[SPARK-27793][SQL] Add ANSI SQL day-time and year-month interval types

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
In the PR, I propose to extend Catalyst's type system by two new types that conform to the SQL standard (see SQL:2016, section 4.6.3):
- `DayTimeIntervalType` represents the day-time interval type,
- `YearMonthIntervalType` for SQL year-month interval type.

This PR only adds the two new DataType implementations, and there will be more PRs as sub-tasks of SPARK-27790 to completely support the new ANSI interval types.

### Why are the changes needed?
Spark as it is today supports an INTERVAL datatype. However this type is of very limited use. Existing interval values cannot be compared with any other interval values, or persisted to storage. Spark users request to either implement new or expand existing built-in functions which produce some sort of measures for elapsed time, such as `DATEDIFF()`. Rather than work around the edges to fill the potholes of the existing INTERVAL data type, I would like to propose to deliver a proper ANSI compliant INTERVAL type that can be introduced with minimal incompatibility, is comparable and thus sortable, and can be persisted in tables.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
No

### How was this patch tested?
1. By checking coding style via:
```
$ ./dev/scalastyle
$ ./dev/lint-java
```
2. Run the test for the default sizes:
```
$ build/sbt "test:testOnly *DataTypeSuite"
```

Closes #31614 from MaxGekk/day-time-interval-type.

Authored-by: Max Gekk <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <[email protected]>

sql/catalyst/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/sql/types/DataTypes.java

@@ -94,6 +94,16 @@ public class DataTypes {
    */
   public static final DataType NullType = NullType$.MODULE$;
 
+  /**
+   * Gets the DayTimeIntervalType object.
+   */
+  public static final DataType DayTimeIntervalType = DayTimeIntervalType$.MODULE$;
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the YearMonthIntervalType object.
+   */
+  public static final DataType YearMonthIntervalType = YearMonthIntervalType$.MODULE$;
+
   /**
    * Creates an ArrayType by specifying the data type of elements ({@code elementType}).
    * The field of {@code containsNull} is set to {@code true}.

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/DayTimeIntervalType.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.types
+
+import scala.math.Ordering
+import scala.reflect.runtime.universe.typeTag
+
+import org.apache.spark.annotation.Unstable
+
+/**
+ * The type represents day-time intervals of the SQL standard. A day-time interval is made up
+ * of a contiguous subset of the following fields:
+ *   - SECOND, seconds within minutes and possibly fractions of a second [0..59.999999],
+ *   - MINUTE, minutes within hours [0..59],
+ *   - HOUR, hours within days [0..23],
+ *   - DAY, days in the range [0..106751991].
+ *
+ * `DayTimeIntervalType` represents positive as well as negative day-time intervals.
+ *
+ * Please use the singleton `DataTypes.DayTimeIntervalType` to refer the type.
+ *
+ * @since 3.2.0
+ */
+@Unstable
+class DayTimeIntervalType private() extends AtomicType {
+  /**
+   * Internally, values of day-time intervals are stored in `Long` values as amount of time in terms
+   * of microseconds that are calculated by the formula:
+   *   -/+ (24*60*60 * DAY + 60*60 * HOUR + 60 * MINUTE + SECOND) * 1000000
+   */
+  private[sql] type InternalType = Long
+
+  @transient private[sql] lazy val tag = typeTag[InternalType]
+
+  private[sql] val ordering = implicitly[Ordering[InternalType]]
+
+  /**
+   * The day-time interval type has constant precision. A value of the type always occupies 8 bytes.
+   * The DAY field is constrained by the upper bound 106751991 to fit to `Long`.
+   */
+  override def defaultSize: Int = 8
+
+  private[spark] override def asNullable: DayTimeIntervalType = this
+}
+
+/**
+ * The companion case object and its class is separated so the companion object also subclasses
+ * the DayTimeIntervalType class. Otherwise, the companion object would be of type
+ * "DayTimeIntervalType$" in byte code. Defined with a private constructor so the companion object
+ * is the only possible instantiation.
+ *
+ * @since 3.2.0
+ */
+@Unstable
+case object DayTimeIntervalType extends DayTimeIntervalType

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/YearMonthIntervalType.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.types
+
+import scala.math.Ordering
+import scala.reflect.runtime.universe.typeTag
+
+import org.apache.spark.annotation.Unstable
+
+/**
+ * The type represents year-month intervals of the SQL standard. A year-month interval is made up
+ * of a contiguous subset of the following fields:
+ *   - MONTH, months within years [0..11],
+ *   - YEAR, years in the range [0..178956970].
+ *
+ * `YearMonthIntervalType` represents positive as well as negative year-month intervals.
+ *
+ * Please use the singleton `DataTypes.YearMonthIntervalType` to refer the type.
+ *
+ * @since 3.2.0
+ */
+@Unstable
+class YearMonthIntervalType private() extends AtomicType {
+  /**
+   * Internally, values of year-month intervals are stored in `Int` values as amount of months
+   * that are calculated by the formula:
+   *   -/+ (12 * YEAR + MONTH)
+   */
+  private[sql] type InternalType = Int
+
+  @transient private[sql] lazy val tag = typeTag[InternalType]
+
+  private[sql] val ordering = implicitly[Ordering[InternalType]]
+
+  /**
+   * Year-month interval values always occupy 4 bytes.
+   * The YEAR field is constrained by the upper bound 178956970 to fit to `Int`.
+   */
+  override def defaultSize: Int = 4
+
+  private[spark] override def asNullable: YearMonthIntervalType = this
+}
+
+/**
+ * The companion case object and its class is separated so the companion object also subclasses
+ * the YearMonthIntervalType class. Otherwise, the companion object would be of type
+ * "YearMonthIntervalType$" in byte code. Defined with a private constructor so the companion object
+ * is the only possible instantiation.
+ *
+ * @since 3.2.0
+ */
+@Unstable
+case object YearMonthIntervalType extends YearMonthIntervalType

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/DataTypeSuite.scala

@@ -320,6 +320,8 @@ class DataTypeSuite extends SparkFunSuite {
   checkDefaultSize(CharType(100), 100)
   checkDefaultSize(VarcharType(5), 5)
   checkDefaultSize(VarcharType(10), 10)
+  checkDefaultSize(YearMonthIntervalType, 4)
+  checkDefaultSize(DayTimeIntervalType, 8)
 
   def checkEqualsIgnoreCompatibleNullability(
       from: DataType,