Add new functional_dependency generic test macro

* Provide passing/failing seed CSVs (`data_test_functional_dependency_pass.csv` and `data_test_functional_dependency_fail.csv`)
* Add example `schema.yml` usage demonstrating `data_tests` with multiple determinants and an optional `where` clause
* Write documentation block for `functional_dependency`.
* Upgrade postgres in Docker to 13.19 to be able to run the tests on ARM architectures.

README.md

@@ -606,6 +606,38 @@ models:
                 where: "num_orders > 0"
 ```
 
+### functional_dependency ([source](macros/generic_tests/functional_dependency.sql))
+
+Asserts that one or more columns (the “determinants”) functionally determine another column (the “dependent”). For each unique combination of the determinant columns, there should be exactly one distinct value in the dependent column. If any combination of determinant columns maps to multiple dependent values, the test fails.
+
+Provide [a `where` argument](https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/resource-configs/where) to filter to specific records only (useful for partial checks).
+
+**Usage:**
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+
+models:
+  - name: model_name
+    columns:
+      - name: col_a
+      - name: col_b
+      - name: col_y
+        tests:
+          - dbt_utils.functional_dependency:
+              determinants:
+                - col_a
+                - col_b
+              dependent: col_y
+              # Optional filtering
+              config:
+                where: "active = true"
+```
+
+In this example, `(col_a, col_b)` together determine `col_y`. If any `(col_a, col_b)` pair is associated with more than one distinct `col_y`, the test fails. If you only need a single column as the determinant, simply pass one item in the `determinants` list. 
+
+Because the `where` clause uses the standard [dbt `config`](https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/configs-and-properties) pattern, you can further customize the scope of rows evaluated by this test (e.g., checking the dependency only for recent records).
+
 ----
 
 ### Grouping in tests

docker-compose.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 version: "3.7"
 services:
   postgres:
-    image: cimg/postgres:9.6
+    image: cimg/postgres:13.19
     environment:
       - POSTGRES_USER=root
+      - POSTGRES_DB=dbt_utils_test
     ports:
       - "5432:5432"

integration_tests/data/schema_tests/data_test_functional_dependency_fail.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+idx,col_a,col_b,col_y
+1,1,1,X
+2,1,1,Y
+3,2,1,X
+4,2,1,X

integration_tests/data/schema_tests/data_test_functional_dependency_pass.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+col_a,col_b,col_y
+1,1,X
+1,2,X
+2,1,X
+2,2,Y

integration_tests/models/generic_tests/schema.yml

@@ -197,6 +197,24 @@ seeds:
           error_if: "<1" #sneaky way to ensure that the test is returning failing rows
           warn_if: "<0"
 
+  - name: data_test_functional_dependency_pass
+    data_tests:
+      - dbt_utils.functional_dependency:
+          determinants:
+            - col_a
+            - col_b
+          dependent: col_y
+
+  - name: data_test_functional_dependency_fail
+    data_tests:
+      - dbt_utils.functional_dependency:
+          determinants:
+            - col_a
+            - col_b
+          dependent: col_y
+          error_if: "<1" #sneaky way to ensure that the test is returning failing rows
+          warn_if: "<0"
+
 models:
   - name: recency_time_included
     data_tests:
@@ -261,3 +279,4 @@ models:
           compare_model: ref('data_test_equality_a')
           exclude_columns:
             - col_c
+

macros/generic_tests/functional_dependency.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{% test functional_dependency(model, determinants, dependent, where_clause=None) %}
+  {{ return(adapter.dispatch('test_functional_dependency', 'dbt_utils')(model, determinants, dependent, where_clause)) }}
+{% endtest %}
+
+{% macro default__test_functional_dependency(model, determinants, dependent, where_clause=None) %}
+
+with filtered as (
+    select *
+    from {{ model }}
+    {% if where_clause %}
+    where {{ where_clause }}
+    {% endif %}
+),
+
+violations as (
+    select
+        {% for col in determinants %}
+        {{ col }}{% if not loop.last %}, {% endif %}
+        {% endfor %},
+        count(distinct {{ dependent }}) as distinct_dependent_count
+    from filtered
+    group by
+        {% for col in determinants %}
+        {{ col }}{% if not loop.last %}, {% endif %}
+        {% endfor %}
+    having count(distinct {{ dependent }}) > 1
+)
+
+select *
+from violations
+
+{% endmacro %}