MySQL compatibility: toDayOfWeek() now supports string arguments

[rschu1ze]

Largely based on #55572 (kudos to @slvrtrn) but solves the task a) a bit more elegantly + b) also for toWeek() and toYearWeek()

Resolves #54794

(refactorings are contained in a separate commit, it is easier to review https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/pull/55589/commits individually)

Changelog category (leave one):

• Improvement

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Functions toDayOfWeek() (MySQL alias: DAYOFWEEK()), toYearWeek() (YEARWEEK()) and toWeek() (WEEK()) now supports String arguments. This makes its behavior consistent with MySQL's behavior.

[robot-ch-test-poll2]

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