logical_plan_builder.go

// Copyright 2016 PingCAP, Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package core

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"math/bits"
	"reflect"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"unicode"

	"github.com/cznic/mathutil"
	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/ast"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/format"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/model"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/mysql"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/opcode"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/domain"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/expression"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/expression/aggregation"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/infoschema"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/metrics"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/planner/property"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/privilege"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/sessionctx"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/statistics"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/table"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/types"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/types/parser_driver"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/util/chunk"
)

const (
	// TiDBMergeJoin is hint enforce merge join.
	TiDBMergeJoin = "tidb_smj"
	// TiDBIndexNestedLoopJoin is hint enforce index nested loop join.
	TiDBIndexNestedLoopJoin = "tidb_inlj"
	// TiDBHashJoin is hint enforce hash join.
	TiDBHashJoin = "tidb_hj"
)

const (
	// ErrExprInSelect  is in select fields for the error of ErrFieldNotInGroupBy
	ErrExprInSelect = "SELECT list"
	// ErrExprInOrderBy  is in order by items for the error of ErrFieldNotInGroupBy
	ErrExprInOrderBy = "ORDER BY"
)

func (la *LogicalAggregation) collectGroupByColumns() {
	la.groupByCols = la.groupByCols[:0]
	for _, item := range la.GroupByItems {
		if col, ok := item.(*expression.Column); ok {
			la.groupByCols = append(la.groupByCols, col)
		}
	}
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildAggregation(p LogicalPlan, aggFuncList []*ast.AggregateFuncExpr, gbyItems []expression.Expression) (LogicalPlan, map[int]int, error) {
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagBuildKeyInfo
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPushDownAgg
	// We may apply aggregation eliminate optimization.
	// So we add the flagMaxMinEliminate to try to convert max/min to topn and flagPushDownTopN to handle the newly added topn operator.
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagMaxMinEliminate
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPushDownTopN
	// when we eliminate the max and min we may add `is not null` filter.
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPredicatePushDown
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagEliminateAgg
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagEliminateProjection

	plan4Agg := LogicalAggregation{AggFuncs: make([]*aggregation.AggFuncDesc, 0, len(aggFuncList))}.Init(b.ctx)
	schema4Agg := expression.NewSchema(make([]*expression.Column, 0, len(aggFuncList)+p.Schema().Len())...)
	// aggIdxMap maps the old index to new index after applying common aggregation functions elimination.
	aggIndexMap := make(map[int]int)

	for i, aggFunc := range aggFuncList {
		newArgList := make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(aggFunc.Args))
		for _, arg := range aggFunc.Args {
			newArg, np, err := b.rewrite(arg, p, nil, true)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, nil, err
			}
			p = np
			newArgList = append(newArgList, newArg)
		}
		newFunc, err := aggregation.NewAggFuncDesc(b.ctx, aggFunc.F, newArgList, aggFunc.Distinct)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		combined := false
		for j, oldFunc := range plan4Agg.AggFuncs {
			if oldFunc.Equal(b.ctx, newFunc) {
				aggIndexMap[i] = j
				combined = true
				break
			}
		}
		if !combined {
			position := len(plan4Agg.AggFuncs)
			aggIndexMap[i] = position
			plan4Agg.AggFuncs = append(plan4Agg.AggFuncs, newFunc)
			schema4Agg.Append(&expression.Column{
				ColName:      model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("%d_col_%d", plan4Agg.id, position)),
				UniqueID:     b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
				IsReferenced: true,
				RetType:      newFunc.RetTp,
			})
		}
	}
	for _, col := range p.Schema().Columns {
		newFunc, err := aggregation.NewAggFuncDesc(b.ctx, ast.AggFuncFirstRow, []expression.Expression{col}, false)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		plan4Agg.AggFuncs = append(plan4Agg.AggFuncs, newFunc)
		newCol, _ := col.Clone().(*expression.Column)
		newCol.RetType = newFunc.RetTp
		schema4Agg.Append(newCol)
	}
	plan4Agg.SetChildren(p)
	plan4Agg.GroupByItems = gbyItems
	plan4Agg.SetSchema(schema4Agg)
	plan4Agg.collectGroupByColumns()
	return plan4Agg, aggIndexMap, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildResultSetNode(node ast.ResultSetNode) (p LogicalPlan, err error) {
	switch x := node.(type) {
	case *ast.Join:
		return b.buildJoin(x)
	case *ast.TableSource:
		switch v := x.Source.(type) {
		case *ast.SelectStmt:
			p, err = b.buildSelect(v)
		case *ast.UnionStmt:
			p, err = b.buildUnion(v)
		case *ast.TableName:
			p, err = b.buildDataSource(v)
		default:
			err = ErrUnsupportedType.GenWithStackByArgs(v)
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if v, ok := p.(*DataSource); ok {
			v.TableAsName = &x.AsName
		}
		for _, col := range p.Schema().Columns {
			col.OrigTblName = col.TblName
			if x.AsName.L != "" {
				col.TblName = x.AsName
			}
		}
		// Duplicate column name in one table is not allowed.
		// "select * from (select 1, 1) as a;" is duplicate
		dupNames := make(map[string]struct{}, len(p.Schema().Columns))
		for _, col := range p.Schema().Columns {
			name := col.ColName.O
			if _, ok := dupNames[name]; ok {
				return nil, ErrDupFieldName.GenWithStackByArgs(name)
			}
			dupNames[name] = struct{}{}
		}
		return p, nil
	case *ast.SelectStmt:
		return b.buildSelect(x)
	case *ast.UnionStmt:
		return b.buildUnion(x)
	default:
		return nil, ErrUnsupportedType.GenWithStack("Unsupported ast.ResultSetNode(%T) for buildResultSetNode()", x)
	}
}

// pushDownConstExpr checks if the condition is from filter condition, if true, push it down to both
// children of join, whatever the join type is; if false, push it down to inner child of outer join,
// and both children of non-outer-join.
func (p *LogicalJoin) pushDownConstExpr(expr expression.Expression, leftCond []expression.Expression,
	rightCond []expression.Expression, filterCond bool) ([]expression.Expression, []expression.Expression) {
	switch p.JoinType {
	case LeftOuterJoin, LeftOuterSemiJoin, AntiLeftOuterSemiJoin:
		if filterCond {
			leftCond = append(leftCond, expr)
			// Append the expr to right join condition instead of `rightCond`, to make it able to be
			// pushed down to children of join.
			p.RightConditions = append(p.RightConditions, expr)
		} else {
			rightCond = append(rightCond, expr)
		}
	case RightOuterJoin:
		if filterCond {
			rightCond = append(rightCond, expr)
			p.LeftConditions = append(p.LeftConditions, expr)
		} else {
			leftCond = append(leftCond, expr)
		}
	case SemiJoin, AntiSemiJoin, InnerJoin:
		leftCond = append(leftCond, expr)
		rightCond = append(rightCond, expr)
	}
	return leftCond, rightCond
}

// extractOnCondition divide conditions in CNF of join node into 4 groups.
// These conditions can be where conditions, join conditions, or collection of both.
// If deriveLeft/deriveRight is set, we would try to derive more conditions for left/right plan.
func (p *LogicalJoin) extractOnCondition(conditions []expression.Expression, deriveLeft bool,
	deriveRight bool) (eqCond []*expression.ScalarFunction, leftCond []expression.Expression,
	rightCond []expression.Expression, otherCond []expression.Expression) {
	left, right := p.children[0], p.children[1]
	for _, expr := range conditions {
		binop, ok := expr.(*expression.ScalarFunction)
		if ok && len(binop.GetArgs()) == 2 {
			ctx := binop.GetCtx()
			arg0, lOK := binop.GetArgs()[0].(*expression.Column)
			arg1, rOK := binop.GetArgs()[1].(*expression.Column)
			if lOK && rOK {
				var leftCol, rightCol *expression.Column
				if left.Schema().Contains(arg0) && right.Schema().Contains(arg1) {
					leftCol, rightCol = arg0, arg1
				}
				if leftCol == nil && left.Schema().Contains(arg1) && right.Schema().Contains(arg0) {
					leftCol, rightCol = arg1, arg0
				}
				if leftCol != nil {
					// Do not derive `is not null` for anti join, since it may cause wrong results.
					// For example:
					// `select * from t t1 where t1.a not in (select b from t t2)` does not imply `t2.b is not null`,
					// `select * from t t1 where t1.a not in (select a from t t2 where t1.b = t2.b` does not imply `t1.b is not null`,
					// `select * from t t1 where not exists (select * from t t2 where t2.a = t1.a)` does not imply `t1.a is not null`,
					if deriveLeft && p.JoinType != AntiSemiJoin {
						if isNullRejected(ctx, left.Schema(), expr) && !mysql.HasNotNullFlag(leftCol.RetType.Flag) {
							notNullExpr := expression.BuildNotNullExpr(ctx, leftCol)
							leftCond = append(leftCond, notNullExpr)
						}
					}
					if deriveRight && p.JoinType != AntiSemiJoin {
						if isNullRejected(ctx, right.Schema(), expr) && !mysql.HasNotNullFlag(rightCol.RetType.Flag) {
							notNullExpr := expression.BuildNotNullExpr(ctx, rightCol)
							rightCond = append(rightCond, notNullExpr)
						}
					}
				}
				// For quries like `select a in (select a from s where s.b = t.b) from t`,
				// if subquery is empty caused by `s.b = t.b`, the result should always be
				// false even if t.a is null or s.a is null. To make this join "empty aware",
				// we should differentiate `t.a = s.a` from other column equal conditions, so
				// we put it into OtherConditions instead of EqualConditions of join.
				if leftCol != nil && binop.FuncName.L == ast.EQ && !leftCol.InOperand && !rightCol.InOperand {
					cond := expression.NewFunctionInternal(ctx, ast.EQ, types.NewFieldType(mysql.TypeTiny), leftCol, rightCol)
					eqCond = append(eqCond, cond.(*expression.ScalarFunction))
					continue
				}
			}
		}
		columns := expression.ExtractColumns(expr)
		// `columns` may be empty, if the condition is like `correlated_column op constant`, or `constant`,
		// push this kind of constant condition down according to join type.
		if len(columns) == 0 {
			leftCond, rightCond = p.pushDownConstExpr(expr, leftCond, rightCond, deriveLeft || deriveRight)
			continue
		}
		allFromLeft, allFromRight := true, true
		for _, col := range columns {
			if !left.Schema().Contains(col) {
				allFromLeft = false
			}
			if !right.Schema().Contains(col) {
				allFromRight = false
			}
		}
		if allFromRight {
			rightCond = append(rightCond, expr)
		} else if allFromLeft {
			leftCond = append(leftCond, expr)
		} else {
			// Relax expr to two supersets: leftRelaxedCond and rightRelaxedCond, the expression now is
			// `expr AND leftRelaxedCond AND rightRelaxedCond`. Motivation is to push filters down to
			// children as much as possible.
			if deriveLeft {
				leftRelaxedCond := expression.DeriveRelaxedFiltersFromDNF(expr, left.Schema())
				if leftRelaxedCond != nil {
					leftCond = append(leftCond, leftRelaxedCond)
				}
			}
			if deriveRight {
				rightRelaxedCond := expression.DeriveRelaxedFiltersFromDNF(expr, right.Schema())
				if rightRelaxedCond != nil {
					rightCond = append(rightCond, rightRelaxedCond)
				}
			}
			otherCond = append(otherCond, expr)
		}
	}
	return
}

func extractTableAlias(p LogicalPlan) *model.CIStr {
	if p.Schema().Len() > 0 && p.Schema().Columns[0].TblName.L != "" {
		return &(p.Schema().Columns[0].TblName)
	}
	return nil
}

func (p *LogicalJoin) setPreferredJoinType(hintInfo *tableHintInfo) error {
	if hintInfo == nil {
		return nil
	}

	lhsAlias := extractTableAlias(p.children[0])
	rhsAlias := extractTableAlias(p.children[1])
	if hintInfo.ifPreferMergeJoin(lhsAlias, rhsAlias) {
		p.preferJoinType |= preferMergeJoin
	}
	if hintInfo.ifPreferHashJoin(lhsAlias, rhsAlias) {
		p.preferJoinType |= preferHashJoin
	}
	if hintInfo.ifPreferINLJ(lhsAlias) {
		p.preferJoinType |= preferLeftAsIndexInner
	}
	if hintInfo.ifPreferINLJ(rhsAlias) {
		p.preferJoinType |= preferRightAsIndexInner
	}

	// set hintInfo for further usage if this hint info can be used.
	if p.preferJoinType != 0 {
		p.hintInfo = hintInfo
	}

	// If there're multiple join types and one of them is not index join hint,
	// then there is a conflict of join types.
	if bits.OnesCount(p.preferJoinType) > 1 && (p.preferJoinType^preferRightAsIndexInner^preferLeftAsIndexInner) > 0 {
		return errors.New("Join hints are conflict, you can only specify one type of join")
	}
	return nil
}

func resetNotNullFlag(schema *expression.Schema, start, end int) {
	for i := start; i < end; i++ {
		col := *schema.Columns[i]
		newFieldType := *col.RetType
		newFieldType.Flag &= ^mysql.NotNullFlag
		col.RetType = &newFieldType
		schema.Columns[i] = &col
	}
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildJoin(joinNode *ast.Join) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	// We will construct a "Join" node for some statements like "INSERT",
	// "DELETE", "UPDATE", "REPLACE". For this scenario "joinNode.Right" is nil
	// and we only build the left "ResultSetNode".
	if joinNode.Right == nil {
		return b.buildResultSetNode(joinNode.Left)
	}

	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPredicatePushDown

	leftPlan, err := b.buildResultSetNode(joinNode.Left)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	rightPlan, err := b.buildResultSetNode(joinNode.Right)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	joinPlan := LogicalJoin{StraightJoin: joinNode.StraightJoin || b.inStraightJoin}.Init(b.ctx)
	joinPlan.SetChildren(leftPlan, rightPlan)
	joinPlan.SetSchema(expression.MergeSchema(leftPlan.Schema(), rightPlan.Schema()))

	// Set join type.
	switch joinNode.Tp {
	case ast.LeftJoin:
		// left outer join need to be checked elimination
		b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagEliminateOuterJoin
		joinPlan.JoinType = LeftOuterJoin
		resetNotNullFlag(joinPlan.schema, leftPlan.Schema().Len(), joinPlan.schema.Len())
	case ast.RightJoin:
		// right outer join need to be checked elimination
		b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagEliminateOuterJoin
		joinPlan.JoinType = RightOuterJoin
		resetNotNullFlag(joinPlan.schema, 0, leftPlan.Schema().Len())
	default:
		b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagJoinReOrder
		joinPlan.JoinType = InnerJoin
	}

	// Merge sub join's redundantSchema into this join plan. When handle query like
	// select t2.a from (t1 join t2 using (a)) join t3 using (a);
	// we can simply search in the top level join plan to find redundant column.
	var lRedundant, rRedundant *expression.Schema
	if left, ok := leftPlan.(*LogicalJoin); ok && left.redundantSchema != nil {
		lRedundant = left.redundantSchema
	}
	if right, ok := rightPlan.(*LogicalJoin); ok && right.redundantSchema != nil {
		rRedundant = right.redundantSchema
	}
	joinPlan.redundantSchema = expression.MergeSchema(lRedundant, rRedundant)

	// Set preferred join algorithm if some join hints is specified by user.
	err = joinPlan.setPreferredJoinType(b.TableHints())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// "NATURAL JOIN" doesn't have "ON" or "USING" conditions.
	//
	// The "NATURAL [LEFT] JOIN" of two tables is defined to be semantically
	// equivalent to an "INNER JOIN" or a "LEFT JOIN" with a "USING" clause
	// that names all columns that exist in both tables.
	//
	// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/join.html for more detail.
	if joinNode.NaturalJoin {
		err = b.buildNaturalJoin(joinPlan, leftPlan, rightPlan, joinNode)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else if joinNode.Using != nil {
		err = b.buildUsingClause(joinPlan, leftPlan, rightPlan, joinNode)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else if joinNode.On != nil {
		b.curClause = onClause
		onExpr, newPlan, err := b.rewrite(joinNode.On.Expr, joinPlan, nil, false)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if newPlan != joinPlan {
			return nil, errors.New("ON condition doesn't support subqueries yet")
		}
		onCondition := expression.SplitCNFItems(onExpr)
		joinPlan.attachOnConds(onCondition)
	} else if joinPlan.JoinType == InnerJoin {
		// If a inner join without "ON" or "USING" clause, it's a cartesian
		// product over the join tables.
		joinPlan.cartesianJoin = true
	}

	return joinPlan, nil
}

// buildUsingClause eliminate the redundant columns and ordering columns based
// on the "USING" clause.
//
// According to the standard SQL, columns are ordered in the following way:
// 1. coalesced common columns of "leftPlan" and "rightPlan", in the order they
//    appears in "leftPlan".
// 2. the rest columns in "leftPlan", in the order they appears in "leftPlan".
// 3. the rest columns in "rightPlan", in the order they appears in "rightPlan".
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildUsingClause(p *LogicalJoin, leftPlan, rightPlan LogicalPlan, join *ast.Join) error {
	filter := make(map[string]bool, len(join.Using))
	for _, col := range join.Using {
		filter[col.Name.L] = true
	}
	return b.coalesceCommonColumns(p, leftPlan, rightPlan, join.Tp == ast.RightJoin, filter)
}

// buildNaturalJoin builds natural join output schema. It finds out all the common columns
// then using the same mechanism as buildUsingClause to eliminate redundant columns and build join conditions.
// According to standard SQL, producing this display order:
// 	All the common columns
// 	Every column in the first (left) table that is not a common column
// 	Every column in the second (right) table that is not a common column
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildNaturalJoin(p *LogicalJoin, leftPlan, rightPlan LogicalPlan, join *ast.Join) error {
	return b.coalesceCommonColumns(p, leftPlan, rightPlan, join.Tp == ast.RightJoin, nil)
}

// coalesceCommonColumns is used by buildUsingClause and buildNaturalJoin. The filter is used by buildUsingClause.
func (b *PlanBuilder) coalesceCommonColumns(p *LogicalJoin, leftPlan, rightPlan LogicalPlan, rightJoin bool, filter map[string]bool) error {
	lsc := leftPlan.Schema().Clone()
	rsc := rightPlan.Schema().Clone()
	lColumns, rColumns := lsc.Columns, rsc.Columns
	if rightJoin {
		lColumns, rColumns = rsc.Columns, lsc.Columns
	}

	// Find out all the common columns and put them ahead.
	commonLen := 0
	for i, lCol := range lColumns {
		for j := commonLen; j < len(rColumns); j++ {
			if lCol.ColName.L != rColumns[j].ColName.L {
				continue
			}

			if len(filter) > 0 {
				if !filter[lCol.ColName.L] {
					break
				}
				// Mark this column exist.
				filter[lCol.ColName.L] = false
			}

			col := lColumns[i]
			copy(lColumns[commonLen+1:i+1], lColumns[commonLen:i])
			lColumns[commonLen] = col

			col = rColumns[j]
			copy(rColumns[commonLen+1:j+1], rColumns[commonLen:j])
			rColumns[commonLen] = col

			commonLen++
			break
		}
	}

	if len(filter) > 0 && len(filter) != commonLen {
		for col, notExist := range filter {
			if notExist {
				return ErrUnknownColumn.GenWithStackByArgs(col, "from clause")
			}
		}
	}

	schemaCols := make([]*expression.Column, len(lColumns)+len(rColumns)-commonLen)
	copy(schemaCols[:len(lColumns)], lColumns)
	copy(schemaCols[len(lColumns):], rColumns[commonLen:])

	conds := make([]expression.Expression, 0, commonLen)
	for i := 0; i < commonLen; i++ {
		lc, rc := lsc.Columns[i], rsc.Columns[i]
		cond, err := expression.NewFunction(b.ctx, ast.EQ, types.NewFieldType(mysql.TypeTiny), lc, rc)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		conds = append(conds, cond)
	}

	p.SetSchema(expression.NewSchema(schemaCols...))
	p.redundantSchema = expression.MergeSchema(p.redundantSchema, expression.NewSchema(rColumns[:commonLen]...))
	p.OtherConditions = append(conds, p.OtherConditions...)

	return nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildSelection(p LogicalPlan, where ast.ExprNode, AggMapper map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPredicatePushDown
	if b.curClause != havingClause {
		b.curClause = whereClause
	}

	conditions := splitWhere(where)
	expressions := make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(conditions))
	selection := LogicalSelection{}.Init(b.ctx)
	for _, cond := range conditions {
		expr, np, err := b.rewrite(cond, p, AggMapper, false)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		p = np
		if expr == nil {
			continue
		}
		cnfItems := expression.SplitCNFItems(expr)
		for _, item := range cnfItems {
			if con, ok := item.(*expression.Constant); ok && con.DeferredExpr == nil {
				ret, _, err := expression.EvalBool(b.ctx, expression.CNFExprs{con}, chunk.Row{})
				if err != nil || ret {
					continue
				}
				// If there is condition which is always false, return dual plan directly.
				dual := LogicalTableDual{}.Init(b.ctx)
				dual.SetSchema(p.Schema())
				return dual, nil
			}
			expressions = append(expressions, item)
		}
	}
	if len(expressions) == 0 {
		return p, nil
	}
	selection.Conditions = expressions
	selection.SetChildren(p)
	return selection, nil
}

// buildProjectionFieldNameFromColumns builds the field name, table name and database name when field expression is a column reference.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildProjectionFieldNameFromColumns(field *ast.SelectField, c *expression.Column) (colName, origColName, tblName, origTblName, dbName model.CIStr) {
	if astCol, ok := getInnerFromParenthesesAndUnaryPlus(field.Expr).(*ast.ColumnNameExpr); ok {
		origColName, tblName, dbName = astCol.Name.Name, astCol.Name.Table, astCol.Name.Schema
	}
	if field.AsName.L != "" {
		colName = field.AsName
	} else {
		colName = origColName
	}
	if tblName.L == "" {
		tblName = c.TblName
	}
	if dbName.L == "" {
		dbName = c.DBName
	}
	return colName, origColName, tblName, c.OrigTblName, c.DBName
}

// buildProjectionFieldNameFromExpressions builds the field name when field expression is a normal expression.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildProjectionFieldNameFromExpressions(field *ast.SelectField) (model.CIStr, error) {
	if agg, ok := field.Expr.(*ast.AggregateFuncExpr); ok && agg.F == ast.AggFuncFirstRow {
		// When the query is select t.a from t group by a; The Column Name should be a but not t.a;
		return agg.Args[0].(*ast.ColumnNameExpr).Name.Name, nil
	}

	innerExpr := getInnerFromParenthesesAndUnaryPlus(field.Expr)
	funcCall, isFuncCall := innerExpr.(*ast.FuncCallExpr)
	// When used to produce a result set column, NAME_CONST() causes the column to have the given name.
	// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/miscellaneous-functions.html#function_name-const for details
	if isFuncCall && funcCall.FnName.L == ast.NameConst {
		if v, err := evalAstExpr(b.ctx, funcCall.Args[0]); err == nil {
			if s, err := v.ToString(); err == nil {
				return model.NewCIStr(s), nil
			}
		}
		return model.NewCIStr(""), ErrWrongArguments.GenWithStackByArgs("NAME_CONST")
	}
	valueExpr, isValueExpr := innerExpr.(*driver.ValueExpr)

	// Non-literal: Output as inputed, except that comments need to be removed.
	if !isValueExpr {
		return model.NewCIStr(parser.SpecFieldPattern.ReplaceAllStringFunc(field.Text(), parser.TrimComment)), nil
	}

	// Literal: Need special processing
	switch valueExpr.Kind() {
	case types.KindString:
		projName := valueExpr.GetString()
		projOffset := valueExpr.GetProjectionOffset()
		if projOffset >= 0 {
			projName = projName[:projOffset]
		}
		// See #3686, #3994:
		// For string literals, string content is used as column name. Non-graph initial characters are trimmed.
		fieldName := strings.TrimLeftFunc(projName, func(r rune) bool {
			return !unicode.IsOneOf(mysql.RangeGraph, r)
		})
		return model.NewCIStr(fieldName), nil
	case types.KindNull:
		// See #4053, #3685
		return model.NewCIStr("NULL"), nil
	case types.KindBinaryLiteral:
		// Don't rewrite BIT literal or HEX literals
		return model.NewCIStr(field.Text()), nil
	case types.KindInt64:
		// See #9683
		// TRUE or FALSE can be a int64
		if mysql.HasIsBooleanFlag(valueExpr.Type.Flag) {
			if i := valueExpr.GetValue().(int64); i == 0 {
				return model.NewCIStr("FALSE"), nil
			}
			return model.NewCIStr("TRUE"), nil
		}
		fallthrough

	default:
		fieldName := field.Text()
		fieldName = strings.TrimLeft(fieldName, "\t\n +(")
		fieldName = strings.TrimRight(fieldName, "\t\n )")
		return model.NewCIStr(fieldName), nil
	}
}

// buildProjectionField builds the field object according to SelectField in projection.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildProjectionField(id, position int, field *ast.SelectField, expr expression.Expression) (*expression.Column, error) {
	var origTblName, tblName, origColName, colName, dbName model.CIStr
	if c, ok := expr.(*expression.Column); ok && !c.IsReferenced {
		// Field is a column reference.
		colName, origColName, tblName, origTblName, dbName = b.buildProjectionFieldNameFromColumns(field, c)
	} else if field.AsName.L != "" {
		// Field has alias.
		colName = field.AsName
	} else {
		// Other: field is an expression.
		var err error
		if colName, err = b.buildProjectionFieldNameFromExpressions(field); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return &expression.Column{
		UniqueID:    b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
		TblName:     tblName,
		OrigTblName: origTblName,
		ColName:     colName,
		OrigColName: origColName,
		DBName:      dbName,
		RetType:     expr.GetType(),
	}, nil
}

// buildProjection returns a Projection plan and non-aux columns length.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildProjection(p LogicalPlan, fields []*ast.SelectField, mapper map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int, windowMapper map[*ast.WindowFuncExpr]int, considerWindow bool) (LogicalPlan, int, error) {
	b.optFlag |= flagEliminateProjection
	b.curClause = fieldList
	proj := LogicalProjection{Exprs: make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(fields))}.Init(b.ctx)
	schema := expression.NewSchema(make([]*expression.Column, 0, len(fields))...)
	oldLen := 0
	for i, field := range fields {
		if !field.Auxiliary {
			oldLen++
		}

		isWindowFuncField := ast.HasWindowFlag(field.Expr)
		// Although window functions occurs in the select fields, but it has to be processed after having clause.
		// So when we build the projection for select fields, we need to skip the window function.
		// When `considerWindow` is false, we will only build fields for non-window functions, so we add fake placeholders.
		// for window functions. These fake placeholders will be erased in column pruning.
		// When `considerWindow` is true, all the non-window fields have been built, so we just use the schema columns.
		if considerWindow && !isWindowFuncField {
			col := p.Schema().Columns[i]
			proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, col)
			schema.Append(col)
			continue
		} else if !considerWindow && isWindowFuncField {
			expr := expression.Zero
			proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, expr)
			col, err := b.buildProjectionField(proj.id, schema.Len()+1, field, expr)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, 0, err
			}
			schema.Append(col)
			continue
		}
		newExpr, np, err := b.rewriteWithPreprocess(field.Expr, p, mapper, windowMapper, true, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, 0, err
		}

		// For window functions in the order by clause, we will append an field for it.
		// We need rewrite the window mapper here so order by clause could find the added field.
		if considerWindow && isWindowFuncField && field.Auxiliary {
			if windowExpr, ok := field.Expr.(*ast.WindowFuncExpr); ok {
				windowMapper[windowExpr] = i
			}
		}

		p = np
		proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, newExpr)

		col, err := b.buildProjectionField(proj.id, schema.Len()+1, field, newExpr)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, 0, err
		}
		schema.Append(col)
	}
	proj.SetSchema(schema)
	proj.SetChildren(p)
	return proj, oldLen, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildDistinct(child LogicalPlan, length int) (*LogicalAggregation, error) {
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagBuildKeyInfo
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPushDownAgg
	plan4Agg := LogicalAggregation{
		AggFuncs:     make([]*aggregation.AggFuncDesc, 0, child.Schema().Len()),
		GroupByItems: expression.Column2Exprs(child.Schema().Clone().Columns[:length]),
	}.Init(b.ctx)
	plan4Agg.collectGroupByColumns()
	for _, col := range child.Schema().Columns {
		aggDesc, err := aggregation.NewAggFuncDesc(b.ctx, ast.AggFuncFirstRow, []expression.Expression{col}, false)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		plan4Agg.AggFuncs = append(plan4Agg.AggFuncs, aggDesc)
	}
	plan4Agg.SetChildren(child)
	plan4Agg.SetSchema(child.Schema().Clone())
	// Distinct will be rewritten as first_row, we reset the type here since the return type
	// of first_row is not always the same as the column arg of first_row.
	for i, col := range plan4Agg.schema.Columns {
		col.RetType = plan4Agg.AggFuncs[i].RetTp
	}
	return plan4Agg, nil
}

// unionJoinFieldType finds the type which can carry the given types in Union.
func unionJoinFieldType(a, b *types.FieldType) *types.FieldType {
	resultTp := types.NewFieldType(types.MergeFieldType(a.Tp, b.Tp))
	// This logic will be intelligible when it is associated with the buildProjection4Union logic.
	if resultTp.Tp == mysql.TypeNewDecimal {
		// The decimal result type will be unsigned only when all the decimals to be united are unsigned.
		resultTp.Flag &= b.Flag & mysql.UnsignedFlag
	} else {
		// Non-decimal results will be unsigned when the first SQL statement result in the union is unsigned.
		resultTp.Flag |= a.Flag & mysql.UnsignedFlag
	}
	resultTp.Decimal = mathutil.Max(a.Decimal, b.Decimal)
	// `Flen - Decimal` is the fraction before '.'
	resultTp.Flen = mathutil.Max(a.Flen-a.Decimal, b.Flen-b.Decimal) + resultTp.Decimal
	if resultTp.EvalType() != types.ETInt && (a.EvalType() == types.ETInt || b.EvalType() == types.ETInt) && resultTp.Flen < mysql.MaxIntWidth {
		resultTp.Flen = mysql.MaxIntWidth
	}
	resultTp.Charset = a.Charset
	resultTp.Collate = a.Collate
	expression.SetBinFlagOrBinStr(b, resultTp)
	return resultTp
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildProjection4Union(u *LogicalUnionAll) {
	unionCols := make([]*expression.Column, 0, u.children[0].Schema().Len())

	// Infer union result types by its children's schema.
	for i, col := range u.children[0].Schema().Columns {
		resultTp := col.RetType
		for j := 1; j < len(u.children); j++ {
			childTp := u.children[j].Schema().Columns[i].RetType
			resultTp = unionJoinFieldType(resultTp, childTp)
		}
		unionCols = append(unionCols, &expression.Column{
			ColName:  col.ColName,
			RetType:  resultTp,
			UniqueID: b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
		})
	}
	u.schema = expression.NewSchema(unionCols...)
	// Process each child and add a projection above original child.
	// So the schema of `UnionAll` can be the same with its children's.
	for childID, child := range u.children {
		exprs := make([]expression.Expression, len(child.Schema().Columns))
		for i, srcCol := range child.Schema().Columns {
			dstType := unionCols[i].RetType
			srcType := srcCol.RetType
			if !srcType.Equal(dstType) {
				exprs[i] = expression.BuildCastFunction4Union(b.ctx, srcCol, dstType)
			} else {
				exprs[i] = srcCol
			}
		}
		b.optFlag |= flagEliminateProjection
		proj := LogicalProjection{Exprs: exprs, avoidColumnEvaluator: true}.Init(b.ctx)
		proj.SetSchema(u.schema.Clone())
		proj.SetChildren(child)
		u.children[childID] = proj
	}
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildUnion(union *ast.UnionStmt) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	distinctSelectPlans, allSelectPlans, err := b.divideUnionSelectPlans(union.SelectList.Selects)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	unionDistinctPlan := b.buildUnionAll(distinctSelectPlans)
	if unionDistinctPlan != nil {
		unionDistinctPlan, err = b.buildDistinct(unionDistinctPlan, unionDistinctPlan.Schema().Len())
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if len(allSelectPlans) > 0 {
			// Can't change the statements order in order to get the correct column info.
			allSelectPlans = append([]LogicalPlan{unionDistinctPlan}, allSelectPlans...)
		}
	}

	unionAllPlan := b.buildUnionAll(allSelectPlans)
	unionPlan := unionDistinctPlan
	if unionAllPlan != nil {
		unionPlan = unionAllPlan
	}

	oldLen := unionPlan.Schema().Len()

	if union.OrderBy != nil {
		unionPlan, err = b.buildSort(unionPlan, union.OrderBy.Items, nil, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if union.Limit != nil {
		unionPlan, err = b.buildLimit(unionPlan, union.Limit)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	// Fix issue #8189 (https://github.com/pingcap/tidb/issues/8189).
	// If there are extra expressions generated from `ORDER BY` clause, generate a `Projection` to remove them.
	if oldLen != unionPlan.Schema().Len() {
		proj := LogicalProjection{Exprs: expression.Column2Exprs(unionPlan.Schema().Columns[:oldLen])}.Init(b.ctx)
		proj.SetChildren(unionPlan)
		schema := expression.NewSchema(unionPlan.Schema().Clone().Columns[:oldLen]...)
		for _, col := range schema.Columns {
			col.UniqueID = b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID()
		}
		proj.SetSchema(schema)
		return proj, nil
	}

	return unionPlan, nil
}

// divideUnionSelectPlans resolves union's select stmts to logical plans.
// and divide result plans into "union-distinct" and "union-all" parts.
// divide rule ref: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/union.html
// "Mixed UNION types are treated such that a DISTINCT union overrides any ALL union to its left."
func (b *PlanBuilder) divideUnionSelectPlans(selects []*ast.SelectStmt) (distinctSelects []LogicalPlan, allSelects []LogicalPlan, err error) {
	firstUnionAllIdx, columnNums := 0, -1
	// The last slot is reserved for appending distinct union outside this function.
	children := make([]LogicalPlan, len(selects), len(selects)+1)
	for i := len(selects) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		stmt := selects[i]
		if firstUnionAllIdx == 0 && stmt.IsAfterUnionDistinct {
			firstUnionAllIdx = i + 1
		}

		selectPlan, err := b.buildSelect(stmt)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}

		if columnNums == -1 {
			columnNums = selectPlan.Schema().Len()
		}
		if selectPlan.Schema().Len() != columnNums {
			return nil, nil, ErrWrongNumberOfColumnsInSelect.GenWithStackByArgs()
		}
		children[i] = selectPlan
	}
	return children[:firstUnionAllIdx], children[firstUnionAllIdx:], nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildUnionAll(subPlan []LogicalPlan) LogicalPlan {
	if len(subPlan) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	u := LogicalUnionAll{}.Init(b.ctx)
	u.children = subPlan
	b.buildProjection4Union(u)
	return u
}

// ByItems wraps a "by" item.
type ByItems struct {
	Expr expression.Expression
	Desc bool
}

// String implements fmt.Stringer interface.
func (by *ByItems) String() string {
	if by.Desc {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s true", by.Expr)
	}
	return by.Expr.String()
}

// Clone makes a copy of ByItems.
func (by *ByItems) Clone() *ByItems {
	return &ByItems{Expr: by.Expr.Clone(), Desc: by.Desc}
}

// itemTransformer transforms ParamMarkerExpr to PositionExpr in the context of ByItem
type itemTransformer struct {
}

func (t *itemTransformer) Enter(inNode ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	switch n := inNode.(type) {
	case *driver.ParamMarkerExpr:
		newNode := expression.ConstructPositionExpr(n)
		return newNode, true
	}
	return inNode, false
}

func (t *itemTransformer) Leave(inNode ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	return inNode, false
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildSort(p LogicalPlan, byItems []*ast.ByItem, aggMapper map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int, windowMapper map[*ast.WindowFuncExpr]int) (*LogicalSort, error) {
	if _, isUnion := p.(*LogicalUnionAll); isUnion {
		b.curClause = globalOrderByClause
	} else {
		b.curClause = orderByClause
	}
	sort := LogicalSort{}.Init(b.ctx)
	exprs := make([]*ByItems, 0, len(byItems))
	transformer := &itemTransformer{}
	for _, item := range byItems {
		newExpr, _ := item.Expr.Accept(transformer)
		item.Expr = newExpr.(ast.ExprNode)
		it, np, err := b.rewriteWithPreprocess(item.Expr, p, aggMapper, windowMapper, true, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		p = np
		exprs = append(exprs, &ByItems{Expr: it, Desc: item.Desc})
	}
	sort.ByItems = exprs
	sort.SetChildren(p)
	return sort, nil
}

// getUintFromNode gets uint64 value from ast.Node.
// For ordinary statement, node should be uint64 constant value.
// For prepared statement, node is string. We should convert it to uint64.
func getUintFromNode(ctx sessionctx.Context, n ast.Node) (uVal uint64, isNull bool, isExpectedType bool) {
	var val interface{}
	switch v := n.(type) {
	case *driver.ValueExpr:
		val = v.GetValue()
	case *driver.ParamMarkerExpr:
		if !v.InExecute {
			return 0, false, true
		}
		param, err := expression.GetParamExpression(ctx, v)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, false, false
		}
		str, isNull, err := expression.GetStringFromConstant(ctx, param)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, false, false
		}
		if isNull {
			return 0, true, true
		}
		val = str
	default:
		return 0, false, false
	}
	switch v := val.(type) {
	case uint64:
		return v, false, true
	case int64:
		if v >= 0 {
			return uint64(v), false, true
		}
	case string:
		sc := ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx
		uVal, err := types.StrToUint(sc, v)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, false, false
		}
		return uVal, false, true
	}
	return 0, false, false
}

func extractLimitCountOffset(ctx sessionctx.Context, limit *ast.Limit) (count uint64,
	offset uint64, err error) {
	var isExpectedType bool
	if limit.Count != nil {
		count, _, isExpectedType = getUintFromNode(ctx, limit.Count)
		if !isExpectedType {
			return 0, 0, ErrWrongArguments.GenWithStackByArgs("LIMIT")
		}
	}
	if limit.Offset != nil {
		offset, _, isExpectedType = getUintFromNode(ctx, limit.Offset)
		if !isExpectedType {
			return 0, 0, ErrWrongArguments.GenWithStackByArgs("LIMIT")
		}
	}
	return count, offset, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildLimit(src LogicalPlan, limit *ast.Limit) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPushDownTopN
	var (
		offset, count uint64
		err           error
	)
	if count, offset, err = extractLimitCountOffset(b.ctx, limit); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if count > math.MaxUint64-offset {
		count = math.MaxUint64 - offset
	}
	if offset+count == 0 {
		tableDual := LogicalTableDual{RowCount: 0}.Init(b.ctx)
		tableDual.schema = src.Schema()
		return tableDual, nil
	}
	li := LogicalLimit{
		Offset: offset,
		Count:  count,
	}.Init(b.ctx)
	li.SetChildren(src)
	return li, nil
}

// colMatch means that if a match b, e.g. t.a can match test.t.a but test.t.a can't match t.a.
// Because column a want column from database test exactly.
func colMatch(a *ast.ColumnName, b *ast.ColumnName) bool {
	if a.Schema.L == "" || a.Schema.L == b.Schema.L {
		if a.Table.L == "" || a.Table.L == b.Table.L {
			return a.Name.L == b.Name.L
		}
	}
	return false
}

func matchField(f *ast.SelectField, col *ast.ColumnNameExpr, ignoreAsName bool) bool {
	// if col specify a table name, resolve from table source directly.
	if col.Name.Table.L == "" {
		if f.AsName.L == "" || ignoreAsName {
			if curCol, isCol := f.Expr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr); isCol {
				return curCol.Name.Name.L == col.Name.Name.L
			} else if _, isFunc := f.Expr.(*ast.FuncCallExpr); isFunc {
				// Fix issue 7331
				// If there are some function calls in SelectField, we check if
				// ColumnNameExpr in GroupByClause matches one of these function calls.
				// Example: select concat(k1,k2) from t group by `concat(k1,k2)`,
				// `concat(k1,k2)` matches with function call concat(k1, k2).
				return strings.ToLower(f.Text()) == col.Name.Name.L
			}
			// a expression without as name can't be matched.
			return false
		}
		return f.AsName.L == col.Name.Name.L
	}
	return false
}

func resolveFromSelectFields(v *ast.ColumnNameExpr, fields []*ast.SelectField, ignoreAsName bool) (index int, err error) {
	var matchedExpr ast.ExprNode
	index = -1
	for i, field := range fields {
		if field.Auxiliary {
			continue
		}
		if matchField(field, v, ignoreAsName) {
			curCol, isCol := field.Expr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr)
			if !isCol {
				return i, nil
			}
			if matchedExpr == nil {
				matchedExpr = curCol
				index = i
			} else if !colMatch(matchedExpr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr).Name, curCol.Name) &&
				!colMatch(curCol.Name, matchedExpr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr).Name) {
				return -1, ErrAmbiguous.GenWithStackByArgs(curCol.Name.Name.L, clauseMsg[fieldList])
			}
		}
	}
	return
}

// havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver visits Expr tree.
// It converts ColunmNameExpr to AggregateFuncExpr and collects AggregateFuncExpr.
type havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver struct {
	inAggFunc    bool
	inWindowFunc bool
	inWindowSpec bool
	inExpr       bool
	orderBy      bool
	err          error
	p            LogicalPlan
	selectFields []*ast.SelectField
	aggMapper    map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int
	colMapper    map[*ast.ColumnNameExpr]int
	gbyItems     []*ast.ByItem
	outerSchemas []*expression.Schema
	curClause    clauseCode
}

// Enter implements Visitor interface.
func (a *havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver) Enter(n ast.Node) (node ast.Node, skipChildren bool) {
	switch n.(type) {
	case *ast.AggregateFuncExpr:
		a.inAggFunc = true
	case *ast.WindowFuncExpr:
		a.inWindowFunc = true
	case *ast.WindowSpec:
		a.inWindowSpec = true
	case *driver.ParamMarkerExpr, *ast.ColumnNameExpr, *ast.ColumnName:
	case *ast.SubqueryExpr, *ast.ExistsSubqueryExpr:
		// Enter a new context, skip it.
		// For example: select sum(c) + c + exists(select c from t) from t;
		return n, true
	default:
		a.inExpr = true
	}
	return n, false
}

func (a *havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver) resolveFromSchema(v *ast.ColumnNameExpr, schema *expression.Schema) (int, error) {
	col, err := schema.FindColumn(v.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return -1, err
	}
	if col == nil {
		return -1, nil
	}
	newColName := &ast.ColumnName{
		Schema: col.DBName,
		Table:  col.TblName,
		Name:   col.ColName,
	}
	for i, field := range a.selectFields {
		if c, ok := field.Expr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr); ok && colMatch(c.Name, newColName) {
			return i, nil
		}
	}
	sf := &ast.SelectField{
		Expr:      &ast.ColumnNameExpr{Name: newColName},
		Auxiliary: true,
	}
	sf.Expr.SetType(col.GetType())
	a.selectFields = append(a.selectFields, sf)
	return len(a.selectFields) - 1, nil
}

// Leave implements Visitor interface.
func (a *havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver) Leave(n ast.Node) (node ast.Node, ok bool) {
	switch v := n.(type) {
	case *ast.AggregateFuncExpr:
		a.inAggFunc = false
		a.aggMapper[v] = len(a.selectFields)
		a.selectFields = append(a.selectFields, &ast.SelectField{
			Auxiliary: true,
			Expr:      v,
			AsName:    model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("sel_agg_%d", len(a.selectFields))),
		})
	case *ast.WindowFuncExpr:
		a.inWindowFunc = false
		if a.curClause == havingClause {
			a.err = ErrWindowInvalidWindowFuncUse.GenWithStackByArgs(v.F)
			return node, false
		}
		if a.curClause == orderByClause {
			a.selectFields = append(a.selectFields, &ast.SelectField{
				Auxiliary: true,
				Expr:      v,
				AsName:    model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("sel_window_%d", len(a.selectFields))),
			})
		}
	case *ast.WindowSpec:
		a.inWindowSpec = false
	case *ast.ColumnNameExpr:
		resolveFieldsFirst := true
		if a.inAggFunc || a.inWindowFunc || a.inWindowSpec || (a.orderBy && a.inExpr) {
			resolveFieldsFirst = false
		}
		if !a.inAggFunc && !a.orderBy {
			for _, item := range a.gbyItems {
				if col, ok := item.Expr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr); ok &&
					(colMatch(v.Name, col.Name) || colMatch(col.Name, v.Name)) {
					resolveFieldsFirst = false
					break
				}
			}
		}
		var index int
		if resolveFieldsFirst {
			index, a.err = resolveFromSelectFields(v, a.selectFields, false)
			if a.err != nil {
				return node, false
			}
			if index != -1 && a.curClause == havingClause && ast.HasWindowFlag(a.selectFields[index].Expr) {
				a.err = ErrWindowInvalidWindowFuncAliasUse.GenWithStackByArgs(v.Name.Name.O)
				return node, false
			}
			if index == -1 {
				if a.orderBy {
					index, a.err = a.resolveFromSchema(v, a.p.Schema())
				} else {
					index, a.err = resolveFromSelectFields(v, a.selectFields, true)
				}
			}
		} else {
			// We should ignore the err when resolving from schema. Because we could resolve successfully
			// when considering select fields.
			var err error
			index, err = a.resolveFromSchema(v, a.p.Schema())
			_ = err
			if index == -1 && a.curClause != windowClause {
				index, a.err = resolveFromSelectFields(v, a.selectFields, false)
				if index != -1 && a.curClause == havingClause && ast.HasWindowFlag(a.selectFields[index].Expr) {
					a.err = ErrWindowInvalidWindowFuncAliasUse.GenWithStackByArgs(v.Name.Name.O)
					return node, false
				}
			}
		}
		if a.err != nil {
			return node, false
		}
		if index == -1 {
			// If we can't find it any where, it may be a correlated columns.
			for _, schema := range a.outerSchemas {
				col, err1 := schema.FindColumn(v.Name)
				if err1 != nil {
					a.err = err1
					return node, false
				}
				if col != nil {
					return n, true
				}
			}
			a.err = ErrUnknownColumn.GenWithStackByArgs(v.Name.OrigColName(), clauseMsg[a.curClause])
			return node, false
		}
		if a.inAggFunc {
			return a.selectFields[index].Expr, true
		}
		a.colMapper[v] = index
	}
	return n, true
}

// resolveHavingAndOrderBy will process aggregate functions and resolve the columns that don't exist in select fields.
// If we found some columns that are not in select fields, we will append it to select fields and update the colMapper.
// When we rewrite the order by / having expression, we will find column in map at first.
func (b *PlanBuilder) resolveHavingAndOrderBy(sel *ast.SelectStmt, p LogicalPlan) (
	map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int, map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int, error) {
	extractor := &havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver{
		p:            p,
		selectFields: sel.Fields.Fields,
		aggMapper:    make(map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int),
		colMapper:    b.colMapper,
		outerSchemas: b.outerSchemas,
	}
	if sel.GroupBy != nil {
		extractor.gbyItems = sel.GroupBy.Items
	}
	// Extract agg funcs from having clause.
	if sel.Having != nil {
		extractor.curClause = havingClause
		n, ok := sel.Having.Expr.Accept(extractor)
		if !ok {
			return nil, nil, errors.Trace(extractor.err)
		}
		sel.Having.Expr = n.(ast.ExprNode)
	}
	havingAggMapper := extractor.aggMapper
	extractor.aggMapper = make(map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int)
	extractor.orderBy = true
	extractor.inExpr = false
	// Extract agg funcs from order by clause.
	if sel.OrderBy != nil {
		extractor.curClause = orderByClause
		for _, item := range sel.OrderBy.Items {
			if ast.HasWindowFlag(item.Expr) {
				continue
			}
			n, ok := item.Expr.Accept(extractor)
			if !ok {
				return nil, nil, errors.Trace(extractor.err)
			}
			item.Expr = n.(ast.ExprNode)
		}
	}
	sel.Fields.Fields = extractor.selectFields
	return havingAggMapper, extractor.aggMapper, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) extractAggFuncs(fields []*ast.SelectField) ([]*ast.AggregateFuncExpr, map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int) {
	extractor := &AggregateFuncExtractor{}
	for _, f := range fields {
		n, _ := f.Expr.Accept(extractor)
		f.Expr = n.(ast.ExprNode)
	}
	aggList := extractor.AggFuncs
	totalAggMapper := make(map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int)

	for i, agg := range aggList {
		totalAggMapper[agg] = i
	}
	return aggList, totalAggMapper
}

// resolveWindowFunction will process window functions and resolve the columns that don't exist in select fields.
func (b *PlanBuilder) resolveWindowFunction(sel *ast.SelectStmt, p LogicalPlan) (
	map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int, error) {
	extractor := &havingWindowAndOrderbyExprResolver{
		p:            p,
		selectFields: sel.Fields.Fields,
		aggMapper:    make(map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int),
		colMapper:    b.colMapper,
		outerSchemas: b.outerSchemas,
	}
	extractor.curClause = windowClause
	for _, field := range sel.Fields.Fields {
		if !ast.HasWindowFlag(field.Expr) {
			continue
		}
		n, ok := field.Expr.Accept(extractor)
		if !ok {
			return nil, extractor.err
		}
		field.Expr = n.(ast.ExprNode)
	}
	for _, spec := range sel.WindowSpecs {
		_, ok := spec.Accept(extractor)
		if !ok {
			return nil, extractor.err
		}
	}
	if sel.OrderBy != nil {
		extractor.curClause = orderByClause
		for _, item := range sel.OrderBy.Items {
			if !ast.HasWindowFlag(item.Expr) {
				continue
			}
			n, ok := item.Expr.Accept(extractor)
			if !ok {
				return nil, extractor.err
			}
			item.Expr = n.(ast.ExprNode)
		}
	}
	sel.Fields.Fields = extractor.selectFields
	return extractor.aggMapper, nil
}

// gbyResolver resolves group by items from select fields.
type gbyResolver struct {
	ctx     sessionctx.Context
	fields  []*ast.SelectField
	schema  *expression.Schema
	err     error
	inExpr  bool
	isParam bool
}

func (g *gbyResolver) Enter(inNode ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	switch n := inNode.(type) {
	case *ast.SubqueryExpr, *ast.CompareSubqueryExpr, *ast.ExistsSubqueryExpr:
		return inNode, true
	case *driver.ParamMarkerExpr:
		newNode := expression.ConstructPositionExpr(n)
		g.isParam = true
		return newNode, true
	case *driver.ValueExpr, *ast.ColumnNameExpr, *ast.ParenthesesExpr, *ast.ColumnName:
	default:
		g.inExpr = true
	}
	return inNode, false
}

func (g *gbyResolver) Leave(inNode ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	extractor := &AggregateFuncExtractor{}
	switch v := inNode.(type) {
	case *ast.ColumnNameExpr:
		col, err := g.schema.FindColumn(v.Name)
		if col == nil || !g.inExpr {
			var index int
			index, g.err = resolveFromSelectFields(v, g.fields, false)
			if g.err != nil {
				return inNode, false
			}
			if col != nil {
				return inNode, true
			}
			if index != -1 {
				ret := g.fields[index].Expr
				ret.Accept(extractor)
				if len(extractor.AggFuncs) != 0 {
					err = ErrIllegalReference.GenWithStackByArgs(v.Name.OrigColName(), "reference to group function")
				} else if ast.HasWindowFlag(ret) {
					err = ErrIllegalReference.GenWithStackByArgs(v.Name.OrigColName(), "reference to window function")
				} else {
					return ret, true
				}
			}
			g.err = err
			return inNode, false
		}
	case *ast.PositionExpr:
		pos, isNull, err := expression.PosFromPositionExpr(g.ctx, v)
		if err != nil {
			g.err = ErrUnknown.GenWithStackByArgs()
		}
		if err != nil || isNull {
			return inNode, false
		}
		if pos < 1 || pos > len(g.fields) {
			g.err = errors.Errorf("Unknown column '%d' in 'group statement'", pos)
			return inNode, false
		}
		ret := g.fields[pos-1].Expr
		ret.Accept(extractor)
		if len(extractor.AggFuncs) != 0 {
			g.err = ErrWrongGroupField.GenWithStackByArgs(g.fields[pos-1].Text())
			return inNode, false
		}
		return ret, true
	case *ast.ValuesExpr:
		if v.Column == nil {
			g.err = ErrUnknownColumn.GenWithStackByArgs("", "VALUES() function")
		}
	}
	return inNode, true
}

func tblInfoFromCol(from ast.ResultSetNode, col *expression.Column) *model.TableInfo {
	var tableList []*ast.TableName
	tableList = extractTableList(from, tableList, true)
	for _, field := range tableList {
		if field.Name.L == col.TblName.L {
			return field.TableInfo
		}
		if field.Name.L != col.TblName.L {
			continue
		}
		if field.Schema.L == col.DBName.L {
			return field.TableInfo
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func buildFuncDependCol(p LogicalPlan, cond ast.ExprNode) (*expression.Column, *expression.Column) {
	binOpExpr, ok := cond.(*ast.BinaryOperationExpr)
	if !ok {
		return nil, nil
	}
	if binOpExpr.Op != opcode.EQ {
		return nil, nil
	}
	lColExpr, ok := binOpExpr.L.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr)
	if !ok {
		return nil, nil
	}
	rColExpr, ok := binOpExpr.R.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr)
	if !ok {
		return nil, nil
	}
	lCol, err := p.Schema().FindColumn(lColExpr.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	rCol, err := p.Schema().FindColumn(rColExpr.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return lCol, rCol
}

func buildWhereFuncDepend(p LogicalPlan, where ast.ExprNode) map[*expression.Column]*expression.Column {
	whereConditions := splitWhere(where)
	colDependMap := make(map[*expression.Column]*expression.Column, 2*len(whereConditions))
	for _, cond := range whereConditions {
		lCol, rCol := buildFuncDependCol(p, cond)
		if lCol == nil || rCol == nil {
			continue
		}
		colDependMap[lCol] = rCol
		colDependMap[rCol] = lCol
	}
	return colDependMap
}

func buildJoinFuncDepend(p LogicalPlan, from ast.ResultSetNode) map[*expression.Column]*expression.Column {
	switch x := from.(type) {
	case *ast.Join:
		if x.On == nil {
			return nil
		}
		onConditions := splitWhere(x.On.Expr)
		colDependMap := make(map[*expression.Column]*expression.Column, len(onConditions))
		for _, cond := range onConditions {
			lCol, rCol := buildFuncDependCol(p, cond)
			if lCol == nil || rCol == nil {
				continue
			}
			lTbl := tblInfoFromCol(x.Left, lCol)
			if lTbl == nil {
				lCol, rCol = rCol, lCol
			}
			switch x.Tp {
			case ast.CrossJoin:
				colDependMap[lCol] = rCol
				colDependMap[rCol] = lCol
			case ast.LeftJoin:
				colDependMap[rCol] = lCol
			case ast.RightJoin:
				colDependMap[lCol] = rCol
			}
		}
		return colDependMap
	default:
		return nil
	}
}

func checkColFuncDepend(p LogicalPlan, col *expression.Column, tblInfo *model.TableInfo, gbyCols map[*expression.Column]struct{}, whereDepends, joinDepends map[*expression.Column]*expression.Column) bool {
	for _, index := range tblInfo.Indices {
		if !index.Unique {
			continue
		}
		funcDepend := true
		for _, indexCol := range index.Columns {
			iColInfo := tblInfo.Columns[indexCol.Offset]
			if !mysql.HasNotNullFlag(iColInfo.Flag) {
				funcDepend = false
				break
			}
			cn := &ast.ColumnName{
				Schema: col.DBName,
				Table:  col.TblName,
				Name:   iColInfo.Name,
			}
			iCol, err := p.Schema().FindColumn(cn)
			if err != nil || iCol == nil {
				funcDepend = false
				break
			}
			if _, ok := gbyCols[iCol]; ok {
				continue
			}
			if wCol, ok := whereDepends[iCol]; ok {
				if _, ok = gbyCols[wCol]; ok {
					continue
				}
			}
			if jCol, ok := joinDepends[iCol]; ok {
				if _, ok = gbyCols[jCol]; ok {
					continue
				}
			}
			funcDepend = false
			break
		}
		if funcDepend {
			return true
		}
	}
	primaryFuncDepend := true
	hasPrimaryField := false
	for _, colInfo := range tblInfo.Columns {
		if !mysql.HasPriKeyFlag(colInfo.Flag) {
			continue
		}
		hasPrimaryField = true
		pCol, err := p.Schema().FindColumn(&ast.ColumnName{
			Schema: col.DBName,
			Table:  col.TblName,
			Name:   colInfo.Name,
		})
		if err != nil {
			primaryFuncDepend = false
			break
		}
		if _, ok := gbyCols[pCol]; ok {
			continue
		}
		if wCol, ok := whereDepends[pCol]; ok {
			if _, ok = gbyCols[wCol]; ok {
				continue
			}
		}
		if jCol, ok := joinDepends[pCol]; ok {
			if _, ok = gbyCols[jCol]; ok {
				continue
			}
		}
		primaryFuncDepend = false
		break
	}
	return primaryFuncDepend && hasPrimaryField
}

// ErrExprLoc is for generate the ErrFieldNotInGroupBy error info
type ErrExprLoc struct {
	Offset int
	Loc    string
}

func checkExprInGroupBy(p LogicalPlan, expr ast.ExprNode, offset int, loc string, gbyCols map[*expression.Column]struct{}, gbyExprs []ast.ExprNode, notInGbyCols map[*expression.Column]ErrExprLoc) {
	if _, ok := expr.(*ast.AggregateFuncExpr); ok {
		return
	}
	if _, ok := expr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr); !ok {
		for _, gbyExpr := range gbyExprs {
			if reflect.DeepEqual(gbyExpr, expr) {
				return
			}
		}
	}
	// Function `any_value` can be used in aggregation, even `ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY` is set.
	// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/miscellaneous-functions.html#function_any-value for details
	if f, ok := expr.(*ast.FuncCallExpr); ok {
		if f.FnName.L == ast.AnyValue {
			return
		}
	}
	colMap := make(map[*expression.Column]struct{}, len(p.Schema().Columns))
	allColFromExprNode(p, expr, colMap)
	for col := range colMap {
		if _, ok := gbyCols[col]; !ok {
			notInGbyCols[col] = ErrExprLoc{Offset: offset, Loc: loc}
		}
	}
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) checkOnlyFullGroupBy(p LogicalPlan, sel *ast.SelectStmt) (err error) {
	if sel.GroupBy != nil {
		err = b.checkOnlyFullGroupByWithGroupClause(p, sel)
	} else {
		err = b.checkOnlyFullGroupByWithOutGroupClause(p, sel.Fields.Fields)
	}
	return err
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) checkOnlyFullGroupByWithGroupClause(p LogicalPlan, sel *ast.SelectStmt) error {
	gbyCols := make(map[*expression.Column]struct{}, len(sel.Fields.Fields))
	gbyExprs := make([]ast.ExprNode, 0, len(sel.Fields.Fields))
	schema := p.Schema()
	for _, byItem := range sel.GroupBy.Items {
		if colExpr, ok := byItem.Expr.(*ast.ColumnNameExpr); ok {
			col, err := schema.FindColumn(colExpr.Name)
			if err != nil || col == nil {
				continue
			}
			gbyCols[col] = struct{}{}
		} else {
			gbyExprs = append(gbyExprs, byItem.Expr)
		}
	}

	notInGbyCols := make(map[*expression.Column]ErrExprLoc, len(sel.Fields.Fields))
	for offset, field := range sel.Fields.Fields {
		if field.Auxiliary {
			continue
		}
		checkExprInGroupBy(p, field.Expr, offset, ErrExprInSelect, gbyCols, gbyExprs, notInGbyCols)
	}

	if sel.OrderBy != nil {
		for offset, item := range sel.OrderBy.Items {
			checkExprInGroupBy(p, item.Expr, offset, ErrExprInOrderBy, gbyCols, gbyExprs, notInGbyCols)
		}
	}
	if len(notInGbyCols) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	whereDepends := buildWhereFuncDepend(p, sel.Where)
	joinDepends := buildJoinFuncDepend(p, sel.From.TableRefs)
	tblMap := make(map[*model.TableInfo]struct{}, len(notInGbyCols))
	for col, errExprLoc := range notInGbyCols {
		tblInfo := tblInfoFromCol(sel.From.TableRefs, col)
		if tblInfo == nil {
			continue
		}
		if _, ok := tblMap[tblInfo]; ok {
			continue
		}
		if checkColFuncDepend(p, col, tblInfo, gbyCols, whereDepends, joinDepends) {
			tblMap[tblInfo] = struct{}{}
			continue
		}
		switch errExprLoc.Loc {
		case ErrExprInSelect:
			return ErrFieldNotInGroupBy.GenWithStackByArgs(errExprLoc.Offset+1, errExprLoc.Loc, sel.Fields.Fields[errExprLoc.Offset].Text())
		case ErrExprInOrderBy:
			return ErrFieldNotInGroupBy.GenWithStackByArgs(errExprLoc.Offset+1, errExprLoc.Loc, sel.OrderBy.Items[errExprLoc.Offset].Expr.Text())
		}
		return nil
	}
	return nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) checkOnlyFullGroupByWithOutGroupClause(p LogicalPlan, fields []*ast.SelectField) error {
	resolver := colResolverForOnlyFullGroupBy{}
	for idx, field := range fields {
		resolver.exprIdx = idx
		field.Accept(&resolver)
		err := resolver.Check()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// colResolverForOnlyFullGroupBy visits Expr tree to find out if an Expr tree is an aggregation function.
// If so, find out the first column name that not in an aggregation function.
type colResolverForOnlyFullGroupBy struct {
	firstNonAggCol       *ast.ColumnName
	exprIdx              int
	firstNonAggColIdx    int
	hasAggFuncOrAnyValue bool
}

func (c *colResolverForOnlyFullGroupBy) Enter(node ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	switch t := node.(type) {
	case *ast.AggregateFuncExpr:
		c.hasAggFuncOrAnyValue = true
		return node, true
	case *ast.FuncCallExpr:
		// enable function `any_value` in aggregation even `ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY` is set
		if t.FnName.L == ast.AnyValue {
			c.hasAggFuncOrAnyValue = true
			return node, true
		}
	case *ast.ColumnNameExpr:
		if c.firstNonAggCol == nil {
			c.firstNonAggCol, c.firstNonAggColIdx = t.Name, c.exprIdx
		}
		return node, true
	case *ast.SubqueryExpr:
		return node, true
	}
	return node, false
}

func (c *colResolverForOnlyFullGroupBy) Leave(node ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	return node, true
}

func (c *colResolverForOnlyFullGroupBy) Check() error {
	if c.hasAggFuncOrAnyValue && c.firstNonAggCol != nil {
		return ErrMixOfGroupFuncAndFields.GenWithStackByArgs(c.firstNonAggColIdx+1, c.firstNonAggCol.Name.O)
	}
	return nil
}

type colResolver struct {
	p    LogicalPlan
	cols map[*expression.Column]struct{}
}

func (c *colResolver) Enter(inNode ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	switch inNode.(type) {
	case *ast.ColumnNameExpr, *ast.SubqueryExpr, *ast.AggregateFuncExpr:
		return inNode, true
	}
	return inNode, false
}

func (c *colResolver) Leave(inNode ast.Node) (ast.Node, bool) {
	switch v := inNode.(type) {
	case *ast.ColumnNameExpr:
		col, err := c.p.Schema().FindColumn(v.Name)
		if err == nil && col != nil {
			c.cols[col] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	return inNode, true
}

func allColFromExprNode(p LogicalPlan, n ast.Node, cols map[*expression.Column]struct{}) {
	extractor := &colResolver{
		p:    p,
		cols: cols,
	}
	n.Accept(extractor)
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) resolveGbyExprs(p LogicalPlan, gby *ast.GroupByClause, fields []*ast.SelectField) (LogicalPlan, []expression.Expression, error) {
	b.curClause = groupByClause
	exprs := make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(gby.Items))
	resolver := &gbyResolver{
		ctx:    b.ctx,
		fields: fields,
		schema: p.Schema(),
	}
	for _, item := range gby.Items {
		resolver.inExpr = false
		retExpr, _ := item.Expr.Accept(resolver)
		if resolver.err != nil {
			return nil, nil, errors.Trace(resolver.err)
		}
		if !resolver.isParam {
			item.Expr = retExpr.(ast.ExprNode)
		}

		itemExpr := retExpr.(ast.ExprNode)
		expr, np, err := b.rewrite(itemExpr, p, nil, true)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}

		exprs = append(exprs, expr)
		p = np
	}
	return p, exprs, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) unfoldWildStar(p LogicalPlan, selectFields []*ast.SelectField) (resultList []*ast.SelectField, err error) {
	for i, field := range selectFields {
		if field.WildCard == nil {
			resultList = append(resultList, field)
			continue
		}
		if field.WildCard.Table.L == "" && i > 0 {
			return nil, ErrInvalidWildCard
		}
		dbName := field.WildCard.Schema
		tblName := field.WildCard.Table
		findTblNameInSchema := false
		for _, col := range p.Schema().Columns {
			if (dbName.L == "" || dbName.L == col.DBName.L) &&
				(tblName.L == "" || tblName.L == col.TblName.L) &&
				col.ID != model.ExtraHandleID {
				findTblNameInSchema = true
				colName := &ast.ColumnNameExpr{
					Name: &ast.ColumnName{
						Schema: col.DBName,
						Table:  col.TblName,
						Name:   col.ColName,
					}}
				colName.SetType(col.GetType())
				field := &ast.SelectField{Expr: colName}
				field.SetText(col.ColName.O)
				resultList = append(resultList, field)
			}
		}
		if !findTblNameInSchema {
			return nil, ErrBadTable.GenWithStackByArgs(tblName)
		}
	}
	return resultList, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) pushTableHints(hints []*ast.TableOptimizerHint) bool {
	var sortMergeTables, INLJTables, hashJoinTables []hintTableInfo
	for _, hint := range hints {
		switch hint.HintName.L {
		case TiDBMergeJoin:
			sortMergeTables = tableNames2HintTableInfo(hint.Tables)
		case TiDBIndexNestedLoopJoin:
			INLJTables = tableNames2HintTableInfo(hint.Tables)
		case TiDBHashJoin:
			hashJoinTables = tableNames2HintTableInfo(hint.Tables)
		default:
			// ignore hints that not implemented
		}
	}
	if len(sortMergeTables)+len(INLJTables)+len(hashJoinTables) > 0 {
		b.tableHintInfo = append(b.tableHintInfo, tableHintInfo{
			sortMergeJoinTables:       sortMergeTables,
			indexNestedLoopJoinTables: INLJTables,
			hashJoinTables:            hashJoinTables,
		})
		return true
	}
	return false
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) popTableHints() {
	hintInfo := b.tableHintInfo[len(b.tableHintInfo)-1]
	b.appendUnmatchedJoinHintWarning(TiDBIndexNestedLoopJoin, hintInfo.indexNestedLoopJoinTables)
	b.appendUnmatchedJoinHintWarning(TiDBMergeJoin, hintInfo.sortMergeJoinTables)
	b.appendUnmatchedJoinHintWarning(TiDBHashJoin, hintInfo.hashJoinTables)
	b.tableHintInfo = b.tableHintInfo[:len(b.tableHintInfo)-1]
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) appendUnmatchedJoinHintWarning(joinType string, hintTables []hintTableInfo) {
	unMatchedTables := extractUnmatchedTables(hintTables)
	if len(unMatchedTables) == 0 {
		return
	}
	errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("There are no matching table names for (%s) in optimizer hint %s. Maybe you can use the table alias name",
		strings.Join(unMatchedTables, ", "), restore2JoinHint(joinType, hintTables))
	b.ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.AppendWarning(ErrInternal.GenWithStack(errMsg))
}

// TableHints returns the *tableHintInfo of PlanBuilder.
func (b *PlanBuilder) TableHints() *tableHintInfo {
	if len(b.tableHintInfo) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	return &(b.tableHintInfo[len(b.tableHintInfo)-1])
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildSelect(sel *ast.SelectStmt) (p LogicalPlan, err error) {
	if b.pushTableHints(sel.TableHints) {
		// table hints are only visible in the current SELECT statement.
		defer b.popTableHints()
	}
	if sel.SelectStmtOpts != nil {
		origin := b.inStraightJoin
		b.inStraightJoin = sel.SelectStmtOpts.StraightJoin
		defer func() { b.inStraightJoin = origin }()
	}

	var (
		aggFuncs                      []*ast.AggregateFuncExpr
		havingMap, orderMap, totalMap map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int
		windowAggMap                  map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int
		gbyCols                       []expression.Expression
	)

	if sel.From != nil {
		p, err = b.buildResultSetNode(sel.From.TableRefs)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		p = b.buildTableDual()
	}

	originalFields := sel.Fields.Fields
	sel.Fields.Fields, err = b.unfoldWildStar(p, sel.Fields.Fields)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if sel.GroupBy != nil {
		p, gbyCols, err = b.resolveGbyExprs(p, sel.GroupBy, sel.Fields.Fields)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if b.ctx.GetSessionVars().SQLMode.HasOnlyFullGroupBy() && sel.From != nil {
		err = b.checkOnlyFullGroupBy(p, sel)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	hasWindowFuncField := b.detectSelectWindow(sel)
	if hasWindowFuncField {
		windowAggMap, err = b.resolveWindowFunction(sel, p)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	// We must resolve having and order by clause before build projection,
	// because when the query is "select a+1 as b from t having sum(b) < 0", we must replace sum(b) to sum(a+1),
	// which only can be done before building projection and extracting Agg functions.
	havingMap, orderMap, err = b.resolveHavingAndOrderBy(sel, p)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if sel.Where != nil {
		p, err = b.buildSelection(p, sel.Where, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if sel.LockTp != ast.SelectLockNone {
		p = b.buildSelectLock(p, sel.LockTp)
	}

	hasAgg := b.detectSelectAgg(sel)
	if hasAgg {
		aggFuncs, totalMap = b.extractAggFuncs(sel.Fields.Fields)
		var aggIndexMap map[int]int
		p, aggIndexMap, err = b.buildAggregation(p, aggFuncs, gbyCols)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		for k, v := range totalMap {
			totalMap[k] = aggIndexMap[v]
		}
	}

	var oldLen int
	// According to https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/window-functions-usage.html,
	// we can only process window functions after having clause, so `considerWindow` is false now.
	p, oldLen, err = b.buildProjection(p, sel.Fields.Fields, totalMap, nil, false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if sel.Having != nil {
		b.curClause = havingClause
		p, err = b.buildSelection(p, sel.Having.Expr, havingMap)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	b.windowSpecs, err = buildWindowSpecs(sel.WindowSpecs)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var windowMapper map[*ast.WindowFuncExpr]int
	if hasWindowFuncField {
		windowFuncs := extractWindowFuncs(sel.Fields.Fields)
		groupedFuncs, err := b.groupWindowFuncs(windowFuncs)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		p, windowMapper, err = b.buildWindowFunctions(p, groupedFuncs, windowAggMap)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		// Now we build the window function fields.
		p, oldLen, err = b.buildProjection(p, sel.Fields.Fields, windowAggMap, windowMapper, true)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if sel.Distinct {
		p, err = b.buildDistinct(p, oldLen)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if sel.OrderBy != nil {
		p, err = b.buildSort(p, sel.OrderBy.Items, orderMap, windowMapper)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if sel.Limit != nil {
		p, err = b.buildLimit(p, sel.Limit)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	sel.Fields.Fields = originalFields
	if oldLen != p.Schema().Len() {
		proj := LogicalProjection{Exprs: expression.Column2Exprs(p.Schema().Columns[:oldLen])}.Init(b.ctx)
		proj.SetChildren(p)
		schema := expression.NewSchema(p.Schema().Clone().Columns[:oldLen]...)
		for _, col := range schema.Columns {
			col.UniqueID = b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID()
		}
		proj.SetSchema(schema)
		return proj, nil
	}

	return p, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildTableDual() *LogicalTableDual {
	return LogicalTableDual{RowCount: 1}.Init(b.ctx)
}

func (ds *DataSource) newExtraHandleSchemaCol() *expression.Column {
	return &expression.Column{
		DBName:   ds.DBName,
		TblName:  ds.tableInfo.Name,
		ColName:  model.ExtraHandleName,
		RetType:  types.NewFieldType(mysql.TypeLonglong),
		UniqueID: ds.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
		ID:       model.ExtraHandleID,
	}
}

// getStatsTable gets statistics information for a table specified by "tableID".
// A pseudo statistics table is returned in any of the following scenario:
// 1. tidb-server started and statistics handle has not been initialized.
// 2. table row count from statistics is zero.
// 3. statistics is outdated.
func getStatsTable(ctx sessionctx.Context, tblInfo *model.TableInfo, pid int64) *statistics.Table {
	statsHandle := domain.GetDomain(ctx).StatsHandle()

	// 1. tidb-server started and statistics handle has not been initialized.
	if statsHandle == nil {
		return statistics.PseudoTable(tblInfo)
	}

	var statsTbl *statistics.Table
	if pid != tblInfo.ID {
		statsTbl = statsHandle.GetPartitionStats(tblInfo, pid)
	} else {
		statsTbl = statsHandle.GetTableStats(tblInfo)
	}

	// 2. table row count from statistics is zero.
	if statsTbl.Count == 0 {
		return statistics.PseudoTable(tblInfo)
	}

	// 3. statistics is outdated.
	if statsTbl.IsOutdated() {
		tbl := *statsTbl
		tbl.Pseudo = true
		statsTbl = &tbl
		metrics.PseudoEstimation.Inc()
	}
	return statsTbl
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildDataSource(tn *ast.TableName) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	dbName := tn.Schema
	if dbName.L == "" {
		dbName = model.NewCIStr(b.ctx.GetSessionVars().CurrentDB)
	}

	tbl, err := b.is.TableByName(dbName, tn.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	tableInfo := tbl.Meta()
	var authErr error
	if b.ctx.GetSessionVars().User != nil {
		authErr = ErrTableaccessDenied.GenWithStackByArgs("SELECT", b.ctx.GetSessionVars().User.Username, b.ctx.GetSessionVars().User.Hostname, tableInfo.Name.L)
	}
	b.visitInfo = appendVisitInfo(b.visitInfo, mysql.SelectPriv, dbName.L, tableInfo.Name.L, "", authErr)

	if tableInfo.IsView() {
		return b.BuildDataSourceFromView(dbName, tableInfo)
	}

	if tableInfo.GetPartitionInfo() != nil {
		b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPartitionProcessor
		// check partition by name.
		for _, name := range tn.PartitionNames {
			_, err = tables.FindPartitionByName(tableInfo, name.L)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		}
	} else if len(tn.PartitionNames) != 0 {
		return nil, ErrPartitionClauseOnNonpartitioned
	}

	possiblePaths, err := getPossibleAccessPaths(tn.IndexHints, tableInfo)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var columns []*table.Column
	if b.inUpdateStmt {
		// create table t(a int, b int).
		// Imagine that, There are 2 TiDB instances in the cluster, name A, B. We add a column `c` to table t in the TiDB cluster.
		// One of the TiDB, A, the column type in its infoschema is changed to public. And in the other TiDB, the column type is
		// still StateWriteReorganization.
		// TiDB A: insert into t values(1, 2, 3);
		// TiDB B: update t set a = 2 where b = 2;
		// If we use tbl.Cols() here, the update statement, will ignore the col `c`, and the data `3` will lost.
		columns = tbl.WritableCols()
	} else {
		columns = tbl.Cols()
	}
	var statisticTable *statistics.Table
	if _, ok := tbl.(table.PartitionedTable); !ok {
		statisticTable = getStatsTable(b.ctx, tbl.Meta(), tbl.Meta().ID)
	}

	ds := DataSource{
		DBName:              dbName,
		table:               tbl,
		tableInfo:           tableInfo,
		statisticTable:      statisticTable,
		indexHints:          tn.IndexHints,
		possibleAccessPaths: possiblePaths,
		Columns:             make([]*model.ColumnInfo, 0, len(columns)),
		partitionNames:      tn.PartitionNames,
	}.Init(b.ctx)

	var handleCol *expression.Column
	schema := expression.NewSchema(make([]*expression.Column, 0, len(columns))...)
	for _, col := range columns {
		ds.Columns = append(ds.Columns, col.ToInfo())
		newCol := &expression.Column{
			UniqueID:    b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
			DBName:      dbName,
			TblName:     tableInfo.Name,
			ColName:     col.Name,
			OrigColName: col.Name,
			ID:          col.ID,
			RetType:     &col.FieldType,
		}

		if tableInfo.PKIsHandle && mysql.HasPriKeyFlag(col.Flag) {
			handleCol = newCol
		}
		schema.Append(newCol)
	}
	ds.SetSchema(schema)

	// We append an extra handle column to the schema when "ds" is not a memory
	// table e.g. table in the "INFORMATION_SCHEMA" database, and the handle
	// column is not the primary key of "ds".
	isMemDB := infoschema.IsMemoryDB(ds.DBName.L)
	if !isMemDB && handleCol == nil {
		ds.Columns = append(ds.Columns, model.NewExtraHandleColInfo())
		handleCol = ds.newExtraHandleSchemaCol()
		schema.Append(handleCol)
	}
	if handleCol != nil {
		schema.TblID2Handle[tableInfo.ID] = []*expression.Column{handleCol}
	}

	var result LogicalPlan = ds

	// If this SQL is executed in a non-readonly transaction, we need a
	// "UnionScan" operator to read the modifications of former SQLs, which is
	// buffered in tidb-server memory.
	txn, err := b.ctx.Txn(false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if txn.Valid() && !txn.IsReadOnly() {
		us := LogicalUnionScan{}.Init(b.ctx)
		us.SetChildren(ds)
		result = us
	}

	// If this table contains any virtual generated columns, we need a
	// "Projection" to calculate these columns.
	proj, err := b.projectVirtualColumns(ds, columns)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if proj != nil {
		proj.SetChildren(result)
		result = proj
	}
	return result, nil
}

// BuildDataSourceFromView is used to build LogicalPlan from view
func (b *PlanBuilder) BuildDataSourceFromView(dbName model.CIStr, tableInfo *model.TableInfo) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	charset, collation := b.ctx.GetSessionVars().GetCharsetInfo()
	viewParser := parser.New()
	viewParser.EnableWindowFunc(b.ctx.GetSessionVars().EnableWindowFunction)
	selectNode, err := viewParser.ParseOneStmt(tableInfo.View.SelectStmt, charset, collation)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	originalVisitInfo := b.visitInfo
	b.visitInfo = make([]visitInfo, 0)
	selectLogicalPlan, err := b.Build(selectNode)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if tableInfo.View.Security == model.SecurityDefiner {
		if pm := privilege.GetPrivilegeManager(b.ctx); pm != nil {
			for _, v := range b.visitInfo {
				if !pm.RequestVerificationWithUser(v.db, v.table, v.column, v.privilege, tableInfo.View.Definer) {
					return nil, ErrViewInvalid.GenWithStackByArgs(dbName.O, tableInfo.Name.O)
				}
			}
		}
		b.visitInfo = b.visitInfo[:0]
	}
	b.visitInfo = append(originalVisitInfo, b.visitInfo...)

	if b.ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.InExplainStmt {
		b.visitInfo = appendVisitInfo(b.visitInfo, mysql.ShowViewPriv, dbName.L, tableInfo.Name.L, "", ErrViewNoExplain)
	}

	projSchema := expression.NewSchema(make([]*expression.Column, 0, len(tableInfo.View.Cols))...)
	projExprs := make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(tableInfo.View.Cols))
	for i := range tableInfo.View.Cols {
		col := selectLogicalPlan.Schema().FindColumnByName(tableInfo.View.Cols[i].L)
		if col == nil {
			return nil, ErrViewInvalid.GenWithStackByArgs(dbName.O, tableInfo.Name.O)
		}
		projSchema.Append(&expression.Column{
			UniqueID:    b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
			TblName:     col.TblName,
			OrigTblName: col.OrigTblName,
			ColName:     tableInfo.Cols()[i].Name,
			OrigColName: tableInfo.View.Cols[i],
			DBName:      col.DBName,
			RetType:     col.GetType(),
		})
		projExprs = append(projExprs, col)
	}

	projUponView := LogicalProjection{Exprs: projExprs}.Init(b.ctx)
	projUponView.SetChildren(selectLogicalPlan.(LogicalPlan))
	projUponView.SetSchema(projSchema)
	return projUponView, nil
}

// projectVirtualColumns is only for DataSource. If some table has virtual generated columns,
// we add a projection on the original DataSource, and calculate those columns in the projection
// so that plans above it can reference generated columns by their name.
func (b *PlanBuilder) projectVirtualColumns(ds *DataSource, columns []*table.Column) (*LogicalProjection, error) {
	var hasVirtualGeneratedColumn = false
	for _, column := range columns {
		if column.IsGenerated() && !column.GeneratedStored {
			hasVirtualGeneratedColumn = true
			break
		}
	}
	if !hasVirtualGeneratedColumn {
		return nil, nil
	}
	var proj = LogicalProjection{
		Exprs:            make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(columns)),
		calculateGenCols: true,
	}.Init(b.ctx)

	for i, colExpr := range ds.Schema().Columns {
		var exprIsGen = false
		var expr expression.Expression
		if i < len(columns) {
			if columns[i].IsGenerated() && !columns[i].GeneratedStored {
				var err error
				expr, _, err = b.rewrite(columns[i].GeneratedExpr, ds, nil, true)
				if err != nil {
					return nil, err
				}
				// Because the expression might return different type from
				// the generated column, we should wrap a CAST on the result.
				expr = expression.BuildCastFunction(b.ctx, expr, colExpr.GetType())
				exprIsGen = true
			}
		}
		if !exprIsGen {
			expr = colExpr
		}
		proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, expr)
	}

	// Re-iterate expressions to handle those virtual generated columns that refers to the other generated columns, for
	// example, given:
	//  column a, column b as (a * 2), column c as (b + 1)
	// we'll get:
	//  column a, column b as (a * 2), column c as ((a * 2) + 1)
	// A generated column definition can refer to only generated columns occurring earlier in the table definition, so
	// it's safe to iterate in index-ascending order.
	for i, expr := range proj.Exprs {
		proj.Exprs[i] = expression.ColumnSubstitute(expr, ds.Schema(), proj.Exprs)
	}

	proj.SetSchema(ds.Schema().Clone())
	return proj, nil
}

// buildApplyWithJoinType builds apply plan with outerPlan and innerPlan, which apply join with particular join type for
// every row from outerPlan and the whole innerPlan.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildApplyWithJoinType(outerPlan, innerPlan LogicalPlan, tp JoinType) LogicalPlan {
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPredicatePushDown
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagBuildKeyInfo
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagDecorrelate
	ap := LogicalApply{LogicalJoin: LogicalJoin{JoinType: tp}}.Init(b.ctx)
	ap.SetChildren(outerPlan, innerPlan)
	ap.SetSchema(expression.MergeSchema(outerPlan.Schema(), innerPlan.Schema()))
	for i := outerPlan.Schema().Len(); i < ap.Schema().Len(); i++ {
		ap.schema.Columns[i].IsReferenced = true
	}
	return ap
}

// buildSemiApply builds apply plan with outerPlan and innerPlan, which apply semi-join for every row from outerPlan and the whole innerPlan.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildSemiApply(outerPlan, innerPlan LogicalPlan, condition []expression.Expression, asScalar, not bool) (LogicalPlan, error) {
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagPredicatePushDown
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagBuildKeyInfo
	b.optFlag = b.optFlag | flagDecorrelate

	join, err := b.buildSemiJoin(outerPlan, innerPlan, condition, asScalar, not)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	ap := &LogicalApply{LogicalJoin: *join}
	ap.tp = TypeApply
	ap.self = ap
	return ap, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildMaxOneRow(p LogicalPlan) LogicalPlan {
	maxOneRow := LogicalMaxOneRow{}.Init(b.ctx)
	maxOneRow.SetChildren(p)
	return maxOneRow
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildSemiJoin(outerPlan, innerPlan LogicalPlan, onCondition []expression.Expression, asScalar bool, not bool) (*LogicalJoin, error) {
	joinPlan := LogicalJoin{}.Init(b.ctx)
	for i, expr := range onCondition {
		onCondition[i] = expr.Decorrelate(outerPlan.Schema())
	}
	joinPlan.SetChildren(outerPlan, innerPlan)
	joinPlan.attachOnConds(onCondition)
	if asScalar {
		newSchema := outerPlan.Schema().Clone()
		newSchema.Append(&expression.Column{
			ColName:      model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("%d_aux_0", joinPlan.id)),
			RetType:      types.NewFieldType(mysql.TypeTiny),
			IsReferenced: true,
			UniqueID:     b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
		})
		joinPlan.SetSchema(newSchema)
		if not {
			joinPlan.JoinType = AntiLeftOuterSemiJoin
		} else {
			joinPlan.JoinType = LeftOuterSemiJoin
		}
	} else {
		joinPlan.SetSchema(outerPlan.Schema().Clone())
		if not {
			joinPlan.JoinType = AntiSemiJoin
		} else {
			joinPlan.JoinType = SemiJoin
		}
	}
	// Apply forces to choose hash join currently, so don't worry the hints will take effect if the semi join is in one apply.
	if b.TableHints() != nil {
		outerAlias := extractTableAlias(outerPlan)
		innerAlias := extractTableAlias(innerPlan)
		if b.TableHints().ifPreferMergeJoin(outerAlias, innerAlias) {
			joinPlan.preferJoinType |= preferMergeJoin
		}
		if b.TableHints().ifPreferHashJoin(outerAlias, innerAlias) {
			joinPlan.preferJoinType |= preferHashJoin
		}
		if b.TableHints().ifPreferINLJ(innerAlias) {
			joinPlan.preferJoinType = preferRightAsIndexInner
		}
		// If there're multiple join hints, they're conflict.
		if bits.OnesCount(joinPlan.preferJoinType) > 1 {
			return nil, errors.New("Join hints are conflict, you can only specify one type of join")
		}
	}
	return joinPlan, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildUpdate(update *ast.UpdateStmt) (Plan, error) {
	if b.pushTableHints(update.TableHints) {
		// table hints are only visible in the current UPDATE statement.
		defer b.popTableHints()
	}

	// update subquery table should be forbidden
	var asNameList []string
	asNameList = extractTableSourceAsNames(update.TableRefs.TableRefs, asNameList, true)
	for _, asName := range asNameList {
		for _, assign := range update.List {
			if assign.Column.Table.L == asName {
				return nil, ErrNonUpdatableTable.GenWithStackByArgs(asName, "UPDATE")
			}
		}
	}

	b.inUpdateStmt = true

	p, err := b.buildResultSetNode(update.TableRefs.TableRefs)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var tableList []*ast.TableName
	tableList = extractTableList(update.TableRefs.TableRefs, tableList, false)
	for _, t := range tableList {
		dbName := t.Schema.L
		if dbName == "" {
			dbName = b.ctx.GetSessionVars().CurrentDB
		}
		if t.TableInfo.IsView() {
			return nil, errors.Errorf("update view %s is not supported now.", t.Name.O)
		}
		b.visitInfo = appendVisitInfo(b.visitInfo, mysql.SelectPriv, dbName, t.Name.L, "", nil)
	}

	if update.Where != nil {
		p, err = b.buildSelection(p, update.Where, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	if update.Order != nil {
		p, err = b.buildSort(p, update.Order.Items, nil, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	if update.Limit != nil {
		p, err = b.buildLimit(p, update.Limit)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	var updateTableList []*ast.TableName
	updateTableList = extractTableList(update.TableRefs.TableRefs, updateTableList, true)
	orderedList, np, err := b.buildUpdateLists(updateTableList, update.List, p)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	p = np

	updt := Update{OrderedList: orderedList}.Init(b.ctx)
	updt.SetSchema(p.Schema())
	updt.SelectPlan, err = DoOptimize(b.optFlag, p)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	err = updt.ResolveIndices()
	return updt, err
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildUpdateLists(tableList []*ast.TableName, list []*ast.Assignment, p LogicalPlan) ([]*expression.Assignment, LogicalPlan, error) {
	b.curClause = fieldList
	modifyColumns := make(map[string]struct{}, p.Schema().Len()) // Which columns are in set list.
	for _, assign := range list {
		col, _, err := p.findColumn(assign.Column)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		columnFullName := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.%s", col.DBName.L, col.TblName.L, col.ColName.L)
		modifyColumns[columnFullName] = struct{}{}
	}

	// If columns in set list contains generated columns, raise error.
	// And, fill virtualAssignments here; that's for generated columns.
	virtualAssignments := make([]*ast.Assignment, 0)
	tableAsName := make(map[*model.TableInfo][]*model.CIStr)
	extractTableAsNameForUpdate(p, tableAsName)

	for _, tn := range tableList {
		tableInfo := tn.TableInfo
		tableVal, found := b.is.TableByID(tableInfo.ID)
		if !found {
			return nil, nil, infoschema.ErrTableNotExists.GenWithStackByArgs(tn.DBInfo.Name.O, tableInfo.Name.O)
		}
		for i, colInfo := range tableInfo.Columns {
			if !colInfo.IsGenerated() {
				continue
			}
			columnFullName := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.%s", tn.Schema.L, tn.Name.L, colInfo.Name.L)
			if _, ok := modifyColumns[columnFullName]; ok {
				return nil, nil, ErrBadGeneratedColumn.GenWithStackByArgs(colInfo.Name.O, tableInfo.Name.O)
			}
			for _, asName := range tableAsName[tableInfo] {
				virtualAssignments = append(virtualAssignments, &ast.Assignment{
					Column: &ast.ColumnName{Table: *asName, Name: colInfo.Name},
					Expr:   tableVal.Cols()[i].GeneratedExpr,
				})
			}
		}
	}

	newList := make([]*expression.Assignment, 0, p.Schema().Len())
	allAssignments := append(list, virtualAssignments...)
	for i, assign := range allAssignments {
		col, _, err := p.findColumn(assign.Column)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		var newExpr expression.Expression
		var np LogicalPlan
		if i < len(list) {
			newExpr, np, err = b.rewrite(assign.Expr, p, nil, false)
		} else {
			// rewrite with generation expression
			rewritePreprocess := func(expr ast.Node) ast.Node {
				switch x := expr.(type) {
				case *ast.ColumnName:
					return &ast.ColumnName{
						Schema: assign.Column.Schema,
						Table:  assign.Column.Table,
						Name:   x.Name,
					}
				default:
					return expr
				}
			}
			newExpr, np, err = b.rewriteWithPreprocess(assign.Expr, p, nil, nil, false, rewritePreprocess)
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		newExpr = expression.BuildCastFunction(b.ctx, newExpr, col.GetType())
		p = np
		newList = append(newList, &expression.Assignment{Col: col, Expr: newExpr})
	}

	tblDbMap := make(map[string]string, len(tableList))
	for _, tbl := range tableList {
		tblDbMap[tbl.Name.L] = tbl.DBInfo.Name.L
	}
	for _, assign := range newList {
		col := assign.Col

		dbName := col.DBName.L
		// To solve issue#10028, we need to get database name by the table alias name.
		if dbNameTmp, ok := tblDbMap[col.TblName.L]; ok {
			dbName = dbNameTmp
		}
		if dbName == "" {
			dbName = b.ctx.GetSessionVars().CurrentDB
		}
		b.visitInfo = appendVisitInfo(b.visitInfo, mysql.UpdatePriv, dbName, col.OrigTblName.L, "", nil)
	}
	return newList, p, nil
}

// extractTableAsNameForUpdate extracts tables' alias names for update.
func extractTableAsNameForUpdate(p LogicalPlan, asNames map[*model.TableInfo][]*model.CIStr) {
	switch x := p.(type) {
	case *DataSource:
		alias := extractTableAlias(p)
		if alias != nil {
			if _, ok := asNames[x.tableInfo]; !ok {
				asNames[x.tableInfo] = make([]*model.CIStr, 0, 1)
			}
			asNames[x.tableInfo] = append(asNames[x.tableInfo], alias)
		}
	case *LogicalProjection:
		if !x.calculateGenCols {
			return
		}

		ds, isDS := x.Children()[0].(*DataSource)
		if !isDS {
			// try to extract the DataSource below a LogicalUnionScan.
			if us, isUS := x.Children()[0].(*LogicalUnionScan); isUS {
				ds, isDS = us.Children()[0].(*DataSource)
			}
		}
		if !isDS {
			return
		}

		alias := extractTableAlias(x)
		if alias != nil {
			if _, ok := asNames[ds.tableInfo]; !ok {
				asNames[ds.tableInfo] = make([]*model.CIStr, 0, 1)
			}
			asNames[ds.tableInfo] = append(asNames[ds.tableInfo], alias)
		}
	default:
		for _, child := range p.Children() {
			extractTableAsNameForUpdate(child, asNames)
		}
	}
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildDelete(delete *ast.DeleteStmt) (Plan, error) {
	if b.pushTableHints(delete.TableHints) {
		// table hints are only visible in the current DELETE statement.
		defer b.popTableHints()
	}

	p, err := b.buildResultSetNode(delete.TableRefs.TableRefs)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	oldSchema := p.Schema()
	oldLen := oldSchema.Len()

	if delete.Where != nil {
		p, err = b.buildSelection(p, delete.Where, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if delete.Order != nil {
		p, err = b.buildSort(p, delete.Order.Items, nil, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	if delete.Limit != nil {
		p, err = b.buildLimit(p, delete.Limit)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	// Add a projection for the following case, otherwise the final schema will be the schema of the join.
	// delete from t where a in (select ...) or b in (select ...)
	if !delete.IsMultiTable && oldLen != p.Schema().Len() {
		proj := LogicalProjection{Exprs: expression.Column2Exprs(p.Schema().Columns[:oldLen])}.Init(b.ctx)
		proj.SetChildren(p)
		proj.SetSchema(oldSchema.Clone())
		p = proj
	}

	var tables []*ast.TableName
	if delete.Tables != nil {
		tables = delete.Tables.Tables
	}

	del := Delete{
		Tables:       tables,
		IsMultiTable: delete.IsMultiTable,
	}.Init(b.ctx)

	del.SelectPlan, err = DoOptimize(b.optFlag, p)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	del.SetSchema(expression.NewSchema())

	var tableList []*ast.TableName
	tableList = extractTableList(delete.TableRefs.TableRefs, tableList, true)

	// Collect visitInfo.
	if delete.Tables != nil {
		// Delete a, b from a, b, c, d... add a and b.
		for _, tn := range delete.Tables.Tables {
			foundMatch := false
			for _, v := range tableList {
				dbName := v.Schema.L
				if dbName == "" {
					dbName = b.ctx.GetSessionVars().CurrentDB
				}
				if (tn.Schema.L == "" || tn.Schema.L == dbName) && tn.Name.L == v.Name.L {
					tn.Schema.L = dbName
					tn.DBInfo = v.DBInfo
					tn.TableInfo = v.TableInfo
					foundMatch = true
					break
				}
			}
			if !foundMatch {
				var asNameList []string
				asNameList = extractTableSourceAsNames(delete.TableRefs.TableRefs, asNameList, false)
				for _, asName := range asNameList {
					tblName := tn.Name.L
					if tn.Schema.L != "" {
						tblName = tn.Schema.L + "." + tblName
					}
					if asName == tblName {
						// check sql like: `delete a from (select * from t) as a, t`
						return nil, ErrNonUpdatableTable.GenWithStackByArgs(tn.Name.O, "DELETE")
					}
				}
				// check sql like: `delete b from (select * from t) as a, t`
				return nil, ErrUnknownTable.GenWithStackByArgs(tn.Name.O, "MULTI DELETE")
			}
			if tn.TableInfo.IsView() {
				return nil, errors.Errorf("delete view %s is not supported now.", tn.Name.O)
			}
			b.visitInfo = appendVisitInfo(b.visitInfo, mysql.DeletePriv, tn.Schema.L, tn.TableInfo.Name.L, "", nil)
		}
	} else {
		// Delete from a, b, c, d.
		for _, v := range tableList {
			if v.TableInfo.IsView() {
				return nil, errors.Errorf("delete view %s is not supported now.", v.Name.O)
			}
			dbName := v.Schema.L
			if dbName == "" {
				dbName = b.ctx.GetSessionVars().CurrentDB
			}
			b.visitInfo = appendVisitInfo(b.visitInfo, mysql.DeletePriv, dbName, v.Name.L, "", nil)
		}
	}

	return del, nil
}

func getWindowName(name string) string {
	if name == "" {
		return "<unnamed window>"
	}
	return name
}

// buildProjectionForWindow builds the projection for expressions in the window specification that is not an column,
// so after the projection, window functions only needs to deal with columns.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildProjectionForWindow(p LogicalPlan, spec *ast.WindowSpec, args []ast.ExprNode, aggMap map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int) (LogicalPlan, []property.Item, []property.Item, []expression.Expression, error) {
	b.optFlag |= flagEliminateProjection

	var partitionItems, orderItems []*ast.ByItem
	if spec.PartitionBy != nil {
		partitionItems = spec.PartitionBy.Items
	}
	if spec.OrderBy != nil {
		orderItems = spec.OrderBy.Items
	}

	projLen := len(p.Schema().Columns) + len(partitionItems) + len(orderItems) + len(args)
	proj := LogicalProjection{Exprs: make([]expression.Expression, 0, projLen)}.Init(b.ctx)
	proj.SetSchema(expression.NewSchema(make([]*expression.Column, 0, projLen)...))
	for _, col := range p.Schema().Columns {
		proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, col)
		proj.schema.Append(col)
	}

	propertyItems := make([]property.Item, 0, len(partitionItems)+len(orderItems))
	var err error
	p, propertyItems, err = b.buildByItemsForWindow(p, proj, partitionItems, propertyItems, aggMap)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, nil, nil, err
	}
	lenPartition := len(propertyItems)
	p, propertyItems, err = b.buildByItemsForWindow(p, proj, orderItems, propertyItems, aggMap)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, nil, nil, err
	}

	newArgList := make([]expression.Expression, 0, len(args))
	for _, arg := range args {
		newArg, np, err := b.rewrite(arg, p, aggMap, true)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, nil, nil, err
		}
		p = np
		switch newArg.(type) {
		case *expression.Column, *expression.Constant:
			newArgList = append(newArgList, newArg)
			continue
		}
		proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, newArg)
		col := &expression.Column{
			ColName:  model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("%d_proj_window_%d", p.ID(), proj.schema.Len())),
			UniqueID: b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
			RetType:  newArg.GetType(),
		}
		proj.schema.Append(col)
		newArgList = append(newArgList, col)
	}

	proj.SetChildren(p)
	return proj, propertyItems[:lenPartition], propertyItems[lenPartition:], newArgList, nil
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildByItemsForWindow(
	p LogicalPlan,
	proj *LogicalProjection,
	items []*ast.ByItem,
	retItems []property.Item,
	aggMap map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int,
) (LogicalPlan, []property.Item, error) {
	transformer := &itemTransformer{}
	for _, item := range items {
		newExpr, _ := item.Expr.Accept(transformer)
		item.Expr = newExpr.(ast.ExprNode)
		it, np, err := b.rewrite(item.Expr, p, aggMap, true)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		p = np
		if it.GetType().Tp == mysql.TypeNull {
			continue
		}
		if col, ok := it.(*expression.Column); ok {
			retItems = append(retItems, property.Item{Col: col, Desc: item.Desc})
			continue
		}
		proj.Exprs = append(proj.Exprs, it)
		col := &expression.Column{
			ColName:  model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("%d_proj_window_%d", p.ID(), proj.schema.Len())),
			UniqueID: b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
			RetType:  it.GetType(),
		}
		proj.schema.Append(col)
		retItems = append(retItems, property.Item{Col: col, Desc: item.Desc})
	}
	return p, retItems, nil
}

// buildWindowFunctionFrameBound builds the bounds of window function frames.
// For type `Rows`, the bound expr must be an unsigned integer.
// For type `Range`, the bound expr must be temporal or numeric types.
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildWindowFunctionFrameBound(spec *ast.WindowSpec, orderByItems []property.Item, boundClause *ast.FrameBound) (*FrameBound, error) {
	frameType := spec.Frame.Type
	bound := &FrameBound{Type: boundClause.Type, UnBounded: boundClause.UnBounded}
	if bound.UnBounded {
		return bound, nil
	}

	if frameType == ast.Rows {
		if bound.Type == ast.CurrentRow {
			return bound, nil
		}
		// Rows type does not support interval range.
		if boundClause.Unit != nil {
			return nil, ErrWindowRowsIntervalUse.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
		}
		numRows, isNull, isExpectedType := getUintFromNode(b.ctx, boundClause.Expr)
		if isNull || !isExpectedType {
			return nil, ErrWindowFrameIllegal.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
		}
		bound.Num = numRows
		return bound, nil
	}

	bound.CalcFuncs = make([]expression.Expression, len(orderByItems))
	bound.CmpFuncs = make([]expression.CompareFunc, len(orderByItems))
	if bound.Type == ast.CurrentRow {
		for i, item := range orderByItems {
			col := item.Col
			bound.CalcFuncs[i] = col
			bound.CmpFuncs[i] = expression.GetCmpFunction(col, col)
		}
		return bound, nil
	}

	if len(orderByItems) != 1 {
		return nil, ErrWindowRangeFrameOrderType.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}
	col := orderByItems[0].Col
	isNumeric, isTemporal := types.IsTypeNumeric(col.RetType.Tp), types.IsTypeTemporal(col.RetType.Tp)
	if !isNumeric && !isTemporal {
		return nil, ErrWindowRangeFrameOrderType.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}
	// Interval bounds only support order by temporal types.
	if boundClause.Unit != nil && isNumeric {
		return nil, ErrWindowRangeFrameNumericType.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}
	// Non-interval bound only support order by numeric types.
	if boundClause.Unit == nil && !isNumeric {
		return nil, ErrWindowRangeFrameTemporalType.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}

	// TODO: We also need to raise error for non-deterministic expressions, like rand().
	val, err := evalAstExpr(b.ctx, boundClause.Expr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ErrWindowRangeBoundNotConstant.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}
	expr := expression.Constant{Value: val, RetType: boundClause.Expr.GetType()}

	checker := &paramMarkerInPrepareChecker{}
	boundClause.Expr.Accept(checker)

	// If it has paramMarker and is in prepare stmt. We don't need to eval it since its value is not decided yet.
	if !checker.inPrepareStmt {
		// Do not raise warnings for truncate.
		oriIgnoreTruncate := b.ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IgnoreTruncate
		b.ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IgnoreTruncate = true
		uVal, isNull, err := expr.EvalInt(b.ctx, chunk.Row{})
		b.ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IgnoreTruncate = oriIgnoreTruncate
		if uVal < 0 || isNull || err != nil {
			return nil, ErrWindowFrameIllegal.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
		}
	}

	desc := orderByItems[0].Desc
	if boundClause.Unit != nil {
		// It can be guaranteed by the parser.
		unitVal := boundClause.Unit.(*driver.ValueExpr)
		unit := expression.Constant{Value: unitVal.Datum, RetType: unitVal.GetType()}

		// When the order is asc:
		//   `+` for following, and `-` for the preceding
		// When the order is desc, `+` becomes `-` and vice-versa.
		funcName := ast.DateAdd
		if (!desc && bound.Type == ast.Preceding) || (desc && bound.Type == ast.Following) {
			funcName = ast.DateSub
		}
		bound.CalcFuncs[0], err = expression.NewFunctionBase(b.ctx, funcName, col.RetType, col, &expr, &unit)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		bound.CmpFuncs[0] = expression.GetCmpFunction(orderByItems[0].Col, bound.CalcFuncs[0])
		return bound, nil
	}
	// When the order is asc:
	//   `+` for following, and `-` for the preceding
	// When the order is desc, `+` becomes `-` and vice-versa.
	funcName := ast.Plus
	if (!desc && bound.Type == ast.Preceding) || (desc && bound.Type == ast.Following) {
		funcName = ast.Minus
	}
	bound.CalcFuncs[0], err = expression.NewFunctionBase(b.ctx, funcName, col.RetType, col, &expr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	bound.CmpFuncs[0] = expression.GetCmpFunction(orderByItems[0].Col, bound.CalcFuncs[0])
	return bound, nil
}

// paramMarkerInPrepareChecker checks whether the given ast tree has paramMarker and is in prepare statement.
type paramMarkerInPrepareChecker struct {
	inPrepareStmt bool
}

// Enter implements Visitor Interface.
func (pc *paramMarkerInPrepareChecker) Enter(in ast.Node) (out ast.Node, skipChildren bool) {
	switch v := in.(type) {
	case *driver.ParamMarkerExpr:
		pc.inPrepareStmt = !v.InExecute
		return v, true
	}
	return in, false
}

// Leave implements Visitor Interface.
func (pc *paramMarkerInPrepareChecker) Leave(in ast.Node) (out ast.Node, ok bool) {
	return in, true
}

// buildWindowFunctionFrame builds the window function frames.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/window-functions-frames.html
func (b *PlanBuilder) buildWindowFunctionFrame(spec *ast.WindowSpec, orderByItems []property.Item) (*WindowFrame, error) {
	frameClause := spec.Frame
	if frameClause == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}
	if frameClause.Type == ast.Groups {
		return nil, ErrNotSupportedYet.GenWithStackByArgs("GROUPS")
	}
	frame := &WindowFrame{Type: frameClause.Type}
	start := frameClause.Extent.Start
	if start.Type == ast.Following && start.UnBounded {
		return nil, ErrWindowFrameStartIllegal.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}
	var err error
	frame.Start, err = b.buildWindowFunctionFrameBound(spec, orderByItems, &start)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	end := frameClause.Extent.End
	if end.Type == ast.Preceding && end.UnBounded {
		return nil, ErrWindowFrameEndIllegal.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O))
	}
	frame.End, err = b.buildWindowFunctionFrameBound(spec, orderByItems, &end)
	return frame, err
}

func getAllByItems(itemsBuf []*ast.ByItem, spec *ast.WindowSpec) []*ast.ByItem {
	itemsBuf = itemsBuf[:0]
	if spec.PartitionBy != nil {
		itemsBuf = append(itemsBuf, spec.PartitionBy.Items...)
	}
	if spec.OrderBy != nil {
		itemsBuf = append(itemsBuf, spec.OrderBy.Items...)
	}
	return itemsBuf
}

func restoreByItemText(item *ast.ByItem) string {
	var sb strings.Builder
	ctx := format.NewRestoreCtx(0, &sb)
	err := item.Expr.Restore(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return ""
	}
	return sb.String()
}

func compareItems(lItems []*ast.ByItem, rItems []*ast.ByItem) bool {
	minLen := mathutil.Min(len(lItems), len(rItems))
	for i := 0; i < minLen; i++ {
		res := strings.Compare(restoreByItemText(lItems[i]), restoreByItemText(rItems[i]))
		if res != 0 {
			return res < 0
		}
		res = compareBool(lItems[i].Desc, rItems[i].Desc)
		if res != 0 {
			return res < 0
		}
	}
	return len(lItems) < len(rItems)
}

type windowFuncs struct {
	spec  *ast.WindowSpec
	funcs []*ast.WindowFuncExpr
}

// sortWindowSpecs sorts the window specifications by reversed alphabetical order, then we could add less `Sort` operator
// in physical plan because the window functions with the same partition by and order by clause will be at near places.
func sortWindowSpecs(groupedFuncs map[*ast.WindowSpec][]*ast.WindowFuncExpr) []windowFuncs {
	windows := make([]windowFuncs, 0, len(groupedFuncs))
	for spec, funcs := range groupedFuncs {
		windows = append(windows, windowFuncs{spec, funcs})
	}
	lItemsBuf := make([]*ast.ByItem, 0, 4)
	rItemsBuf := make([]*ast.ByItem, 0, 4)
	sort.SliceStable(windows, func(i, j int) bool {
		lItemsBuf = getAllByItems(lItemsBuf, windows[i].spec)
		rItemsBuf = getAllByItems(rItemsBuf, windows[j].spec)
		return !compareItems(lItemsBuf, rItemsBuf)
	})
	return windows
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildWindowFunctions(p LogicalPlan, groupedFuncs map[*ast.WindowSpec][]*ast.WindowFuncExpr, aggMap map[*ast.AggregateFuncExpr]int) (LogicalPlan, map[*ast.WindowFuncExpr]int, error) {
	args := make([]ast.ExprNode, 0, 4)
	windowMap := make(map[*ast.WindowFuncExpr]int)
	for _, window := range sortWindowSpecs(groupedFuncs) {
		args = args[:0]
		spec, funcs := window.spec, window.funcs
		for _, windowFunc := range funcs {
			args = append(args, windowFunc.Args...)
		}
		np, partitionBy, orderBy, args, err := b.buildProjectionForWindow(p, spec, args, aggMap)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		frame, err := b.buildWindowFunctionFrame(spec, orderBy)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}

		window := LogicalWindow{
			PartitionBy: partitionBy,
			OrderBy:     orderBy,
			Frame:       frame,
		}.Init(b.ctx)
		schema := np.Schema().Clone()
		descs := make([]*aggregation.WindowFuncDesc, 0, len(funcs))
		preArgs := 0
		for _, windowFunc := range funcs {
			desc, err := aggregation.NewWindowFuncDesc(b.ctx, windowFunc.F, args[preArgs:preArgs+len(windowFunc.Args)])
			if err != nil {
				return nil, nil, err
			}
			if desc == nil {
				return nil, nil, ErrWrongArguments.GenWithStackByArgs(strings.ToLower(windowFunc.F))
			}
			preArgs += len(windowFunc.Args)
			desc.WrapCastForAggArgs(b.ctx)
			descs = append(descs, desc)
			windowMap[windowFunc] = schema.Len()
			schema.Append(&expression.Column{
				ColName:      model.NewCIStr(fmt.Sprintf("%d_window_%d", window.id, schema.Len())),
				UniqueID:     b.ctx.GetSessionVars().AllocPlanColumnID(),
				IsReferenced: true,
				RetType:      desc.RetTp,
			})
		}
		window.WindowFuncDescs = descs
		window.SetChildren(np)
		window.SetSchema(schema)
		p = window
	}
	return p, windowMap, nil
}

func extractWindowFuncs(fields []*ast.SelectField) []*ast.WindowFuncExpr {
	extractor := &WindowFuncExtractor{}
	for _, f := range fields {
		n, _ := f.Expr.Accept(extractor)
		f.Expr = n.(ast.ExprNode)
	}
	return extractor.windowFuncs
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) handleDefaultFrame(spec *ast.WindowSpec, windowFuncName string) (*ast.WindowSpec, bool) {
	needFrame := aggregation.NeedFrame(windowFuncName)
	// According to MySQL, In the absence of a frame clause, the default frame depends on whether an ORDER BY clause is present:
	//   (1) With order by, the default frame is equivalent to "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW";
	//   (2) Without order by, the default frame is equivalent to "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING",
	//       which is the same as an empty frame.
	if needFrame && spec.Frame == nil && spec.OrderBy != nil {
		newSpec := *spec
		newSpec.Frame = &ast.FrameClause{
			Type: ast.Ranges,
			Extent: ast.FrameExtent{
				Start: ast.FrameBound{Type: ast.Preceding, UnBounded: true},
				End:   ast.FrameBound{Type: ast.CurrentRow},
			},
		}
		return &newSpec, true
	}
	// For functions that operate on the entire partition, the frame clause will be ignored.
	if !needFrame && spec.Frame != nil {
		specName := spec.Name.O
		b.ctx.GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.AppendNote(ErrWindowFunctionIgnoresFrame.GenWithStackByArgs(windowFuncName, getWindowName(specName)))
		newSpec := *spec
		newSpec.Frame = nil
		return &newSpec, true
	}
	return spec, false
}

// groupWindowFuncs groups the window functions according to the window specification name.
// TODO: We can group the window function by the definition of window specification.
func (b *PlanBuilder) groupWindowFuncs(windowFuncs []*ast.WindowFuncExpr) (map[*ast.WindowSpec][]*ast.WindowFuncExpr, error) {
	// updatedSpecMap is used to handle the specifications that have frame clause changed.
	updatedSpecMap := make(map[string]*ast.WindowSpec)
	groupedWindow := make(map[*ast.WindowSpec][]*ast.WindowFuncExpr)
	for _, windowFunc := range windowFuncs {
		if windowFunc.Spec.Name.L == "" {
			spec := &windowFunc.Spec
			if spec.Ref.L != "" {
				ref, ok := b.windowSpecs[spec.Ref.L]
				if !ok {
					return nil, ErrWindowNoSuchWindow.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Ref.O))
				}
				err := mergeWindowSpec(spec, ref)
				if err != nil {
					return nil, err
				}
			}
			spec, _ = b.handleDefaultFrame(spec, windowFunc.F)
			groupedWindow[spec] = append(groupedWindow[spec], windowFunc)
			continue
		}

		name := windowFunc.Spec.Name.L
		spec, ok := b.windowSpecs[name]
		if !ok {
			return nil, ErrWindowNoSuchWindow.GenWithStackByArgs(windowFunc.Spec.Name.O)
		}
		newSpec, updated := b.handleDefaultFrame(spec, windowFunc.F)
		if !updated {
			groupedWindow[spec] = append(groupedWindow[spec], windowFunc)
		} else {
			if _, ok := updatedSpecMap[name]; !ok {
				updatedSpecMap[name] = newSpec
			}
			updatedSpec := updatedSpecMap[name]
			groupedWindow[updatedSpec] = append(groupedWindow[updatedSpec], windowFunc)
		}
	}
	return groupedWindow, nil
}

// resolveWindowSpec resolve window specifications for sql like `select ... from t window w1 as (w2), w2 as (partition by a)`.
// We need to resolve the referenced window to get the definition of current window spec.
func resolveWindowSpec(spec *ast.WindowSpec, specs map[string]*ast.WindowSpec, inStack map[string]bool) error {
	if inStack[spec.Name.L] {
		return errors.Trace(ErrWindowCircularityInWindowGraph)
	}
	if spec.Ref.L == "" {
		return nil
	}
	ref, ok := specs[spec.Ref.L]
	if !ok {
		return ErrWindowNoSuchWindow.GenWithStackByArgs(spec.Ref.O)
	}
	inStack[spec.Name.L] = true
	err := resolveWindowSpec(ref, specs, inStack)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	inStack[spec.Name.L] = false
	return mergeWindowSpec(spec, ref)
}

func mergeWindowSpec(spec, ref *ast.WindowSpec) error {
	if ref.Frame != nil {
		return ErrWindowNoInherentFrame.GenWithStackByArgs(ref.Name.O)
	}
	if spec.PartitionBy != nil {
		return errors.Trace(ErrWindowNoChildPartitioning)
	}
	if ref.OrderBy != nil {
		if spec.OrderBy != nil {
			return ErrWindowNoRedefineOrderBy.GenWithStackByArgs(getWindowName(spec.Name.O), ref.Name.O)
		}
		spec.OrderBy = ref.OrderBy
	}
	spec.PartitionBy = ref.PartitionBy
	spec.Ref = model.NewCIStr("")
	return nil
}

func buildWindowSpecs(specs []ast.WindowSpec) (map[string]*ast.WindowSpec, error) {
	specsMap := make(map[string]*ast.WindowSpec, len(specs))
	for _, spec := range specs {
		if _, ok := specsMap[spec.Name.L]; ok {
			return nil, ErrWindowDuplicateName.GenWithStackByArgs(spec.Name.O)
		}
		newSpec := spec
		specsMap[spec.Name.L] = &newSpec
	}
	inStack := make(map[string]bool, len(specs))
	for _, spec := range specsMap {
		err := resolveWindowSpec(spec, specsMap, inStack)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return specsMap, nil
}

// extractTableList extracts all the TableNames from node.
// If asName is true, extract AsName prior to OrigName.
// Privilege check should use OrigName, while expression may use AsName.
func extractTableList(node ast.ResultSetNode, input []*ast.TableName, asName bool) []*ast.TableName {
	switch x := node.(type) {
	case *ast.Join:
		input = extractTableList(x.Left, input, asName)
		input = extractTableList(x.Right, input, asName)
	case *ast.TableSource:
		if s, ok := x.Source.(*ast.TableName); ok {
			if x.AsName.L != "" && asName {
				newTableName := *s
				newTableName.Name = x.AsName
				input = append(input, &newTableName)
			} else {
				input = append(input, s)
			}
		}
	}
	return input
}

// extractTableSourceAsNames extracts TableSource.AsNames from node.
// if onlySelectStmt is set to be true, only extracts AsNames when TableSource.Source.(type) == *ast.SelectStmt
func extractTableSourceAsNames(node ast.ResultSetNode, input []string, onlySelectStmt bool) []string {
	switch x := node.(type) {
	case *ast.Join:
		input = extractTableSourceAsNames(x.Left, input, onlySelectStmt)
		input = extractTableSourceAsNames(x.Right, input, onlySelectStmt)
	case *ast.TableSource:
		if _, ok := x.Source.(*ast.SelectStmt); !ok && onlySelectStmt {
			break
		}
		if s, ok := x.Source.(*ast.TableName); ok {
			if x.AsName.L == "" {
				input = append(input, s.Name.L)
				break
			}
		}
		input = append(input, x.AsName.L)
	}
	return input
}

func appendVisitInfo(vi []visitInfo, priv mysql.PrivilegeType, db, tbl, col string, err error) []visitInfo {
	return append(vi, visitInfo{
		privilege: priv,
		db:        db,
		table:     tbl,
		column:    col,
		err:       err,
	})
}

func getInnerFromParenthesesAndUnaryPlus(expr ast.ExprNode) ast.ExprNode {
	if pexpr, ok := expr.(*ast.ParenthesesExpr); ok {
		return getInnerFromParenthesesAndUnaryPlus(pexpr.Expr)
	}
	if uexpr, ok := expr.(*ast.UnaryOperationExpr); ok && uexpr.Op == opcode.Plus {
		return getInnerFromParenthesesAndUnaryPlus(uexpr.V)
	}
	return expr
}