diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/Makefile b/docker/dist/mixed/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c05fb489c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+TERM_INHERIT = $${TERM+--env TERM='${TERM}'}
+
+login:
+	docker exec -u ${USER} $(TERM_INHERIT) \
+		-w /home/${USER}/gfarm/docker/dist/mixed -it gfarm-c1 /bin/bash
+
+down:
+	(cd ../jwt-server; docker compose down)
+	(cd ../minica; docker compose down)
+	docker compose down
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/README.md b/docker/dist/mixed/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fecf53cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Docker containers for Gfarm developers in a heterogeneous environment
+
+## Explore on virtual clusters
+
+Install docker compose ([Ubuntu](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/ubuntu/) | [CentOS](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/centos/)) and make.
+
+To allow docker compose to run with user privileges, add $USER to the docker group by `sudo usermod -aG docker $USER`
+
+    % cd gfarm/docker/dist/mixed
+    % docker compose up -d
+    % make          # login to a container
+
+    (in a container)
+    % sh ./all.sh
+    This will install and setup Gfarm.  Enjoy!
+    % Ctrl-D
+
+    % docker compose down
+
+## Batch tests
+
+Build, install and setup tests.
+
+    % sh ./batchtest.sh
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/all.sh b/docker/dist/mixed/all.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e70a119cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/all.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -xeu
+status=1
+PROG=$(basename $0)
+trap '[ $status = 0 ] && echo All set || echo NG: $PROG; exit $status' 0 1 2 15
+
+REGRESS=false
+
+# sanity
+DISTDIR=$PWD/..
+[ -f $DISTDIR/install.sh ]
+[ -f $DISTDIR/config.sh ]
+
+# for GitHub Actions:
+# change the owner of /home/runner/local from root to runner
+sudo chown `id -un` ~/local
+
+# set up .nodelist
+sh $DISTDIR/setup.sh
+
+# install Gfarm
+(cd ~/gfarm && sh $DISTDIR/install.sh single)
+gfarm-prun -v "(cd ~/gfarm && sh $DISTDIR/install.sh single)"
+gfarm-pcp -p ~/.nodelist .
+[ -f ~/.gfarm2rc ] && gfarm-prun -a -p "mv ~/.gfarm2rc ~/.gfarm2rc.bak
+	> /dev/null 2>&1"
+
+# install Gfarm2fs
+PKG=gfarm2fs; export PKG
+[ -d ~/gfarm/$PKG ] || git clone https://github.com/oss-tsukuba/$PKG.git
+gfarm-prun -a -v "(export PKG=$PKG; cd ~/gfarm/$PKG && sh $DISTDIR/install.sh single)"
+
+# install jwt-logon
+PKG=jwt-logon; export PKG
+[ -d ~/gfarm/$PKG ] || git clone https://github.com/oss-tsukuba/$PKG.git
+gfarm-prun -a -p "(cd gfarm/$PKG && sudo make PREFIX=/usr/local install
+	 > /dev/null)"
+
+# install jwt-agent
+PKG=jwt-agent; export PKG
+[ -d ~/gfarm/$PKG ] || git clone https://github.com/oss-tsukuba/$PKG.git
+gfarm-prun -a -v "(cd ~/gfarm/$PKG && make clean > /dev/null && make > /dev/null
+	&& sudo make PREFIX=/usr/local install > /dev/null)"
+
+# install cyrus-sasl-xoauth2-idp
+PKG=cyrus-sasl-xoauth2-idp; export PKG
+sasl_libdir=$(pkg-config --variable=libdir libsasl2)
+[ -d ~/gfarm/$PKG ] || git clone https://github.com/oss-tsukuba/$PKG.git
+gfarm-prun -a -v "(cd ~/gfarm/$PKG && ./autogen.sh &&
+	 ./configure --libdir=\$(pkg-config --variable=libdir libsasl2) &&
+	 make > /dev/null && sudo make install > /dev/null)"
+
+cat <<EOF | sudo tee $sasl_libdir/sasl2/gfarm.conf > /dev/null
+log_level: 7
+mech_list: XOAUTH2 ANONYMOUS
+xoauth2_scope: hpci
+xoauth2_aud: hpci
+xoauth2_user_claim: hpci.id
+EOF
+cat <<EOF | sudo tee $sasl_libdir/sasl2/gfarm-client.conf > /dev/null
+xoauth2_user_claim: hpci.id
+EOF
+
+cp $sasl_libdir/sasl2/gfarm*.conf ~/local
+gfarm-prun -p sudo cp local/gfarm*.conf \$\(pkg-config --variable=libdir libsasl2\)/sasl2
+rm ~/local/gfarm*.conf
+
+# create empty sasldb2 database,
+# because the gdbm backend of Cyrus SAL (e.g. on RHEL9) needs this
+# although the berkeley DB backend does NOT
+gfarm-prun -p -a "sudo saslpasswd2 -d -u NOT-EXIST NOT-EXIST"
+
+# XXX - SASL XOAUTH2 fails in gfsd on ubuntu due to the error
+# "unable to open Berkeley db /etc/sasldb2: Permission denied"
+gfarm-prun -p -a \
+	"sudo chown _gfarmfs /etc/sasldb2 /etc/sasl2/sasldb2 > /dev/null 2>&1"
+
+# set up certificates
+sh $DISTDIR/key.sh
+sh $DISTDIR/userkey.sh
+sh $DISTDIR/cert.sh
+sh $DISTDIR/usercert.sh
+sh $DISTDIR/tlscert.sh
+
+# set up Gfarm-1 with 5 nodes
+echo c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 | sh $DISTDIR/config.sh - &
+
+# set up Gfarm-2 to Gfarm-4 with 1 node
+for h in c6 c7 c8; do
+	echo $h | ssh $h sh $DISTDIR/config.sh - &
+done
+wait
+
+# Check installation
+AUTH=
+for a in $(gfstatus -S | grep 'client auth' | grep -v not | awk '{ print $3 }')
+do
+	[ $a = gsi ] && AUTH="$AUTH gsi gsi_auth"
+	[ $a = tls ] && AUTH="$AUTH tls_sharedsecret tls_client_certificate"
+	[ $a = sasl ] && AUTH="$AUTH anonymous"
+done
+AUTH="$AUTH sharedsecret"
+for a in $AUTH
+do
+	echo "*** $a ***"
+	sh $DISTDIR/edconf.sh $a > /dev/null
+	sh $DISTDIR/check.sh
+	for h in c6 c7 c8; do
+		ssh $h sh $DISTDIR/edconf.sh $a > /dev/null
+		ssh $h sh $DISTDIR/check.sh
+	done
+	$REGRESS && sh $DISTDIR/regress.sh
+done
+
+status=0
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/batchtest.sh b/docker/dist/mixed/batchtest.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2da72afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/batchtest.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -xeu
+status=1
+trap '[ $status = 0 ] && echo Done || echo NG; exit $status' 0 1 2 15
+
+DOCKEREXEC="docker exec -u $USER -w /home/$USER/gfarm/docker/dist/mixed gfarm-c1"
+
+# clean up
+make down
+
+JWT=true
+
+docker compose up -d
+
+# JWT-Server
+$JWT && (cd ../jwt-server && docker compose up -d && make setup)
+
+# execute a script
+$DOCKEREXEC sh all.sh
+
+# SASL XOAUTH2 test
+$JWT && $DOCKEREXEC sh ../check-oauth.sh
+
+# clean up
+make down
+
+status=0
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/cert-sign.sh b/docker/dist/mixed/cert-sign.sh
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..e5f971733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/cert-sign.sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../cert-sign.sh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/check.sh b/docker/dist/mixed/check.sh
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..c0555e5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/check.sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../check.sh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/docker-compose.yaml b/docker/dist/mixed/docker-compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17ec91554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/docker-compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+x-ubuntu-build: &x-ubuntu-build
+  build:
+    context: ../../..
+    dockerfile: docker/dist/ubuntu/Dockerfile
+    args:
+      USERNAME: $USER
+
+x-almalinux8-build: &x-almalinux8-build
+  build:
+    context: ../../..
+    dockerfile: docker/dist/almalinux8/Dockerfile
+    args:
+      USERNAME: $USER
+
+x-rockylinux9-build: &x-rockylinux9-build
+  build:
+    context: ../../..
+    dockerfile: docker/dist/rockylinux9/Dockerfile
+    args:
+      USERNAME: $USER
+
+x-common: &x-common
+  volumes:
+    - ../../..:/home/$USER/gfarm:cached
+    - local:/home/$USER/local:cached
+    - /sys/fs/cgroup:/sys/fs/cgroup:ro
+    - ../minica/minica.pem:/minica/minica.crt
+  networks:
+    - gfarm_net
+  cap_add:
+    - SYS_ADMIN
+    - SYS_PTRACE
+  devices:
+    - /dev/fuse
+  security_opt:
+    - seccomp:unconfined
+    - apparmor:unconfined
+  privileged: false
+
+services:
+  c1:
+    <<: [*x-ubuntu-build, *x-common]
+    image: gfarm-ubuntu
+    hostname: c1
+    container_name: gfarm-c1
+  c2:
+    <<: [*x-almalinux8-build, *x-common]
+    image: gfarm-almalinux8
+    hostname: c2
+    container_name: gfarm-c2
+  c3:
+    <<: [*x-rockylinux9-build, *x-common]
+    image: gfarm-rockylinux9
+    hostname: c3
+    container_name: gfarm-c3
+  c4:
+    <<: *x-common
+    image: gfarm-ubuntu
+    hostname: c4
+    container_name: gfarm-c4
+  c5:
+    <<: *x-common
+    image: gfarm-almalinux8
+    hostname: c5
+    container_name: gfarm-c5
+  c6:
+    <<: *x-common
+    image: gfarm-rockylinux9
+    hostname: c6
+    container_name: gfarm-c6
+  c7:
+    <<: *x-common
+    image: gfarm-ubuntu
+    hostname: c7
+    container_name: gfarm-c7
+  c8:
+    <<: *x-common
+    image: gfarm-almalinux8
+    hostname: c8
+    container_name: gfarm-c8
+
+networks:
+  gfarm_net:
+    name: gfarm_net
+
+volumes:
+  local:
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/edconf.sh b/docker/dist/mixed/edconf.sh
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..cc138c39d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/edconf.sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../edconf.sh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docker/dist/mixed/init-jwt.sh b/docker/dist/mixed/init-jwt.sh
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..adeed9763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/dist/mixed/init-jwt.sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../init-jwt.sh
\ No newline at end of file