Fix: expanded postings can cache wrong data when queries are issued "in the future" #11148

Job	Run time
test	16m 1s
test-no-race	7m 19s
lint	4m 24s
build	4m 5s
CodeQL	7m 27s
integration-configs-db	2m 48s
integration (requires_docker)	6m 59s
integration (integration_alertmanager)	3m 54s
integration (integration_backward_compatibility)	10m 33s
integration (integration_memberlist)	7m 40s
integration (integration_querier)	15m 10s
integration (integration_ruler)	6m 10s
integration (integration_query_fuzz)	4m 29s
deploy_website	0s
deploy	0s
	1h 36m 59s

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