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London
Capital of the United Kingdom
(also the de facto capital of England)
Clockwise from top: City of London in the foreground
with Canary Wharf in the far background, Trafalgar
Square, London Eye, Tower Bridge and a London
Underground roundel in front of Elizabeth Tower
Interactive map showing administrative boundaries
London
London (/ˈlʌndən/ ( listen) LUN-dən) is the capital city of the United Kingdom.
[9][10] Standing on
the River Thames in southeastern England, 50 miles (80 km) upstream from its estuary with the North
Sea, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. Londinium was founded by the
Romans.
[11] The City of London, London's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles (2.9 km2
)
and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains its medieval boundaries.[12][13][14][15][16][note 1]
The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status. Greater London is
governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
[17][note 2][18] London is a leading
global city[19][20] in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media,
professional services, research and development, tourism and transportation.[21][22][23] London, the
fourth fastest-growing city, is 26 out of 300 major cities for economic performance.[24] It is one of the
largest financial centres[25] and has either the fifth or sixth largest metropolitan area
GDP.
[note 3][26][27][28][29][30] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[31] and
has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic.[32] It is the leading investment
destination,[33][34][35][36] hosting more international retailers[37][38] and ultra high-net-worth
individuals[39][40] than any other city. London's universities form the largest concentration of higher
education institutes in Europe.[41] In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted three modern
Summer Olympic Games.
[42]
London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the
region.[43] Its estimated mid-2016 municipal population (corresponding to Greater London) was
8,787,892,[4] the most populous of any city in the European Union[44] and accounting for 13.4% of
the UK population.[45] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with
9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census.[46] The population within the London commuter belt is the
most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016.[note 4][3][47] London was the world’s
most populous city from c. 1831 to 1925.[48]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising
the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement
in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and
Greenwich Mean Time.
[49] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly
Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and The Shard. London has numerous
museums, galleries, libraries and sporting events. These include the British Museum, National
Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library and West End theatres.
[50] The
London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.
Toponymy
History
Prehistory
Roman London
Anglo-Saxon and Viking period London
Middle Ages
Early modern
Late modern and contemporary
Administration
Local government
National government
Policing and crime
Geography
Scope
Status
Topography
Climate
Districts
Architecture
Cityscape
Natural history
Demography
Ethnic groups
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W
Contents
Location within England
Location within the United Kingdom
Location within Europe
Location on Earth
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N0°7′39″W
Sovereign State United Kingdom
Constituent Country England
Region London
Counties Greater London
City of London
Settled by Romans AD 47[1]
as Londinium
Districts City of London &
32 boroughs
Government
Religion
Accent
Economy
The City of London
Media and technology
Tourism
Transport
Aviation
Rail
Buses and trams
Cable car
Cycling
Port and river boats
Roads
Education
Tertiary education
Primary and secondary education
Culture
Leisure and entertainment
Literature, film and television
Museums and art galleries
Music
Notable people
Recreation
Parks and open spaces
Walking
Sport
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
It is an ancient name, attested already in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form
Londinium;
[51] for example, handwritten Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD
65/70-80 include the word Londinio ("in London").[52]
Over the years, the name has attracted many mythicising explanations. The earliest attested appears in
Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written around 1136.[51] This had it that the
name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it
Kaerlud.
[53]
Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in
early sources Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein),
with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is
agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic; recent work tends to
reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *[Londonjon] or something similar. This was adapted
into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English, the ancestor-language of English.[54]
The toponymy of the Common Brythonic form is much debated. A prominent explanation was
Richard Coates's 1998 argument that the name derived from pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida,
meaning "river too wide to ford". Coates suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River
Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name,
*Lowonidonjon.
[55] However, most work has accepted a Celtic origin for the name, and recent studies
have favoured an explanation along the lines of a Celtic derivative of an proto-Indo-Europeanroot
*lendh
- ('sink, cause to sink'), combined with the Celtic suffix *-injo- or *-onjo- (used to form placenames).
Peter Schrijver has specifically suggested, on these grounds, that the name originally meant
'place that floods (periodically, tidally)'.[56][54]
Until 1889, the name "London" applied to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the
County of London and Greater London.
[57] "London" is sometimes written informally as "LDN".[58]
London
London
London
London
Toponymy
History
 • Type Devolved authority
 • Body Greater London Authority
 • Elected body London Assembly
 • Mayor Sadiq Khan (Lab)
 • London Assembly 14 constituencies
 • UK Parliament 73 constituencies
 • European Parliament London constituency
Area
 • Total[A] 607 sq mi (1,572 km2
)
 • Urban 671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2
)
 • Metro 3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2
)
 • City of London 1.12 sq mi (2.90 km2
)
 • Greater London 606 sq mi (1,569 km2
)
Elevation[2] 36 ft (11 m)
Population (2017)[4]
 • Total[A] 8,825,000
 • Density 14,500/sq mi (5,590/km2
)
 • Urban 9,787,426
 • Metro 14,040,163[3] (1st)
 • City of London 7,700 (67th)
 • Greater London 8,817,300
Demonym(s) Londoner
Cockney (colloquial)
GVA (2016)[5]
 • Total £408 billion (US$534
billion)[6]
 • Per capita £46,482 (US$60,783)[7]
Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean
Time)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer
Time)
Postcode areas
Area code(s)
Police City of London Police and
Metropolitan Police
International airports Heathrow (LHR)
City (LCY)
Outside Greater London:
Gatwick (LGW)
Stansted (STN)
Luton (LTN)
Southend (SEN)
HDI (2017) 0.965[8] – very high
GeoTLD .london
Website london.gov.uk
In 1993, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the south foreshore, upstream of Vauxhall
Bridge.
[59] This bridge either crossed the Thames or reached a now lost island in it. Two of those
timbers were radiocarbon dated to between 1750 BC and 1285 BC.[59]
In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to between 4800 BC and 4500 BC,[60] were
found on the Thames's south foreshore, downstream of Vauxhall Bridge.[61] The function of the
mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on the south bank where the River Effra flows
into the Thames.[61]
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement
was founded by the Romans about four years[1] after the invasion of AD 43.[62] This lasted only until
around AD 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground.[63] The
next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital
of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a
population of around 60,000.[64]
With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital, and the
walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the
area of St Martin-in-the-Fields until around 450.[65] From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement
known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of the old Roman city.
[66] By about 680, the city had
regrown into a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s
repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while
the last, in 994, was rebufed.[67]
The Vikings established Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England; its boundary stretched
roughly from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the
Viking incursions which was formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon
king Alfred the Greatin 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that Alfred "refounded" London in
886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of
life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which
activity increased dramatically.
[68]
By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster
Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest
churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from
this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of
war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and
the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."[69][70]
After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in the newly completed
Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[71] William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman
castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants.[72] In
1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of
a new Palace of Westminster.
[73][74]
In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it
moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. For most purposes
this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the
City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained
England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the
Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[75] Disaster
struck in the form of the Black Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population.[76] London was the focus of the Peasants' Revoltin 1381.[77]
London was also a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward Iin 1290. Violence against Jews took place in 1190, after it was rumoured that the
new King had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation. [78] In 1264 during the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's rebels killed 500
Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.[79]
22 areas
9 area codes
Prehistory
Roman London
In 1300, the City was still confined
within the Roman walls
Anglo-Saxon and Viking period London
Middle Ages
Early modern
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism,
and much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which
accelerated trade and business in the city.
[80] In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up its
main trading base (kontor) of England in London, called the Stalhof or Steelyard. It
existed until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold
the property to South Eastern Railway.
[81] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and
undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries,
where it was considered indispensable.[82]
But the reach of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of
north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea
normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait
of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the reopening
of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a
strong outburst of commercial activity.
[83] The Royal Exchange was founded.[84]
Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company
were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the
principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad.
The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605. [80]
In the 16th century William Shakespeareand his contemporaries lived in London at a time of hostility to the development of
the theatre. By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still very compact. There was an assassination attempt on
James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605.[85]
In the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the
Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642,
culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was
surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of
Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were
completed in under two months.[86] The fortifications failed their only test
when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[87] and they were
levelled by Parliament the same year.
[88]
London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,
[89] culminating in
the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population. [90]
The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings. [91]
Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke[92][93][94] as Surveyor of London.[95] In 1708
Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral was completed. During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair
were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London. In the east, the Port of
London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 1700s.
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century,
London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[96] In
total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death,[97] including petty theft.[98] Most children born in the city died
before reaching their third birthday.
[99]
The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press
making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press. Following the invasion of Amsterdam
by Napoleonic armies, many financiers relocated to London, especially a large Jewish community, and the first London
international issuewas arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world leading war fleet, acting
as a serious deterrent to potential economic adversaries of the United Kingdom. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was
specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international
financial centre.[100] In 1888, London became home to a series of murders by a man known only as Jack the Ripper and It
has since become one of the world's most famous unsolved mysteries.
According to Samuel Johnson:
You find no man, at all intellectual, who is willing to leave London. No, Sir, when a man is tired of London,
he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.
— Samuel Johnson, 1777[101]
The Lancastrian siege of
London in 1471 is attacked
by a Yorkist sally
Westminster Abbey, as seen in this
painting (by Canaletto, 1749), is a
World Heritage Site and one of
London's oldest and most important
buildings
Map of London in 1593. There is only
one bridge across the Thames, but
parts of Southwark on the south bank
of the river have been developed. Vertue's 1738 plan of the Lines of
Communication, built during the
English Civil War
The Great Fire of London destroyed
many parts of the city in 1666
View to the Royal Exchange in the
City of London in 1886
Late modern and contemporary
London was the world's largest city from c.1831 to 1925.[48] London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera
epidemics,[102] claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[103] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the
world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and
some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Councilwas created out of those areas
of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War,
[104] and during the
Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large
tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.
[105] Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympicswere held at
the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London was still recovering from the war.
[106]
From the 1940s onwards, London became home to a large number of
immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica,
India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[107] making London one of the most
diverse cities worldwide. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.
[108] The Great Smog of 1952 led to
the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious.[109]
Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging
London subculture[110] associated with the King's Road, Chelsea[111] and Carnaby Street.
[112] The role of trendsetter was
revived during the punk era.[113] In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the
urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.[114] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was
subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA[115] for two decades, starting with the Old Bailey bombing in
1973.[116][117] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.
[118]
Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the
1980s.[119] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklandsarea becoming a focus for regeneration, including the
Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s.[120] The Thames Barrier was
completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.
[121]
The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London without a central administration until 2000 when London-wide government was restored, with the
creation of the Greater London Authority.
[122] To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed.[123]
On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Gamesthree times.[124] On 7 July 2005, three London
Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.
[125]
In 2008, London named alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, being hailed as the world's three most influential global cities.
[126] In January 2015,
Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.[127] During the Brexit referendumin 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave
the European Union, but a majority of London constituencies voted to remain in the EU. [128]
The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority
(GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[129] The GLA consists of two elected components: the Mayor of London, who has executive
powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is
City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital.[130][131] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the
London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[132] The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughsand the City of London Corporation.
[133] They
are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are
provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for
the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).[134]
The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest
fire service in the world.[135] National Health Serviceambulance servicesare provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-ofuse
emergency ambulance service in the world.[136] The London Air Ambulancecharity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and
the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames,
[137][138] which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the
sea.[139]
London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close
to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall.
[140] The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first
applied to England itself, and not to Westminster, by John Bright)
[141] because it has been a model for many other parliamentary systems.
[141] There are 73 Members of
Parliament (MPs) from London, elected from local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are
Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrat.
[142]
The UK government ministerial post of Minister for London was created in 1994 and currently occupied by Jo Johnson.
[143]
British volunteer recruits in London,
August 1914
A bombed-out London street during
the Blitz of the Second World War
Administration
Local government
National government
Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the
Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[144][145] The City of London has its own police force – the City
of London Police.
[146] The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground,
Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services.[147] A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not
generally become involved with policing the general public.
Crime rates vary widely by area, ranging from parts with serious issues to parts considered very safe. Today crime figures are made
available nationally at Local Authority[148] and Ward level.[149] In 2015 there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.[150]
The Metropolitan Police have made detailed crime figures, broken down by category at borough and ward level, available on their
website since 2000.[151]
Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There have been
50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though
other factors are also involved.[152]
London, also referred to as Greater London, is one of nine regions of Englandand the top-level subdivision covering most of
the city's metropolis.[note 5] The small ancient City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its
urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs, causing "London" to
be defined in a number of ways for diferent purposes.[153]
Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, within which 'LONDON' forms part of postal
addresses.[154][155] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although
some outer districts are excluded and some places just outside are included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned
to the M25 motorway in places.[156]
Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt,
[157] although the built-up area extends beyond
the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.
[158] Greater London is split for some
purposes into Inner London and Outer London.
[159] The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The
coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall,
are about 51°30′26″N00°07′39″W.
[160] However the geographical centre of London, on one definition, is in the London Borough of Lambeth, just 0.1 miles to the northeast
of Lambeth North tube station.
[161]
Within London, both the City of Londonand the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the
purposes of lieutenancies.
[162] The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and
Hertfordshire.
[163] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written
form.[note 6]
Its position was formed through constitutional convention, making its status as de facto capital a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. The capital of England was moved
to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political
capital of the nation.[167] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.
[15]
Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of
7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area
known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382
square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square
kilometre (3,900/sq mi).[168] Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river
which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills
including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on
the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores
reached five times their present width.[169]
Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow
underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[170] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water
level by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles (up in Scotland and Northern Ireland and down in southern parts of England, Wales and Ireland) caused by post-glacial
rebound.
[171][172]
10 Downing Street, official
residence of the Prime
Minister
Policing and crime
Geography
Scope
Satellite view of inner London (2010)
Status
Topography
London from Primrose Hill
In 1974, a decade of work began on the construction of the Thames Barrier across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat. While the barrier is expected to function
as designed until roughly 2070, concepts for its future enlargement or redesign are already being discussed.[173]
London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb ) receiving less precipitation than Rome, Bordeaux, Lisbon, Naples, Sydney and New York
City.
[174][175][176][177][178][179] Temperature extremes in London range from 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) at Kew during August 2003[180] down to −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) at Northolt
during January 1962.[181]
Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (74 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2
days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where
temperatures reached 38 °C (100 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. [182]
Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Snow is rare. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island
effect,[183] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. This can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles
(24 km) west of London, with the London Weather Centre.[184]
Climate data for London (LHR), elevation: 25 m or 82 ft, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1948–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high
°C (°F)
17.2
(63)
19.8
(67.6)
24.2
(75.6)
29.4
(84.9)
32.8
(91)
35.6
(96.1)
36.7
(98.1)
38.1
(100.6)
35.4
(95.7)
29.9
(85.8)
20.8
(69.4)
17.4
(63.3)
38.1
(100.6)
Mean
maximum °C
(°F)
13.1
(55.6)
14.1
(57.4)
17.2
(63)
21.3
(70.3)
25.8
(78.4)
28.5
(83.3)
30.1
(86.2)
29.7
(85.5)
25.5
(77.9)
20.5
(68.9)
16.2
(61.2)
13.5
(56.3)
31.5
(88.7)
Average
high °C (°F)
8.1
(46.6)
8.4
(47.1)
11.3
(52.3)
14.2
(57.6)
17.9
(64.2)
21.0
(69.8)
23.5
(74.3)
23.2
(73.8)
19.9
(67.8)
15.5
(59.9)
11.1
(52)
8.3
(46.9)
15.2
(59.4)
Daily mean
°C (°F)
5.2
(41.4)
5.3
(41.5)
7.6
(45.7)
9.9
(49.8)
13.3
(55.9)
16.4
(61.5)
18.7
(65.7)
18.5
(65.3)
15.7
(60.3)
12.0
(53.6)
8.0
(46.4)
5.5
(41.9)
11.3
(52.3)
Average low
°C (°F)
2.3
(36.1)
2.1
(35.8)
3.9
(39)
5.5
(41.9)
8.7
(47.7)
11.7
(53.1)
13.9
(57)
13.7
(56.7)
11.4
(52.5)
8.4
(47.1)
4.9
(40.8)
2.7
(36.9)
7.4
(45.4)
Mean
minimum °C
(°F)
−4.2
(24.4)
−3.9
(25)
−2.0
(28.4)
−0.3
(31.5)
3.1
(37.6)
6.7
(44.1)
9.5
(49.1)
9.1
(48.4)
6.0
(42.8)
2.0
(35.6)
−1.7
(28.9)
−4.1
(24.6)
−6.1
(21)
Record low
°C (°F)
−13.2
(8.2)
−9.6
(14.7)
−5.1
(22.8)
−2.6
(27.3)
−0.9
(30.4)
1.5
(34.7)
5.6
(42.1)
5.9
(42.6)
1.8
(35.2)
−3.3
(26.1)
−7.0
(19.4)
−11.8
(10.8)
−13.2
(8.2)
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
55.2
(2.173)
40.9
(1.61)
41.6
(1.638)
43.7
(1.72)
49.4
(1.945)
45.1
(1.776)
44.5
(1.752)
49.5
(1.949)
49.1
(1.933)
68.5
(2.697)
59.0
(2.323)
55.2
(2.173)
601.7
(23.689)
Average
precipitation
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
11.1 8.5 9.3 9.1 8.8 8.2 7.7 7.5 8.1 10.8 10.3 10.2 109.6
Mean
monthly
sunshine
hours
61.5 77.9 114.6 168.7 198.5 204.3 212.0 204.7 149.3 116.5 72.6 52.0 1,632.6
Source: Met Office [185] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute [186][187]
Climate data for London Weather Centre, 2001–2014 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average
high °C (°F)
8.5
(47.3)
8.9
(48)
11.7
(53.1)
15.7
(60.3)
18.6
(65.5)
22.4
(72.3)
23.6
(74.5)
23.2
(73.8)
20.8
(69.4)
16.1
(61)
11.9
(53.4)
8.6
(47.5)
15.8
(60.5)
Daily mean
°C (°F)
6.8
(44.2)
6.8
(44.2)
8.8
(47.8)
12.0
(53.6)
14.8
(58.6)
18.3
(64.9)
19.6
(67.3)
19.4
(66.9)
17.3
(63.1)
13.5
(56.3)
10.0
(50)
7.0
(44.6)
12.9
(55.1)
Average
low °C (°F)
5.0
(41)
4.7
(40.5)
5.8
(42.4)
8.2
(46.8)
10.9
(51.6)
14.1
(57.4)
15.5
(59.9)
15.5
(59.9)
13.7
(56.7)
10.9
(51.6)
8.0
(46.4)
5.4
(41.7)
9.8
(49.7)
Source #1: Weather Online [188]
Source #2: Tutiempo [189]
Climate
Districts
London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names, such as Bloomsbury, Mayfair, Wembley and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations,
reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.
Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965 Greater
London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[190][191] The City of London is the main financial district,[192] and Canary
Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east.
The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[193] West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for
tens of millions of pounds.[194] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central
London.
[195][196]
The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.[197] The
surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames
Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.
[197]
London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying
ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some
areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few
structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London
and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace,
England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.[198]
17th-century churches by Wren, neoclassical financial institutions such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to
the early 20th century Old Bailey and the 1960s Barbican Estate form part of the varied architectural heritage.
The disused – but soon to be rejuvenated – 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark,
while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington.
[199]
The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area, high residential densities in inner London, and lower
densities in Outer London.
The Monumentin the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which
originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections,
as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar
Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock
brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.
[200]
In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe,
Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary
Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedraland other historic
buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-
storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.
Other notable modern buildings include City Hall in Southwark with its distinctive oval shape[201] and the British Library in Somers
Town/Kings Cross. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment
venue called the O2 Arena.
Architecture
The Tower of London is a historic
medieval castle, the oldest part of
which dates back to 1078
30 St Mary Axe, also known
as "the Gherkin", towers
over St Andrew Undershaft;
modern architecture
juxtaposed by historic
architecture is seen often in
London
Trafalgar Square and its fountains,
with Nelson's Column on the right
Cityscape
The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the
background; seen in September 2014
Tower Bridge and The Shard in April 2017
Supermoon over the City of London seen from Tate Modern in January 2018
2011 United Kingdom Census[215]
Country of birth Population
United
 United Kingdom 5,175,677
India India 262,247
Poland Poland 158,300
Republic
Ireland 129,807
Nigeria
Nigeria 114,718
The Royal Greenwich Observatory with Canary Wharf in the background in October 2016
The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that
2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish.[202] They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in
central Londonand that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support
nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature
Reserves.
[203]
Amphibians are common in the capital, including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern, and common frogs, common toads, palmate newts and great crested newts. On the
other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London.
[204]
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 red foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square
kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with
pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was
found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen
Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the
London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden
mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole. [205][206]
Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels,[207] In wilder areas of
Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water
vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter
was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to
move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.
[208] Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been
recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown
Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.[209]
Among the strange sights seen in London have been a whale in the Thames,[210] while the BBC Two programme "Natural
World: Unnatural History of London" shows pigeons using the London Underground to get around the city, a seal that takes fish from fishmongers outside Billingsgate Fish
Market, and foxes that will "sit" if given sausages.[211]
Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be
sustained.[212] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow
deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the
forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole
herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces. [213][214]
The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city
with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. About 69% of children
born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad.[216] The table to the right shows the most common
countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens
from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany.
[217]
With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was
for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at
8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001
Natural history
Fox on Ayres Street, Southwark,
South London
Demography
Pakistan Pakistan 112,457
Bangladesh Bangladesh 109,948
Jamaica
Jamaica 87,467
Sri
Sri Lanka 84,542
France France 66,654
Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941
in the latter enumeration.[218]
However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to 9,787,426 people
in 2011,[46] while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition
used.[219][220] According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union and
the second most populous in Europe. During the
period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants
arrived in London.[221]
The region covers an area of 1,579 square
kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is
5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre
(13,410/sq mi),[222] more than ten times that of
any other British region.
[223] In terms of
population, London is the 19th largest city and the
18th largest metropolitan region.[224][225]
According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of
London were White, with 44.9 per cent White British, 2.2 per cent White Irish, 0.1 per cent gypsy/Irish traveller and 12.1 per
cent classified as Other White.
20.9 per cent of Londoners are of Asian and mixed-Asian descent. 19.7 per cent are of full Asian descent, with those of mixed-Asian heritage comprising 1.2 of the
population. Indians account for 6.6 per cent of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.7 per cent each. Chinese peoples account for 1.5 per cent of the
population, with Arabs comprising 1.3 per cent. A further 4.9 per cent are classified as "Other Asian".
15.6 per cent of London's population are of Black and mixed-Black descent. 13.3 per cent are of full Black descent, with those of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.3 per
cent. Black Africans account for 7.0 per cent of London's population, with 4.2 per cent as Black Caribbean and 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are of mixed race.
Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools.[227] Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768
population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic
group.[228] In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 nonindigenous
communities with a population of more than 10,000. [229] Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010, London's foreign-born population was
2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.
The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK.[230] A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British
nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forcesin Germany.
[231] Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreignborn
groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.
[232]
London maps showing the percentage distribution of selected races according to the 2011 Census
White
White British
Asian
Asian British
Black
Black British
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in the 2011 census
[226]
 White British (44.9%)
 Other White (14.9%)
Asian British (18.4%)
 Black British (13.3%)
Arab British (1.3%)
 Mixed (5%)
 Other (2.2%)
Religion
Religion in London (2011 census)[233]
Religion Percent(%)
According to the 2011 Census, the largest religious groupings are Christians (48.4 per cent), followed by
those of no religion (20.7 per cent), Muslims (12.4 per cent), no response (8.5 per cent), Hindus (5.0 per
cent), Jews (1.8 per cent), Sikhs (1.5 per cent), Buddhists (1.0 per cent) and other (0.6 per cent).
London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of
London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are
Anglican administrative centres,[234] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of
England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London
Borough of Lambeth.
[235]
Important national and royal ceremonies are
shared between St Paul's and Westminster
Abbey.
[236] The Abbey is not to be confused
with nearby Westminster Cathedral, which is the
largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and
Wales.
[237] Despite the prevalence of Anglican
churches, observance is very low within the
Anglican denomination. Church attendance
continues on a long, slow, steady decline,
according to Church of England statistics.[238]
London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu,
Sikh, and Jewish communities.
Notable mosques include the East London
Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to
give the Islamic call to prayer through
loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on
the edge of Regent's Park[239] and the Baitul
Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of
wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims have
based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington,
and Knightsbridge in West
London.[240][241][242] There are large Muslim
communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower
Hamlets and Newham.
[243]
Large Hindu communities are in the northwestern
boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter
of which hosts what was, until 2006,[244] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.
[245] London is also home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri
Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest
Sikh temple outside India.[246]
The majority of British Jewslive in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in
North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has
held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of
Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998.[247] The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of
devolved London Government.[248]
There are many accents traditionally associated with London. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label from London's East End,
which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally.
[249] The accent of a 21st-century Londoner varies widely; what is
becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of ethnic accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an
accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE).[250] The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be
heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard
selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings. Since the turn of the century the Cockney dialect is less common in the East End and has 'migrated'
east to Havering and the county of Essex.
[251][252]
London produced in 2016 was £408 billion or $534 billion, over 22% of UK GDP,
[254] while the economy of the London metropolitan area—the largest in Europe—
generates about 30 per cent of the UK's GDP (or an estimated $669 billion in 2005).[255] London has five major business districts: the City, Westminster, Canary Wharf,
Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had
27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the
world.[256][257] London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world
Christian 48.4%
No religion 20.7%
Muslim 12.4%
Undeclared 8.5%
Hindu 5.0%
Jewish 1.8%
Sikh 1.5%
Buddhist 1.0%
Other 0.6%
St Paul's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London.
The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the second-largest Hindu temple in England and Europe.
Accent
Economy
world.[256][257] London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world
property journal (2015) report.[258] As of 2015 the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion – same
value as that of Brazil annual GDP.
[259] The city has the highest property prices of any European city according
to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics.[260] On average the price per square
metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European
capital cities; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 and Paris €1,229.[261]
London finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf, the two major Central Business
Districts in London. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important
location for internationalfinance.[262][263] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when
the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. For many bankers established in Amsterdam (e.g. Hope,
Baring), this was only time to move to London. The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community
from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.[100] This unique concentration
of talents accelerated the transition from the Commercial Revolution to the Industrial Revolution. By the end of the 19th
century, Britain was the wealthiest of all nations, and London a leading financial centre. Still, as of 2016 London tops the
world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[264] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global
Cities Index.[265]
London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments.
Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas
banks, more than any other city in the world. It is also the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37
percent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.[266] Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the employed
population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007–
2008. However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.[267]
Along with professional services headquarters, the City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.
Over half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent
of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[268]
Media companies are concentrated in Londonand the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.
[269] The BBC is a significant employer, while
other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapersare edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest nonfood
retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion.[270] The Port of Londonis the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million
tonnes of cargo each year.
[271]
A growing number of technology companies are based in London notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In April 2014, the city was among
the first to receive a geoTLD.
[272] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future [273] in the 2014/15 list by FDi Magazine.
[274]
The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver ener gy to consumers across the city are managed by
National Grid plc, SGN[275] and UK Power Networks.
[276]
London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with
over 65 million visits.[277][278] It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion
in 2015.[279] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003,[280]
and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK. [281] As of 2016 London is the world top city destination
as ranked by TripAdvisor users.[282]
In 2015 the top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London. The top 10 most visited attractions were: (with visits per
venue) [283]
1. The British Museum: 6,820,686
2. The National Gallery: 5,908,254
3. The Natural History Museum (South Kensington): 5,284,023
4. The Southbank Centre: 5,102,883
5. Tate Modern: 4,712,581
6. The Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington): 3,432,325
7. The Science Museum: 3,356,212
8. Somerset House: 3,235,104
9. The Tower of London: 2,785,249
10. The National Portrait Gallery: 2,145,486
The number of hotel rooms in London in 2015 stood at 138,769, and is expected to grow over the years. [284]
The City of London, one of the largest financial
centres in the world[253]
The City of London
The London Stock Exchange at
Paternoster Square and Temple Bar
Media and technology
Tourism
The British Museum
The National Gallery
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[285] however the mayor's financial
control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some
local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London
Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TFL).
The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in
1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Transport for London is now the
statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a
commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.
[286]
London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word
London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London,
catering primarily to general aviation flights.
London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, was for many years the busiest airport in the world for
international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways.
[287] In March 2008 its
fifth terminal was opened.[288] In 2014, Dubai gained from Heathrow the leading position in terms of
international passenger trafic.[289]
London Gatwick Airport,
[290] south of London in West Sussex, handles flights to more destinations than any
other UK airport[291] and is the main base of easyJet,
[292] the UK's largest airline by number of
passengers.[293]
London Stansted Airport,
[294] north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of
European destinations of any UK airport[295] and is the main base of Ryanair,
[296] the world's largest
international airline by number of international passengers.[297]
London Luton Airport, to the north of London in Bedfordshire, is used by several budget airlines for short-haul
flights.[298]
London City Airport, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a
mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[299]
London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of
airlines.[300] In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport. [301]
The London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube, is the oldest[302] and third longest[303] metro system in the
world. The system serves 270 stations[304] and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first
underground electric line, the City and South London Railway.
[305] It dates from 1863.[306]
Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.
[307] An investment
programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the
2012 Summer Olympics.
[308] The Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro
system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the Docklands, Greenwich and Lewisham.
There are more than 360 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway
network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines
terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains
connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[309] London has Britain's busiest
station by number of passengers – Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which
includes Waterloo East station) each year.
[310][311] Clapham Junctionis the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains
passing.
With the need for more rail capacity in London, Crossrail is due to open in 2018. It will be a new railway line running east to
west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport.
[312] It is Europe's biggest construction
project, with a £15 billion projected cost.[313][314]
London is the centre of the National Rail network, with 70 percent of rail journeys starting or ending in London. [315] Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains
depart from several termini around the city centre, linking London with the rest of Britain including Birmingham, Brighton, Reading, Bristol, Cardiff, Derby, Exeter,
Sheffield, Southampton, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Cambridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, Edinburgh and Glasgow.
Transport
Black London taxis
Aviation
London Heathrow Airport is the
busiest airport in Europe as well as
the second busiest in the world for
international passenger trafic.
(Terminal 5C is pictured)
Rail
Underground and DLR
The London Underground is the
world's oldest and third-longest rapid
transit system
Suburban
A Thameslink train at Blackfriars
Inter-city and international
Some international railway services to Continental Europewere operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the
Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994
connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostarservices to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains
link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High
Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.
[316] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to
London.[317] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and
Yorkshire.
Although rail freight levels are far down compared to their height, significant quantities of cargo are also carried into and out
of London by rail; chiefly building materials and landfill waste.[318] As a major hub of the British railway network, London's
tracks also carry large amounts of freight for the other regions, such as container freight from the Channel Tunnel and
English Channel ports, and nuclear waste for reprocessing at Sellafield.
[318]
London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with about 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus
routes and around 19,500 bus stops.[319] In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum, more than
the Underground.[319] Around £850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible
network in the world[320] and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired
passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally
recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.[321][322]
London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink, centred on Croydon in South London. The network has 39 stops
and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013.[323] Since June 2008 Transport for London has completely owned
Tramlink, and it plans to spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades and capacity enhancements. [324]
London's first and only cable car, known as the Emirates Air Line, opened in June 2012. Crossing the River Thames, linking Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docksin the
east of the city, the cable car is integrated with London's Oyster Card ticketing system, although special fares are charged. Costing £60 million to build, it carries over 3,500
passengers every day, although this is very much lower than its capacity. Similar to the Santander Cyclesbike hire scheme, the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the
airline Emirates.
In the whole Greater London Area, around 650,000 people use a bike everyday.
[325] But out of a total population of around
8.8 million,[326] this means that just around 7% of Greater London's population use a bike on an average day. This is a small
proportion, when compared to many other cities in the world [327] A reason may well be the poor investments for cycling in
London of about £110 million per year,
[328] equating to around £12 per person, which can be compared to £22 in the
Netherlands.[329]
Cycling is nevertheless becoming increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a cycle hire scheme in July
2010 has been successful and generally well received. The London Cycling Campaign lobbies for better provision.[330]
There are many cycle routes in London, including several Cycle Superhighways.
From being the largest port in the world, the Port of Londonis now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling
45 million tonnes of cargo each year.
[271] Most of this actually passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of
Greater London.
London has frequent river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers. These run up to every 20 minutes
between Embankment Pier and North Greenwich Pier. The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5 million passengers every year,
[331] is a
frequent service linking the North and South CircularRoads. Other operators run both commuter and tourist boat services in
London.
Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the
suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (in the suburbs), and the outer
orbital motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner
London. A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s.
The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 mi (188 km) long.[332] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.
St Pancras International is the main
terminal for high speed Eurostar and
HS1 services, as well as commuter
suburban Thameslink and inter-city
East Midlands Trains services
Freight
Buses and trams
The red double decker bus is an
iconic symbol of London
Cable car
Cycling
Santander Cycle Hire near Victoria in
Central London
Segregated cycle lanes are being
implemented across London. Cycle
Superhighway 2 in Stratford
Port and river boats
Roads
London is notorious for its trafic congestion, with the average speed of a car in the rush hour being 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h). [333]
In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay £10 per day to drive within a
defined zone encompassing much of central London.[334][335] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.[336] London
government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per
cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent.[337] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre
of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day.
[338]
London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher
education institutes in Europe.[41] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest
concentration of top class universities in the world[339][340] and its international student population of around 110,000 is
larger than any other city in the world.[341] A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopersreport termed London as the global capital of
higher education.[342]
A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings,
Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world, University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's
College London (KCL) is ranked 16th.[343] The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading
social science institution for both teaching and research.[344] The London Business School is considered one of the world's
leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.
[345]
With 120,000 students in London,[346] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the
UK.[347] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Hollowayand UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised
institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the London Business School, the London School of
Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and
the School of Oriental and African Studies.
[348] Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.
A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London
Metropolitan University,
[349] University of East London, University of West London, University of Westminster, London South Bank University, Middlesex University, and
University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).[350] In addition there are three international
universities in London – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.
London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen
Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of
Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has a large number of affiliated teaching
hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are
based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in
Europe).[351]
There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business
School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School
London, Imperial College Business School, the London Business School and the UCL School of Management. London is
also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School
of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre
for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban.
The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughsor otherwise state-funded; leading examples
include Ashbourne College, Bethnal Green Academy, Brampton Manor Academy, City and Islington College, City of Westminster College, David Game College, Ealing,
Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, London Academy of Excellence, Tower Hamlets College, and Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre.
There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's
Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School.
Leisure is a major part of the London economy, with a 2003 report attributing a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London[352] at 25.6 events per 1000 people.[353]
Globally, the city is amongst the big four fashion capitalsof the world, and according to official statistics, London is the world's third busiest film production centre, presents
more live comedy than any other city,
[354] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.[355]
Education
Tertiary education
Imperial College London, a world
leading research university located in
South Kensington
The front façade of the Royal College
of Music
Primary and secondary education
Culture
Leisure and entertainment
Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West
End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film
premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic
advertisements.[356] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars,
clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just
to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the
home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End
theatre since the late 20th century.
[357] The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet,
English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in
London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's
Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.
[358]
Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any
other street in the United Kingdom.[359] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile
(1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and
department stores, including the world-famous Selfridgesflagship store.
[360] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned
Harrods department store, lies to the south-west.
London is home to designers Vivienne Westwood, Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo, among
others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it an international centre of fashion alongside Paris, Milan, and New York
City. London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the
Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of
Chinatown.
[361]
There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day
Parade, a fireworks display at the London Eye; the world's second largest street party, the
Notting Hill Carnival, is held on the late August Bank Holidayeach year. Traditional parades
include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual
appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets
of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by
regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official
Birthday.
[362]
London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in
Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for
Canterbury from London – specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark.
William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in
London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of
his work, most notably his play The Alchemist, was set in the city.
[363] A
Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of
the events of the 1665 Great Plague.
[363]
The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and
(since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with
the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of
the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets
has been a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost
modernist literary figures of the 20th century.
[363] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan
Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[363] Also of significance is Letitia Elizabeth Landon's Calendar of the London Seasons (1834). Modern writers pervasively influenced by
the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.
London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include Twickenham,
Ealing, Shepperton, Pinewood, Elstree and Borehamwood,
[364] and a special effects and post-production community centred
in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London.[365] London has been the setting for films including Oliver
Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964),
Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney
Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech(2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London
include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law,
Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. As of 2008, the British Academy Film Awards
have taken place at the Royal Opera House. London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC
Television Centre, The Fountain Studios and The London Studios. Many television programmes have been set in London,
including the popular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast by the BBC since 1985.
King's College London, established
by Royal Charter having been
founded by King George IV and the
Duke of Wellington in 1829, is one of
the founding colleges of the
University of London
Piccadilly Circus
Harrods in Knightsbridge
Scene of the annual Notting Hill
Carnival, 2014
Shakespeare's Globe is a modern
reconstruction of the Globe Theatre
on the south bank of the River
Thames
Literature, film and television
Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker
Street, bearing the number 221B
Keats House, where Keats wrote his
Ode to a Nightingale. The village of
Hampstead has historically been a
literary centre in London.
London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of
admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these
to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753. Originally containing antiquities,
natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around
the globe. In 1824, the National Gallerywas founded to house the British national collection of Western
paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.
In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensingtonwas developed as "Albertopolis", a
cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert
Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum, and the Science Museum. The National
Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings
now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.[366] The national gallery of British art
is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery,
as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in 2000, this collection moved to
Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.
London is one of the major classical and popular music
capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music
Group, as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and
concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London
Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms).[358] London's
two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum.
[358] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the
Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches. Several conservatoires are within
the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban.
London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the O2 arena[367] and Wembley
Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush
Empire.
[358] Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, South West Four, Lovebox, and Hyde Park's British
Summer Time are all held in London.[368] The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios,
where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink
Floyd, Cliff Richard, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The
Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Ultravox,
Spandau Ballet, Culture Club, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, Adam Ant, Status Quo and Sade, derived their
sound from the streets and rhythms of London.[369]
London was instrumental in the development of punk music,
[370] with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash,
[369] and
Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George
Michael's Wham!, Kate Bush, Seal, the Pet Shop Boys, Bananarama, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls,
Jamiroquai, Blur, McFly, The Prodigy, Gorillaz, Bloc Party, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Sam
Smith, Ed Sheeran, Paloma Faith, Ellie Goulding, One Direction and Florence and the Machine.
[371][372][373] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the
genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Music station BBC
Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom.
A 2013 report by the City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres of public parks, woodlands and gardens.[374] The
largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardensin the west, and Regent's Park to the
north.[375] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is
near Madame Tussauds Wax Museum.[376][377] Primrose Hill, immediately to the north of Regent's Park, at 256 feet (78 m)[378] is a popular spot from which to view the
city skyline.
Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park.
[379] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the
remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast[380] and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest,[381][382] Hampton Court Park is also a
royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.
[383]
Museums and art galleries
Aerial view of Albertopolis. Albert Memorial, Royal Albert
Hall and Royal College of Art are visible near the top;
Victoria and Albert Museum and Natural History
Museum at the lower end; Imperial College, Royal
College of Music, and Science Museum lying in
between. Music
The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts
and musical events
Abbey Road Studios, 3 Abbey Road,
St John's Wood, City of Westminster
Notable people
Recreation
Parks and open spaces
Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In
2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
[384] There are also parks
administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea
Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-
hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath of North London,
[385] and Epping Forest, which covers 2,476
hectares (6,118 acres)[386] in the east. Both are controlled by the City of London
Corporation.
[387][388] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a
popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake,
attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. [389]
Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking,
horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.[390]
Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon
Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and
disused railway tracks.[391] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation
of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle
Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the
River Thames.
[392] Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path
("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.
[393]
London has hosted the Summer Olympicsthree times: in 1908, 1948, and 2012.
[394][395] making it the first city to host the
modern Games three times.[42] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934.
[396] In 2017, London hosted
the World Championships in Athletics for the first time.[397]
London's most popular sport is football and it has six clubs in the English Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace,
Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United.
[398] Other professional teams in London are Queens Park Rangers,
Brentford, Millwall, Charlton Athletic, AFC Wimbledon and Barnet.
From 1924, the original Wembley Stadium was the home of the English
national football team. It hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, with
England defeating West Germany, and served as the venue for the FA Cup
Final as well as rugby league's Challenge Cup final.[399] The new
Wembley Stadiumserves exactly the same purposes and has a capacity of
90,000.[400]
Two Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London, Saracens and Harlequins.
[401] London Scottish, London
Welsh and London Irish play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond
F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C.. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London hosts
home matches for the England national rugby union team and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has
been completed.[402]
While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, there are two professional rugby league clubs in London – the
second tier Championship Oneteam, the London Broncos, who play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground in West Ealing, and
the third tier League 1 team, the London Skolars from Wood Green, Haringey; in addition, Hemel Stags from Hemel
Hempstead north of London also play in League 1.
One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England
Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon.
[404] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in
the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.[405][406][407]
London has two Test cricket grounds, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) in St John's Wood[408] and the Oval (home of
Surrey C.C.C.) in Kennington.
[409] Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup. Other key events are the annual
mass-participation London Marathon, in which some 35,000 runners attempt a 26.2 miles (42.2 km) course around the
city,
[410] and the University Boat Race on the River Thames from Putney to Mortlake.
[411]
Outline of London
Outline of England
Aerial view of Hyde Park
St. James's Park lake with the London Eye in the distance
Walking
Sport
Wembley Stadium, home of the
England football team, has a 90,000
capacity. It is the UK's biggest
stadium.
Twickenham, home of the England
rugby union team, has an 82,000
capacity, the world's largest rugby
union stadium
Centre Court at Wimbledon. First
played in 1877, the Championships is
the oldest tennis tournament in the
world.[403]
See also
Notes
A. City of London and Greater London
1. See also: Independent city § National capitals.
2. The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation, which administers the City of
London.
3. Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of dif ferences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas
compared, exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output. London and Paris are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic
output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is the fifth-largest city GDP in the world. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute
published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared to US$764.2 billion for Paris, making them respectively
the sixth- and fifth-largest in the world. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP
measured in purchasing power parity of US$565 billion in 2008, compared to US$564 billion for Paris, making them respectively the fifth- and sixthlargest
in the world. The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million
for Paris, whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for
Paris.
4. According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London has the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations
of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition.
5. London is not a city in the sense that the word applies in the United Kingdom, that of having city status granted by the Crown.
6. According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[164] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its
own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town'[165] and many other authorities.[166]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London&oldid=868311329"
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Bibliography
External links
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