diff --git a/dev/index.html b/dev/index.html index 7f06c0c..06d7843 100644 --- a/dev/index.html +++ b/dev/index.html @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ Home · WorldDynamics.jl
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WorldDynamics.jl

This is the documentation page for WorldDynamics.jl, an open-source framework written in Julia for world dynamics modeling and simulation.

The World Dynamics Project

The World Dynamics project aims to provide a modern framework to investigate models of global dynamics focused on sustainable development based on current software engineering and scientific machine learning techniques. Our group is developing a Julia library to allow scientists to easily use and adapt different world models, from Forrester's World2 to Meadows et al.'s World3 to recent proposals. By enabling an open, interdisciplinary, and consistent comparative approach to scientific model development, our goal is to supply high-quality information to global policy making on environmental and economic issues.

Getting started

From the Julia REPL, install the package with 

]add WorldDynamics

You can now use the package, e.g. for reproducing Figure 7.7 from the book Dynamics of growth in a finite world: 

using WorldDynamics
-World3.fig_7()

Here is the output superposed to the original picture: image

The docstrings of each figure function contain specific pointers to the corresponding original figure numbers and captions.

+World3.fig_7()

Here is the output superposed to the original picture: image

The docstrings of each figure function contain specific pointers to the corresponding original figure numbers and captions.

diff --git a/dev/search/index.html b/dev/search/index.html index bd00a99..e3c3523 100644 --- a/dev/search/index.html +++ b/dev/search/index.html @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -Search · WorldDynamics.jl

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    +Search · WorldDynamics.jl

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      diff --git a/dev/source/index.html b/dev/source/index.html index 14e517e..631a09f 100644 --- a/dev/source/index.html +++ b/dev/source/index.html @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -Source code documentation · WorldDynamics.jl
      Edit on GitHub

      Source code documentation

      Contents

      WorldDynamics constants

      WorldDynamics functions

      Functions in functions.jl

      This functions correspond to DYNAMO functions used in the World3 model.

      WorldDynamics.clip — Method

      clip(returnifgte, returniflt, inputvalue, threshold)

      Returns returnifgte if the value inputvalue is greater than the threshold threshold, returniflt otherwise. This function corresponds to the CLIP (also called FIFGE) function in the DYNAMO language.

      source
      WorldDynamics.interpolate — Method

      interpolate(x, yvalues, xrange)

      Returns the value of a function with input x, by linearly interpolating the function itself through the table yvalues and the range xrange. If x is out of the range, the value at the corresponding extremity is returned. This function corresponds to the TABHL function in the DYNAMO language. This latter function receives a table (that is, yvalues), a value (that is, x), a left and a right extreme of an interval (that is, xrange), and an increment value.

      source
      WorldDynamics.step — Method

      step(inputvalue, returnifgte, threshold)

      Returns 0 if the value inputvalue is smaller than the threshold threshold, returnifgte otherwise. This function corresponds to the STEP function in the DYNAMO language.

      source
      WorldDynamics.switch — Method

      switch(returnifzero, returnifnotzero, inputvalue)

      Returns returnifzero if the value inputvalue is approximately 0 with tolerance 1e-16, returnifnotzero otherwise. This function corresponds to the SWITCH (also called FIFZE) function in the DYNAMO language.

      source

      Functions in plotvariables.jl

      WorldDynamics.plotvariables — Method

      plotvariables(solution, xrange, variables::Vector{<:NTuple{4, Any}}; title="", showaxis=true, showlegend=true, linetype="lines", colored=true)

      Plot the values of the variables in the vector variables obtained by the ODE system solution (normally, obtained by using the solve function in solvesystems.jl) in the specified xrange interval. For each variable, the vector variables includes a quadruple, containing the Julia variable, its range, and its symbolic name to be shown in the plot.

      source

      Functions in solvesystems.jl

      WorldDynamics.compose — Method

      compose(systems::Vector{ODESystem}, connection_eqs::Vector{Equation})

      Return the ODE system obtained by composing the ODE systems in the vector systems and by making use of the variable equalities in connection_eqs. Normally, each ODE systems in systems corresponds to a subsystem of a system in the World3 model, and the variable equalities specify which variables are shared between the subsystems.

      source
      WorldDynamics.solve — Method

      solve(system::ODESystem, timespan; solver=AutoVern9(Rodas5())

      Return the solution of the system ODE system in the timespan interval (for the available different ODE system solvers, see the documentation of DifferentialEquations.jl).

      We use the AutoVern9(Rodas5()) solver since it is among the suggested ones in the documentation of DifferentialEquations.jl, and among those we tested, it is the one that works best.

      source
      WorldDynamics.variable_connections — Method

      variable_connections(systems::Vector{ODESystem}) Return the set of variable equalities establishing the connections between the variables in the ODE systems included in the vector systems. The function assumes that no two distinct variables have the same name (even if they are defined in different ODE systems).

      source

      Reproducing World1 figures

      World1 system

      WorldDynamics.World1.fig_5 — Method
      fig_5(; kwargs...)
+Source code documentation · WorldDynamics.jl
      Edit on GitHub
      Source code documentation
      Contents
      WorldDynamics constants
      WorldDynamics functions
      Functions in functions.jl
      This functions correspond to DYNAMO functions used in the World3 model.
      WorldDynamics.clip — Method
      clip(returnifgte, returniflt, inputvalue, threshold)
      Returns returnifgte if the value inputvalue is greater than the threshold threshold, returniflt otherwise. This function corresponds to the CLIP (also called FIFGE) function in the DYNAMO language.
      source
      WorldDynamics.interpolate — Method
      interpolate(x, yvalues, xrange)
      Returns the value of a function with input x, by linearly interpolating the function itself through the table yvalues and the range xrange. If x is out of the range, the value at the corresponding extremity is returned. This function corresponds to the TABHL function in the DYNAMO language. This latter function receives a table (that is, yvalues), a value (that is, x), a left and a right extreme of an interval (that is, xrange), and an increment value.
      source
      WorldDynamics.step — Method
      step(inputvalue, returnifgte, threshold)
      Returns 0 if the value inputvalue is smaller than the threshold threshold, returnifgte otherwise. This function corresponds to the STEP function in the DYNAMO language.
      source
      WorldDynamics.switch — Method
      switch(returnifzero, returnifnotzero, inputvalue)
      Returns returnifzero if the value inputvalue is approximately 0 with tolerance 1e-16, returnifnotzero otherwise. This function corresponds to the SWITCH (also called FIFZE) function in the DYNAMO language.
      source
      Functions in plotvariables.jl
      WorldDynamics.plotvariables — Method
      plotvariables(solution, xrange, variables::Vector{<:NTuple{4, Any}}; title="", showaxis=true, showlegend=true, linetype="lines", colored=true)
      Plot the values of the variables in the vector variables obtained by the ODE system solution (normally, obtained by using the solve function in solvesystems.jl) in the specified xrange interval. For each variable, the vector variables includes a quadruple, containing the Julia variable, its range, and its symbolic name to be shown in the plot.
      source
      Functions in solvesystems.jl
      WorldDynamics.compose — Method
      compose(systems::Vector{ODESystem}, connection_eqs::Vector{Equation})
      Return the ODE system obtained by composing the ODE systems in the vector systems and by making use of the variable equalities in connection_eqs. Normally, each ODE systems in systems corresponds to a subsystem of a system in the World3 model, and the variable equalities specify which variables are shared between the subsystems.
      source
      WorldDynamics.solve — Method
      solve(system::ODESystem, timespan; solver=AutoVern9(Rodas5())
      Return the solution of the system ODE system in the timespan interval (for the available different ODE system solvers, see the documentation of DifferentialEquations.jl).
      We use the AutoVern9(Rodas5()) solver since it is among the suggested ones in the documentation of DifferentialEquations.jl, and among those we tested, it is the one that works best.
      source
      WorldDynamics.variable_connections — Method
      variable_connections(systems::Vector{ODESystem}) Return the set of variable equalities establishing the connections between the variables in the ODE systems included in the vector systems. The function assumes that no two distinct variables have the same name (even if they are defined in different ODE systems).
      source
      Reproducing World1 figures
      World1 system
      WorldDynamics.World1.fig_5 — Method
      fig_5(; kwargs...)
 
-Reproduce Fig. W1-7/5-5. The original figure is presented in the MIT memorandum D-1348 of [World1](https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/189645).
      source
      Reproducing World2 figures
      World2 system
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_1 — Method
      fig_4_1(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-1. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Basic behavior of the world model, showing the mode in which industrialization and population are suppressed by falling natural resources.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_10 — Method
      fig_4_10(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-10. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: System ratios when growth is suppressed by crowding.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_11 — Method
      fig_4_11(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-11. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Food shortage as the only remaining pressure to stop population growth.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_12 — Method
      fig_4_12(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-12. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: System ratios during the food-shortage mode.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_2 — Method
      fig_4_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Original model as in Fig. 4-1. Material standard of living reaches a maximum and then declines as natural resources are depleted.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_3 — Method
      fig_4_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Original model as in Fig 4-1. Natural-resource-usage rate reaches a peak about year 2010 and declines as natural resources, population, and capital investment decline.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_4 — Method
      fig_4_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption:Original model as in Fig. 4-1. The rate of capital-investment generation declines after 2010 but does not fall below the rate of capital-investment discard until 2040, at which time the level of capital investment begins to decline.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_5 — Method
      fig_4_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Reduced usage rate of natural resources leads to a pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_6 — Method
      fig_4_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: System ratios during the pollution mode of growth suppression.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_7 — Method
      fig_4_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Dynamics of the pollution sector. A positive-feedback growth in pollution occurs when the pollution-absorption time increases faster than the pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_8 — Method
      fig_4_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Population sector during the pollution mode.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_9 — Method
      fig_4_9(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-9. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Growth suppressed by crowding when natural resources and pollution are inactive.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_1 — Method
      fig_5_1(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-1. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Higher capital-investment generation triggers the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_10 — Method
      fig_5_10(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-10. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for the conditions of Fig. 5-9. Higher food productivity causes capital reallocation away from agriculture.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_11 — Method
      fig_5_11(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-11. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Increased food production causes greater population and earlier pollution crisis compared with Fig. 5-8.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_12 — Method
      fig_5_12(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-12. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Compared with Fig. 5-11, increased capital generation causes an earlier pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_13 — Method
      fig_5_13(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-13. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Compared with Fig. 5-12, less pollution generation increases peak population and delays the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_14 — Method
      fig_5_14(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-14. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Compared with Fig. 5-12, reduced birth rate lowers the peak population but does not ellminate or delay the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_2 — Method
      fig_5_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Lower birth rate does not affect suppression of growth by falling natural resources.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_3 — Method
      fig_5_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for the same condition of lower birth rate as in Fig. 5-2.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_4 — Method
      fig_5_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Reduced birth rate still leads to the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_5 — Method
      fig_5_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: With resource depletion and pollution suppressed, population still climbs even with a 30% reduction in "normal" birth rate.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_6 — Method
      fig_5_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: A 50% reduction in "normal" birth rate causes growth of population to pause for 20 years, then resume.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_7 — Method
      fig_5_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 5-6.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_8 — Method
      fig_5_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Reduction of pollution generation allows population and capital investment to increase further before the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_9 — Method
      fig_5_9(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-9. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Increased food production causes increased population.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_1 — Method
      fig_6_1(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-1. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Natural-resource-usage rate and pollution generation are reduced in 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_2 — Method
      fig_6_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-1.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_3 — Method
      fig_6_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Capital generation is reduced 40% in 1970 in addition to changes in Fig. 6-1. Population     stabilizes at a lower level; quality of life is increased.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_4 — Method
      fig_6_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-3.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_5 — Method
      fig_6_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Food productivity is reduced 20% in 1970 along with changes in Fig. 6-3. Population is lower, quality of life higher.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_6 — Method
      fig_6_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-5.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_7 — Method
      fig_6_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Normal birth rate reduced 30% in 1970 along with changes in Fig. 6-5. Population is lower, quality of life higher again.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_8 — Method
      fig_6_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-7.
      source
      Reproducing World3 figures
      Agriculture system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_72a — Method
      fig_72a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.72a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-3: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the optimistic LYMCT. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_72b — Method
      fig_72b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.72b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-3: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the optimistic LYMCT. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_73a — Method
      fig_73a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.73a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-4: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the pessimistic LYMCT. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_73b — Method
      fig_73b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.73b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-4: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the pessimistic LYMCT. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_74a — Method
      fig_74a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.74a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-5: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_74b — Method
      fig_74b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.74b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-5: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_75a — Method
      fig_75a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.75a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-6: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_75b — Method
      fig_75b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.75b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-6: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_76a — Method
      fig_76a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.76a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-7: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and development costs adjusted to maintain historical behavior. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_76b — Method
      fig_76b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.76b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-7: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and development costs adjusted to maintain historical behavior. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_77a — Method
      fig_77a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.77a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-8: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 50 percent increase in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_77b — Method
      fig_77b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.77b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-8: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 50 percent increase in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_78a — Method
      fig_78a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.78a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-9: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 25 percent decrease in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_78b — Method
      fig_78b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.78b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-9: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 25 percent decrease in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_82a — Method
      fig_82a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.82a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-10: sensitivity test with optimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_82b — Method
      fig_82b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.82b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-10: sensitivity test with optimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_83a — Method
      fig_83a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.83a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-11: sensitivity test with pessimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_83b — Method
      fig_83b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.83b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-11: sensitivity test with pessimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_84a — Method
      fig_84a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.84a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-12: policy run in which the impairment of land fertility from persistent pollutants is completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_84b — Method
      fig_84b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.84b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-12: policy run in which the impairment of land fertility from persistent pollutants is completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_85a — Method
      fig_85a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.85a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-13: policy run in which the adverse effects of air pollution on land yield and the impairment of land fertility by persistent pollutants are completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_85b — Method
      fig_85b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.85b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-13: policy run in which the adverse effects of air pollution on land yield and the impairment of land fertility by persistent pollutants are completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_86a — Method
      fig_86a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.86a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-14: policy run in which efforts to combat land erosion are initiated in 1975, in addition to the previous policies that eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_86b — Method
      fig_86b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.86b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-14: policy run in which efforts to combat land erosion are initiated in 1975, in addition to the previous policies that eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_87a — Method
      fig_87a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.87a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-15: policy run in which the land required for urban and industrial use is reduced to 25 percent of expected requirements, in addition to the previous policies that combat land erosion and eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_87b — Method
      fig_87b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.87b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-15: policy run in which the land required for urban and industrial use is reduced to 25 percent of expected requirements, in addition to the previous policies that combat land erosion and eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_88a — Method
      fig_88a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.88a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-16: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2050. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_88b — Method
      fig_88b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.88b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-16: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2050. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_89a — Method
      fig_89a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.89a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-17: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2025. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_89b — Method
      fig_89b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.89b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-17: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2025. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_90a — Method
      fig_90a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.90a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-18: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2000. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_90b — Method
      fig_90b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.90b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption:  Run 4-18: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2000. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      Capital system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_36 — Method
      Reproduce Fig 3.36. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of [DGFW](https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofgrowth0000unse).
+Reproduce Fig. W1-7/5-5. The original figure is presented in the MIT memorandum D-1348 of [World1](https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/189645).
      source
      Reproducing World2 figures
      World2 system
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_1 — Method
      fig_4_1(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-1. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Basic behavior of the world model, showing the mode in which industrialization and population are suppressed by falling natural resources.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_10 — Method
      fig_4_10(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-10. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: System ratios when growth is suppressed by crowding.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_11 — Method
      fig_4_11(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-11. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Food shortage as the only remaining pressure to stop population growth.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_12 — Method
      fig_4_12(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-12. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: System ratios during the food-shortage mode.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_2 — Method
      fig_4_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Original model as in Fig. 4-1. Material standard of living reaches a maximum and then declines as natural resources are depleted.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_3 — Method
      fig_4_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Original model as in Fig 4-1. Natural-resource-usage rate reaches a peak about year 2010 and declines as natural resources, population, and capital investment decline.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_4 — Method
      fig_4_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption:Original model as in Fig. 4-1. The rate of capital-investment generation declines after 2010 but does not fall below the rate of capital-investment discard until 2040, at which time the level of capital investment begins to decline.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_5 — Method
      fig_4_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Reduced usage rate of natural resources leads to a pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_6 — Method
      fig_4_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: System ratios during the pollution mode of growth suppression.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_7 — Method
      fig_4_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Dynamics of the pollution sector. A positive-feedback growth in pollution occurs when the pollution-absorption time increases faster than the pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_8 — Method
      fig_4_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Population sector during the pollution mode.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_4_9 — Method
      fig_4_9(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 4-9. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of WD.
      Caption: Growth suppressed by crowding when natural resources and pollution are inactive.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_1 — Method
      fig_5_1(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-1. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Higher capital-investment generation triggers the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_10 — Method
      fig_5_10(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-10. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for the conditions of Fig. 5-9. Higher food productivity causes capital reallocation away from agriculture.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_11 — Method
      fig_5_11(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-11. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Increased food production causes greater population and earlier pollution crisis compared with Fig. 5-8.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_12 — Method
      fig_5_12(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-12. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Compared with Fig. 5-11, increased capital generation causes an earlier pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_13 — Method
      fig_5_13(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-13. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Compared with Fig. 5-12, less pollution generation increases peak population and delays the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_14 — Method
      fig_5_14(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-14. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Compared with Fig. 5-12, reduced birth rate lowers the peak population but does not ellminate or delay the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_2 — Method
      fig_5_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Lower birth rate does not affect suppression of growth by falling natural resources.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_3 — Method
      fig_5_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for the same condition of lower birth rate as in Fig. 5-2.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_4 — Method
      fig_5_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Reduced birth rate still leads to the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_5 — Method
      fig_5_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: With resource depletion and pollution suppressed, population still climbs even with a 30% reduction in "normal" birth rate.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_6 — Method
      fig_5_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: A 50% reduction in "normal" birth rate causes growth of population to pause for 20 years, then resume.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_7 — Method
      fig_5_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 5-6.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_8 — Method
      fig_5_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Reduction of pollution generation allows population and capital investment to increase further before the pollution crisis.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_5_9 — Method
      fig_5_9(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 5-9. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of WD.
      Caption: Increased food production causes increased population.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_1 — Method
      fig_6_1(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-1. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Natural-resource-usage rate and pollution generation are reduced in 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_2 — Method
      fig_6_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-1.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_3 — Method
      fig_6_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Capital generation is reduced 40% in 1970 in addition to changes in Fig. 6-1. Population     stabilizes at a lower level; quality of life is increased.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_4 — Method
      fig_6_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-3.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_5 — Method
      fig_6_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Food productivity is reduced 20% in 1970 along with changes in Fig. 6-3. Population is lower, quality of life higher.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_6 — Method
      fig_6_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-5.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_7 — Method
      fig_6_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Normal birth rate reduced 30% in 1970 along with changes in Fig. 6-5. Population is lower, quality of life higher again.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World2.fig_6_8 — Method
      fig_6_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig. 6-8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of WD.
      Caption: Ratios for conditions of Fig. 6-7.
      source
      Reproducing World3 figures
      Agriculture system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_72a — Method
      fig_72a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.72a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-3: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the optimistic LYMCT. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_72b — Method
      fig_72b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.72b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-3: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the optimistic LYMCT. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_73a — Method
      fig_73a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.73a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-4: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the pessimistic LYMCT. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_73b — Method
      fig_73b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.73b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-4: sensitivity test of the land yield multiplier from capital table, using the pessimistic LYMCT. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_74a — Method
      fig_74a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.74a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-5: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_74b — Method
      fig_74b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.74b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-5: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_75a — Method
      fig_75a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.75a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-6: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_75b — Method
      fig_75b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.75b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-6: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_76a — Method
      fig_76a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.76a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-7: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and development costs adjusted to maintain historical behavior. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_76b — Method
      fig_76b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.76b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-7: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and development costs adjusted to maintain historical behavior. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_77a — Method
      fig_77a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.77a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-8: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 50 percent increase in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_77b — Method
      fig_77b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.77b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-8: sensitivity test with a 35 percent increase in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 50 percent increase in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_78a — Method
      fig_78a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.78a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-9: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 25 percent decrease in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_78b — Method
      fig_78b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.78b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-9: sensitivity test with a 25 percent decrease in the estimate of the value of potentially arable land total and a 25 percent decrease in the upper limit of the land yield multiplier from capital. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_82a — Method
      fig_82a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.82a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-10: sensitivity test with optimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_82b — Method
      fig_82b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.82b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-10: sensitivity test with optimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_83a — Method
      fig_83a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.83a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-11: sensitivity test with pessimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_83b — Method
      fig_83b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.83b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-11: sensitivity test with pessimistic estimates of the cost of land development, the adverse effects of air pollution on yield, and the extent to which high land yield causes land erosion. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_84a — Method
      fig_84a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.84a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-12: policy run in which the impairment of land fertility from persistent pollutants is completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_84b — Method
      fig_84b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.84b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-12: policy run in which the impairment of land fertility from persistent pollutants is completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_85a — Method
      fig_85a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.85a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-13: policy run in which the adverse effects of air pollution on land yield and the impairment of land fertility by persistent pollutants are completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_85b — Method
      fig_85b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.85b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-13: policy run in which the adverse effects of air pollution on land yield and the impairment of land fertility by persistent pollutants are completely eliminated in 1975. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_86a — Method
      fig_86a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.86a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-14: policy run in which efforts to combat land erosion are initiated in 1975, in addition to the previous policies that eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_86b — Method
      fig_86b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.86b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-14: policy run in which efforts to combat land erosion are initiated in 1975, in addition to the previous policies that eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_87a — Method
      fig_87a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.87a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-15: policy run in which the land required for urban and industrial use is reduced to 25 percent of expected requirements, in addition to the previous policies that combat land erosion and eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_87b — Method
      fig_87b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.87b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-15: policy run in which the land required for urban and industrial use is reduced to 25 percent of expected requirements, in addition to the previous policies that combat land erosion and eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution and persistent pollution. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_88a — Method
      fig_88a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.88a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-16: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2050. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_88b — Method
      fig_88b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.88b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-16: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2050. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_89a — Method
      fig_89a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.89a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-17: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2025. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_89b — Method
      fig_89b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.89b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-17: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2025. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_90a — Method
      fig_90a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.90a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 4-18: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2000. The behavior of land yields and food production.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Agriculture.fig_90b — Method
      fig_90b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 4.90b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 4 of DGFW.
      Caption:  Run 4-18: equilibrium run in which the exogenous inputs level off in the year 2000. The behavior of arable land.
      source
      Capital system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_36 — Method
      Reproduce Fig 3.36. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of [DGFW](https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofgrowth0000unse).
 
-Caption: Driving functions for the standard run of the capital sector.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_38 — Method
      fig_38(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.38. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-2: behavior of the capital sector when the average lifetime of industrial capital is increased from 14 to 21 years with standard inputs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_39 — Method
      fig_39(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.39. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run3-3: behaviorofthecapital sector when the capital-output ratio is decreased from 3 to 2 years with standard inputs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_40 — Method
      fig_40(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.40. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-4: behavior of the capital sector when the industrial capital-output ratio is increased from 3 to 4 years with standard inputs. Note: Scales for IOPC, SOPC, and IO have been changed from their normal values.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_41 — Method
      fig_41(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.41. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-5: behavior of the capital sector when the fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is increased from 0.05 to 0.35 with other inputs at their standard values. Note: Scales for IOPC, SOPC, and IO have been changed from their normal values.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_42 — Method
      fig_42(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.42. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-6: behavior of the capital sector when the service capital-output ratio is increased from 1 to 2 years with standard inputs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_43 — Method
      fig_43(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.43. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Driving functions for capital sector experiencing increasing resource costs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_44 — Method
      fig_44(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.44. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-7: behavior of the capital sector when the fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources increases after 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_46 — Method
      fig_46(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.46. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-8: behavior of the capital sector when the fraction of industrial output allocated to agriculture increases after 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_48 — Method
      fig_48(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.48. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-9: behavior of the capital sector when the population declines after 1970.
      source
      Non-Renewable system
      WorldDynamics.World3.NonRenewable.fig_28 — Method
      fig_28(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 5.28. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 5-3: The effects of cost-reducing technologies on the behavior of the nonrenewable resource sector.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.NonRenewable.fig_29 — Method
      fig_29(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 5.29. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 5-4: the effects of resource-conserving technologies on the behavior of the nonrenewable resource sector.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.NonRenewable.fig_30 — Method
      fig_30(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 5.30. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 5-5: The effects of zero population growth and advanced technological policies on the behavior of the nonrenewable resource sector.
      source
      Pollution system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_26 — Method
      fig_26(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.26. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-1: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a pulse input in persistent pollution generation in 1920.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_27 — Method
      fig_27(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.27. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-2: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a step increase and decrease in persistent pollution generation.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_30 — Method
      fig_30(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.30. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Inputs to Run 6-4 of the pollution sector when continued material growth is assumed.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_31 — Method
      fig_31(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.31. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-4: behavior of the pollution sector in response to continued material growth.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_33 — Method
      fig_33(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.33. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-6: behavior of the pollution sector when the estimate of the persistent pollution transmission delay is doubled.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_34 — Method
      fig_34(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.34. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-7: behavior of the pollution sector when the estimate of the persistent pollution transmission delay is halved.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_35 — Method
      fig_35(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.35. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-8: behavior of the pollution sector when the assimilation half-life is assumed to increase twice as fast with a rising index of persistent pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_36 — Method
      fig_36(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.36. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-9: behavior of the pollution sector when the assimilation half-life is assumed to be constant.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_37 — Method
      fig_37(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.37. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-10: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a doubling of the persistent pollution transmission delay in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_38 — Method
      fig_38(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.38. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-11: behavior of the pollution sector in response to an advance in persistent pollution assimilation technology in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_39 — Method
      fig_39(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.39. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-12: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a 50 percent increase in human health and land fertility technology in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_40 — Method
      fig_40(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.40. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-13: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a sudden increase in persistent pollution generation control technology in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_41 — Method
      fig_41(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.41. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-14: behavior of the pollution sector in response to adaptive persistent pollution generation control technologies when the persistent pollution transmission delay is assumed to be 20 years.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_43 — Method
      fig_43(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.43. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-15: behavior of the pollution sector in response to adaptive persistent pollution generation control technologies when the persistent pollution transmission delay is assumed to be 2 years.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_44 — Method
      fig_44(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.44. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-16: behavior of the pollution sector when persistent pollution generation stabilizes in the year 2000.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_45 — Method
      fig_45(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.45. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-17: behavior of the pollution sector when persistent pollution generation stabilizes in the year 2020.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_46 — Method
      fig_46(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.46. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-18: behavior of the pollution sector when adaptive persistent pollution generation control technologies are combined with material equilibrium in the year 2020.
      source
      One level population system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_100 — Method
      fig_100(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.100. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2- 15: constant total output, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_85 — Method
      fig_85(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.85. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2—2: historical behavior, 1900—1975, mortality variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_86 — Method
      fig_86(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.86. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-3: historical behavior, 1900-1975, fertility variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_96 — Method
      fig_96(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.96. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-11: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_97 — Method
      fig_97(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.97. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-12: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_99 — Method
      fig_99(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.99. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-14: constant total output, perfect fertility control.
      source
      Four level population system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_100 — Method
      fig_100(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.100. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2- 15: constant total output, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_101a — Method
      fig_101a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.101a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-16: constant total output, reference for sensitivity tests.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_101b — Method
      fig_101b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.101b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-16: constant total output, reference for sensitivity tests.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_101c — Method
      fig_101c(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.101c. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-16: constant total output, reference for sensitivity tests.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_111a — Method
      fig_111a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.111a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-26: increased compensation for perceived life expectancy.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_111b — Method
      fig_111b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.111b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-26: increased compensation for perceived life expectancy.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_111c — Method
      fig_111c(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.111c. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-26: increased compensation for perceived life expectancy.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_85 — Method
      fig_85(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.85. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2—2: historical behavior, 1900—1975, mortality variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_86 — Method
      fig_86(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.86. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-3: historical behavior, 1900-1975, fertility variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_96 — Method
      fig_96(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.96. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-11: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_97 — Method
      fig_97(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.97. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-12: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_99 — Method
      fig_99(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.99. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-14: constant total output, perfect fertility control.
      source
      Fifteen level population system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_100 — Method
      fig_100(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.100. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2- 15: constant total output, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_85 — Method
      fig_85(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.85. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2—2: historical behavior, 1900—1975, mortality variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_96 — Method
      fig_96(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.96. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-11: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_97 — Method
      fig_97(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.97. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-12: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      World3 system
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_10 — Method
      fig_10(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.10. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-7: sensitivity of the initial value of nonrenewable resources to a doubling of NRI. To test the sensitivity of the reference run (Figure 7.7) to an error in the estimate of initial nonrenewable resources, NRI is doubled. As a result, industrialization continues for an additional 15 years until growth is again halted by the effects of resource depletion.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_11 — Method
      fig_11(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.11. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-8: sensitivity of the initial value of nonrenewable resources to a tenfold increase in NRI. The initial value of nonrenewable resources NRI is increased by a factor of 10, to a value well outside its most likely range. Under this optimistic assumption, the effects of nonrenewable resource depletion are no longer a constraint to growth. Note that there is no dynamic difference in this run between setting resources at 10 times their reference value or assum¬ ing an infinite value of resources. However, population and capital con¬ tinue to grow until constrained by the rising level of pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_13 — Method
      fig_13(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.13. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-9: sensitivity of the fraction of industrial output allocated to agriculture. The slope of the fraction of industrial output allocated to agriculture FIOAA relationship is increased, reducing the time needed to redirect industrial output into or out of agricultural investment. This change has very little effect on the overall behavior of the model.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_14 — Method
      fig_14(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.14. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-10: sensitivity of the average lifetime of industrial capital. The average lifetime of industrial capital ALIC is increased 50 percent over its value in the reference run (from 14 years to 21 years), causing capital to grow faster than in the reference run. Although the behavior mode of the model is unchanged, the model variables do not pass through their 1970 historical values. This parameter, as well as the other parameters in the capital growth loop, is an important factor in determining the growth rate of capital.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_15 — Method
      fig_15(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.15. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-11: sensitivity of the average lifetime of industrial capital and the industrial capital-output ratio. As in the previous run, the average lifetime of industrial capital ALIC is increased from 14 to 21 years. To ensure that the model duplicates historical behavior, the industrial capital-output ratio ICOR is also increased (from 3 to 3.75). The resulting behavior is very similar to that of the reference run. Changes in the elements affecting capital growth, when constrained to produce behavior consistent with historical behavior, do not significantly affect the behavior of the model.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_16 — Method
      fig_16(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.16. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-12: improved resource exploration and extraction technologies. The implementation of improved resource exploration and extraction technologies in 1975 is modeled by lowering the capital cost of obtaining resources for industrial production. This policy allows industrial production to continue growing for a few more years than in the reference run, but it is ineffective in avoiding the effects of resource depletion.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_18 — Method
      fig_17(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.18. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-13: recycling technologies. The advances in resource exploration and extraction technologies of Run 7-12 are supplemented by an improvement in recycling technologies that reduces per capita resource usage by a factor of eight in 1975. That policy removes the constraining effects of resource depletion and allows population and capital growth to continue until checked by persistent pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_38 — Method
      fig_38(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.38. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-2: behavior of the capital sector when the average lifetime of industrial capital is increased from 14 to 21 years with standard inputs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_39 — Method
      fig_39(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.39. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run3-3: behaviorofthecapital sector when the capital-output ratio is decreased from 3 to 2 years with standard inputs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_40 — Method
      fig_40(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.40. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-4: behavior of the capital sector when the industrial capital-output ratio is increased from 3 to 4 years with standard inputs. Note: Scales for IOPC, SOPC, and IO have been changed from their normal values.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_41 — Method
      fig_41(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.41. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-5: behavior of the capital sector when the fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is increased from 0.05 to 0.35 with other inputs at their standard values. Note: Scales for IOPC, SOPC, and IO have been changed from their normal values.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_42 — Method
      fig_42(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.42. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-6: behavior of the capital sector when the service capital-output ratio is increased from 1 to 2 years with standard inputs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_43 — Method
      fig_43(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.43. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Driving functions for capital sector experiencing increasing resource costs.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_44 — Method
      fig_44(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.44. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-7: behavior of the capital sector when the fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources increases after 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_46 — Method
      fig_46(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.46. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-8: behavior of the capital sector when the fraction of industrial output allocated to agriculture increases after 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Capital.fig_48 — Method
      fig_48(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 3.48. The original figure is presented in Chapter 3 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 3-9: behavior of the capital sector when the population declines after 1970.
      source
      Non-Renewable system
      WorldDynamics.World3.NonRenewable.fig_28 — Method
      fig_28(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 5.28. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 5-3: The effects of cost-reducing technologies on the behavior of the nonrenewable resource sector.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.NonRenewable.fig_29 — Method
      fig_29(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 5.29. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 5-4: the effects of resource-conserving technologies on the behavior of the nonrenewable resource sector.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.NonRenewable.fig_30 — Method
      fig_30(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 5.30. The original figure is presented in Chapter 5 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 5-5: The effects of zero population growth and advanced technological policies on the behavior of the nonrenewable resource sector.
      source
      Pollution system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_26 — Method
      fig_26(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.26. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-1: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a pulse input in persistent pollution generation in 1920.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_27 — Method
      fig_27(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.27. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-2: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a step increase and decrease in persistent pollution generation.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_30 — Method
      fig_30(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.30. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Inputs to Run 6-4 of the pollution sector when continued material growth is assumed.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_31 — Method
      fig_31(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.31. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-4: behavior of the pollution sector in response to continued material growth.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_33 — Method
      fig_33(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.33. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-6: behavior of the pollution sector when the estimate of the persistent pollution transmission delay is doubled.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_34 — Method
      fig_34(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.34. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-7: behavior of the pollution sector when the estimate of the persistent pollution transmission delay is halved.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_35 — Method
      fig_35(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.35. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-8: behavior of the pollution sector when the assimilation half-life is assumed to increase twice as fast with a rising index of persistent pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_36 — Method
      fig_36(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.36. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-9: behavior of the pollution sector when the assimilation half-life is assumed to be constant.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_37 — Method
      fig_37(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.37. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-10: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a doubling of the persistent pollution transmission delay in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_38 — Method
      fig_38(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.38. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-11: behavior of the pollution sector in response to an advance in persistent pollution assimilation technology in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_39 — Method
      fig_39(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.39. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-12: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a 50 percent increase in human health and land fertility technology in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_40 — Method
      fig_40(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.40. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-13: behavior of the pollution sector in response to a sudden increase in persistent pollution generation control technology in 1975.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_41 — Method
      fig_41(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.41. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-14: behavior of the pollution sector in response to adaptive persistent pollution generation control technologies when the persistent pollution transmission delay is assumed to be 20 years.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_43 — Method
      fig_43(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.43. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-15: behavior of the pollution sector in response to adaptive persistent pollution generation control technologies when the persistent pollution transmission delay is assumed to be 2 years.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_44 — Method
      fig_44(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.44. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-16: behavior of the pollution sector when persistent pollution generation stabilizes in the year 2000.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_45 — Method
      fig_45(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.45. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-17: behavior of the pollution sector when persistent pollution generation stabilizes in the year 2020.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pollution.fig_46 — Method
      fig_46(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 6.46. The original figure is presented in Chapter 6 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 6-18: behavior of the pollution sector when adaptive persistent pollution generation control technologies are combined with material equilibrium in the year 2020.
      source
      One level population system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_100 — Method
      fig_100(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.100. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2- 15: constant total output, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_85 — Method
      fig_85(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.85. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2—2: historical behavior, 1900—1975, mortality variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_86 — Method
      fig_86(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.86. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-3: historical behavior, 1900-1975, fertility variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_96 — Method
      fig_96(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.96. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-11: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_97 — Method
      fig_97(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.97. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-12: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop1.fig_99 — Method
      fig_99(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.99. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-14: constant total output, perfect fertility control.
      source
      Four level population system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_100 — Method
      fig_100(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.100. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2- 15: constant total output, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_101a — Method
      fig_101a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.101a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-16: constant total output, reference for sensitivity tests.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_101b — Method
      fig_101b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.101b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-16: constant total output, reference for sensitivity tests.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_101c — Method
      fig_101c(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.101c. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-16: constant total output, reference for sensitivity tests.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_111a — Method
      fig_111a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.111a. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-26: increased compensation for perceived life expectancy.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_111b — Method
      fig_111b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.111b. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-26: increased compensation for perceived life expectancy.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_111c — Method
      fig_111c(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.111c. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-26: increased compensation for perceived life expectancy.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_85 — Method
      fig_85(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.85. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2—2: historical behavior, 1900—1975, mortality variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_86 — Method
      fig_86(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.86. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-3: historical behavior, 1900-1975, fertility variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_96 — Method
      fig_96(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.96. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-11: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_97 — Method
      fig_97(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.97. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-12: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop4.fig_99 — Method
      fig_99(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.99. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-14: constant total output, perfect fertility control.
      source
      Fifteen level population system
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_100 — Method
      fig_100(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.100. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2- 15: constant total output, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_85 — Method
      fig_85(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.85. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2—2: historical behavior, 1900—1975, mortality variables.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_96 — Method
      fig_96(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.96. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-11: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.Pop15.fig_97 — Method
      fig_97(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 2.97. The original figure is presented in Chapter 2 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 2-12: exponential economic growth, perfect fertility control, reduced desired family size.
      source
      World3 system
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_10 — Method
      fig_10(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.10. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-7: sensitivity of the initial value of nonrenewable resources to a doubling of NRI. To test the sensitivity of the reference run (Figure 7.7) to an error in the estimate of initial nonrenewable resources, NRI is doubled. As a result, industrialization continues for an additional 15 years until growth is again halted by the effects of resource depletion.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_11 — Method
      fig_11(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.11. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-8: sensitivity of the initial value of nonrenewable resources to a tenfold increase in NRI. The initial value of nonrenewable resources NRI is increased by a factor of 10, to a value well outside its most likely range. Under this optimistic assumption, the effects of nonrenewable resource depletion are no longer a constraint to growth. Note that there is no dynamic difference in this run between setting resources at 10 times their reference value or assum¬ ing an infinite value of resources. However, population and capital con¬ tinue to grow until constrained by the rising level of pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_13 — Method
      fig_13(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.13. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-9: sensitivity of the fraction of industrial output allocated to agriculture. The slope of the fraction of industrial output allocated to agriculture FIOAA relationship is increased, reducing the time needed to redirect industrial output into or out of agricultural investment. This change has very little effect on the overall behavior of the model.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_14 — Method
      fig_14(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.14. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-10: sensitivity of the average lifetime of industrial capital. The average lifetime of industrial capital ALIC is increased 50 percent over its value in the reference run (from 14 years to 21 years), causing capital to grow faster than in the reference run. Although the behavior mode of the model is unchanged, the model variables do not pass through their 1970 historical values. This parameter, as well as the other parameters in the capital growth loop, is an important factor in determining the growth rate of capital.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_15 — Method
      fig_15(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.15. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-11: sensitivity of the average lifetime of industrial capital and the industrial capital-output ratio. As in the previous run, the average lifetime of industrial capital ALIC is increased from 14 to 21 years. To ensure that the model duplicates historical behavior, the industrial capital-output ratio ICOR is also increased (from 3 to 3.75). The resulting behavior is very similar to that of the reference run. Changes in the elements affecting capital growth, when constrained to produce behavior consistent with historical behavior, do not significantly affect the behavior of the model.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_16 — Method
      fig_16(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.16. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-12: improved resource exploration and extraction technologies. The implementation of improved resource exploration and extraction technologies in 1975 is modeled by lowering the capital cost of obtaining resources for industrial production. This policy allows industrial production to continue growing for a few more years than in the reference run, but it is ineffective in avoiding the effects of resource depletion.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_18 — Method
      fig_17(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.18. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-13: recycling technologies. The advances in resource exploration and extraction technologies of Run 7-12 are supplemented by an improvement in recycling technologies that reduces per capita resource usage by a factor of eight in 1975. That policy removes the constraining effects of resource depletion and allows population and capital growth to continue until checked by persistent pollution.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_19 — Method
          fig_19(; kwargs...)
 
 Reproduce Fig 7.19. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of [DGFW](https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofgrowth0000unse).
 
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@
 food per capita still decline, for the high index of persistent pollution
 PPOLX decreases the land fertility. The improvement in air pollution
 control technologies has solved only a small part of the pollution problem, for the rise in persistent pollutants ends growth in the other sectors of
-the model.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_2 — Method
      fig_2(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-1: population sector behavior, 1900-1970. Population POP increases over time at an average growth rate of 1.2 percent per year. Both the birth rate CBR and the death rate CDR decrease over the period, the former largely because of a lower desired total fertility DTF, and the latter primarily as a result of increased health services LMHS. Both trends occur as a result of industrialization.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_20 — Method
      fig_20(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.20. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-15: resource and pollution technologies. Note: The scale for lOPC has been increased from 1,000 to 2,000 dollars per person-year. The resource arid air pollution control technologies of the previous run are augmented in 1975 by a technological policy that reduces by a factor of 10 the index of persistent pollution PPOLX 'generated by each unit of agricultural and industrial output. The lower level of pollution allows population and industrial output to continue to grow until the amount of available food becomes the constraining factor. The decline in food per capita FPC eventually causes a reduction in both population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_21 — Method
      fig_21(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.21. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-16: resource, pollution, and land yield technologies. Note: The scale of IOPC has been increased from 1,000 to 2,000 dollars per person-year. To increase food production, new agricultural technologies are implemented, augmenting the resource and pollution technologies of the previous run; they increase the land yield LY by a factor of 2 in 1975. This policy successfully raises the level of food in the short run, but in the long run the high yields cause increased land erosion, which later decreases the available food. After the year 2050 the higher rate of erosion depresses yields (and thus food per capita FPC) below the values observed in the previous run. As a result, population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC decline earlier than in Run 7-15, which assumed no new land yield technologies.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_22 — Method
      fig_22(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.22. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-17: resource, pollution, and agricultural technologies. Note: The scale of IOPC has been increased from 1,000 to 8,000 dollars per person-year. The resource, pollution, and land yield technologies of the previous run are supplemented in 1975 by an improvement in land maintenance technologies. These new technologies ensure that higher land yields do not lead to any significant increase in land erosion. The reduced constraints in the resource, pollution, and agriculture sectors allow population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC to continue to grow until the effects of resource depletion are again evident, as in the reference run. Both population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC decline after the year
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_23 — Method
      fig_23(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.23. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-18: exponential changes in technology. Here it is assumed that exponentially increasing technologies are able to postpone indefinitely the effects of the constraints to growth, as modeled in World3, at no cost and with no delays in development and implementation. The improved technologies tend to reduce per capita resource usage and pollution generation per unit of agricultural and industrial output at 4 percent per year after 1975. At the same time, land yields tend to increase at 4 percent per year, with no upper limit and with practically no adverse side effects such as land erosion. Although industrialization grows exponentially, the rate of removal of land for urban-industrial use decreases to zero by the year 2000. Finally, air pollution is assumed to have no adverse effects on land yield. Under these assumptions, population reaches 14 billion people in the year 2100 and continues to grow (though at a slow rate of 0.6 percent per year). Food is in abundance throughout the run resource usage declines to zero as fewer resources are needed to sustain output, and industrial output per capita IOPC continues to grow indefinitely.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_24 — Method
      fig_24(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.24. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-19: adaptive technological policies—no delays, no costs. Technological advances in reducing per capita resource usage, diminishing pollution, and increasing land yield are assumed to occur in response to a perceived need for the technologies. The maximum rate of change for each technology is assumed to be 5 percent per year. In addition, discrete advances in exploration and extraction technologies, land maintenance technologies, and air pollution technologies are assumed to be implemented in 1975. This run is similar in behavior to Run 7-18, in which technological improvements rise continuously at 4 percent per year. Growth is maintained through the year 2100 because of the absence of significant delays and costs in the development of new technologies.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_26 — Method
      fig_26(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.26. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-20: adaptive technological policies—the effects of limitations to technological capabilities. The adaptive technological policies assumed in this run are identical to those in Run 7-19 except that the maximum rate of technological change is assumed to be 2 percent instead of 5 percent per year. Technology is unable to avoid the effects of the constraints to growth because industrial output per capita IOPC and population POP grow faster than the maximum rate of technological change. In this run, resource depletion again halts growth in population and industrial output.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_27 — Method
      fig_27(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.27. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-21: adaptive technological policies—the effects of technological development and implementation costs. Here it is assumed that more effective recycling, pollution control, and land yield advances can be obtained only at increasing costs. These higher costs are represented in the model by a rise in the industrial capital-output ratio I COR. A trade-off now occurs between the benefits of continued growth and the costs of the technologies that make further growth possible. The rising costs of the new technologies cause industrial output per capita IOPC to decline after the year 2010.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_3 — Method
      fig_3(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-2: capital sector behavior, 1900-1970. Industrial capital IC grows exponentially, causing industrial output IO to     grow. Since their growth rate is greater than that of population, industrial     output per capita IOPC also grows over the period, as do service output     per capita SOPC and food per capita (not graphed). As development proceeds, (1) the fraction of output in agriculture FOA declines, (2) FOA is     largely replaced by the increasing fraction of output in industry FOI, and     (3) the fraction of output in services FOS remains relatively constant, near     50 percent of total output.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_30 — Method
      fig_30(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.30. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-22: adaptive technological policies—the effects of delays and costs of technological development and implementation. Advances in recycling, pollution control, and land yield technologies are again assumed to be obtainable only at a finite cost. In addition, it is assumed that the benefits of these technologies will not be realized until 10 years after their initiation. As in Run 7-21, the rising costs, modeled as a rise in the industrial capital-output ratio ICOR, cause industrial output per capita IOPC to decline. The added costs incurred by the continued implementation of new technologies even after IOPC has peaked force IOPC to fall more precipitously than in Run 7-21.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_32 — Method
      fig_32(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.32. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-23: adaptive technological policies—the effects of delays and costs,with a bias for continued growth in industrial output per capita. The previous run assumed that new recycling, pollution control, and land yield technologies are developed in response to a perceived need for them. Because of the time involved in technological development and implementation, however, these new technologies were effective only after a delay. Moreover, their development and implementation required additional capital, which increased the industrial capital-output ratio. In this run, the assumptions of Run 7-22 are augmented with a societal bias toward continued growth in industrial output per capita IOPC. Technological policies are implemented only as long as they do not hamper continued growth in IOPC. This policy is effective in continuing growth in the short run but counterproductive in the long run: the failure to implement the new technologies causes a significant depletion of resources and growth is ultimately terminated.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_34 — Method
      fig_34(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.34. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-24: reduction of the desired completed family size. To reduce the pressures of population growth in the reference run, the desired completed family size is reduced to 2 children per family in 1975. Population POP continues to grow gradually for 70 years because of the delays inherent in the age structure. However, the effects of resource depletion again force the population to decline after 2040, as in the reference run. Since population growth is reduced, industrial output per capita IOPC and food per capita FPC rise more rapidly between 1975 and 2020 than in the reference run.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_35 — Method
      fig_35(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.35. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-25: increase of industrial and service capital lifetimes. Both the average lifetime of industrial capital ALIC and the lifetime of service capital ALSC are increased 50 percent in 1975, thereby extending the productivity of capital. When implemented without additional policies to reduce the capital investment rate, this policy proves to be counterproductive in the long run. Compared with the reference run, the extension of product lifetimes allows industrial output to grow more rapidly, leading to a quicker depletion of resources. The rise in resource costs forces industrial output per capita IOPC to decline earlier than in the reference run.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_36 — Method
      fig_36(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.36. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-26: shift in the choice of output forms. The amount of food and services desired by the population per unit of industrial output is increased by 50 percent in 1975. This shift in the choice of output slows the growth in industrial capital and industrial output, putting less pressure on the resource base. In the long run, however, the continually rising population POP thwarts the effectiveness of this policy, forcing a decline in industrial output per capita IOPC due to resource depletion.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_37 — Method
      fig_37(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.37. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-27: population policy and shift of output choices. A combination of social policies that cause a reduction of growth both in population and in industrial capital is simulated in this run. In 1975 the desired completed family size is reduced to 2 children per family and the amount of services and food per unit of industrial output desired by the population is increased by 50 percent. The resulting behavior is substantially more stable than in the reference run, but the overshoot and decline mode is still evident. In World3, even these reduced levels of population and industrial capital cannot be sustained over the long term; new technological policies must be added to offset the effects of the limits to growth.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_38 — Method
      fig_38(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.38. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-28: equilibrium through discrete policy changes. To obtain one example of a sustainable state of equilibrium, this run combines discrete policy changes in both technology and social values. To stabilize the population POP, the desired completed family size is reduced to 2 children per family in 1975. The growth in industrial capital is reduced in 1990 by reinvesting only enough industrial output to keep industrial output per capita IOPC at a constant level. In addition, new recycling and pollution control technologies are developed, capital lifetimes are increased, and social choices of output forms are shifted toward a preference for food and services. Population POP stabilizes in 2050 at 5 billion people, industrial output per capita IOPC levels off in 1990 at 350 dollars per person-year, and food per capita FPC stabilizes by the year 2000 at three times the subsistence level. The index of persistent pollution PPOLX is kept at very low levels, and the rate of resource depletion is slow enough to permit technology and industrial processes to adjust to changes in the availability of resources.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_39 — Method
      fig_39(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.39. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-29: equilibrium through adaptive policies. Adaptive technological policies that increase resource recycling, reduce persistent pollution generation, and increase land yields are combined with social policies that stabilize population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC. The technological advances in recycling, pollution control , and land yields are assumed to be effective only after a delay and to require capital for their development and implementation. As in the adaptive technological runs described in section 7.5, additional technologies are assumed to be implemented in 1975. These policies lower resource costs, decrease the effects of air pollution, and reduce land erosion. The resulting model behavior reaches equilibrium because the stable population and capital reduce the need for new technologies. Thus the newly implemented technologies are less costly, and the delays in their development and implementation are less critical to their effectiveness.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_4 — Method
      fig_4(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-3: agriculture sector behavior, 1900-1970. Increases in arable land AL and land yields LY cause a rise in food production over the historical period. The increase in land yields is primarily attributable to greater agricultural inputs per hectare AIPH (fertilizers, pesticides), for the land fertility LFERT remains nearly constant. Food per capita FPC also grows during the 70-year period but at a much slower rate than total food F, since the population is also increasing.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_41 — Method
      fig_41(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.41. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-30: stabilization policies introduced in the year 2000. The combination of adaptive technological and social policies of the previous run are not introduced until the year 2000. The continuation of growth for an additional 25 years further erodes the carrying capacity of World3; therefore, the policies that led to equilibrium 25 years earlier are no longer effective.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_5 — Method
      fig_5(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-4: nonrenewable resource sector behavior, 1900-1970. The rate of usage of nonrenewable resources NRUR grows exponentially at 4 percent per year over the historical period. This continuous increase is caused by the growth in both population POP and resource usage per capita PCRUM. Per capita resource usage rises as a result of industrial development. The increase in resource usage occurs at no additional increase in unit costs (see FCAOR in graph), in accordance with historical trends. In 1970, over 90 percent of the initial supply of nonrenewable resources remains to be used.
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      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_6 — Method
      fig_6(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-5: persistent pollution sector behavior, 1900-1970. The rate of generation of persistent pollutants PPGR increases exponentially as its two components, persistent pollutants generated from industrial output PPGIO and persistent pollutants generated from agricultural output PPG AO, rise over the 70-year period. After a 20-year delay, the persistent pollutant appearance rate PPAPR also rises, causing the index of persistent pollutants PPOLX to rise and eventually pass through its normalized value of 1.0 in 1970.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_7 — Method
      fig_7(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-6A: World3 reference run. This is the World3 reference run, to be compared with the sensitivity and policy tests that follow. Both population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC grow beyond sustainable levels and subsequently decline. The cause of their decline is traceable to the depletion of nonrenewable resources. Runs 7-6B and 7-6C illustrate the mechanisms that force population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC to decline.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_8 — Method
      fig_8(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-6B: capital sector variables from the reference run. This and the following run depict the mechanisms that forced population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC to decline in the preceding reference run (Figure 7.7). As resources are depleted, a larger fraction of capital must be allocated to obtaining resources FCAOR after the year 2000. FCAOR rises quite steeply because of the high rate of growth of the nonrenewable resource usage rate. The increase in FCAOR reduces the amount of capital allocated to producing industrial output so that both industrial output 10 and industrial output per capita 10PC decrease after the year 2015. The lower industrial output 10 causes a reduction in total agricultural investment TAI and therefore in the amount of agricultural inputs per hectare AIPH allocated to producing food.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_9 — Method
      fig_9(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce Fig 7.9. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.
      Caption: Run 7-6C: agriculture sector variables from the reference run. As the level of agricultural inputs per hectare AIPH decreases after the year 2015 (Run 7-6B), land yield LY begins to fall. The resulting drop in food production causes food per capita FPC to decline after 2015. The lower food per capita FPC in turn reduces the lifetime multiplier from food LMF, which eventually raises the death rate and stops population growth.
      source
      Reproducing World3-91 figures
      World3-91 system
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario1a — Method
      fig_scenario1a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the first subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 133, in BTL.
      Caption: The "Standard Run" from The Limits to Growth   The world society proceeds along its historical path as long as possible without major policy change.  Population and industry output grow until a combination of environmental and natural resource constraints eliminate the capacity of the capital sector to sustain investment.  Industrial capital begins to depreciate faster than the new investment can rebuild it.  As it falls, food and health services also fall, decreasing life expectancy and raising the death rate.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario1b — Method
      fig_scenario1b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the second subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 133, in BTL.
      Caption: The "Standard Run" from The Limits to Growth   The world society proceeds along its historical path as long as possible without major policy change.  Population and industry output grow until a combination of environmental and natural resource constraints eliminate the capacity of the capital sector to sustain investment.  Industrial capital begins to depreciate faster than the new investment can rebuild it.  As it falls, food and health services also fall, decreasing life expectancy and raising the death rate.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario2a — Method
      fig_scenario2a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the first subfigure of Scenario 2 from Chapter 4, page 135, in BTL.
      Caption: Doubled Resources Are Added to Scenario 1   If we double the natural resource endowment we assumed in Scenario 1, industry can grow 20 years longer.  Population rises to more than 9 billion in 2040.  These increased levels generate much more pollution, which reduces land yield and forces much greater investment in agriculture.  Eventually declining food raises the population death rate.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario2b — Method
      fig_scenario2b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the second subfigure of Scenario 2 from Chapter 4, page 135, in BTL.
      Caption: Doubled Resources Are Added to Scenario 1   If we double the natural resource endowment we assumed in Scenario 1, industry can grow 20 years longer.  Population rises to more than 9 billion in 2040.  These increased levels generate much more pollution, which reduces land yield and forces much greater investment in agriculture.  Eventually declining food raises the population death rate.
      source
      Reproducing World3-03 figures
      World3-03 system
      WorldDynamics.World3_03.fig_scenario1a — Method
      fig_scenario1a(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the first subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 169, in LtG30y.
      Caption: Scenario 1: A Reference Point   The world society proceeds in a traditional manner without any major deviation from the policies pursued during most of the twentieth century.  Population and production increase until growth is halted by increasingly inaccessible nonrenewable resources.  Ever more investment is required to maintain resource flows.  Finally, lack of investment funds in the other sectors of the economy leads to declining output of both industrial goods and services.  As they fall, food and health services are reduced, decreasing life expectancy and raising average death rates.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_03.fig_scenario1b — Method
      fig_scenario1b(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the second subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 169, in LtG30y.
      Caption: Scenario 1: A Reference Point   The world society proceeds in a traditional manner without any major deviation from the policies pursued during most of the twentieth century.  Population and production increase until growth is halted by increasingly inaccessible nonrenewable resources.  Ever more investment is required to maintain resource flows.  Finally, lack of investment funds in the other sectors of the economy leads to declining output of both industrial goods and services.  As they fall, food and health services are reduced, decreasing life expectancy and raising average death rates.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_03.fig_scenario1c — Method
      fig_scenario1c(; kwargs...)
      Reproduce the third subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 169, in LtG30y.
      Caption: Scenario 1: A Reference Point   The world society proceeds in a traditional manner without any major deviation from the policies pursued during most of the twentieth century.  Population and production increase until growth is halted by increasingly inaccessible nonrenewable resources.  Ever more investment is required to maintain resource flows.  Finally, lack of investment funds in the other sectors of the economy leads to declining output of both industrial goods and services.  As they fall, food and health services are reduced, decreasing life expectancy and raising average death rates.
      source
      
+the model.
      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_2 — Method
      fig_2(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.2. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-1: population sector behavior, 1900-1970. Population POP increases over time at an average growth rate of 1.2 percent per year. Both the birth rate CBR and the death rate CDR decrease over the period, the former largely because of a lower desired total fertility DTF, and the latter primarily as a result of increased health services LMHS. Both trends occur as a result of industrialization.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_20 — Method
      fig_20(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.20. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-15: resource and pollution technologies. Note: The scale for lOPC has been increased from 1,000 to 2,000 dollars per person-year. The resource arid air pollution control technologies of the previous run are augmented in 1975 by a technological policy that reduces by a factor of 10 the index of persistent pollution PPOLX 'generated by each unit of agricultural and industrial output. The lower level of pollution allows population and industrial output to continue to grow until the amount of available food becomes the constraining factor. The decline in food per capita FPC eventually causes a reduction in both population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_21 — Method
      fig_21(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.21. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-16: resource, pollution, and land yield technologies. Note: The scale of IOPC has been increased from 1,000 to 2,000 dollars per person-year. To increase food production, new agricultural technologies are implemented, augmenting the resource and pollution technologies of the previous run; they increase the land yield LY by a factor of 2 in 1975. This policy successfully raises the level of food in the short run, but in the long run the high yields cause increased land erosion, which later decreases the available food. After the year 2050 the higher rate of erosion depresses yields (and thus food per capita FPC) below the values observed in the previous run. As a result, population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC decline earlier than in Run 7-15, which assumed no new land yield technologies.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_22 — Method
      fig_22(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.22. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-17: resource, pollution, and agricultural technologies. Note: The scale of IOPC has been increased from 1,000 to 8,000 dollars per person-year. The resource, pollution, and land yield technologies of the previous run are supplemented in 1975 by an improvement in land maintenance technologies. These new technologies ensure that higher land yields do not lead to any significant increase in land erosion. The reduced constraints in the resource, pollution, and agriculture sectors allow population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC to continue to grow until the effects of resource depletion are again evident, as in the reference run. Both population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC decline after the year

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_23 — Method
      fig_23(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.23. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-18: exponential changes in technology. Here it is assumed that exponentially increasing technologies are able to postpone indefinitely the effects of the constraints to growth, as modeled in World3, at no cost and with no delays in development and implementation. The improved technologies tend to reduce per capita resource usage and pollution generation per unit of agricultural and industrial output at 4 percent per year after 1975. At the same time, land yields tend to increase at 4 percent per year, with no upper limit and with practically no adverse side effects such as land erosion. Although industrialization grows exponentially, the rate of removal of land for urban-industrial use decreases to zero by the year 2000. Finally, air pollution is assumed to have no adverse effects on land yield. Under these assumptions, population reaches 14 billion people in the year 2100 and continues to grow (though at a slow rate of 0.6 percent per year). Food is in abundance throughout the run resource usage declines to zero as fewer resources are needed to sustain output, and industrial output per capita IOPC continues to grow indefinitely.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_24 — Method
      fig_24(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.24. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-19: adaptive technological policies—no delays, no costs. Technological advances in reducing per capita resource usage, diminishing pollution, and increasing land yield are assumed to occur in response to a perceived need for the technologies. The maximum rate of change for each technology is assumed to be 5 percent per year. In addition, discrete advances in exploration and extraction technologies, land maintenance technologies, and air pollution technologies are assumed to be implemented in 1975. This run is similar in behavior to Run 7-18, in which technological improvements rise continuously at 4 percent per year. Growth is maintained through the year 2100 because of the absence of significant delays and costs in the development of new technologies.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_26 — Method
      fig_26(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.26. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-20: adaptive technological policies—the effects of limitations to technological capabilities. The adaptive technological policies assumed in this run are identical to those in Run 7-19 except that the maximum rate of technological change is assumed to be 2 percent instead of 5 percent per year. Technology is unable to avoid the effects of the constraints to growth because industrial output per capita IOPC and population POP grow faster than the maximum rate of technological change. In this run, resource depletion again halts growth in population and industrial output.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_27 — Method
      fig_27(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.27. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-21: adaptive technological policies—the effects of technological development and implementation costs. Here it is assumed that more effective recycling, pollution control, and land yield advances can be obtained only at increasing costs. These higher costs are represented in the model by a rise in the industrial capital-output ratio I COR. A trade-off now occurs between the benefits of continued growth and the costs of the technologies that make further growth possible. The rising costs of the new technologies cause industrial output per capita IOPC to decline after the year 2010.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_3 — Method
      fig_3(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.3. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-2: capital sector behavior, 1900-1970. Industrial capital IC grows exponentially, causing industrial output IO to grow. Since their growth rate is greater than that of population, industrial output per capita IOPC also grows over the period, as do service output per capita SOPC and food per capita (not graphed). As development proceeds, (1) the fraction of output in agriculture FOA declines, (2) FOA is largely replaced by the increasing fraction of output in industry FOI, and (3) the fraction of output in services FOS remains relatively constant, near 50 percent of total output.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_30 — Method
      fig_30(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.30. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-22: adaptive technological policies—the effects of delays and costs of technological development and implementation. Advances in recycling, pollution control, and land yield technologies are again assumed to be obtainable only at a finite cost. In addition, it is assumed that the benefits of these technologies will not be realized until 10 years after their initiation. As in Run 7-21, the rising costs, modeled as a rise in the industrial capital-output ratio ICOR, cause industrial output per capita IOPC to decline. The added costs incurred by the continued implementation of new technologies even after IOPC has peaked force IOPC to fall more precipitously than in Run 7-21.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_32 — Method
      fig_32(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.32. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-23: adaptive technological policies—the effects of delays and costs,with a bias for continued growth in industrial output per capita. The previous run assumed that new recycling, pollution control, and land yield technologies are developed in response to a perceived need for them. Because of the time involved in technological development and implementation, however, these new technologies were effective only after a delay. Moreover, their development and implementation required additional capital, which increased the industrial capital-output ratio. In this run, the assumptions of Run 7-22 are augmented with a societal bias toward continued growth in industrial output per capita IOPC. Technological policies are implemented only as long as they do not hamper continued growth in IOPC. This policy is effective in continuing growth in the short run but counterproductive in the long run: the failure to implement the new technologies causes a significant depletion of resources and growth is ultimately terminated.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_34 — Method
      fig_34(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.34. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-24: reduction of the desired completed family size. To reduce the pressures of population growth in the reference run, the desired completed family size is reduced to 2 children per family in 1975. Population POP continues to grow gradually for 70 years because of the delays inherent in the age structure. However, the effects of resource depletion again force the population to decline after 2040, as in the reference run. Since population growth is reduced, industrial output per capita IOPC and food per capita FPC rise more rapidly between 1975 and 2020 than in the reference run.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_35 — Method
      fig_35(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.35. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-25: increase of industrial and service capital lifetimes. Both the average lifetime of industrial capital ALIC and the lifetime of service capital ALSC are increased 50 percent in 1975, thereby extending the productivity of capital. When implemented without additional policies to reduce the capital investment rate, this policy proves to be counterproductive in the long run. Compared with the reference run, the extension of product lifetimes allows industrial output to grow more rapidly, leading to a quicker depletion of resources. The rise in resource costs forces industrial output per capita IOPC to decline earlier than in the reference run.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_36 — Method
      fig_36(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.36. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-26: shift in the choice of output forms. The amount of food and services desired by the population per unit of industrial output is increased by 50 percent in 1975. This shift in the choice of output slows the growth in industrial capital and industrial output, putting less pressure on the resource base. In the long run, however, the continually rising population POP thwarts the effectiveness of this policy, forcing a decline in industrial output per capita IOPC due to resource depletion.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_37 — Method
      fig_37(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.37. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-27: population policy and shift of output choices. A combination of social policies that cause a reduction of growth both in population and in industrial capital is simulated in this run. In 1975 the desired completed family size is reduced to 2 children per family and the amount of services and food per unit of industrial output desired by the population is increased by 50 percent. The resulting behavior is substantially more stable than in the reference run, but the overshoot and decline mode is still evident. In World3, even these reduced levels of population and industrial capital cannot be sustained over the long term; new technological policies must be added to offset the effects of the limits to growth.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_38 — Method
      fig_38(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.38. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-28: equilibrium through discrete policy changes. To obtain one example of a sustainable state of equilibrium, this run combines discrete policy changes in both technology and social values. To stabilize the population POP, the desired completed family size is reduced to 2 children per family in 1975. The growth in industrial capital is reduced in 1990 by reinvesting only enough industrial output to keep industrial output per capita IOPC at a constant level. In addition, new recycling and pollution control technologies are developed, capital lifetimes are increased, and social choices of output forms are shifted toward a preference for food and services. Population POP stabilizes in 2050 at 5 billion people, industrial output per capita IOPC levels off in 1990 at 350 dollars per person-year, and food per capita FPC stabilizes by the year 2000 at three times the subsistence level. The index of persistent pollution PPOLX is kept at very low levels, and the rate of resource depletion is slow enough to permit technology and industrial processes to adjust to changes in the availability of resources.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_39 — Method
      fig_39(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.39. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-29: equilibrium through adaptive policies. Adaptive technological policies that increase resource recycling, reduce persistent pollution generation, and increase land yields are combined with social policies that stabilize population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC. The technological advances in recycling, pollution control , and land yields are assumed to be effective only after a delay and to require capital for their development and implementation. As in the adaptive technological runs described in section 7.5, additional technologies are assumed to be implemented in 1975. These policies lower resource costs, decrease the effects of air pollution, and reduce land erosion. The resulting model behavior reaches equilibrium because the stable population and capital reduce the need for new technologies. Thus the newly implemented technologies are less costly, and the delays in their development and implementation are less critical to their effectiveness.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_4 — Method
      fig_4(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.4. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-3: agriculture sector behavior, 1900-1970. Increases in arable land AL and land yields LY cause a rise in food production over the historical period. The increase in land yields is primarily attributable to greater agricultural inputs per hectare AIPH (fertilizers, pesticides), for the land fertility LFERT remains nearly constant. Food per capita FPC also grows during the 70-year period but at a much slower rate than total food F, since the population is also increasing.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_41 — Method
      fig_41(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.41. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-30: stabilization policies introduced in the year 2000. The combination of adaptive technological and social policies of the previous run are not introduced until the year 2000. The continuation of growth for an additional 25 years further erodes the carrying capacity of World3; therefore, the policies that led to equilibrium 25 years earlier are no longer effective.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_5 — Method
      fig_5(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.5. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-4: nonrenewable resource sector behavior, 1900-1970. The rate of usage of nonrenewable resources NRUR grows exponentially at 4 percent per year over the historical period. This continuous increase is caused by the growth in both population POP and resource usage per capita PCRUM. Per capita resource usage rises as a result of industrial development. The increase in resource usage occurs at no additional increase in unit costs (see FCAOR in graph), in accordance with historical trends. In 1970, over 90 percent of the initial supply of nonrenewable resources remains to be used.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_6 — Method
      fig_6(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.6. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-5: persistent pollution sector behavior, 1900-1970. The rate of generation of persistent pollutants PPGR increases exponentially as its two components, persistent pollutants generated from industrial output PPGIO and persistent pollutants generated from agricultural output PPG AO, rise over the 70-year period. After a 20-year delay, the persistent pollutant appearance rate PPAPR also rises, causing the index of persistent pollutants PPOLX to rise and eventually pass through its normalized value of 1.0 in 1970.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_7 — Method
      fig_7(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.7. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-6A: World3 reference run. This is the World3 reference run, to be compared with the sensitivity and policy tests that follow. Both population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC grow beyond sustainable levels and subsequently decline. The cause of their decline is traceable to the depletion of nonrenewable resources. Runs 7-6B and 7-6C illustrate the mechanisms that force population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC to decline.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_8 — Method
      fig_8(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.8. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-6B: capital sector variables from the reference run. This and the following run depict the mechanisms that forced population POP and industrial output per capita IOPC to decline in the preceding reference run (Figure 7.7). As resources are depleted, a larger fraction of capital must be allocated to obtaining resources FCAOR after the year 2000. FCAOR rises quite steeply because of the high rate of growth of the nonrenewable resource usage rate. The increase in FCAOR reduces the amount of capital allocated to producing industrial output so that both industrial output 10 and industrial output per capita 10PC decrease after the year 2015. The lower industrial output 10 causes a reduction in total agricultural investment TAI and therefore in the amount of agricultural inputs per hectare AIPH allocated to producing food.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3.fig_9 — Method
      fig_9(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce Fig 7.9. The original figure is presented in Chapter 7 of DGFW.

      Caption: Run 7-6C: agriculture sector variables from the reference run. As the level of agricultural inputs per hectare AIPH decreases after the year 2015 (Run 7-6B), land yield LY begins to fall. The resulting drop in food production causes food per capita FPC to decline after 2015. The lower food per capita FPC in turn reduces the lifetime multiplier from food LMF, which eventually raises the death rate and stops population growth.

      source

      Reproducing World3-91 figures

      World3-91 system

      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario1a — Method
      fig_scenario1a(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the first subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 133, in BTL.

      Caption: The "Standard Run" from The Limits to Growth The world society proceeds along its historical path as long as possible without major policy change. Population and industry output grow until a combination of environmental and natural resource constraints eliminate the capacity of the capital sector to sustain investment. Industrial capital begins to depreciate faster than the new investment can rebuild it. As it falls, food and health services also fall, decreasing life expectancy and raising the death rate.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario1b — Method
      fig_scenario1b(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the second subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 133, in BTL.

      Caption: The "Standard Run" from The Limits to Growth The world society proceeds along its historical path as long as possible without major policy change. Population and industry output grow until a combination of environmental and natural resource constraints eliminate the capacity of the capital sector to sustain investment. Industrial capital begins to depreciate faster than the new investment can rebuild it. As it falls, food and health services also fall, decreasing life expectancy and raising the death rate.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario2a — Method
      fig_scenario2a(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the first subfigure of Scenario 2 from Chapter 4, page 135, in BTL.

      Caption: Doubled Resources Are Added to Scenario 1 If we double the natural resource endowment we assumed in Scenario 1, industry can grow 20 years longer. Population rises to more than 9 billion in 2040. These increased levels generate much more pollution, which reduces land yield and forces much greater investment in agriculture. Eventually declining food raises the population death rate.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_91.fig_scenario2b — Method
      fig_scenario2b(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the second subfigure of Scenario 2 from Chapter 4, page 135, in BTL.

      Caption: Doubled Resources Are Added to Scenario 1 If we double the natural resource endowment we assumed in Scenario 1, industry can grow 20 years longer. Population rises to more than 9 billion in 2040. These increased levels generate much more pollution, which reduces land yield and forces much greater investment in agriculture. Eventually declining food raises the population death rate.

      source

      Reproducing World3-03 figures

      World3-03 system

      WorldDynamics.World3_03.fig_scenario1a — Method
      fig_scenario1a(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the first subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 169, in LtG30y.

      Caption: Scenario 1: A Reference Point The world society proceeds in a traditional manner without any major deviation from the policies pursued during most of the twentieth century. Population and production increase until growth is halted by increasingly inaccessible nonrenewable resources. Ever more investment is required to maintain resource flows. Finally, lack of investment funds in the other sectors of the economy leads to declining output of both industrial goods and services. As they fall, food and health services are reduced, decreasing life expectancy and raising average death rates.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_03.fig_scenario1b — Method
      fig_scenario1b(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the second subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 169, in LtG30y.

      Caption: Scenario 1: A Reference Point The world society proceeds in a traditional manner without any major deviation from the policies pursued during most of the twentieth century. Population and production increase until growth is halted by increasingly inaccessible nonrenewable resources. Ever more investment is required to maintain resource flows. Finally, lack of investment funds in the other sectors of the economy leads to declining output of both industrial goods and services. As they fall, food and health services are reduced, decreasing life expectancy and raising average death rates.

      source
      WorldDynamics.World3_03.fig_scenario1c — Method
      fig_scenario1c(; kwargs...)

      Reproduce the third subfigure of Scenario 1 from Chapter 4, page 169, in LtG30y.

      Caption: Scenario 1: A Reference Point The world society proceeds in a traditional manner without any major deviation from the policies pursued during most of the twentieth century. Population and production increase until growth is halted by increasingly inaccessible nonrenewable resources. Ever more investment is required to maintain resource flows. Finally, lack of investment funds in the other sectors of the economy leads to declining output of both industrial goods and services. As they fall, food and health services are reduced, decreasing life expectancy and raising average death rates.

      source
      diff --git a/dev/tutorial/index.html b/dev/tutorial/index.html index cf6a30a..41adb74 100644 --- a/dev/tutorial/index.html +++ b/dev/tutorial/index.html @@ -125,4 +125,4 @@ include("nonrenewablestock/scenarios.jl") include("nonrenewablestock/plots.jl") end

      Solving the model and producing the figure

      We assume that we execute the Julia REPL from the directory containing the folder Duggan. We can solve the model and produce the desired figure by simply executing the following two instructions.

      using WorldDynamics
-Duggan.NonRenewableStock.fig_3_9()

      If everything worked well, the following picture should be shown.

      The Figure 3.9 of the chapter on the limits to growth

      +Duggan.NonRenewableStock.fig_3_9()

      If everything worked well, the following picture should be shown.

      The Figure 3.9 of the chapter on the limits to growth

      diff --git a/dev/world2/index.html b/dev/world2/index.html index 6ec6e4d..b2432fd 100644 --- a/dev/world2/index.html +++ b/dev/world2/index.html @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -World 2 equations, variables, and parameters · WorldDynamics.jl
      Edit on GitHub

      World 2 equations, variables, and parameters

      In this page we list the equations, the variables and the parameters of the World2 model as described in Chapter 3 and Appendix B of the book World dynamics (1973). Even if it is not said explicitily in the book, the World2 model consists of six systems containing several subsystems.

      Equations

      System#DefinitionReferenceNotes
      Population1$\frac{d\mathtt{p}}{dt} = \mathtt{br} - \mathtt{dr}$page 33see initialisation of $\mathtt{p}$
      Population2$\mathtt{br} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{brn}, \mathtt{brn1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt1})\times\mathtt{brfm}\times\mathtt{brmm}\times\mathtt{brcm}\times\mathtt{brpm}$page 34see values of $\mathtt{brn}$, $\mathtt{brn1}$, and $\mathtt{swt1}$
      Population3$\mathtt{brmm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 35see table $\mathtt{brmm}$
      Capital investment4$\mathtt{msl}=\frac{\mathtt{ecir}}{\mathtt{ecirn}}$page 36see value of $\mathtt{ecirn}$
      Capital investment5$\mathtt{ecir}=\frac{\mathtt{cir}\times(1-\mathtt{ciaf})\times\mathtt{nrem}}{1-\mathtt{ciafn}}$page 37see value of $\mathtt{ciafn}$
      Natural resources6$\mathtt{nrem}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{nrfr}\right)$page 38see table $\mathtt{nrem}$
      Natural resources7$\mathtt{nrfr}=\frac{\mathtt{nr}}{\mathtt{nri}}$page 38see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Natural resources8$\frac{d\mathtt{nr}}{dt} = - \mathtt{nrur}$page 39see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Natural resources9$\mathtt{nrur} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{nrun}, \mathtt{nrun1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt2})\times\mathtt{nrmm}$page 39see values of $\mathtt{nrun}$, $\mathtt{nrun1}$, and $\mathtt{swt2}$
      Population10$\mathtt{dr} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{drn}, \mathtt{drn1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt3})\times\mathtt{drfm}\times\mathtt{drmm}\times\mathtt{drcm}\times\mathtt{drpm}$page 40see values of $\mathtt{drn}$, $\mathtt{drn1}$, and $\mathtt{swt3}$
      Population11$\mathtt{drmm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 41see table $\mathtt{drmm}$
      Population12$\mathtt{drpm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 42see table $\mathtt{drpm}$
      Population13$\mathtt{drfm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 43see table $\mathtt{drfm}$
      Population14$\mathtt{drcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 44see table $\mathtt{drcm}$
      Population15$\mathtt{cr}=\frac{\mathtt{p}}{\mathtt{la}\times\mathtt{pdn}}$page 44see values of $\mathtt{la}$ and $\mathtt{pdn}$
      Population16$\mathtt{brcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 45see table $\mathtt{brcm}$
      Population17$\mathtt{brfm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 46see table $\mathtt{brfm}$
      Population18$\mathtt{brpm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 47see table $\mathtt{brpm}$
      Agricultural investment19$\mathtt{fr} = \frac{\mathtt{fpci}\times\mathtt{fcm}\times\mathtt{fpm}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{fc}, \mathtt{fc1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt7})}{\mathtt{fn}}$page 47see values of $\mathtt{fc}$, $\mathtt{fc1}$, $\mathtt{fn}$, and $\mathtt{swt7}$
      Agricultural investment20$\mathtt{fcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 48see table $\mathtt{fcm}$
      Agricultural investment21$\mathtt{fpci}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cira}\right)$page 49see table $\mathtt{fpci}$
      Capital investment22$\mathtt{cira}=\frac{\mathtt{cir}\times\mathtt{ciaf}}{\mathtt{ciafn}}$page 50see value of $\mathtt{ciafn}$
      Capital investment23$\mathtt{cir}=\frac{\mathtt{ci}}{\mathtt{p}}$page 50
      Capital investment24$\frac{d\mathtt{ci}}{dt} = \mathtt{cig}-\mathtt{cid}$page 50see initialisation of $\mathtt{ci}$
      Capital investment25$\mathtt{cig} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathtt{brfm}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{cign}, \mathtt{cign1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt4})$page 51see values of $\mathtt{cign}$, $\mathtt{cign1}$, and $\mathtt{swt4}$
      Capital investment26$\mathtt{cim}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 52see table $\mathtt{cim}$
      Capital investment27$\mathtt{cid} = \mathtt{ci}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{cidn}, \mathtt{cidn1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt5})$page 53see values of $\mathtt{cidn}$, $\mathtt{cidn1}$, and $\mathtt{swt5}$
      Agriculture investment28$\mathtt{fpm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 54see table $\mathtt{fpm}$
      Pollution29$\mathtt{polr} = \frac{\mathtt{pol}}{\mathtt{pols}}$page 54see value of $\mathtt{pols}$
      Pollution30$\frac{d\mathtt{pol}}{dt} = \mathtt{polg}-\mathtt{pola}$page 54see initialisation of $\mathtt{pol}$
      Pollution31$\mathtt{polg} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{poln}, \mathtt{poln1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt6})\times\mathtt{polcm}$page 55see values of $\mathtt{poln}$, $\mathtt{poln1}$, and $\mathtt{swt6}$
      Pollution32$\mathtt{polcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cir}\right)$page 56see table $\mathtt{polcm}$
      Pollution33$\mathtt{pola}=\frac{\mathtt{pol}}{\mathtt{polat}}$page 57see table $\mathtt{polcm}$
      Pollution34$\mathtt{polat}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 58see table $\mathtt{polat}$
      Agriculture investment35$\frac{d\mathtt{ciaf}}{dt} = \frac{\mathtt{cfifr}\times\mathtt{ciqr}-\mathtt{ciaf}}{\mathtt{ciaft}}$page 59see initialisation of $\mathtt{ciaf}$ and value of $\mathtt{ciaft}$
      Agriculture investment36$\mathtt{cfifr}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 60see table $\mathtt{cfifr}$
      Quality life37$\mathtt{ql} = \mathtt{qls}\times\mathtt{qlm}\times\mathtt{qlc}\times\mathtt{qlf}\times\mathtt{qlp}$page 60see value of $\mathtt{qls}$
      Quality life38$\mathtt{qlm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 61see table $\mathtt{qlm}$
      Quality life39$\mathtt{qlc}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 62see table $\mathtt{qlc}$
      Quality life40$\mathtt{qlf}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 63see table $\mathtt{qlf}$
      Quality life41$\mathtt{qlp}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 64see table $\mathtt{qlp}$
      Natural resources42$\mathtt{nrmm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 64see table $\mathtt{nrmm}$
      Agriculture investment43$\mathtt{ciqr}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{qlm}}{\mathtt{qlf}}\right)$page 65see table $\mathtt{ciqr}$

      Variable and (ODE) subsystem correspondance

      DescriptionNameMain subsystemOther subsystems
      Populationppopulationbirth_rate, capital_investment, capital_investment_generation, death_rate, natural_resources_usage_rate, pollution_generation
      Birth ratebrbirth_ratepopulation
      Birth rate from crowding multiplierbrcmbirth_rate
      Birth rate from food multiplierbrfmbirth_rate
      Birth rate from material multiplierbrmmbirth_rate
      Birth rate from pollution multiplierbrpmbirth_rate
      Capital investmentcicapital_investmentcapital_investment_discard
      Capital fraction indicated by food ratiocfifragriculture_investment
      Capital investment in agriculture fractionciafagriculture_investmentcapital_investment
      Capital investment discardcidcapital_investment_discardcapital_investment
      Capital investment generationcigcapital_investment_generationcapital_investment
      Capital investment multipliercimcapital_investment_generation
      Capital investment from quality ratiociqragriculture_investment
      Capital investment ratiocircapital_investmentpollution_generation
      Capital investment ratio in agricultureciracapital_investmentagriculture_investment
      Crowding ratiocrpopulationagriculture_investment, birth_rate, death_rate, quality_life
      Death ratedrdeath_ratepopulation
      Death rate from crowding multiplierdrcmdeath_rate
      Death rate from food multiplierdrfmdeath_rate
      Death rate from material multiplierdrmmdeath_rate
      Death rate from pollution multiplierdrpmdeath_rate
      Effective capital investment ratioecircapital_investment
      Food from crowding multiplierfcmagriculture_investment
      Food potential from capital investmentfpciagriculture_investment
      Food from pollution multiplierfpmagriculture_investment
      Food ratiofragriculture_investmentbirth_rate, death_rate, quality_life
      Material standard of livingmslcapital_investmentbirth_rate, capital_investment_generation, death_rate, natural_resources_usage_rate, quality_life
      Natural resourcesnrnatural_resources
      Natural resource extraction multipliernremnatural_resourcescapital_investment
      Natural resource fraction remainingnrfrnatural_resources
      Natural resources from material multipliernrmmnatural_resources_usage_rate
      Natural resource usage ratenrurnatural_resources_usage_ratenatural_resources
      Pollutionpolpollutionpollution_absorption
      Pollution absorptionpolapollution_absorptionpollution
      Pollution absorption timepolatpollution_absorption
      Pollution from capital multiplierpolcmpollution_generation
      Pollution generationpolgpollution_generationpollution
      Pollution ratiopolrpollutionagriculture_investment, birth_rate, death_rate, pollution_absorption, quality_life
      Quality of lifeqlquality_life
      Quality of life from crowdingqlcquality_life
      Quality of life from foodqlfquality_lifeagriculture_investment
      Quality of life from materialqlmquality_lifeagriculture_investment
      Quality of life from pollutionqlpquality_life

      Variable initializations

      DescriptionInitializationReference
      Capital investment$\mathtt{ci}(0)=0.4e9$page 50
      Agriculture investment$\mathtt{ciaf}(0)=0.2$page 59
      Natural resources$\mathtt{nr}(0)=900e9$page 39
      Population$\mathtt{p}(0)=1.65e9$page
      Pollution$\mathtt{pol}(0)=0.2e9$page 54

      Parameters

      DescriptionNameValueSystem
      Birth rate normal$\mathtt{brn}$$0.04$Population
      Birth rate normal no. 1$\mathtt{brn1}$$0.04$Population
      Capital investment in agriculture fraction normal$\mathtt{ciafn}$$0.3$Capital investment
      Capital investment in agriculture fraction adjustment time$\mathtt{ciaft}$$15$Agriculture investment
      Capital investment discard normal$\mathtt{cidn}$$0.025$Capital investment
      Capital investment discard normal no. 1$\mathtt{cidn1}$$0.025$Capital investment
      Capital investment generation normal$\mathtt{cign}$$0.05$Capital investment
      Capital investment generation normal no. 1$\mathtt{cign1}$$0.05$Capital investment
      Death rate normal$\mathtt{drn}$$0.028$Population
      Death rate normal no. 1$\mathtt{drn1}$$0.028$Population
      Effective capital investment ratio normal$\mathtt{ecirn}$$1$Capital investment
      Food coefficient$\mathtt{fc}$$1$Agriculture investment
      Food coefficient no. 1$\mathtt{fc1}$$1$Agriculture investment
      Food normal$\mathtt{fn}$$1$Agriculture investment
      Land area$\mathtt{la}$$135e6$Population
      Natural resource usage normal$\mathtt{nrun}$$1$Natural resources
      Natural resource usage normal no. 1$\mathtt{nrun1}$$1$Natural resources
      Population density normal$\mathtt{pdn}$$26.5$Population
      Pollution normal$\mathtt{poln}$$1$Pollution
      Pollution normal no. 1$\mathtt{poln1}$$1$Pollution
      Pollution standard$\mathtt{pols}$$3.6e9$Pollution
      Quality of life standard$\mathtt{qls}$$1$Quality life
      Switch time no. 1 for brn$\mathtt{swt1}$$1970$Population
      Switch time no. 2 for nrun$\mathtt{swt2}$$1970$Natural resources
      Switch time no. 3 for nrun$\mathtt{swt3}$$1970$Population
      Switch time no. 4 for cign$\mathtt{swt4}$$1970$Capital investment
      Switch time no. 5 for cidn$\mathtt{swt5}$$1970$Capital investment
      Switch time no. 6 for poln$\mathtt{swt6}$$1970$Pollution
      Switch time no. 7 for fc$\mathtt{swt7}$$1970$Population

      Tables and ranges

      Variable nameTableRangeSystem
      $\mathtt{brcm}$$(1.05, 1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, 0.55)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{brfm}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.6, 1.9, 2.0)$$(0, 4)$Population
      $\mathtt{brmm}$$(1.2, 1.0, 0.85, 0.75, 0.7, 0.7)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{brpm}$$(1.02, 0.9, 0.7, 0.4, 0.25, 0.15, 0.1)$$(0, 60)$Population
      $\mathtt{cfifr}$$(1.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, 0.1)$$(0, 2)$Agriculture investment
      $\mathtt{cim}$$(0.1, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.8, 3.0)$$(0, 5)$Capital investment
      $\mathtt{ciqr}$$(0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)$$(0, 2)$Agriculture investment
      $\mathtt{drcm}$$(0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 3.0)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{drfm}$$(30.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.4, 1.0, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5)$$(0, 2)$Population
      $\mathtt{drmm}$$(3.0, 1.8, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.53, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{drpm}$$(0.92, 1.3, 2.0, 3.2, 4.8, 6.8, 9.2)$$(0, 60)$Population
      $\mathtt{fcm}$$(2.4, 1.0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2)$$(0, 5)$Agricultural investment
      $\mathtt{fpci}$$(0.5, 1.0, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.05, 2.2)$$(0, 6)$Agricultural investment
      $\mathtt{fpm}$$(1.02, 0.9, 0.65, 0.35, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05)$$(0, 60)$Agricultural investment
      $\mathtt{nrem}$$(0.0, 0.15, 0.5, 0.85, 1.0)$$(0, 1)$Natural resources
      $\mathtt{nrmm}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 3.8, 3.9, 3.95, 4.0)$$(0, 10)$Natural resources
      $\mathtt{polat}$$(0.6, 2.5, 5.0, 8.0, 11.5, 15.5, 20.0)$$(0, 60)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{polcm}$$(0.05, 1.0, 3.0, 5.4, 7.4, 8.0)$$(0, 5)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{qlc}$$(2.0, 1.3, 1.0, 0.75, 0.55, 0.45, 0.38, 0.3, 0.25, 0.22, 0.2)$$(0, 5)$Quality life
      $\mathtt{qlf}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.7)$$(0, 4)$Quality life
      $\mathtt{qlm}$$(0.2, 1.0, 1.7, 2.3, 2.7, 2.9)$$(0, 5)$Quality life
      $\mathtt{qlp}$$(1.04, 0.85, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, 0.05, 0.02)$$(0, 60)$Quality life
      +World 2 equations, variables, and parameters · WorldDynamics.jl
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      World 2 equations, variables, and parameters

      In this page we list the equations, the variables and the parameters of the World2 model as described in Chapter 3 and Appendix B of the book World dynamics (1973). Even if it is not said explicitily in the book, the World2 model consists of six systems containing several subsystems.

      Equations

      System#DefinitionReferenceNotes
      Population1$\frac{d\mathtt{p}}{dt} = \mathtt{br} - \mathtt{dr}$page 33see initialisation of $\mathtt{p}$
      Population2$\mathtt{br} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{brn}, \mathtt{brn1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt1})\times\mathtt{brfm}\times\mathtt{brmm}\times\mathtt{brcm}\times\mathtt{brpm}$page 34see values of $\mathtt{brn}$, $\mathtt{brn1}$, and $\mathtt{swt1}$
      Population3$\mathtt{brmm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 35see table $\mathtt{brmm}$
      Capital investment4$\mathtt{msl}=\frac{\mathtt{ecir}}{\mathtt{ecirn}}$page 36see value of $\mathtt{ecirn}$
      Capital investment5$\mathtt{ecir}=\frac{\mathtt{cir}\times(1-\mathtt{ciaf})\times\mathtt{nrem}}{1-\mathtt{ciafn}}$page 37see value of $\mathtt{ciafn}$
      Natural resources6$\mathtt{nrem}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{nrfr}\right)$page 38see table $\mathtt{nrem}$
      Natural resources7$\mathtt{nrfr}=\frac{\mathtt{nr}}{\mathtt{nri}}$page 38see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Natural resources8$\frac{d\mathtt{nr}}{dt} = - \mathtt{nrur}$page 39see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Natural resources9$\mathtt{nrur} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{nrun}, \mathtt{nrun1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt2})\times\mathtt{nrmm}$page 39see values of $\mathtt{nrun}$, $\mathtt{nrun1}$, and $\mathtt{swt2}$
      Population10$\mathtt{dr} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{drn}, \mathtt{drn1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt3})\times\mathtt{drfm}\times\mathtt{drmm}\times\mathtt{drcm}\times\mathtt{drpm}$page 40see values of $\mathtt{drn}$, $\mathtt{drn1}$, and $\mathtt{swt3}$
      Population11$\mathtt{drmm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 41see table $\mathtt{drmm}$
      Population12$\mathtt{drpm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 42see table $\mathtt{drpm}$
      Population13$\mathtt{drfm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 43see table $\mathtt{drfm}$
      Population14$\mathtt{drcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 44see table $\mathtt{drcm}$
      Population15$\mathtt{cr}=\frac{\mathtt{p}}{\mathtt{la}\times\mathtt{pdn}}$page 44see values of $\mathtt{la}$ and $\mathtt{pdn}$
      Population16$\mathtt{brcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 45see table $\mathtt{brcm}$
      Population17$\mathtt{brfm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 46see table $\mathtt{brfm}$
      Population18$\mathtt{brpm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 47see table $\mathtt{brpm}$
      Agricultural investment19$\mathtt{fr} = \frac{\mathtt{fpci}\times\mathtt{fcm}\times\mathtt{fpm}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{fc}, \mathtt{fc1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt7})}{\mathtt{fn}}$page 47see values of $\mathtt{fc}$, $\mathtt{fc1}$, $\mathtt{fn}$, and $\mathtt{swt7}$
      Agricultural investment20$\mathtt{fcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 48see table $\mathtt{fcm}$
      Agricultural investment21$\mathtt{fpci}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cira}\right)$page 49see table $\mathtt{fpci}$
      Capital investment22$\mathtt{cira}=\frac{\mathtt{cir}\times\mathtt{ciaf}}{\mathtt{ciafn}}$page 50see value of $\mathtt{ciafn}$
      Capital investment23$\mathtt{cir}=\frac{\mathtt{ci}}{\mathtt{p}}$page 50
      Capital investment24$\frac{d\mathtt{ci}}{dt} = \mathtt{cig}-\mathtt{cid}$page 50see initialisation of $\mathtt{ci}$
      Capital investment25$\mathtt{cig} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathtt{brfm}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{cign}, \mathtt{cign1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt4})$page 51see values of $\mathtt{cign}$, $\mathtt{cign1}$, and $\mathtt{swt4}$
      Capital investment26$\mathtt{cim}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 52see table $\mathtt{cim}$
      Capital investment27$\mathtt{cid} = \mathtt{ci}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{cidn}, \mathtt{cidn1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt5})$page 53see values of $\mathtt{cidn}$, $\mathtt{cidn1}$, and $\mathtt{swt5}$
      Agriculture investment28$\mathtt{fpm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 54see table $\mathtt{fpm}$
      Pollution29$\mathtt{polr} = \frac{\mathtt{pol}}{\mathtt{pols}}$page 54see value of $\mathtt{pols}$
      Pollution30$\frac{d\mathtt{pol}}{dt} = \mathtt{polg}-\mathtt{pola}$page 54see initialisation of $\mathtt{pol}$
      Pollution31$\mathtt{polg} = \mathtt{p}\times\mathit{clip}(\mathtt{poln}, \mathtt{poln1},\mathit{t},\mathtt{swt6})\times\mathtt{polcm}$page 55see values of $\mathtt{poln}$, $\mathtt{poln1}$, and $\mathtt{swt6}$
      Pollution32$\mathtt{polcm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cir}\right)$page 56see table $\mathtt{polcm}$
      Pollution33$\mathtt{pola}=\frac{\mathtt{pol}}{\mathtt{polat}}$page 57see table $\mathtt{polcm}$
      Pollution34$\mathtt{polat}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 58see table $\mathtt{polat}$
      Agriculture investment35$\frac{d\mathtt{ciaf}}{dt} = \frac{\mathtt{cfifr}\times\mathtt{ciqr}-\mathtt{ciaf}}{\mathtt{ciaft}}$page 59see initialisation of $\mathtt{ciaf}$ and value of $\mathtt{ciaft}$
      Agriculture investment36$\mathtt{cfifr}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 60see table $\mathtt{cfifr}$
      Quality life37$\mathtt{ql} = \mathtt{qls}\times\mathtt{qlm}\times\mathtt{qlc}\times\mathtt{qlf}\times\mathtt{qlp}$page 60see value of $\mathtt{qls}$
      Quality life38$\mathtt{qlm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 61see table $\mathtt{qlm}$
      Quality life39$\mathtt{qlc}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{cr}\right)$page 62see table $\mathtt{qlc}$
      Quality life40$\mathtt{qlf}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{fr}\right)$page 63see table $\mathtt{qlf}$
      Quality life41$\mathtt{qlp}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{polr}\right)$page 64see table $\mathtt{qlp}$
      Natural resources42$\mathtt{nrmm}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{msl}\right)$page 64see table $\mathtt{nrmm}$
      Agriculture investment43$\mathtt{ciqr}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{qlm}}{\mathtt{qlf}}\right)$page 65see table $\mathtt{ciqr}$

      Variable and (ODE) subsystem correspondance

      DescriptionNameMain subsystemOther subsystems
      Populationppopulationbirth_rate, capital_investment, capital_investment_generation, death_rate, natural_resources_usage_rate, pollution_generation
      Birth ratebrbirth_ratepopulation
      Birth rate from crowding multiplierbrcmbirth_rate
      Birth rate from food multiplierbrfmbirth_rate
      Birth rate from material multiplierbrmmbirth_rate
      Birth rate from pollution multiplierbrpmbirth_rate
      Capital investmentcicapital_investmentcapital_investment_discard
      Capital fraction indicated by food ratiocfifragriculture_investment
      Capital investment in agriculture fractionciafagriculture_investmentcapital_investment
      Capital investment discardcidcapital_investment_discardcapital_investment
      Capital investment generationcigcapital_investment_generationcapital_investment
      Capital investment multipliercimcapital_investment_generation
      Capital investment from quality ratiociqragriculture_investment
      Capital investment ratiocircapital_investmentpollution_generation
      Capital investment ratio in agricultureciracapital_investmentagriculture_investment
      Crowding ratiocrpopulationagriculture_investment, birth_rate, death_rate, quality_life
      Death ratedrdeath_ratepopulation
      Death rate from crowding multiplierdrcmdeath_rate
      Death rate from food multiplierdrfmdeath_rate
      Death rate from material multiplierdrmmdeath_rate
      Death rate from pollution multiplierdrpmdeath_rate
      Effective capital investment ratioecircapital_investment
      Food from crowding multiplierfcmagriculture_investment
      Food potential from capital investmentfpciagriculture_investment
      Food from pollution multiplierfpmagriculture_investment
      Food ratiofragriculture_investmentbirth_rate, death_rate, quality_life
      Material standard of livingmslcapital_investmentbirth_rate, capital_investment_generation, death_rate, natural_resources_usage_rate, quality_life
      Natural resourcesnrnatural_resources
      Natural resource extraction multipliernremnatural_resourcescapital_investment
      Natural resource fraction remainingnrfrnatural_resources
      Natural resources from material multipliernrmmnatural_resources_usage_rate
      Natural resource usage ratenrurnatural_resources_usage_ratenatural_resources
      Pollutionpolpollutionpollution_absorption
      Pollution absorptionpolapollution_absorptionpollution
      Pollution absorption timepolatpollution_absorption
      Pollution from capital multiplierpolcmpollution_generation
      Pollution generationpolgpollution_generationpollution
      Pollution ratiopolrpollutionagriculture_investment, birth_rate, death_rate, pollution_absorption, quality_life
      Quality of lifeqlquality_life
      Quality of life from crowdingqlcquality_life
      Quality of life from foodqlfquality_lifeagriculture_investment
      Quality of life from materialqlmquality_lifeagriculture_investment
      Quality of life from pollutionqlpquality_life

      Variable initializations

      DescriptionInitializationReference
      Capital investment$\mathtt{ci}(0)=0.4e9$page 50
      Agriculture investment$\mathtt{ciaf}(0)=0.2$page 59
      Natural resources$\mathtt{nr}(0)=900e9$page 39
      Population$\mathtt{p}(0)=1.65e9$page
      Pollution$\mathtt{pol}(0)=0.2e9$page 54

      Parameters

      DescriptionNameValueSystem
      Birth rate normal$\mathtt{brn}$$0.04$Population
      Birth rate normal no. 1$\mathtt{brn1}$$0.04$Population
      Capital investment in agriculture fraction normal$\mathtt{ciafn}$$0.3$Capital investment
      Capital investment in agriculture fraction adjustment time$\mathtt{ciaft}$$15$Agriculture investment
      Capital investment discard normal$\mathtt{cidn}$$0.025$Capital investment
      Capital investment discard normal no. 1$\mathtt{cidn1}$$0.025$Capital investment
      Capital investment generation normal$\mathtt{cign}$$0.05$Capital investment
      Capital investment generation normal no. 1$\mathtt{cign1}$$0.05$Capital investment
      Death rate normal$\mathtt{drn}$$0.028$Population
      Death rate normal no. 1$\mathtt{drn1}$$0.028$Population
      Effective capital investment ratio normal$\mathtt{ecirn}$$1$Capital investment
      Food coefficient$\mathtt{fc}$$1$Agriculture investment
      Food coefficient no. 1$\mathtt{fc1}$$1$Agriculture investment
      Food normal$\mathtt{fn}$$1$Agriculture investment
      Land area$\mathtt{la}$$135e6$Population
      Natural resource usage normal$\mathtt{nrun}$$1$Natural resources
      Natural resource usage normal no. 1$\mathtt{nrun1}$$1$Natural resources
      Population density normal$\mathtt{pdn}$$26.5$Population
      Pollution normal$\mathtt{poln}$$1$Pollution
      Pollution normal no. 1$\mathtt{poln1}$$1$Pollution
      Pollution standard$\mathtt{pols}$$3.6e9$Pollution
      Quality of life standard$\mathtt{qls}$$1$Quality life
      Switch time no. 1 for brn$\mathtt{swt1}$$1970$Population
      Switch time no. 2 for nrun$\mathtt{swt2}$$1970$Natural resources
      Switch time no. 3 for nrun$\mathtt{swt3}$$1970$Population
      Switch time no. 4 for cign$\mathtt{swt4}$$1970$Capital investment
      Switch time no. 5 for cidn$\mathtt{swt5}$$1970$Capital investment
      Switch time no. 6 for poln$\mathtt{swt6}$$1970$Pollution
      Switch time no. 7 for fc$\mathtt{swt7}$$1970$Population

      Tables and ranges

      Variable nameTableRangeSystem
      $\mathtt{brcm}$$(1.05, 1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, 0.55)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{brfm}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.6, 1.9, 2.0)$$(0, 4)$Population
      $\mathtt{brmm}$$(1.2, 1.0, 0.85, 0.75, 0.7, 0.7)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{brpm}$$(1.02, 0.9, 0.7, 0.4, 0.25, 0.15, 0.1)$$(0, 60)$Population
      $\mathtt{cfifr}$$(1.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, 0.1)$$(0, 2)$Agriculture investment
      $\mathtt{cim}$$(0.1, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.8, 3.0)$$(0, 5)$Capital investment
      $\mathtt{ciqr}$$(0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)$$(0, 2)$Agriculture investment
      $\mathtt{drcm}$$(0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 3.0)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{drfm}$$(30.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.4, 1.0, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5)$$(0, 2)$Population
      $\mathtt{drmm}$$(3.0, 1.8, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.53, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)$$(0, 5)$Population
      $\mathtt{drpm}$$(0.92, 1.3, 2.0, 3.2, 4.8, 6.8, 9.2)$$(0, 60)$Population
      $\mathtt{fcm}$$(2.4, 1.0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2)$$(0, 5)$Agricultural investment
      $\mathtt{fpci}$$(0.5, 1.0, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.05, 2.2)$$(0, 6)$Agricultural investment
      $\mathtt{fpm}$$(1.02, 0.9, 0.65, 0.35, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05)$$(0, 60)$Agricultural investment
      $\mathtt{nrem}$$(0.0, 0.15, 0.5, 0.85, 1.0)$$(0, 1)$Natural resources
      $\mathtt{nrmm}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 3.8, 3.9, 3.95, 4.0)$$(0, 10)$Natural resources
      $\mathtt{polat}$$(0.6, 2.5, 5.0, 8.0, 11.5, 15.5, 20.0)$$(0, 60)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{polcm}$$(0.05, 1.0, 3.0, 5.4, 7.4, 8.0)$$(0, 5)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{qlc}$$(2.0, 1.3, 1.0, 0.75, 0.55, 0.45, 0.38, 0.3, 0.25, 0.22, 0.2)$$(0, 5)$Quality life
      $\mathtt{qlf}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.7)$$(0, 4)$Quality life
      $\mathtt{qlm}$$(0.2, 1.0, 1.7, 2.3, 2.7, 2.9)$$(0, 5)$Quality life
      $\mathtt{qlp}$$(1.04, 0.85, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, 0.05, 0.02)$$(0, 60)$Quality life
      diff --git a/dev/world3/index.html b/dev/world3/index.html index cea28c5..2ccee3b 100644 --- a/dev/world3/index.html +++ b/dev/world3/index.html @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -World 3 equations, variables, and parameters · WorldDynamics.jl
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      World 3 equations, variables, and parameters

      In this page we list the equations, the variables and the parameters of the World3 model as described in Appendices A and B of the book Dynamics of growth in a finite world (1974) (our code also implement the model corresponding to each system of the entire World3 model as described in Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the book, but we do not list here the equations, the variables and the parameters of each such model).

      Equations

      System#DefinitionReferenceNotes
      Population1$\mathtt{pop} = \mathtt{p1} + \mathtt{p2} + \mathtt{p3} + \mathtt{p4}$page 567
      Population2$\frac{d\mathtt{p1}}{dt} = \mathtt{br} - \mathtt{d1} - \mathtt{mat1}$page 567see initialisation of $\mathtt{p1}$
      Population3$\mathtt{d1} = \mathtt{m1}\times\mathtt{p1}$page 567
      Population4$\mathtt{m1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 567see table $\mathtt{m1}$
      Population5$\mathtt{mat1} = \frac{1}{15}\times(1 - \mathtt{m1})\times\mathtt{p1}$page 567
      Population6$\frac{d\mathtt{p2}}{dt} = \mathtt{mat1} - \mathtt{d2} - \mathtt{mat2}$page 567see initialisation of $\mathtt{p2}$
      Population7$\mathtt{d2} = \mathtt{m2}\times\mathtt{p2}$page 567
      Population8$\mathtt{m2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 568see table $\mathtt{m2}$
      Population9$\mathtt{mat2} = \frac{1}{30}\times(1 - \mathtt{m2})\times\mathtt{p2}$page 568
      Population10$\frac{d\mathtt{p3}}{dt} = \mathtt{mat2} - \mathtt{d3} - \mathtt{mat3}$page 568see initialisation of $\mathtt{p3}$
      Population11$\mathtt{d3} = \mathtt{m3}\times\mathtt{p3}$page 568
      Population12$\mathtt{m3}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 568see table $\mathtt{m3}$
      Population13$\mathtt{mat3} = \frac{1}{20}\times(1 - \mathtt{m3})\times\mathtt{p3}$page 568
      Population14$\frac{d\mathtt{p4}}{dt} = \mathtt{mat3} - \mathtt{d4}$page 568see initialisation of $\mathtt{p1=4}$
      Population15$\mathtt{d4} = \mathtt{m4}\times\mathtt{p4}$page 568
      Population16$\mathtt{m4}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 568see table $\mathtt{m4}$
      Population17$\mathtt{d}=\mathtt{d1}+\mathtt{d2}+\mathtt{d3}+\mathtt{d4}$page 568$\mathtt{dr}$ in our code
      Population18$\mathtt{cdr}=1000\times\frac{\mathtt{d}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 568
      Population19$\mathtt{le}=\mathtt{len}\times\mathtt{lmf}\times\mathtt{lmhs}\times\mathtt{lmp}\times\mathtt{lmc}$page 568see value of $\mathtt{len}$
      Population20$\mathtt{lmf}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{sfpc}}\right)$page 569see table $\mathtt{lmf}$
      Population21$\mathtt{hsapc}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{sopc}\right)$page 569see table $\mathtt{hsapc}$
      Population22$\frac{d\mathtt{ehspc}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{hsapc}-\mathtt{ehspc}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 569see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population23$ \mathtt{lmhs}=clip(\mathtt{lmhs2},\mathtt{lmhs1},t,\mathtt{iphst}) $page 569see value of $\mathtt{iphst}$
      Population24$\mathtt{lmhs1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ehspc})$page 569see table $\mathtt{lmhs1}$
      Population25$\mathtt{lmhs2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ehspc})$page 569see table $\mathtt{lmhs2}$
      Population26$\mathtt{fpu}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{pop})$page 569see table $\mathtt{fpu}$
      Population27$\mathtt{cmi}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 569see table $\mathtt{cmi}$
      Population28$\mathtt{lmc}=1-\mathtt{cmi}\times\mathtt{fpu}$page 570
      Population29$\mathtt{lmp}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ppolx})$page 570see table $\mathtt{lmp}$
      Population30$ \mathtt{b}=clip(\mathtt{d},\frac{\mathtt{tf}\times\mathtt{p2}\times0.5}{\mathtt{rlt}},t,\mathtt{pet}) $page 570$\mathtt{br}$ in our code, see values of $\mathtt{rlt}$ and $\mathtt{pet}$
      Population31$\mathtt{cbr}=1000\times\frac{\mathtt{b}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 570
      Population32$\mathtt{lmp}=\mathit{min}(\mathtt{mtf}, \mathtt{mtf}\times(1-\mathtt{fce})+\mathtt{dtf}\times\mathtt{fce})$page 570
      Population33$\mathtt{mtf}=\mathtt{mtfn}\times\mathtt{fm}$page 570see value of $\mathtt{mtfn}$
      Population34$\mathtt{fm}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{le})$page 570see table $\mathtt{fm}$
      Population35$\mathtt{dtf}=\mathtt{dcfs}\times\mathtt{cmple}$page 570
      Population36$\mathtt{cmple}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ple})$page 570see table $\mathtt{cmple}$
      Population37$\frac{d\mathtt{ple}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ple2}-\mathtt{ple}}{\mathtt{lpd}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{lpd}$
      Population37$\frac{d\mathtt{ple2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ple1}-\mathtt{ple2}}{\mathtt{lpd}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{lpd}$
      Population37$\frac{d\mathtt{ple1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{le}-\mathtt{ple1}}{\mathtt{lpd}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{lpd}$
      Population38$ \mathtt{dcfs}=clip(2,\mathtt{dcfsn}\times\mathtt{frsn}\times\mathtt{sfsn},t,\mathtt{zpgt}) $page 571see values of $\mathtt{dcfsn}$ and $\mathtt{zpgt}$
      Population39$\mathtt{sfsn}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{diopc})$page 571see table $\mathtt{sfsn}$
      Population40$\frac{d\mathtt{diopc}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{diopc2}-\mathtt{diopc}}{\mathtt{sad}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{sad}$
      Population40$\frac{d\mathtt{diopc2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{diopc1}-\mathtt{diopc2}}{\mathtt{sad}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{sad}$
      Population40$\frac{d\mathtt{diopc1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{iopc}-\mathtt{diopc1}}{\mathtt{sad}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{sad}$
      Population41$\mathtt{frsn}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{fie})$page 571see table $\mathtt{frsn}$ and initialisation of $\mathtt{frsn}$
      Population42$\mathtt{fie}=\frac{\mathtt{iopc}-\mathtt{aiopc}}{\mathtt{aiopc}}$page 571
      Population43$\frac{d\mathtt{aiopc}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{iopc}-\mathtt{aiopc}}{\mathtt{ieat}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{ieat}$
      Population44$\mathtt{nfc}=\frac{\mathtt{mtf}}{\mathtt{dtf}}-1$page 571
      Population45$\mathtt{fce}=clip(1,\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{fcfpc}),t,\mathtt{fcest})$page 571see table $\mathtt{fce}$ and value of $\mathtt{fcest}$
      Population46$\frac{d\mathtt{fcfpc}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{fcfpc2}-\mathtt{fcfpc}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 572see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population46$\frac{d\mathtt{fcfpc2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{fcfpc1}-\mathtt{fcfpc2}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 572see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population46$\frac{d\mathtt{fcfpc1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{fcapc}-\mathtt{fcfpc1}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 572see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population47$\mathtt{fcapc}=\mathtt{fsafc}\times\mathtt{sopc}$page 572
      Population48$\mathtt{fsafc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{nfc})$page 572see table $\mathtt{fsafc}$
      Capital49$\mathtt{iopc}=\frac{\mathtt{io}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 572
      Capital50$\mathtt{io}=\frac{\mathtt{ic}\times(1-\mathtt{fcaor})\times\mathtt{cuf}}{\mathtt{icor}}$page 572
      Capital51$\mathtt{fce}=clip(\mathtt{icor2},\mathtt{icor1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 572see values of $\mathtt{icor1}$, $\mathtt{icor2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital52$\frac{d\mathtt{ic}}{dt}=\mathtt{icir}-\mathtt{icdr}$page 572see initialisation of $\mathtt{ic}$
      Capital53$\mathtt{icdr}=\frac{\mathtt{ic}}{\mathtt{alic}}$page 572
      Capital54$\mathtt{alic}=clip(\mathtt{alic2},\mathtt{alic1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 573see values of $\mathtt{alic1}$, $\mathtt{alic2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital55$\mathtt{icir}=\mathtt{io}\times\mathtt{fioai}$page 573
      Capital56$\mathtt{fioai}=1-\mathtt{fioaa}-\mathtt{fioas}-\mathtt{fioac}$page 573
      Capital57$\mathtt{fioac}=clip(\mathtt{fioacv},\mathtt{fioacc},t,\mathtt{iet})$page 573see value of $\mathtt{iet}$
      Capital58$\mathtt{fioacc}=clip(\mathtt{fioac2},\mathtt{fioac1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 573see values of $\mathtt{fioac1}$, $\mathtt{fioac2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital59$\mathtt{fioacv}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{iopc}}{\mathtt{iopcd}}\right)$page 571see table $\mathtt{fioacv}$
      Capital60$\mathtt{isopc}=clip(\mathtt{isopc2},\mathtt{isopc1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 573see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital61$\mathtt{isopc1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 573see table $\mathtt{isopc1}$
      Capital62$\mathtt{isopc2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 574see table $\mathtt{isopc2}$
      Capital63$\mathtt{fioas}=clip(\mathtt{fioas2},\mathtt{fioas1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 574see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital64$\mathtt{fioas1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{sopc}}{\mathtt{isopc}}\right)$page 574see table $\mathtt{fioas1}$
      Capital65$\mathtt{fioas2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{sopc}}{\mathtt{isopc}}\right)$page 574see table $\mathtt{fioas2}$
      Capital66$\mathtt{scir}=\mathtt{io}\times\mathtt{fioas}$page 574
      Capital67$\frac{d\mathtt{sc}}{dt}=\mathtt{scir}-\mathtt{scdr}$page 574see initialisation of $\mathtt{sc}$
      Capital68$\mathtt{scdr}=\frac{\mathtt{sc}}{\mathtt{alsc}}$page 574
      Capital69$\mathtt{alsc}=clip(\mathtt{alsc2},\mathtt{alsc1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 574see values of $\mathtt{alsc1}$, $\mathtt{alsc2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital70$\mathtt{so}=\frac{\mathtt{sc}\times\mathtt{cuf}}{\mathtt{scor}}$page 575
      Capital71$\mathtt{sopc}=\frac{\mathtt{so}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 575
      Capital72$\mathtt{scor}=clip(\mathtt{scor2},\mathtt{scor1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 575see values of $\mathtt{scor1}$, $\mathtt{scor2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital73$\mathtt{j}=\mathtt{pjis}+\mathtt{pjas}+\mathtt{pjss}$page 575
      Capital74$\mathtt{pjis}=\mathtt{ic}\times\mathtt{jpicu}$page 575
      Capital75$\mathtt{jpicu}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})\times0.001$page 575see table $\mathtt{jpicu}$
      Capital76$\mathtt{pjss}=\mathtt{sc}\times\mathtt{jpscu}$page 575
      Capital77$\mathtt{jpscu}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{sopc})\times0.001$page 575see table $\mathtt{jpscu}$
      Capital78$\mathtt{pjas}=\mathtt{jph}\times\mathtt{al}$page 575
      Capital79$\mathtt{jph}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{aiph})$page 575see table $\mathtt{jph}$
      Capital80$\mathtt{lf}=(\mathtt{p2}+\mathtt{p3})\times\mathtt{lfpf}$page 575-6see value of $\mathtt{lfpf}$
      Capital81$\mathtt{luf}=\frac{\mathtt{j}}{\mathtt{lf}}$page 576
      Capital82$\frac{d\mathtt{lufd}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{luf}-\mathtt{lufd}}{\mathtt{lufdt}}$page 576see value of $\mathtt{lufdt}$
      Capital83$\mathtt{cuf}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{lufd})$page 576see table $\mathtt{cuf}$ and initialisation of $\mathtt{cuf}$
      Agriculture84$\mathtt{lfc}=\frac{\mathtt{al}}{\mathtt{palt}}$page 576see value of $\mathtt{palt}$
      Agriculture85$\frac{d\mathtt{al}}{dt}=\mathtt{ldr}-\mathtt{ler}-\mathtt{lrui}$page 576see initialisation of $\mathtt{al}$
      Agriculture86$\frac{d\mathtt{pal}}{dt}=-\mathtt{ldr}$page 576see initialisation of $\mathtt{pal}$
      Agriculture87$\mathtt{f}=\mathtt{ly}\times\mathtt{al}\times\mathtt{lfh}\times(1-\mathtt{pl})$page 576see values of $\mathtt{lfh}$ and $\mathtt{pl}$
      Agriculture88$\mathtt{fpc}=\frac{\mathtt{f}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 576
      Agriculture89$\mathtt{ifpc}=clip(\mathtt{ifpc2},\mathtt{ifpc1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 577see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture90$\mathtt{ifpc1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 577see table $\mathtt{ifpc1}$
      Agriculture91$\mathtt{ifpc2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 577see table $\mathtt{ifpc2}$
      Agriculture92$\mathtt{tai}=\mathtt{io}\times\mathtt{fioaa}$page 577
      Agriculture93$\mathtt{fioaa}=clip(\mathtt{fioaa2},\mathtt{fioaa1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 577see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture94$\mathtt{fioaa1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{ifpc}}\right)$page 577see table $\mathtt{fioaa1}$
      Agriculture95$\mathtt{fioaa2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{ifpc}}\right)$page 577see table $\mathtt{fioaa2}$
      Agriculture96$\mathtt{ldr}=\frac{\mathtt{tai}\times\mathtt{fiald}}{\mathtt{dcph}}$page 577
      Agriculture97$\mathtt{dcph}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{pal}}{\mathtt{palt}}\right)$page 578see table $\mathtt{dcph}$
      Agriculture98$\mathtt{cai}=\mathtt{tai}\times(1-\mathtt{fiald})$page 578
      Agriculture99$\frac{d\mathtt{ai}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{cai}-\mathtt{ai}}{\mathtt{alai}}$page 578see initialisation of $\mathtt{ai}$
      Agriculture100$\mathtt{alai}=clip(\mathtt{alai2},\mathtt{alai1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 578see values of $\mathtt{alai1}$, $\mathtt{alai2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture101$\mathtt{aiph}=\frac{\mathtt{ai}\times(1-\mathtt{falm})}{\mathtt{al}}$page 578
      Agriculture102$\mathtt{lymc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{aiph})$page 578see table $\mathtt{lymc}$
      Agriculture103$\mathtt{ly}=\mathtt{lyf}\times\mathtt{lfert}\times\mathtt{lymc}\times\mathtt{lymap}$page 578
      Agriculture104$\mathtt{lyf}=clip(\mathtt{lyf2},\mathtt{lyf1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 578see values of $\mathtt{lyf1}$, $\mathtt{lyf2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture105$\mathtt{lymap}=clip(\mathtt{lymap2},\mathtt{lymap1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 579see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture106$\mathtt{lymap1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{io}}{\mathtt{io70}}\right)$page 579see table $\mathtt{lymap1}$ and value of $\mathtt{io70}$
      Agriculture107$\mathtt{lymap2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{io}}{\mathtt{io70}}\right)$page 579see table $\mathtt{lymap2}$ and value of $\mathtt{io70}$
      Agriculture108$\mathtt{fiald}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{mpld}}{\mathtt{mpai}}\right)$page 579see table $\mathtt{fiald}$
      Agriculture109$\mathtt{mpld}=\frac{\mathtt{ly}}{\mathtt{dcph}\times\mathtt{sd}}$page 579see value of $\mathtt{sd}$
      Agriculture110$\mathtt{mpai}=\frac{\mathtt{alai}\times\mathtt{ly}\times\mathtt{mlymc}}{\mathtt{lymc}}$page 579
      Agriculture111$\mathtt{mlymc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{aiph})$page 579see table $\mathtt{mlymc}$
      Agriculture112$\mathtt{all}=\mathtt{alln}\times\mathtt{llmy}$page 580see value of $\mathtt{alln}$
      Agriculture113$\mathtt{llmy}=clip(\mathtt{llmy2},\mathtt{llmy1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 580see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture114$\mathtt{llmy1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{ly}}{\mathtt{ilf}}\right)$page 580see table $\mathtt{llmy1}$
      Agriculture115$\mathtt{llmy2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{ly}}{\mathtt{ilf}}\right)$page 580see table $\mathtt{llmy2}$
      Agriculture116$\mathtt{ler}=\frac{\mathtt{al}}{\mathtt{all}}$page 580
      Agriculture117$\mathtt{uilpc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 580see table $\mathtt{uilpc}$
      Agriculture118$\mathtt{uilr}=\mathtt{uilpc}\times\mathtt{pop}$page 580
      Agriculture119$\mathtt{lrui}=\mathit{max}\left(0,\frac{\mathtt{uilr}-\mathtt{uil}}{\mathtt{uildt}}\right)$page 580see value of $\mathtt{uildt}$
      Agriculture120$\frac{d\mathtt{uil}}{dt}=\mathtt{lrui}$page 580see initialisation of $\mathtt{uil}$
      Agriculture121$\frac{d\mathtt{lfert}}{dt}=\mathtt{lfr}-\mathtt{lfd}$page 581see initialisation of $\mathtt{lfert}$
      Agriculture122$\mathtt{lfdr}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ppolx})$page 581see table $\mathtt{lfdr}$
      Agriculture123$\mathtt{lfd}=\mathtt{lfert}\times\mathtt{lfdr}$page 581
      Agriculture124$\mathtt{lfr}=\frac{\mathtt{ilf}-\mathtt{lfert}}{\mathtt{lfrt}}$page 581see value of $\mathtt{ilf}$
      Agriculture125$\mathtt{lfrt}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{falm})$page 581see table $\mathtt{lfrt}$
      Agriculture126$\mathtt{falm}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{pfr})$page 581see table $\mathtt{falm}$
      Agriculture127$\mathtt{fr}=\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{sfpc}}$page 581see value of $\mathtt{sfpc}$
      Agriculture128$\frac{d\mathtt{pfr}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{fr}-\mathtt{pfr}}{\mathtt{fspd}}$page 581-2see initialisation of $\mathtt{pfr}$ and value of $\mathtt{fspd}$
      Nonrenewable129$\frac{d\mathtt{nr}}{dt}=\mathtt{-nrur}$page 582see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Nonrenewable130$\mathtt{nrur}=\mathtt{pop}\times\mathtt{pcrum}\times\mathtt{nruf}$page 582
      Nonrenewable131$\mathtt{nruf}=clip(\mathtt{nruf2},\mathtt{nruf1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 582see values of $\mathtt{nruf1}$, $\mathtt{nruf2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Nonrenewable132$\mathtt{pcrum}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 582see table $\mathtt{pcrum}$
      Nonrenewable133$\mathtt{nrfr}=\frac{\mathtt{nr}}{\mathtt{nri}}\times\mathtt{nruf}$page 582see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Nonrenewable134$\mathtt{fcaor}=clip(\mathtt{fcaor2},\mathtt{fcaor1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 582see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Nonrenewable135$\mathtt{fcaor1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{nrfr})$page 582see table $\mathtt{fcaor1}$
      Nonrenewable136$\mathtt{fcaor2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{nrfr})$page 582-3see table $\mathtt{fcaor2}$
      Pollution137$\mathtt{ppgr}=(\mathtt{ppgio}+\mathtt{ppgao})\times\mathtt{ppgf}$page 583
      Pollution138$\mathtt{ppgf}=clip(\mathtt{ppgf2},\mathtt{ppgf1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 583see values of $\mathtt{ppgf2}$, $\mathtt{ppgf1}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Pollution139$\mathtt{ppgio}=\mathtt{pcrum}\times\mathtt{pop}\times\mathtt{frpm}\times\mathtt{imef}\times\mathtt{imti}$page 583see values of $\mathtt{frpm}$, $\mathtt{imef}$, and $\mathtt{imti}$
      Pollution140$\mathtt{ppgao}=\mathtt{aiph}\times\mathtt{al}\times\mathtt{fipm}\times\mathtt{amti}$page 583see values of $\mathtt{fipm}$ and $\mathtt{amti}$
      Pollution141$\frac{d\mathtt{ppapr}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ppapr2}-\mathtt{ppapr}}{\mathtt{pptd}}$page 583see value of $\mathtt{pptd}$
      Pollution141$\frac{d\mathtt{ppapr2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ppapr1}-\mathtt{ppapr2}}{\mathtt{pptd}}$page 583see value of $\mathtt{pptd}$
      Pollution141$\frac{d\mathtt{ppapr1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ppgr}-\mathtt{ppapr1}}{\mathtt{pptd}}$page 583see value of $\mathtt{pptd}$
      Pollution142$\frac{d\mathtt{ppol}}{dt}=\mathtt{ppapr}-\mathtt{ppasr}$page 583see initialisation of $\mathtt{ppol}$
      Pollution143$\mathtt{ppolx}=\frac{\mathtt{ppol}}{\mathtt{ppol70}}$page 584see value of $\mathtt{ppol70}$
      Pollution144$\mathtt{ppasr}=\frac{\mathtt{ppol}}{\mathtt{ahl}\times 1.4}$page 584
      Pollution145$\mathtt{ahlm}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ppolx})$page 584see table $\mathtt{ahlm}$
      Pollution146$\mathtt{ahl}=\mathtt{ahl70}\times\mathtt{ahlm}$page 584see value of $\mathtt{ahl70}$
      Supplementary147$\mathtt{foa}=\frac{0.22\times\mathtt{f}}{0.22\times\mathtt{f}+\mathtt{so}+\mathtt{io}}$page 584
      Supplementary148$\mathtt{foi}=\frac{\mathtt{io}}{0.22\times\mathtt{f}+\mathtt{so}+\mathtt{io}}$page 584
      Supplementary149$\mathtt{fos}=\frac{\mathtt{so}}{0.22\times\mathtt{f}+\mathtt{so}+\mathtt{io}}$page 584

      Variable and (ODE) subsystem correspondance

      DescriptionNameMain subsystemOther subsystems
      Populationpoppopulationland_development, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use, industrial_subsector, service_subsector, non_renewable, persistent_pollution, birth_rate, death_rate
      Population, ages 0-14p1population
      Population, ages 15-44p2populationjob_subsector
      Population, ages 45-64p3populationjob_subsector
      Population, ages 65+p4population
      Deaths per year, ages 0-14d1population
      Deaths per year, ages 15-44d2population
      Deaths per year, ages 45-64d3population
      Deaths per year, ages 65+d4population
      Mortality, ages 0-14m1population
      Mortality, ages 15-44m2population
      Mortality, ages 45-64m3population
      Mortality, ages 65+m4population
      Maturation rate, age 14-15mat1population
      Maturation rate, age 44-45mat2population
      Maturation rate, age 64-65mat3population
      Deaths per yeardrdeath_ratepopulation
      Crude death ratecdrdeath_rate
      Life expectancyledeath_ratebirth_rate,population
      Lifetime multiplier from foodlmfdeath_rate
      Health services allocations per capitahsapcdeath_rate
      Effective health services per capitaehspcdeath_rate
      Lifetime multiplier from health serviceslmhsdeath_rate
      lmhs before time pyearlmhs1death_rate
      lmhs after time pyearlmhs2death_rate
      Fraction of population urbanfpudeath_rate
      Crowding multiplier from industrializationcmideath_rate
      Lifetime multiplier from crowdinglmcdeath_rate
      Lifetime multiplier from pollutionlmpdeath_rate
      Births per yearbrbirth_ratepopulation
      Crude birth ratecbrbirth_rate
      Total fertilitytfbirth_ratepopulation
      Maximum total fertilitymtfbirth_rate
      Fecundity multiplierfmbirth_rate
      Desired total fertilitydtfbirth_rate
      Compensatory multiplier from perceived life expectancycmplebirth_rate
      Perceived life expectancyplebirth_rate
      ple1birth_rate
      ple2birth_rate
      Desired completed family sizedcfsbirth_rate
      Social family size normsfsnbirth_rate
      Delayed industrial output per capitadiopcbirth_rate
      diopc1birth_rate
      diopc2birth_rate
      Family response to social normfrsnbirth_rate
      Family income expectationfiebirth_rate
      Averag industrial output per capitaaiopcbirth_rate
      Need for fertility controlnfcbirth_rate
      Fertility control effectivenessfcebirth_rate
      Fertility control facilities per capitafcfpcbirth_rate
      fcfpc1birth_rate
      fcfpc2birth_rate
      Fertility control allocations per capitafcapcbirth_rate
      Fraction of services allocated to fertility controlfsafcbirth_rate
      Industrial output per capitaiopcindustrial_subsectorland_development, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use, job_subsector, service_subsector, non_renewable, birth_rate, death_rate
      Industrial outputioindustrial_subsectoragricultural_inputs, land_development, service_subsector, supplementary_equations
      Industrial capital-output ratioicorindustrial_subsector
      Industrial capitalicindustrial_subsectorjob_subsector
      Industrial capital depreciation rateicdrindustrial_subsector
      Average lifetime of industrial capitalalicindustrial_subsector
      Industrial capital investment rateicirindustrial_subsector
      Fraction of industrial output allocated to industryfioaiindustrial_subsector
      Fraction of industrial output allocated to consumptionfioacindustrial_subsector
      fioac constantfioaccindustrial_subsector
      fioac variablefioacvindustrial_subsector
      Indicated service output per capitaisopcservice_subsector
      isopc before pyearisopc1service_subsector
      isopc after pyearisopc2service_subsector
      Fraction of industrial output allocated to servicesfioasservice_subsectorindustrial_subsector
      fioas before pyearfioas1service_subsector
      fioas after pyearfioas2service_subsector
      Service capital investment ratescirservice_subsector
      Service capitalscservice_subsectorjob_subsector
      Service capital depreciation ratescdrservice_subsector
      Average lifetime of service capitalalscservice_subsector
      Service outputsoservice_subsectorsupplementary_equations
      Service output per capitasopcservice_subsectorjob_subsector, birth_rate, death_rate
      Service capital-output ratioscorservice_subsector
      Jobsjjob_subsector
      Potential jobs in industrial sectorpjisjob_subsector
      Jobs per industrial capital unitjpicujob_subsector
      Potential jobs in service sectorpjssjob_subsector
      Jobs per service capital unitjpscujob_subsector
      Potential jobs in agricultural sectorpjasjob_subsector
      Jobs per hectarejphjob_subsector
      Labor forcelfjob_subsector
      Labor utilization fractionlufjob_subsector
      Labor utilization fraction delayedlufdjob_subsector
      Capital utilization fractioncufjob_subsectorindustrial_subsector, service_subsector
      Land fraction cultivatedlfcland_development
      Arable landalland_developmentagricultural_inputs, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use, job_subsector, persistent_pollution
      Potentially arable landpalland_development
      Foodfland_developmentsupplementary_equations
      Food per capitafpcland_developmentdiscontinuing_land_maintenance, death_rate
      Indicated food per capitaifpcland_development
      ifpc before pyearifpc1land_development
      ifpc after pyearifpc2land_development
      Total agricultural investmenttailand_developmentagricultural_inputs
      Fraction of industral ouput allocated to agriculturefioaaland_developmentindustrial_subsector
      fioaa before pyearfioaa1land_development
      fioaa after pyearfioaa2land_development
      Land development rateldrland_development
      Development cost per hectaredcphland_developmentinvestment_allocation_decision
      Current agricultural inputscaiagricultural_inputs
      agricultural inputsaiagricultural_inputs
      Average lifetime of agricultural inputsalaiagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision
      Agricultural inputs per hectareaiphagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision, job_subsector, persistent_pollution
      Land yield multiplier from capitallymcagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision
      Land yieldlyagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision, land_development, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land yield factorlyfagricultural_inputs
      Land yield multiplier from air pollutionlymapagricultural_inputs
      lymap before pyearlymap1agricultural_inputs
      lymap after pyearlymap2agricultural_inputs
      Fraction of inputs allocated to land developmentfialdagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision , land_development
      Marginal productivity of land developmentmpldinvestment_allocation_decision
      Marginal productivity of agricultural inputsmpaiinvestment_allocation_decision
      Marginal land yield multiplier from capitalmlymcinvestment_allocation_decision
      Average life of landallland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land life multiplier from yeldllmyland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      llmy before pyearllmy1land_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      llmy after pyearllmy2land_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land erosion ratelerland_erosion_urban_industrial_useland_development
      Urban-industrial land per capitauilpcland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Urban-industrial land requireduilrland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land removal from urban-industrial uselruiland_erosion_urban_industrial_useland_development
      Urban-industrial landuilland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land fertilitylfertland_fertility_degradationagricultural_inputs, land_fertility_regeneration
      Land fertility degradation ratelfdrland_fertility_degradation
      Land fertility degradationlfdland_fertility_degradation
      Land fertility regenerationlfrland_fertility_regenerationland_fertility_degradation
      Land fertility regeneration timelfrtland_fertility_regeneration
      Fraction of inputs allocated to land maintenancefalmdiscontinuing_land_maintenanceagricultural_inputs, land_fertility_regeneration
      Food ratiofrdiscontinuing_land_maintenance
      Perceived food ratiopfrdiscontinuing_land_maintenance
      Nonrenewable resourcesnrnon_renewable
      Nonrenewable resource usage ratenrurnon_renewable
      Nonrenewable resource usage factornrufnon_renewable
      Per capita resource usage multiplierpcrumnon_renewablepersistent_pollution
      Nonrenewable resource fraction remainingnrfrnon_renewable
      Fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resourcesfcaornon_renewableindustrial_subsector
      fcaor before pyearfcaor1non_renewable
      fcaor after pyearfcaor2non_renewable
      Persistent pollution generation rateppgrpersistent_pollution
      Persistent pollution generation factorppgfpersistent_pollution
      ppgf before pyearppgf1persistent_pollution
      ppgf after pyearppgf2persistent_pollutionadaptive_technological_control_cards
      Persistent pollution generated by industrial outputppgiopersistent_pollution
      Persistent pollution generated by agricultural outputppgaopersistent_pollution
      Persistent pollution appearance rateppaprpersistent_pollution
      ppapr1persistent_pollution
      ppapr2persistent_pollution
      ppapr3persistent_pollution
      Persistent pollutionppolpersistent_pollution
      Index of persistent pollutionppolxpersistent_pollutionland_fertility_degradation, pollution_damage, death_rate
      Persistent pollution assimilation rateppasrpersistent_pollution
      Assimilation half-life multiplierahlmpersistent_pollution
      Assimilation half-lifeahlpersistent_pollution
      Lifetime multiplier from persistent pollutionlmppollution_damageadaptive_technological_control_cards
      Land fertility degradation ratelfdrpollution_damage
      Fraction of output in agriculturefoasupplementary_equations
      Fraction of output in industryfoisupplementary_equations
      Fraction of output in servicesfossupplementary_equations

      Variable initializations

      DescriptionInitializationReference
      Agricultural inputs$\mathtt{ai}(0) = 5e9$lines 99.1-2
      Arable land$\mathtt{al}(0) = 0.9e9$lines 85.1-2
      Average industrial output per capita$\mathtt{aiopc}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$line 43
      Capital utilization fraction$\mathtt{cuf}(0) = 1$line 83.1
      Delayed industrial output per capita$\mathtt{diopc}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$line 40
      $\mathtt{diopc1}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$
      $\mathtt{diopc2}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$
      Effective health services per capita$\mathtt{ehspc}(0)=\mathtt{hsapc}(0)$line 22
      Fertility control facilities per capita$\mathtt{fcfpc}(0) = \mathtt{fcapc}(0)$line 46
      $\mathtt{fcfpc1}(0) = \mathtt{fcapc}(0)$
      $\mathtt{fcfpc2}(0) = \mathtt{fcapc}(0)$
      Family response to social norm$\mathtt{frsn}(0)=0.82$line 41.2
      Industrial capital$\mathtt{ic}(0)=2.1e11$lines 52.1-2
      Land fertility$\mathtt{lfert}(0)=600$lines 121.1-2
      Labor utilization fraction delay$\mathtt{lufd}(0)=\mathtt{luf}(0)$line 82
      Nonrenewable resources$\mathtt{nr}(0)=1e12$lines 129.1-2
      Population, ages 0-14$\mathtt{p1}(0)=65e7$lines 2.1-2
      Population, ages 15-44$\mathtt{p2}(0)=70e7$lines 6.1-2
      Population, ages 45-64$\mathtt{p3}(0)=19e7$lines 10.1-2
      Population, ages 65+$\mathtt{p4}(0)=6e7$lines 14.1-2
      Potentially arable land$\mathtt{pal}(0) = 2.3e9$lines 86.1-2
      Perceived food ratio$\mathtt{pfr}(0)=1$line 128
      Perceived life expectancy$\mathtt{ple}(0) = \mathtt{le}(0)$line 37
      $\mathtt{ple1}(0) = \mathtt{le}(0)$
      $\mathtt{ple2}(0) = \mathtt{le}(0)$
      Persistent pollution appearance rate$\mathtt{ppapr}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$line 141
      $\mathtt{ppapr1}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$
      $\mathtt{ppapr2}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$
      $\mathtt{ppapr3}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$
      Persistent pollution$\mathtt{ppol}(0) = 2.5e7$line 142.1
      Service capital$\mathtt{sc}(0) = 1.44e11$lines 67.1-2
      Urban-industrial land$\mathtt{uil}(0) = 8.2e6$lines 120.1-2

      Parameters

      DescriptionNameValueSystem
      Assimilation half-life in 1970$\mathtt{ahl}70$$1.5$Pollution
      alai before pyear$\mathtt{alai1}$$2$Agriculture
      alai after pyear$\mathtt{alai2}$$2$Agriculture
      alic before pyear$\mathtt{alic1}$$14$Capital
      alic after pyear$\mathtt{alic2}$$14$Capital
      Average life of land normal$\mathtt{alln}$$6000$Agriculture
      alsc before pyear$\mathtt{alsc1}$$20$Capital
      alsc after pyear$\mathtt{alsc2}$$20$Capital
      Agricultural materials toxicity index$\mathtt{amti}$$1$Pollution
      Desired completed family size normal$\mathtt{dcfsn}$$4$Population
      Fertility control effectiveness set time$\mathtt{fcest}$$4000$Population
      fioac before pyear$\mathtt{fioac1}$$0.43$Capital
      fioac after pyear$\mathtt{fioac2}$$0.43$Capital
      Fraction of inputs as persistent materials$\mathtt{fipm}$$0.001$Pollution
      Fraction of resources as persistent materials$\mathtt{frpm}$$0.02$Pollution
      Food shortage perception delay$\mathtt{fspd}$$2$Agriculture
      Health services impact delay$\mathtt{hsid}$$20$Population
      icor before pyear$\mathtt{icor1}$$3$Capital
      icor after pyear$\mathtt{icor2}$$3$Capital
      Income expectation averaging time$\mathtt{ieat}$$3$Population
      Industrial equilibrium time$\mathtt{iet}$$4000$Capital
      Inherent land fertility$\mathtt{ilf}$$600$Agriculture
      Industrial materials emission factor$\mathtt{imef}$$0.1$Pollution
      Industrial materials toxicity index$\mathtt{imti}$$10$Pollution
      Industrial output in 1970$\mathtt{io}70$$7.9e11$Agriculture
      Industrial output per capita desired$\mathtt{iopcd}$$400$Capital
      Life expectancy normal$\mathtt{len}$$28$Population
      Land fraction harvested$\mathtt{lfh}$$0.7$Agriculture
      Labor force participation fraction$\mathtt{lfpf}$$0.75$Capital
      Lifetime perception delay$\mathtt{lpd}$$20$Population
      Labor utilization fraction delay time$\mathtt{lufdt}$$2$Capital
      lyf before pyear$\mathtt{lyf1}$$1$Agriculture
      lyf after pyear$\mathtt{lyf2}$$1$Agriculture
      Maximum total fertility normal$\mathtt{mtfn}$$12$Population
      nruf before pyear$\mathtt{nruf1}$$1$NonRenewable
      nruf after pyear$\mathtt{nruf2}$$1$NonRenewable
      Potentially arable land total$\mathtt{palt}$$3.2e9$Agriculture
      Population equilibrium time$\mathtt{pet}$$4000$Population
      Processing loss$\mathtt{pl}$$0.1$Agriculture
      ppgf before pyear$\mathtt{ppgf1}$$1$Pollution
      ppgf after pyear$\mathtt{ppgf2}$$1$Pollution
      Persistent pollution in 1970$\mathtt{ppol70}$$1.36e8$Pollution
      Year new policy is implemented$\mathtt{pyear}$$1975$
      Reproductive lifetime$\mathtt{rlt}$$30$Population
      Social adjustment delay$\mathtt{sad}$$20$Population
      Social discount$\mathtt{sd}$$0.07$Agriculture
      scor before pyear$\mathtt{scor1}$$1$Capital
      scor after pyear$\mathtt{scor2}$$1$Capital
      Subsistence food per capita$\mathtt{sfpc}$$230$Agriculture
      Technological development and implementation delay$\mathtt{tdd}$$10$Pollution
      Urban-industrial land development time$\mathtt{uildt}$$10$Agriculture
      Time when desired family size equals 2 children$\mathtt{zpgt}$$4000$NonRenewable

      Tables and ranges

      Variable nameTableRangeSystem
      $\mathtt{ifpc1}$$(230.0, 480.0, 690.0, 850.0, 970.0, 1070.0, 1150.0, 1210.0, 1250.0)$$(0, 1600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{ifpc2}$$(230.0, 480.0, 690.0, 850.0, 970.0, 1070.0, 1150.0, 1210.0, 1250.0)$$(0, 1600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fioaa1}$$(0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.025, 0.0, 0.0)$$(0.0, 2.5)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fioaa2}$$(0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.025, 0.0, 0.0)$$(0.0, 2.5)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{dcph}$$(100000.0, 7400.0, 5200.0, 3500.0, 2400.0, 1500.0, 750.0, 300.0, 150.0, 75.0, 50.0)$$(0, 1)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lymc}$$(1.0, 3.0, 3.8, 4.4, 4.9, 5.4, 5.7, 6.0, 6.3, 6.6, 6.9, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8, 9.0, 9.2, 9.4, 9.6, 9.8, 10.0)$$(0, 1000)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lymap1}$$(1.0, 1.0, 0.7, 0.4)$$(0, 30)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lymap2}$$(1.0, 1.0, 0.7, 0.4)$$(0, 30)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fiald}$$(0.0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.85, 0.95, 1.0)$$(0, 2)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{mlymc}$$(0.075, 0.03, 0.015, 0.011, 0.009, 0.009, 0.007, 0.006, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005)$$(0, 600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{llmy1}$$(1.2, 1.0, 0.63, 0.36, 0.16, 0.055, 0.04, 0.025, 0.015, 0.01)$$(0, 9)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{llmy2}$$(1.2, 1.0, 0.63, 0.36, 0.16, 0.055, 0.04, 0.025, 0.015, 0.01)$$(0, 9)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{uilpc}$$(0.005, 0.008, 0.015, 0.025, 0.04, 0.055, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09)$$(0, 1600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lfdr}$$(0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)$$(0, 30)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lfrt}$$(20.0, 13.0, 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 2.0)$$(0, 0.1)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{falm}$$(0.0, 0.04, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1)$$(0, 4)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fioaa}$$(0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1)$$(1900, 2000)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fioas2}$$(0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.0)$$(0, 2)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fioas1}$$(0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.0)$$(0, 2)$Capital
      $\mathtt{isopc1}$$(40.0, 300.0, 640.0, 1000.0, 1220.0, 1450.0, 1650.0, 1800.0, 2000.0)$$(0, 1600)$Capital
      $\mathtt{isopc2}$$(40.0, 300.0, 640.0, 1000.0, 1220.0, 1450.0, 1650.0, 1800.0, 2000.0)$$(0, 1600)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fioacv}$$(0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, 0.43, 0.73, 0.77, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83)$$(0, 2)$Capital
      $\mathtt{cuf}$$(1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1)$$(1, 11)$Capital
      $\mathtt{jpicu}$$(0.37, 0.18, 0.12, 0.09, 0.07, 0.06)$$(50, 800)$Capital
      $\mathtt{jph}$$(2.0, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.27, 0.24, 0.2, 0.2)$$(2, 30)$Capital
      $\mathtt{aiph}$$(5.0, 11.0, 21.0, 34.0, 58.0, 86.0, 123.0, 61.0, 23.0, 8.0, 3.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Capital
      $\mathtt{al}$$(9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 13.0, 16.0, 20.0, 23.0, 24.0, 24.0, 24.0, 24.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Capital
      $\mathtt{jpscu}$$(1.1, 0.6, 0.35, 0.2, 0.15, 0.15)$$(50, 800)$Capital
      $\mathtt{pop}$$(1.65, 1.73, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.55, 3.0, 3.65, 4.0, 4.6, 5.15)$$(1900, 2000)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fcaor}$$(0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05)$$(1900, 2000)$Capital
      $\mathtt{pcrum}$$(0.0, 0.85, 2.6, 4.4, 5.4, 6.2, 6.8, 7.0, 7.0)$$(0, 1600)$NonRenewable
      $\mathtt{fcaor1}$$(1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05)$$(0, 1)$NonRenewable
      $\mathtt{fcaor2}$$(1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05)$$(0, 1)$NonRenewable
      $\mathtt{ahlm}$$(1.0, 11.0, 21.0, 31.0, 41.0)$$(1, 1001)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{pcrum}$$(17.0, 30.0, 52.0, 78.0, 138.0, 280.0, 480.0, 660.0, 700.0, 700.0, 700.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{pop}$$(16.0, 19.0, 22.0, 31.0, 42.0, 53.0, 67.0, 86.0, 109.0, 139.0, 176.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{aiph}$$(6.6, 11.0, 20.0, 34.0, 57.0, 97.0, 168.0, 290.0, 495.0, 845.0, 1465.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{al}$$(9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 13.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0, 26.0, 27.0, 27.0, 27.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{pctcm}$$(0.0, -0.05)$$(0, 0.1)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lmp1}$$(1.0, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.40, 0.20)$$(0, 100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lmp2}$$(1.0, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.40, 0.20)$$(0, 100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lfdr1}$$(0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)$$(0, 30)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lfdr2}$$(0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)$$(0, 30)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{cmi}$$(0.5, 0.05, -0.1, -0.08, -0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)$$(0, 1600)$Population
      $\mathtt{fpu}$$(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.58, 0.65, 0.72, 0.78, 0.8)$$(0, 16e9)$Population
      $\mathtt{hsapc}$$(0.0, 20.0, 50.0, 95.0, 140.0, 175.0, 200.0, 220.0, 230.0)$$(0.0, 2000.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmf}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4)$$(0.0, 5.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmhs1}$$(1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8)$$(0.0, 100.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmhs2}$$(1.0, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.95, 2.0)$$(0.0, 100.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmp}$$(1.0, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95, 0.9, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.4, 0.2)$$(0.0, 100.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{fm}$$(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1)$$(0.0, 80.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{cmple}$$(3.0, 2.1, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.05, 1.0)$$(0.0, 80.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{sfsn}$$(1.25, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.75)$$(0.0, 800.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{frsn}$$(0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.85, 1.0)$$(-0.2, 0.2)$Population
      $\mathtt{fce}$$(0.75, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 0.98, 0.99, 1.0)$$(0.0, 3.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{fsafc}$$(0.0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035)$$(0.0, 10.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{m1}$$(0.0567, 0.0366, 0.0243, 0.0155, 0.0082, 0.0023, 0.001)$$(20, 80)$Population
      $\mathtt{m2}$$(0.0266, 0.0171, 0.0110, 0.0065, 0.0040, 0.0016, 0.0008)$$(20, 80)$Population
      $\mathtt{m3}$$(0.0562, 0.0373, 0.0252, 0.0171, 0.0118, 0.0083, 0.006)$$(20, 80)$Population
      $\mathtt{m4}$$(0.13, 0.11, 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04)$$(20, 80)$Population
      +World 3 equations, variables, and parameters · WorldDynamics.jl
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      World 3 equations, variables, and parameters

      In this page we list the equations, the variables and the parameters of the World3 model as described in Appendices A and B of the book Dynamics of growth in a finite world (1974) (our code also implement the model corresponding to each system of the entire World3 model as described in Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the book, but we do not list here the equations, the variables and the parameters of each such model).

      Equations

      System#DefinitionReferenceNotes
      Population1$\mathtt{pop} = \mathtt{p1} + \mathtt{p2} + \mathtt{p3} + \mathtt{p4}$page 567
      Population2$\frac{d\mathtt{p1}}{dt} = \mathtt{br} - \mathtt{d1} - \mathtt{mat1}$page 567see initialisation of $\mathtt{p1}$
      Population3$\mathtt{d1} = \mathtt{m1}\times\mathtt{p1}$page 567
      Population4$\mathtt{m1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 567see table $\mathtt{m1}$
      Population5$\mathtt{mat1} = \frac{1}{15}\times(1 - \mathtt{m1})\times\mathtt{p1}$page 567
      Population6$\frac{d\mathtt{p2}}{dt} = \mathtt{mat1} - \mathtt{d2} - \mathtt{mat2}$page 567see initialisation of $\mathtt{p2}$
      Population7$\mathtt{d2} = \mathtt{m2}\times\mathtt{p2}$page 567
      Population8$\mathtt{m2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 568see table $\mathtt{m2}$
      Population9$\mathtt{mat2} = \frac{1}{30}\times(1 - \mathtt{m2})\times\mathtt{p2}$page 568
      Population10$\frac{d\mathtt{p3}}{dt} = \mathtt{mat2} - \mathtt{d3} - \mathtt{mat3}$page 568see initialisation of $\mathtt{p3}$
      Population11$\mathtt{d3} = \mathtt{m3}\times\mathtt{p3}$page 568
      Population12$\mathtt{m3}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 568see table $\mathtt{m3}$
      Population13$\mathtt{mat3} = \frac{1}{20}\times(1 - \mathtt{m3})\times\mathtt{p3}$page 568
      Population14$\frac{d\mathtt{p4}}{dt} = \mathtt{mat3} - \mathtt{d4}$page 568see initialisation of $\mathtt{p1=4}$
      Population15$\mathtt{d4} = \mathtt{m4}\times\mathtt{p4}$page 568
      Population16$\mathtt{m4}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{le}\right)$page 568see table $\mathtt{m4}$
      Population17$\mathtt{d}=\mathtt{d1}+\mathtt{d2}+\mathtt{d3}+\mathtt{d4}$page 568$\mathtt{dr}$ in our code
      Population18$\mathtt{cdr}=1000\times\frac{\mathtt{d}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 568
      Population19$\mathtt{le}=\mathtt{len}\times\mathtt{lmf}\times\mathtt{lmhs}\times\mathtt{lmp}\times\mathtt{lmc}$page 568see value of $\mathtt{len}$
      Population20$\mathtt{lmf}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{sfpc}}\right)$page 569see table $\mathtt{lmf}$
      Population21$\mathtt{hsapc}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\mathtt{sopc}\right)$page 569see table $\mathtt{hsapc}$
      Population22$\frac{d\mathtt{ehspc}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{hsapc}-\mathtt{ehspc}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 569see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population23$ \mathtt{lmhs}=clip(\mathtt{lmhs2},\mathtt{lmhs1},t,\mathtt{iphst}) $page 569see value of $\mathtt{iphst}$
      Population24$\mathtt{lmhs1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ehspc})$page 569see table $\mathtt{lmhs1}$
      Population25$\mathtt{lmhs2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ehspc})$page 569see table $\mathtt{lmhs2}$
      Population26$\mathtt{fpu}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{pop})$page 569see table $\mathtt{fpu}$
      Population27$\mathtt{cmi}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 569see table $\mathtt{cmi}$
      Population28$\mathtt{lmc}=1-\mathtt{cmi}\times\mathtt{fpu}$page 570
      Population29$\mathtt{lmp}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ppolx})$page 570see table $\mathtt{lmp}$
      Population30$ \mathtt{b}=clip(\mathtt{d},\frac{\mathtt{tf}\times\mathtt{p2}\times0.5}{\mathtt{rlt}},t,\mathtt{pet}) $page 570$\mathtt{br}$ in our code, see values of $\mathtt{rlt}$ and $\mathtt{pet}$
      Population31$\mathtt{cbr}=1000\times\frac{\mathtt{b}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 570
      Population32$\mathtt{lmp}=\mathit{min}(\mathtt{mtf}, \mathtt{mtf}\times(1-\mathtt{fce})+\mathtt{dtf}\times\mathtt{fce})$page 570
      Population33$\mathtt{mtf}=\mathtt{mtfn}\times\mathtt{fm}$page 570see value of $\mathtt{mtfn}$
      Population34$\mathtt{fm}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{le})$page 570see table $\mathtt{fm}$
      Population35$\mathtt{dtf}=\mathtt{dcfs}\times\mathtt{cmple}$page 570
      Population36$\mathtt{cmple}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ple})$page 570see table $\mathtt{cmple}$
      Population37$\frac{d\mathtt{ple}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ple2}-\mathtt{ple}}{\mathtt{lpd}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{lpd}$
      Population37$\frac{d\mathtt{ple2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ple1}-\mathtt{ple2}}{\mathtt{lpd}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{lpd}$
      Population37$\frac{d\mathtt{ple1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{le}-\mathtt{ple1}}{\mathtt{lpd}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{lpd}$
      Population38$ \mathtt{dcfs}=clip(2,\mathtt{dcfsn}\times\mathtt{frsn}\times\mathtt{sfsn},t,\mathtt{zpgt}) $page 571see values of $\mathtt{dcfsn}$ and $\mathtt{zpgt}$
      Population39$\mathtt{sfsn}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{diopc})$page 571see table $\mathtt{sfsn}$
      Population40$\frac{d\mathtt{diopc}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{diopc2}-\mathtt{diopc}}{\mathtt{sad}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{sad}$
      Population40$\frac{d\mathtt{diopc2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{diopc1}-\mathtt{diopc2}}{\mathtt{sad}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{sad}$
      Population40$\frac{d\mathtt{diopc1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{iopc}-\mathtt{diopc1}}{\mathtt{sad}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{sad}$
      Population41$\mathtt{frsn}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{fie})$page 571see table $\mathtt{frsn}$ and initialisation of $\mathtt{frsn}$
      Population42$\mathtt{fie}=\frac{\mathtt{iopc}-\mathtt{aiopc}}{\mathtt{aiopc}}$page 571
      Population43$\frac{d\mathtt{aiopc}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{iopc}-\mathtt{aiopc}}{\mathtt{ieat}}$page 571see value of $\mathtt{ieat}$
      Population44$\mathtt{nfc}=\frac{\mathtt{mtf}}{\mathtt{dtf}}-1$page 571
      Population45$\mathtt{fce}=clip(1,\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{fcfpc}),t,\mathtt{fcest})$page 571see table $\mathtt{fce}$ and value of $\mathtt{fcest}$
      Population46$\frac{d\mathtt{fcfpc}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{fcfpc2}-\mathtt{fcfpc}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 572see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population46$\frac{d\mathtt{fcfpc2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{fcfpc1}-\mathtt{fcfpc2}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 572see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population46$\frac{d\mathtt{fcfpc1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{fcapc}-\mathtt{fcfpc1}}{\mathtt{hsid}}$page 572see value of $\mathtt{hsid}$
      Population47$\mathtt{fcapc}=\mathtt{fsafc}\times\mathtt{sopc}$page 572
      Population48$\mathtt{fsafc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{nfc})$page 572see table $\mathtt{fsafc}$
      Capital49$\mathtt{iopc}=\frac{\mathtt{io}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 572
      Capital50$\mathtt{io}=\frac{\mathtt{ic}\times(1-\mathtt{fcaor})\times\mathtt{cuf}}{\mathtt{icor}}$page 572
      Capital51$\mathtt{fce}=clip(\mathtt{icor2},\mathtt{icor1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 572see values of $\mathtt{icor1}$, $\mathtt{icor2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital52$\frac{d\mathtt{ic}}{dt}=\mathtt{icir}-\mathtt{icdr}$page 572see initialisation of $\mathtt{ic}$
      Capital53$\mathtt{icdr}=\frac{\mathtt{ic}}{\mathtt{alic}}$page 572
      Capital54$\mathtt{alic}=clip(\mathtt{alic2},\mathtt{alic1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 573see values of $\mathtt{alic1}$, $\mathtt{alic2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital55$\mathtt{icir}=\mathtt{io}\times\mathtt{fioai}$page 573
      Capital56$\mathtt{fioai}=1-\mathtt{fioaa}-\mathtt{fioas}-\mathtt{fioac}$page 573
      Capital57$\mathtt{fioac}=clip(\mathtt{fioacv},\mathtt{fioacc},t,\mathtt{iet})$page 573see value of $\mathtt{iet}$
      Capital58$\mathtt{fioacc}=clip(\mathtt{fioac2},\mathtt{fioac1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 573see values of $\mathtt{fioac1}$, $\mathtt{fioac2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital59$\mathtt{fioacv}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{iopc}}{\mathtt{iopcd}}\right)$page 571see table $\mathtt{fioacv}$
      Capital60$\mathtt{isopc}=clip(\mathtt{isopc2},\mathtt{isopc1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 573see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital61$\mathtt{isopc1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 573see table $\mathtt{isopc1}$
      Capital62$\mathtt{isopc2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 574see table $\mathtt{isopc2}$
      Capital63$\mathtt{fioas}=clip(\mathtt{fioas2},\mathtt{fioas1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 574see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital64$\mathtt{fioas1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{sopc}}{\mathtt{isopc}}\right)$page 574see table $\mathtt{fioas1}$
      Capital65$\mathtt{fioas2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{sopc}}{\mathtt{isopc}}\right)$page 574see table $\mathtt{fioas2}$
      Capital66$\mathtt{scir}=\mathtt{io}\times\mathtt{fioas}$page 574
      Capital67$\frac{d\mathtt{sc}}{dt}=\mathtt{scir}-\mathtt{scdr}$page 574see initialisation of $\mathtt{sc}$
      Capital68$\mathtt{scdr}=\frac{\mathtt{sc}}{\mathtt{alsc}}$page 574
      Capital69$\mathtt{alsc}=clip(\mathtt{alsc2},\mathtt{alsc1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 574see values of $\mathtt{alsc1}$, $\mathtt{alsc2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital70$\mathtt{so}=\frac{\mathtt{sc}\times\mathtt{cuf}}{\mathtt{scor}}$page 575
      Capital71$\mathtt{sopc}=\frac{\mathtt{so}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 575
      Capital72$\mathtt{scor}=clip(\mathtt{scor2},\mathtt{scor1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 575see values of $\mathtt{scor1}$, $\mathtt{scor2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Capital73$\mathtt{j}=\mathtt{pjis}+\mathtt{pjas}+\mathtt{pjss}$page 575
      Capital74$\mathtt{pjis}=\mathtt{ic}\times\mathtt{jpicu}$page 575
      Capital75$\mathtt{jpicu}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})\times0.001$page 575see table $\mathtt{jpicu}$
      Capital76$\mathtt{pjss}=\mathtt{sc}\times\mathtt{jpscu}$page 575
      Capital77$\mathtt{jpscu}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{sopc})\times0.001$page 575see table $\mathtt{jpscu}$
      Capital78$\mathtt{pjas}=\mathtt{jph}\times\mathtt{al}$page 575
      Capital79$\mathtt{jph}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{aiph})$page 575see table $\mathtt{jph}$
      Capital80$\mathtt{lf}=(\mathtt{p2}+\mathtt{p3})\times\mathtt{lfpf}$page 575-6see value of $\mathtt{lfpf}$
      Capital81$\mathtt{luf}=\frac{\mathtt{j}}{\mathtt{lf}}$page 576
      Capital82$\frac{d\mathtt{lufd}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{luf}-\mathtt{lufd}}{\mathtt{lufdt}}$page 576see value of $\mathtt{lufdt}$
      Capital83$\mathtt{cuf}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{lufd})$page 576see table $\mathtt{cuf}$ and initialisation of $\mathtt{cuf}$
      Agriculture84$\mathtt{lfc}=\frac{\mathtt{al}}{\mathtt{palt}}$page 576see value of $\mathtt{palt}$
      Agriculture85$\frac{d\mathtt{al}}{dt}=\mathtt{ldr}-\mathtt{ler}-\mathtt{lrui}$page 576see initialisation of $\mathtt{al}$
      Agriculture86$\frac{d\mathtt{pal}}{dt}=-\mathtt{ldr}$page 576see initialisation of $\mathtt{pal}$
      Agriculture87$\mathtt{f}=\mathtt{ly}\times\mathtt{al}\times\mathtt{lfh}\times(1-\mathtt{pl})$page 576see values of $\mathtt{lfh}$ and $\mathtt{pl}$
      Agriculture88$\mathtt{fpc}=\frac{\mathtt{f}}{\mathtt{pop}}$page 576
      Agriculture89$\mathtt{ifpc}=clip(\mathtt{ifpc2},\mathtt{ifpc1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 577see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture90$\mathtt{ifpc1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 577see table $\mathtt{ifpc1}$
      Agriculture91$\mathtt{ifpc2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 577see table $\mathtt{ifpc2}$
      Agriculture92$\mathtt{tai}=\mathtt{io}\times\mathtt{fioaa}$page 577
      Agriculture93$\mathtt{fioaa}=clip(\mathtt{fioaa2},\mathtt{fioaa1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 577see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture94$\mathtt{fioaa1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{ifpc}}\right)$page 577see table $\mathtt{fioaa1}$
      Agriculture95$\mathtt{fioaa2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{ifpc}}\right)$page 577see table $\mathtt{fioaa2}$
      Agriculture96$\mathtt{ldr}=\frac{\mathtt{tai}\times\mathtt{fiald}}{\mathtt{dcph}}$page 577
      Agriculture97$\mathtt{dcph}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{pal}}{\mathtt{palt}}\right)$page 578see table $\mathtt{dcph}$
      Agriculture98$\mathtt{cai}=\mathtt{tai}\times(1-\mathtt{fiald})$page 578
      Agriculture99$\frac{d\mathtt{ai}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{cai}-\mathtt{ai}}{\mathtt{alai}}$page 578see initialisation of $\mathtt{ai}$
      Agriculture100$\mathtt{alai}=clip(\mathtt{alai2},\mathtt{alai1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 578see values of $\mathtt{alai1}$, $\mathtt{alai2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture101$\mathtt{aiph}=\frac{\mathtt{ai}\times(1-\mathtt{falm})}{\mathtt{al}}$page 578
      Agriculture102$\mathtt{lymc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{aiph})$page 578see table $\mathtt{lymc}$
      Agriculture103$\mathtt{ly}=\mathtt{lyf}\times\mathtt{lfert}\times\mathtt{lymc}\times\mathtt{lymap}$page 578
      Agriculture104$\mathtt{lyf}=clip(\mathtt{lyf2},\mathtt{lyf1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 578see values of $\mathtt{lyf1}$, $\mathtt{lyf2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture105$\mathtt{lymap}=clip(\mathtt{lymap2},\mathtt{lymap1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 579see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture106$\mathtt{lymap1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{io}}{\mathtt{io70}}\right)$page 579see table $\mathtt{lymap1}$ and value of $\mathtt{io70}$
      Agriculture107$\mathtt{lymap2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{io}}{\mathtt{io70}}\right)$page 579see table $\mathtt{lymap2}$ and value of $\mathtt{io70}$
      Agriculture108$\mathtt{fiald}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{mpld}}{\mathtt{mpai}}\right)$page 579see table $\mathtt{fiald}$
      Agriculture109$\mathtt{mpld}=\frac{\mathtt{ly}}{\mathtt{dcph}\times\mathtt{sd}}$page 579see value of $\mathtt{sd}$
      Agriculture110$\mathtt{mpai}=\frac{\mathtt{alai}\times\mathtt{ly}\times\mathtt{mlymc}}{\mathtt{lymc}}$page 579
      Agriculture111$\mathtt{mlymc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{aiph})$page 579see table $\mathtt{mlymc}$
      Agriculture112$\mathtt{all}=\mathtt{alln}\times\mathtt{llmy}$page 580see value of $\mathtt{alln}$
      Agriculture113$\mathtt{llmy}=clip(\mathtt{llmy2},\mathtt{llmy1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 580see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Agriculture114$\mathtt{llmy1}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{ly}}{\mathtt{ilf}}\right)$page 580see table $\mathtt{llmy1}$
      Agriculture115$\mathtt{llmy2}=\mathit{interpolate}\left(\frac{\mathtt{ly}}{\mathtt{ilf}}\right)$page 580see table $\mathtt{llmy2}$
      Agriculture116$\mathtt{ler}=\frac{\mathtt{al}}{\mathtt{all}}$page 580
      Agriculture117$\mathtt{uilpc}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 580see table $\mathtt{uilpc}$
      Agriculture118$\mathtt{uilr}=\mathtt{uilpc}\times\mathtt{pop}$page 580
      Agriculture119$\mathtt{lrui}=\mathit{max}\left(0,\frac{\mathtt{uilr}-\mathtt{uil}}{\mathtt{uildt}}\right)$page 580see value of $\mathtt{uildt}$
      Agriculture120$\frac{d\mathtt{uil}}{dt}=\mathtt{lrui}$page 580see initialisation of $\mathtt{uil}$
      Agriculture121$\frac{d\mathtt{lfert}}{dt}=\mathtt{lfr}-\mathtt{lfd}$page 581see initialisation of $\mathtt{lfert}$
      Agriculture122$\mathtt{lfdr}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ppolx})$page 581see table $\mathtt{lfdr}$
      Agriculture123$\mathtt{lfd}=\mathtt{lfert}\times\mathtt{lfdr}$page 581
      Agriculture124$\mathtt{lfr}=\frac{\mathtt{ilf}-\mathtt{lfert}}{\mathtt{lfrt}}$page 581see value of $\mathtt{ilf}$
      Agriculture125$\mathtt{lfrt}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{falm})$page 581see table $\mathtt{lfrt}$
      Agriculture126$\mathtt{falm}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{pfr})$page 581see table $\mathtt{falm}$
      Agriculture127$\mathtt{fr}=\frac{\mathtt{fpc}}{\mathtt{sfpc}}$page 581see value of $\mathtt{sfpc}$
      Agriculture128$\frac{d\mathtt{pfr}}{dt}=\frac{\mathtt{fr}-\mathtt{pfr}}{\mathtt{fspd}}$page 581-2see initialisation of $\mathtt{pfr}$ and value of $\mathtt{fspd}$
      Nonrenewable129$\frac{d\mathtt{nr}}{dt}=\mathtt{-nrur}$page 582see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Nonrenewable130$\mathtt{nrur}=\mathtt{pop}\times\mathtt{pcrum}\times\mathtt{nruf}$page 582
      Nonrenewable131$\mathtt{nruf}=clip(\mathtt{nruf2},\mathtt{nruf1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 582see values of $\mathtt{nruf1}$, $\mathtt{nruf2}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Nonrenewable132$\mathtt{pcrum}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{iopc})$page 582see table $\mathtt{pcrum}$
      Nonrenewable133$\mathtt{nrfr}=\frac{\mathtt{nr}}{\mathtt{nri}}\times\mathtt{nruf}$page 582see initialisation of $\mathtt{nr}$
      Nonrenewable134$\mathtt{fcaor}=clip(\mathtt{fcaor2},\mathtt{fcaor1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 582see value of $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Nonrenewable135$\mathtt{fcaor1}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{nrfr})$page 582see table $\mathtt{fcaor1}$
      Nonrenewable136$\mathtt{fcaor2}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{nrfr})$page 582-3see table $\mathtt{fcaor2}$
      Pollution137$\mathtt{ppgr}=(\mathtt{ppgio}+\mathtt{ppgao})\times\mathtt{ppgf}$page 583
      Pollution138$\mathtt{ppgf}=clip(\mathtt{ppgf2},\mathtt{ppgf1},t,\mathtt{pyear})$page 583see values of $\mathtt{ppgf2}$, $\mathtt{ppgf1}$, and $\mathtt{pyear}$
      Pollution139$\mathtt{ppgio}=\mathtt{pcrum}\times\mathtt{pop}\times\mathtt{frpm}\times\mathtt{imef}\times\mathtt{imti}$page 583see values of $\mathtt{frpm}$, $\mathtt{imef}$, and $\mathtt{imti}$
      Pollution140$\mathtt{ppgao}=\mathtt{aiph}\times\mathtt{al}\times\mathtt{fipm}\times\mathtt{amti}$page 583see values of $\mathtt{fipm}$ and $\mathtt{amti}$
      Pollution141$\frac{d\mathtt{ppapr}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ppapr2}-\mathtt{ppapr}}{\mathtt{pptd}}$page 583see value of $\mathtt{pptd}$
      Pollution141$\frac{d\mathtt{ppapr2}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ppapr1}-\mathtt{ppapr2}}{\mathtt{pptd}}$page 583see value of $\mathtt{pptd}$
      Pollution141$\frac{d\mathtt{ppapr1}}{dt}=3\times\frac{\mathtt{ppgr}-\mathtt{ppapr1}}{\mathtt{pptd}}$page 583see value of $\mathtt{pptd}$
      Pollution142$\frac{d\mathtt{ppol}}{dt}=\mathtt{ppapr}-\mathtt{ppasr}$page 583see initialisation of $\mathtt{ppol}$
      Pollution143$\mathtt{ppolx}=\frac{\mathtt{ppol}}{\mathtt{ppol70}}$page 584see value of $\mathtt{ppol70}$
      Pollution144$\mathtt{ppasr}=\frac{\mathtt{ppol}}{\mathtt{ahl}\times 1.4}$page 584
      Pollution145$\mathtt{ahlm}=\mathit{interpolate}(\mathtt{ppolx})$page 584see table $\mathtt{ahlm}$
      Pollution146$\mathtt{ahl}=\mathtt{ahl70}\times\mathtt{ahlm}$page 584see value of $\mathtt{ahl70}$
      Supplementary147$\mathtt{foa}=\frac{0.22\times\mathtt{f}}{0.22\times\mathtt{f}+\mathtt{so}+\mathtt{io}}$page 584
      Supplementary148$\mathtt{foi}=\frac{\mathtt{io}}{0.22\times\mathtt{f}+\mathtt{so}+\mathtt{io}}$page 584
      Supplementary149$\mathtt{fos}=\frac{\mathtt{so}}{0.22\times\mathtt{f}+\mathtt{so}+\mathtt{io}}$page 584

      Variable and (ODE) subsystem correspondance

      DescriptionNameMain subsystemOther subsystems
      Populationpoppopulationland_development, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use, industrial_subsector, service_subsector, non_renewable, persistent_pollution, birth_rate, death_rate
      Population, ages 0-14p1population
      Population, ages 15-44p2populationjob_subsector
      Population, ages 45-64p3populationjob_subsector
      Population, ages 65+p4population
      Deaths per year, ages 0-14d1population
      Deaths per year, ages 15-44d2population
      Deaths per year, ages 45-64d3population
      Deaths per year, ages 65+d4population
      Mortality, ages 0-14m1population
      Mortality, ages 15-44m2population
      Mortality, ages 45-64m3population
      Mortality, ages 65+m4population
      Maturation rate, age 14-15mat1population
      Maturation rate, age 44-45mat2population
      Maturation rate, age 64-65mat3population
      Deaths per yeardrdeath_ratepopulation
      Crude death ratecdrdeath_rate
      Life expectancyledeath_ratebirth_rate,population
      Lifetime multiplier from foodlmfdeath_rate
      Health services allocations per capitahsapcdeath_rate
      Effective health services per capitaehspcdeath_rate
      Lifetime multiplier from health serviceslmhsdeath_rate
      lmhs before time pyearlmhs1death_rate
      lmhs after time pyearlmhs2death_rate
      Fraction of population urbanfpudeath_rate
      Crowding multiplier from industrializationcmideath_rate
      Lifetime multiplier from crowdinglmcdeath_rate
      Lifetime multiplier from pollutionlmpdeath_rate
      Births per yearbrbirth_ratepopulation
      Crude birth ratecbrbirth_rate
      Total fertilitytfbirth_ratepopulation
      Maximum total fertilitymtfbirth_rate
      Fecundity multiplierfmbirth_rate
      Desired total fertilitydtfbirth_rate
      Compensatory multiplier from perceived life expectancycmplebirth_rate
      Perceived life expectancyplebirth_rate
      ple1birth_rate
      ple2birth_rate
      Desired completed family sizedcfsbirth_rate
      Social family size normsfsnbirth_rate
      Delayed industrial output per capitadiopcbirth_rate
      diopc1birth_rate
      diopc2birth_rate
      Family response to social normfrsnbirth_rate
      Family income expectationfiebirth_rate
      Averag industrial output per capitaaiopcbirth_rate
      Need for fertility controlnfcbirth_rate
      Fertility control effectivenessfcebirth_rate
      Fertility control facilities per capitafcfpcbirth_rate
      fcfpc1birth_rate
      fcfpc2birth_rate
      Fertility control allocations per capitafcapcbirth_rate
      Fraction of services allocated to fertility controlfsafcbirth_rate
      Industrial output per capitaiopcindustrial_subsectorland_development, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use, job_subsector, service_subsector, non_renewable, birth_rate, death_rate
      Industrial outputioindustrial_subsectoragricultural_inputs, land_development, service_subsector, supplementary_equations
      Industrial capital-output ratioicorindustrial_subsector
      Industrial capitalicindustrial_subsectorjob_subsector
      Industrial capital depreciation rateicdrindustrial_subsector
      Average lifetime of industrial capitalalicindustrial_subsector
      Industrial capital investment rateicirindustrial_subsector
      Fraction of industrial output allocated to industryfioaiindustrial_subsector
      Fraction of industrial output allocated to consumptionfioacindustrial_subsector
      fioac constantfioaccindustrial_subsector
      fioac variablefioacvindustrial_subsector
      Indicated service output per capitaisopcservice_subsector
      isopc before pyearisopc1service_subsector
      isopc after pyearisopc2service_subsector
      Fraction of industrial output allocated to servicesfioasservice_subsectorindustrial_subsector
      fioas before pyearfioas1service_subsector
      fioas after pyearfioas2service_subsector
      Service capital investment ratescirservice_subsector
      Service capitalscservice_subsectorjob_subsector
      Service capital depreciation ratescdrservice_subsector
      Average lifetime of service capitalalscservice_subsector
      Service outputsoservice_subsectorsupplementary_equations
      Service output per capitasopcservice_subsectorjob_subsector, birth_rate, death_rate
      Service capital-output ratioscorservice_subsector
      Jobsjjob_subsector
      Potential jobs in industrial sectorpjisjob_subsector
      Jobs per industrial capital unitjpicujob_subsector
      Potential jobs in service sectorpjssjob_subsector
      Jobs per service capital unitjpscujob_subsector
      Potential jobs in agricultural sectorpjasjob_subsector
      Jobs per hectarejphjob_subsector
      Labor forcelfjob_subsector
      Labor utilization fractionlufjob_subsector
      Labor utilization fraction delayedlufdjob_subsector
      Capital utilization fractioncufjob_subsectorindustrial_subsector, service_subsector
      Land fraction cultivatedlfcland_development
      Arable landalland_developmentagricultural_inputs, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use, job_subsector, persistent_pollution
      Potentially arable landpalland_development
      Foodfland_developmentsupplementary_equations
      Food per capitafpcland_developmentdiscontinuing_land_maintenance, death_rate
      Indicated food per capitaifpcland_development
      ifpc before pyearifpc1land_development
      ifpc after pyearifpc2land_development
      Total agricultural investmenttailand_developmentagricultural_inputs
      Fraction of industral ouput allocated to agriculturefioaaland_developmentindustrial_subsector
      fioaa before pyearfioaa1land_development
      fioaa after pyearfioaa2land_development
      Land development rateldrland_development
      Development cost per hectaredcphland_developmentinvestment_allocation_decision
      Current agricultural inputscaiagricultural_inputs
      agricultural inputsaiagricultural_inputs
      Average lifetime of agricultural inputsalaiagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision
      Agricultural inputs per hectareaiphagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision, job_subsector, persistent_pollution
      Land yield multiplier from capitallymcagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision
      Land yieldlyagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision, land_development, land_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land yield factorlyfagricultural_inputs
      Land yield multiplier from air pollutionlymapagricultural_inputs
      lymap before pyearlymap1agricultural_inputs
      lymap after pyearlymap2agricultural_inputs
      Fraction of inputs allocated to land developmentfialdagricultural_inputsinvestment_allocation_decision , land_development
      Marginal productivity of land developmentmpldinvestment_allocation_decision
      Marginal productivity of agricultural inputsmpaiinvestment_allocation_decision
      Marginal land yield multiplier from capitalmlymcinvestment_allocation_decision
      Average life of landallland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land life multiplier from yeldllmyland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      llmy before pyearllmy1land_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      llmy after pyearllmy2land_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land erosion ratelerland_erosion_urban_industrial_useland_development
      Urban-industrial land per capitauilpcland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Urban-industrial land requireduilrland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land removal from urban-industrial uselruiland_erosion_urban_industrial_useland_development
      Urban-industrial landuilland_erosion_urban_industrial_use
      Land fertilitylfertland_fertility_degradationagricultural_inputs, land_fertility_regeneration
      Land fertility degradation ratelfdrland_fertility_degradation
      Land fertility degradationlfdland_fertility_degradation
      Land fertility regenerationlfrland_fertility_regenerationland_fertility_degradation
      Land fertility regeneration timelfrtland_fertility_regeneration
      Fraction of inputs allocated to land maintenancefalmdiscontinuing_land_maintenanceagricultural_inputs, land_fertility_regeneration
      Food ratiofrdiscontinuing_land_maintenance
      Perceived food ratiopfrdiscontinuing_land_maintenance
      Nonrenewable resourcesnrnon_renewable
      Nonrenewable resource usage ratenrurnon_renewable
      Nonrenewable resource usage factornrufnon_renewable
      Per capita resource usage multiplierpcrumnon_renewablepersistent_pollution
      Nonrenewable resource fraction remainingnrfrnon_renewable
      Fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resourcesfcaornon_renewableindustrial_subsector
      fcaor before pyearfcaor1non_renewable
      fcaor after pyearfcaor2non_renewable
      Persistent pollution generation rateppgrpersistent_pollution
      Persistent pollution generation factorppgfpersistent_pollution
      ppgf before pyearppgf1persistent_pollution
      ppgf after pyearppgf2persistent_pollutionadaptive_technological_control_cards
      Persistent pollution generated by industrial outputppgiopersistent_pollution
      Persistent pollution generated by agricultural outputppgaopersistent_pollution
      Persistent pollution appearance rateppaprpersistent_pollution
      ppapr1persistent_pollution
      ppapr2persistent_pollution
      ppapr3persistent_pollution
      Persistent pollutionppolpersistent_pollution
      Index of persistent pollutionppolxpersistent_pollutionland_fertility_degradation, pollution_damage, death_rate
      Persistent pollution assimilation rateppasrpersistent_pollution
      Assimilation half-life multiplierahlmpersistent_pollution
      Assimilation half-lifeahlpersistent_pollution
      Lifetime multiplier from persistent pollutionlmppollution_damageadaptive_technological_control_cards
      Land fertility degradation ratelfdrpollution_damage
      Fraction of output in agriculturefoasupplementary_equations
      Fraction of output in industryfoisupplementary_equations
      Fraction of output in servicesfossupplementary_equations

      Variable initializations

      DescriptionInitializationReference
      Agricultural inputs$\mathtt{ai}(0) = 5e9$lines 99.1-2
      Arable land$\mathtt{al}(0) = 0.9e9$lines 85.1-2
      Average industrial output per capita$\mathtt{aiopc}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$line 43
      Capital utilization fraction$\mathtt{cuf}(0) = 1$line 83.1
      Delayed industrial output per capita$\mathtt{diopc}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$line 40
      $\mathtt{diopc1}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$
      $\mathtt{diopc2}(0) = \mathtt{iopc}(0)$
      Effective health services per capita$\mathtt{ehspc}(0)=\mathtt{hsapc}(0)$line 22
      Fertility control facilities per capita$\mathtt{fcfpc}(0) = \mathtt{fcapc}(0)$line 46
      $\mathtt{fcfpc1}(0) = \mathtt{fcapc}(0)$
      $\mathtt{fcfpc2}(0) = \mathtt{fcapc}(0)$
      Family response to social norm$\mathtt{frsn}(0)=0.82$line 41.2
      Industrial capital$\mathtt{ic}(0)=2.1e11$lines 52.1-2
      Land fertility$\mathtt{lfert}(0)=600$lines 121.1-2
      Labor utilization fraction delay$\mathtt{lufd}(0)=\mathtt{luf}(0)$line 82
      Nonrenewable resources$\mathtt{nr}(0)=1e12$lines 129.1-2
      Population, ages 0-14$\mathtt{p1}(0)=65e7$lines 2.1-2
      Population, ages 15-44$\mathtt{p2}(0)=70e7$lines 6.1-2
      Population, ages 45-64$\mathtt{p3}(0)=19e7$lines 10.1-2
      Population, ages 65+$\mathtt{p4}(0)=6e7$lines 14.1-2
      Potentially arable land$\mathtt{pal}(0) = 2.3e9$lines 86.1-2
      Perceived food ratio$\mathtt{pfr}(0)=1$line 128
      Perceived life expectancy$\mathtt{ple}(0) = \mathtt{le}(0)$line 37
      $\mathtt{ple1}(0) = \mathtt{le}(0)$
      $\mathtt{ple2}(0) = \mathtt{le}(0)$
      Persistent pollution appearance rate$\mathtt{ppapr}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$line 141
      $\mathtt{ppapr1}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$
      $\mathtt{ppapr2}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$
      $\mathtt{ppapr3}(0) = \mathtt{ppgr}(0)$
      Persistent pollution$\mathtt{ppol}(0) = 2.5e7$line 142.1
      Service capital$\mathtt{sc}(0) = 1.44e11$lines 67.1-2
      Urban-industrial land$\mathtt{uil}(0) = 8.2e6$lines 120.1-2

      Parameters

      DescriptionNameValueSystem
      Assimilation half-life in 1970$\mathtt{ahl}70$$1.5$Pollution
      alai before pyear$\mathtt{alai1}$$2$Agriculture
      alai after pyear$\mathtt{alai2}$$2$Agriculture
      alic before pyear$\mathtt{alic1}$$14$Capital
      alic after pyear$\mathtt{alic2}$$14$Capital
      Average life of land normal$\mathtt{alln}$$6000$Agriculture
      alsc before pyear$\mathtt{alsc1}$$20$Capital
      alsc after pyear$\mathtt{alsc2}$$20$Capital
      Agricultural materials toxicity index$\mathtt{amti}$$1$Pollution
      Desired completed family size normal$\mathtt{dcfsn}$$4$Population
      Fertility control effectiveness set time$\mathtt{fcest}$$4000$Population
      fioac before pyear$\mathtt{fioac1}$$0.43$Capital
      fioac after pyear$\mathtt{fioac2}$$0.43$Capital
      Fraction of inputs as persistent materials$\mathtt{fipm}$$0.001$Pollution
      Fraction of resources as persistent materials$\mathtt{frpm}$$0.02$Pollution
      Food shortage perception delay$\mathtt{fspd}$$2$Agriculture
      Health services impact delay$\mathtt{hsid}$$20$Population
      icor before pyear$\mathtt{icor1}$$3$Capital
      icor after pyear$\mathtt{icor2}$$3$Capital
      Income expectation averaging time$\mathtt{ieat}$$3$Population
      Industrial equilibrium time$\mathtt{iet}$$4000$Capital
      Inherent land fertility$\mathtt{ilf}$$600$Agriculture
      Industrial materials emission factor$\mathtt{imef}$$0.1$Pollution
      Industrial materials toxicity index$\mathtt{imti}$$10$Pollution
      Industrial output in 1970$\mathtt{io}70$$7.9e11$Agriculture
      Industrial output per capita desired$\mathtt{iopcd}$$400$Capital
      Life expectancy normal$\mathtt{len}$$28$Population
      Land fraction harvested$\mathtt{lfh}$$0.7$Agriculture
      Labor force participation fraction$\mathtt{lfpf}$$0.75$Capital
      Lifetime perception delay$\mathtt{lpd}$$20$Population
      Labor utilization fraction delay time$\mathtt{lufdt}$$2$Capital
      lyf before pyear$\mathtt{lyf1}$$1$Agriculture
      lyf after pyear$\mathtt{lyf2}$$1$Agriculture
      Maximum total fertility normal$\mathtt{mtfn}$$12$Population
      nruf before pyear$\mathtt{nruf1}$$1$NonRenewable
      nruf after pyear$\mathtt{nruf2}$$1$NonRenewable
      Potentially arable land total$\mathtt{palt}$$3.2e9$Agriculture
      Population equilibrium time$\mathtt{pet}$$4000$Population
      Processing loss$\mathtt{pl}$$0.1$Agriculture
      ppgf before pyear$\mathtt{ppgf1}$$1$Pollution
      ppgf after pyear$\mathtt{ppgf2}$$1$Pollution
      Persistent pollution in 1970$\mathtt{ppol70}$$1.36e8$Pollution
      Year new policy is implemented$\mathtt{pyear}$$1975$
      Reproductive lifetime$\mathtt{rlt}$$30$Population
      Social adjustment delay$\mathtt{sad}$$20$Population
      Social discount$\mathtt{sd}$$0.07$Agriculture
      scor before pyear$\mathtt{scor1}$$1$Capital
      scor after pyear$\mathtt{scor2}$$1$Capital
      Subsistence food per capita$\mathtt{sfpc}$$230$Agriculture
      Technological development and implementation delay$\mathtt{tdd}$$10$Pollution
      Urban-industrial land development time$\mathtt{uildt}$$10$Agriculture
      Time when desired family size equals 2 children$\mathtt{zpgt}$$4000$NonRenewable

      Tables and ranges

      Variable nameTableRangeSystem
      $\mathtt{ifpc1}$$(230.0, 480.0, 690.0, 850.0, 970.0, 1070.0, 1150.0, 1210.0, 1250.0)$$(0, 1600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{ifpc2}$$(230.0, 480.0, 690.0, 850.0, 970.0, 1070.0, 1150.0, 1210.0, 1250.0)$$(0, 1600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fioaa1}$$(0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.025, 0.0, 0.0)$$(0.0, 2.5)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fioaa2}$$(0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.025, 0.0, 0.0)$$(0.0, 2.5)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{dcph}$$(100000.0, 7400.0, 5200.0, 3500.0, 2400.0, 1500.0, 750.0, 300.0, 150.0, 75.0, 50.0)$$(0, 1)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lymc}$$(1.0, 3.0, 3.8, 4.4, 4.9, 5.4, 5.7, 6.0, 6.3, 6.6, 6.9, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8, 9.0, 9.2, 9.4, 9.6, 9.8, 10.0)$$(0, 1000)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lymap1}$$(1.0, 1.0, 0.7, 0.4)$$(0, 30)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lymap2}$$(1.0, 1.0, 0.7, 0.4)$$(0, 30)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fiald}$$(0.0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.85, 0.95, 1.0)$$(0, 2)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{mlymc}$$(0.075, 0.03, 0.015, 0.011, 0.009, 0.009, 0.007, 0.006, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005, 0.005)$$(0, 600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{llmy1}$$(1.2, 1.0, 0.63, 0.36, 0.16, 0.055, 0.04, 0.025, 0.015, 0.01)$$(0, 9)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{llmy2}$$(1.2, 1.0, 0.63, 0.36, 0.16, 0.055, 0.04, 0.025, 0.015, 0.01)$$(0, 9)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{uilpc}$$(0.005, 0.008, 0.015, 0.025, 0.04, 0.055, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09)$$(0, 1600)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lfdr}$$(0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)$$(0, 30)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{lfrt}$$(20.0, 13.0, 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 2.0)$$(0, 0.1)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{falm}$$(0.0, 0.04, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1)$$(0, 4)$Agriculture
      $\mathtt{fioaa}$$(0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1)$$(1900, 2000)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fioas2}$$(0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.0)$$(0, 2)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fioas1}$$(0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.0)$$(0, 2)$Capital
      $\mathtt{isopc1}$$(40.0, 300.0, 640.0, 1000.0, 1220.0, 1450.0, 1650.0, 1800.0, 2000.0)$$(0, 1600)$Capital
      $\mathtt{isopc2}$$(40.0, 300.0, 640.0, 1000.0, 1220.0, 1450.0, 1650.0, 1800.0, 2000.0)$$(0, 1600)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fioacv}$$(0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, 0.43, 0.73, 0.77, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83)$$(0, 2)$Capital
      $\mathtt{cuf}$$(1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1)$$(1, 11)$Capital
      $\mathtt{jpicu}$$(0.37, 0.18, 0.12, 0.09, 0.07, 0.06)$$(50, 800)$Capital
      $\mathtt{jph}$$(2.0, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.27, 0.24, 0.2, 0.2)$$(2, 30)$Capital
      $\mathtt{aiph}$$(5.0, 11.0, 21.0, 34.0, 58.0, 86.0, 123.0, 61.0, 23.0, 8.0, 3.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Capital
      $\mathtt{al}$$(9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 13.0, 16.0, 20.0, 23.0, 24.0, 24.0, 24.0, 24.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Capital
      $\mathtt{jpscu}$$(1.1, 0.6, 0.35, 0.2, 0.15, 0.15)$$(50, 800)$Capital
      $\mathtt{pop}$$(1.65, 1.73, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.55, 3.0, 3.65, 4.0, 4.6, 5.15)$$(1900, 2000)$Capital
      $\mathtt{fcaor}$$(0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05)$$(1900, 2000)$Capital
      $\mathtt{pcrum}$$(0.0, 0.85, 2.6, 4.4, 5.4, 6.2, 6.8, 7.0, 7.0)$$(0, 1600)$NonRenewable
      $\mathtt{fcaor1}$$(1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05)$$(0, 1)$NonRenewable
      $\mathtt{fcaor2}$$(1.0, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05)$$(0, 1)$NonRenewable
      $\mathtt{ahlm}$$(1.0, 11.0, 21.0, 31.0, 41.0)$$(1, 1001)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{pcrum}$$(17.0, 30.0, 52.0, 78.0, 138.0, 280.0, 480.0, 660.0, 700.0, 700.0, 700.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{pop}$$(16.0, 19.0, 22.0, 31.0, 42.0, 53.0, 67.0, 86.0, 109.0, 139.0, 176.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{aiph}$$(6.6, 11.0, 20.0, 34.0, 57.0, 97.0, 168.0, 290.0, 495.0, 845.0, 1465.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{al}$$(9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 13.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0, 26.0, 27.0, 27.0, 27.0)$$(1900, 2100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{pctcm}$$(0.0, -0.05)$$(0, 0.1)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lmp1}$$(1.0, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.40, 0.20)$$(0, 100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lmp2}$$(1.0, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.40, 0.20)$$(0, 100)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lfdr1}$$(0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)$$(0, 30)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{lfdr2}$$(0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)$$(0, 30)$Pollution
      $\mathtt{cmi}$$(0.5, 0.05, -0.1, -0.08, -0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)$$(0, 1600)$Population
      $\mathtt{fpu}$$(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.58, 0.65, 0.72, 0.78, 0.8)$$(0, 16e9)$Population
      $\mathtt{hsapc}$$(0.0, 20.0, 50.0, 95.0, 140.0, 175.0, 200.0, 220.0, 230.0)$$(0.0, 2000.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmf}$$(0.0, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4)$$(0.0, 5.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmhs1}$$(1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8)$$(0.0, 100.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmhs2}$$(1.0, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.95, 2.0)$$(0.0, 100.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{lmp}$$(1.0, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95, 0.9, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.4, 0.2)$$(0.0, 100.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{fm}$$(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1)$$(0.0, 80.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{cmple}$$(3.0, 2.1, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.05, 1.0)$$(0.0, 80.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{sfsn}$$(1.25, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.75)$$(0.0, 800.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{frsn}$$(0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.85, 1.0)$$(-0.2, 0.2)$Population
      $\mathtt{fce}$$(0.75, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 0.98, 0.99, 1.0)$$(0.0, 3.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{fsafc}$$(0.0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035)$$(0.0, 10.0)$Population
      $\mathtt{m1}$$(0.0567, 0.0366, 0.0243, 0.0155, 0.0082, 0.0023, 0.001)$$(20, 80)$Population
      $\mathtt{m2}$$(0.0266, 0.0171, 0.0110, 0.0065, 0.0040, 0.0016, 0.0008)$$(20, 80)$Population
      $\mathtt{m3}$$(0.0562, 0.0373, 0.0252, 0.0171, 0.0118, 0.0083, 0.006)$$(20, 80)$Population
      $\mathtt{m4}$$(0.13, 0.11, 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04)$$(20, 80)$Population