Fix: expanded postings can cache wrong data when queries are issued "in the future" #11149

Job	Run time
CodeQL	6m 46s
lint	4m 22s
test	15m 59s
build	4m 8s
test-no-race	7m 37s
integration-configs-db	2m 42s
integration (requires_docker)	7m 6s
integration (integration_alertmanager)	4m 5s
integration (integration_backward_compatibility)	10m 44s
integration (integration_memberlist)	8m 17s
integration (integration_querier)	15m 12s
integration (integration_ruler)	5m 44s
integration (integration_query_fuzz)	4m 32s
deploy_website	0s
deploy	0s
	1h 37m 14s

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