    subgraph "Layer 1 - Ethereum"
        L1[Ethereum Mainnet]
        L1Contracts[L1 Contracts]
        Bridge[Bridge Contracts]
        
        L1 --- L1Contracts
        L1Contracts --- Bridge
    end

    subgraph "Layer 2"
        subgraph "Core Components"
            Sequencer[Sequencer]
            StateManager[State Manager]
            VM[Virtual Machine]
            ProofSystem[Proof System]
        end
        
        subgraph "Data Management"
            BatchBuilder[Batch Builder]
            StateCommitments[State Commitments]
            DataAvailability[Data Availability]
        end
        
        subgraph "User Interface"
            RPC[RPC Endpoint]
            APIs[APIs]
        end
    end
    
    Users[Users] --> RPC
    RPC --> Sequencer
    Sequencer --> BatchBuilder
    BatchBuilder --> Bridge
    StateManager --> StateCommitments
    StateCommitments --> Bridge
    ProofSystem --> Bridge
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Communication Flow

Transaction Flow

sequenceDiagram
    participant User
    participant L2 Sequencer
    participant Batch Builder
    participant L1 Bridge
    
    User->>L2 Sequencer: Submit Transaction
    L2 Sequencer->>Batch Builder: Collect Transactions
    Batch Builder->>L1 Bridge: Submit Batch
    L1 Bridge->>L1 Bridge: Verify & Store
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State Updates

sequenceDiagram
    participant L2 State
    participant State Manager
    participant Proof System
    participant L1 Contract
    
    L2 State->>State Manager: Update State
    State Manager->>Proof System: Generate Proof
    Proof System->>L1 Contract: Submit State Root
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Key Components

  • Bridge System
    interface IL1Bridge {
      // Deposit assets from L1 to L2
      function deposit(
          address l1Token,
          address l2Token,
          uint256 amount,
          uint32 gasLimit
      ) external payable;
      
      // Initiate withdrawal from L2 to L1
      function withdraw(
          address l1Token,
          address l2Token,
          uint256 amount
      ) external;
      
      // Finalize L2 to L1 withdrawal
      function finalizeWithdrawal(
          uint256 withdrawalId,
          address recipient,
          uint256 amount
      ) external;
    }
  • State Management
    interface IStateManager {
      // Submit state root
      function submitStateRoot(
          bytes32 stateRoot,
          bytes32 batchRoot,
          bytes proof
      ) external;
      
      // Verify state transition
      function verifyStateTransition(
          bytes32 fromState,
          bytes32 toState,
          bytes proof
      ) external returns (bool);
    }

Security Mechanisms

  • Fraud Proof System
    • Challenge Period: 7 days
    • Interactive Fraud Proof
    • Automatic Resolution
  • Data Availability(DA)
    • All transaction data posted to L1
    • Compressed format for efficiency
    • Verifiable data availability

Optimization Techniques

  • Batch Processing
    interface BatchProcessor {
      maxBatchSize: number;
      batchTimeout: number;
      
      async processBatch(txs: Transaction[]): Promise<BatchResult> {
          // Compress transactions
          // Generate batch proof
          // Submit to L1
      }
    }
  • State Compression
    • Merkle-Patricia Tries
    • Witness Generation
    • Efficient Storage

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