SQL: introduce the columnar option for REST requests

docs/reference/sql/endpoints/rest.asciidoc

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Which returns:
 [float]
 === Paginating through a large response
 
-Using the example above, onu can continue to the next page by sending back the `cursor` field. In
+Using the example above, one can continue to the next page by sending back the `cursor` field. In
 case of text format the cursor is returned as `Cursor` http header.
 
 [source,js]
@@ -235,6 +235,81 @@ Douglas Adams  |The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy|180            |1979-10-12T
 // TESTRESPONSE[s/\|/\\|/ s/\+/\\+/]
 // TESTRESPONSE[_cat]
 
+[[sql-rest-columnar]]
+[float]
+=== Columnar results
+
+The most well known way of displaying the results of an SQL query result in general is the one where each
+individual record/document represents one line/row. For certain formats, {es-sql} can return the results
+in a columnar fashion: one row represents all the values of a certain column from the current page of results.
+
+A columnar style of results makes sense for certain formats, thus it's available for `json`, `yaml`, `cbor` and `smile`.
+
+[source,js]
+--------------------------------------------------
+POST /_sql?format=json
+{
+    "query": "SELECT * FROM library ORDER BY page_count DESC",
+    "fetch_size": 5,
+    "columnar": true
+}
+--------------------------------------------------
+// CONSOLE
+// TEST[setup:library]
+
+Which returns:
+
+[source,js]
+--------------------------------------------------
+{
+    "columns": [
+        {"name": "author", "type": "text"},
+        {"name": "name", "type": "text"},
+        {"name": "page_count", "type": "long"},
+        {"name": "release_date", "type": "datetime"}
+    ],
+    "values": [
+        ["Peter F. Hamilton", "Vernor Vinge", "Frank Herbert", "Alastair Reynolds", "James S.A. Corey"],
+        ["Pandora's Star", "A Fire Upon the Deep", "Dune", "Revelation Space", "Leviathan Wakes"],
+        [768, 613, 604, 585, 561],
+        ["2004-03-02T00:00:00.000Z", "1992-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "1965-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "2000-03-15T00:00:00.000Z", "2011-06-02T00:00:00.000Z"]
+    ],
+    "cursor": "sDXF1ZXJ5QW5kRmV0Y2gBAAAAAAAAAAEWWWdrRlVfSS1TbDYtcW9lc1FJNmlYdw==:BAFmBmF1dGhvcgFmBG5hbWUBZgpwYWdlX2NvdW50AWYMcmVsZWFzZV9kYXRl+v///w8="
+}
+--------------------------------------------------
+// TESTRESPONSE[s/sDXF1ZXJ5QW5kRmV0Y2gBAAAAAAAAAAEWWWdrRlVfSS1TbDYtcW9lc1FJNmlYdw==:BAFmBmF1dGhvcgFmBG5hbWUBZgpwYWdlX2NvdW50AWYMcmVsZWFzZV9kYXRl\+v\/\/\/w8=/$body.cursor/]
+
+Any subsequent calls using a `cursor` still have to contain the `columnar` parameter if it is wanted the results to be returned this way,
+meaning the initial query will not _remember_ the columnar option.
+
+[source,js]
+--------------------------------------------------
+POST /_sql?format=json
+{
+    "cursor": "sDXF1ZXJ5QW5kRmV0Y2gBAAAAAAAAAAEWWWdrRlVfSS1TbDYtcW9lc1FJNmlYdw==:BAFmBmF1dGhvcgFmBG5hbWUBZgpwYWdlX2NvdW50AWYMcmVsZWFzZV9kYXRl+v///w8=",
+    "columnar": true
+}
+--------------------------------------------------
+// CONSOLE
+// TEST[continued]
+// TEST[s/sDXF1ZXJ5QW5kRmV0Y2gBAAAAAAAAAAEWWWdrRlVfSS1TbDYtcW9lc1FJNmlYdw==:BAFmBmF1dGhvcgFmBG5hbWUBZgpwYWdlX2NvdW50AWYMcmVsZWFzZV9kYXRl\+v\/\/\/w8=/$body.cursor/]
+
+Which looks like:
+
+[source,js]
+--------------------------------------------------
+{
+    "values": [
+        ["Dan Simmons", "Iain M. Banks", "Neal Stephenson", "Frank Herbert", "Frank Herbert"],
+        ["Hyperion", "Consider Phlebas", "Snow Crash", "God Emperor of Dune", "Children of Dune"],
+        [482, 471, 470, 454, 408],
+        ["1989-05-26T00:00:00.000Z", "1987-04-23T00:00:00.000Z", "1992-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "1981-05-28T00:00:00.000Z", "1976-04-21T00:00:00.000Z"]
+    ],
+    "cursor": "46ToAwFzQERYRjFaWEo1UVc1a1JtVjBZMmdCQUFBQUFBQUFBQUVXWjBaNlFXbzNOV0pVY21Wa1NUZDJhV2t3V2xwblp3PT3/////DwQBZgZhdXRob3IBBHRleHQAAAFmBG5hbWUBBHRleHQAAAFmCnBhZ2VfY291bnQBBGxvbmcBAAFmDHJlbGVhc2VfZGF0ZQEIZGF0ZXRpbWUBAAEP"
+}
+--------------------------------------------------
+// TESTRESPONSE[s/46ToAwFzQERYRjFaWEo1UVc1a1JtVjBZMmdCQUFBQUFBQUFBQUVXWjBaNlFXbzNOV0pVY21Wa1NUZDJhV2t3V2xwblp3PT3\/\/\/\/\/DwQBZgZhdXRob3IBBHRleHQAAAFmBG5hbWUBBHRleHQAAAFmCnBhZ2VfY291bnQBBGxvbmcBAAFmDHJlbGVhc2VfZGF0ZQEIZGF0ZXRpbWUBAAEP/$body.cursor/]
+
 [[sql-rest-fields]]
 [float]
 === Supported REST parameters
@@ -277,7 +352,11 @@ s|Description
 |Time-zone in ISO 8601 used for executing the query on the server.
 More information available https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/ZoneId.html[here].
 
+|columnar
+|false
+|Return the results in a columnar fashion, rather than row-based fashion. Valid for `json`, `yaml`, `cbor` and `smile`.
+
 |===
 
-Do note that most parameters (outside the timeout ones) make sense only during the initial query - any follow-up pagination request only requires the `cursor` parameter as explained in the <<sql-pagination, pagination>> chapter.
+Do note that most parameters (outside the timeout and `columnar` ones) make sense only during the initial query - any follow-up pagination request only requires the `cursor` parameter as explained in the <<sql-pagination, pagination>> chapter.
 That's because the query has already been executed and the calls are simply about returning the found results - thus the parameters are simply ignored.

x-pack/plugin/sql/jdbc/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/sql/jdbc/JdbcHttpClient.java

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Cursor query(String sql, List<SqlTypedParamValue> params, RequestMeta meta) thro
                 SqlQueryRequest sqlRequest = new SqlQueryRequest(sql, params, null, Protocol.TIME_ZONE,
                 fetch,
                 TimeValue.timeValueMillis(meta.timeoutInMs()), TimeValue.timeValueMillis(meta.queryTimeoutInMs()),
-                new RequestInfo(Mode.JDBC));
+                false, new RequestInfo(Mode.JDBC));
         SqlQueryResponse response = httpClient.query(sqlRequest);
         return new DefaultCursor(this, response.cursor(), toJdbcColumnInfo(response.columns()), response.rows(), meta);
     }

x-pack/plugin/sql/qa/security/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/sql/qa/security/UserFunctionIT.java

@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ public void testSingleRandomUserWithWhereEvaluatingTrue() throws IOException {
         assertResponse(expected, actual);
     }
 
-    @AwaitsFix(bugUrl="https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/35980")
     public void testSingleRandomUserWithWhereEvaluatingFalse() throws IOException {
         index("{\"test\":\"doc1\"}",
               "{\"test\":\"doc2\"}",

x-pack/plugin/sql/qa/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/sql/qa/SqlProtocolTestCase.java

@@ -121,7 +121,8 @@ private void assertQuery(String sql, String columnName, String columnType, Objec
     @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked" })
     private void assertQuery(String sql, String columnName, String columnType, Object columnValue, int displaySize, Mode mode)
             throws IOException {
-        Map<String, Object> response = runSql(mode.toString(), sql);
+        boolean columnar = randomBoolean();
+        Map<String, Object> response = runSql(mode.toString(), sql, columnar);
         List<Object> columns = (ArrayList<Object>) response.get("columns");
         assertEquals(1, columns.size());
 
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ private void assertQuery(String sql, String columnName, String columnType, Objec
             assertEquals(2, column.size());
         }
 
-        List<Object> rows = (ArrayList<Object>) response.get("rows");
+        List<Object> rows = (ArrayList<Object>) response.get(columnar == true ? "values" : "rows");
         assertEquals(1, rows.size());
         List<Object> row = (ArrayList<Object>) rows.get(0);
         assertEquals(1, row.size());
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ private void assertQuery(String sql, String columnName, String columnType, Objec
         }
     }
 
-    private Map<String, Object> runSql(String mode, String sql) throws IOException {
+    private Map<String, Object> runSql(String mode, String sql, boolean columnar) throws IOException {
         Request request = new Request("POST", SQL_QUERY_REST_ENDPOINT);
         String requestContent = "{\"query\":\"" + sql + "\"" + mode(mode) + "}";
         String format = randomFrom(XContentType.values()).name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
@@ -177,6 +178,11 @@ private Map<String, Object> runSql(String mode, String sql) throws IOException {
             options.addHeader("Accept", randomFrom("*/*", "application/" + format));
             request.setOptions(options);
         }
+        if ((false == columnar && randomBoolean()) || columnar) {
+            // randomly set the "columnar" parameter, either "true" (non-default) or explicit "false" (the default anyway)
+            requestContent = new StringBuilder(requestContent)
+                    .insert(requestContent.length() - 1, ",\"columnar\":" + columnar).toString();
+        }
 
         // send the query either as body or as request parameter
         if (randomBoolean()) {