Add option for building with sanitizers

[github-actions]

This is an automatic cherry-pick of 62dfafd15a59cbee251c38330f795a70fdcab0a0

The original PR was #240 with message:

If enabled, the code will contain instrumentation that checks for various errors, reports them on stdout and results in a non-zero exit code.

Checklist before requesting a review

• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• I have verified that the code builds perfectly fine on my local system
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have verified that my code follows the style already available in the repository
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation