ORC-1826: [C++][CI] Add ASAN support to CMake #4432

Job	Run time
Docker debian11	19m 14s
Java 17 and clang++ on ubuntu-22.04	20m 38s
Docker debian12	20m 58s
Java 21 and clang++ on ubuntu-22.04	20m 40s
Docker ubuntu24	19m 7s
Java 17 and clang++ on ubuntu-24.04	19m 45s
Java 21 and clang++ on ubuntu-24.04	19m 34s
Docker fedora37	19m 27s
Java 17 and clang++ on macos-13	23m 17s
Docker oraclelinux9	19m 25s
Java 21 and clang++ on macos-13	22m 55s
SIMD programming using C++ intrinsic functions on ubuntu-22.04	9m 36s
Java 17 and clang++ on macos-14	14m 42s
C++ General Test on Windows	6m 15s
Java 21 and clang++ on macos-14	14m 30s
C++ AVX512 Test on Windows	6m 14s
Java 17 and clang++ on macos-15	14m 18s
Java 21 and clang++ on macos-15	13m 48s
cpp-linter	26s
Javadoc generation	1m 29s
Java 17 and g++ on ubuntu-22.04	21m 56s
License Check	30s
C++ Test on macOS (13)	8m 8s
C++ Test on macOS (14)	4m 3s
	5h 40m 55s

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