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{
"laureates": [
{
"id": "1",
"firstname": "Wilhelm Conrad",
"surname": "R\u00f6ntgen",
"born": "1845-03-27",
"died": "1923-02-10",
"bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Lennep (now Remscheid)",
"diedCountry": "Germany",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "Munich",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1901",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Munich University",
"city": "Munich",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "2",
"firstname": "Hendrik Antoon",
"surname": "Lorentz",
"born": "1853-07-18",
"died": "1928-02-04",
"bornCountry": "the Netherlands",
"bornCountryCode": "NL",
"bornCity": "Arnhem",
"diedCountry": "the Netherlands",
"diedCountryCode": "NL",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1902",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Leiden University",
"city": "Leiden",
"country": "the Netherlands"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "3",
"firstname": "Pieter",
"surname": "Zeeman",
"born": "1865-05-25",
"died": "1943-10-09",
"bornCountry": "the Netherlands",
"bornCountryCode": "NL",
"bornCity": "Zonnemaire",
"diedCountry": "the Netherlands",
"diedCountryCode": "NL",
"diedCity": "Amsterdam",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1902",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Amsterdam University",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"country": "the Netherlands"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "4",
"firstname": "Antoine Henri",
"surname": "Becquerel",
"born": "1852-12-15",
"died": "1908-08-25",
"bornCountry": "France",
"bornCountryCode": "FR",
"bornCity": "Paris",
"diedCountry": "France",
"diedCountryCode": "FR",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1903",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique",
"city": "Paris",
"country": "France"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "5",
"firstname": "Pierre",
"surname": "Curie",
"born": "1859-05-15",
"died": "1906-04-19",
"bornCountry": "France",
"bornCountryCode": "FR",
"bornCity": "Paris",
"diedCountry": "France",
"diedCountryCode": "FR",
"diedCity": "Paris",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1903",
"category": "physics",
"share": "4",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "\u00c9cole municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry)",
"city": "Paris",
"country": "France"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "6",
"firstname": "Marie",
"surname": "Curie, n\u00e9e Sklodowska",
"born": "1867-11-07",
"died": "1934-07-04",
"bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Poland)",
"bornCountryCode": "PL",
"bornCity": "Warsaw",
"diedCountry": "France",
"diedCountryCode": "FR",
"diedCity": "Sallanches",
"gender": "female",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1903",
"category": "physics",
"share": "4",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"",
"affiliations": [
[]
]
},
{
"year": "1911",
"category": "chemistry",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Sorbonne University",
"city": "Paris",
"country": "France"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "8",
"firstname": "Lord Rayleigh",
"surname": "(John William Strutt)",
"born": "1842-11-12",
"died": "1919-06-30",
"bornCountry": "United Kingdom",
"bornCountryCode": "GB",
"bornCity": "Langford Grove, Maldon, Essex",
"diedCountry": "United Kingdom",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1904",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Royal Institution of Great Britain",
"city": "London",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "9",
"firstname": "Philipp Eduard Anton",
"surname": "von Lenard",
"born": "1862-06-07",
"died": "1947-05-20",
"bornCountry": "Hungary (now Slovakia)",
"bornCountryCode": "SK",
"bornCity": "Pressburg (now Bratislava)",
"diedCountry": "Germany",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "Messelhausen",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1905",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his work on cathode rays\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Kiel University",
"city": "Kiel",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "10",
"firstname": "Joseph John",
"surname": "Thomson",
"born": "1856-12-18",
"died": "1940-08-30",
"bornCountry": "United Kingdom",
"bornCountryCode": "GB",
"bornCity": "Cheetham Hill, near Manchester",
"diedCountry": "United Kingdom",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"diedCity": "Cambridge",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1906",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "University of Cambridge",
"city": "Cambridge",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "11",
"firstname": "Albert Abraham",
"surname": "Michelson",
"born": "1852-12-19",
"died": "1931-05-09",
"bornCountry": "Prussia (now Poland)",
"bornCountryCode": "PL",
"bornCity": "Strelno (now Strzelno)",
"diedCountry": "USA",
"diedCountryCode": "US",
"diedCity": "Pasadena, CA",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1907",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "University of Chicago",
"city": "Chicago, IL",
"country": "USA"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "12",
"firstname": "Gabriel",
"surname": "Lippmann",
"born": "1845-08-16",
"died": "1921-07-13",
"bornCountry": "Luxembourg",
"bornCountryCode": "LU",
"bornCity": "Hollerich",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1908",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Sorbonne University",
"city": "Paris",
"country": "France"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "13",
"firstname": "Guglielmo",
"surname": "Marconi",
"born": "1874-04-25",
"died": "1937-07-20",
"bornCountry": "Italy",
"bornCountryCode": "IT",
"bornCity": "Bologna",
"diedCountry": "Italy",
"diedCountryCode": "IT",
"diedCity": "Rome",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1909",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.",
"city": "London",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "14",
"firstname": "Karl Ferdinand",
"surname": "Braun",
"born": "1850-06-06",
"died": "1918-04-20",
"bornCountry": "Hesse-Kassel (now Germany)",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Fulda",
"diedCountry": "USA",
"diedCountryCode": "US",
"diedCity": "Brooklyn, NY",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1909",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Strasbourg University",
"city": "Strasbourg",
"country": "Alsace (then Germany, now France)"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "15",
"firstname": "Johannes Diderik",
"surname": "van der Waals",
"born": "1837-11-23",
"died": "1923-03-08",
"bornCountry": "the Netherlands",
"bornCountryCode": "NL",
"bornCity": "Leiden",
"diedCountry": "the Netherlands",
"diedCountryCode": "NL",
"diedCity": "Amsterdam",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1910",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Amsterdam University",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"country": "the Netherlands"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "16",
"firstname": "Wilhelm",
"surname": "Wien",
"born": "1864-01-13",
"died": "1928-08-30",
"bornCountry": "Prussia (now Russia)",
"bornCountryCode": "RU",
"bornCity": "Gaffken (now Parusnoye)",
"diedCountry": "Germany",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "Munich",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1911",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "W\u00fcrzburg University",
"city": "W\u00fcrzburg",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "17",
"firstname": "Nils Gustaf",
"surname": "Dal\u00e9n",
"born": "1869-11-30",
"died": "1937-12-09",
"bornCountry": "Sweden",
"bornCountryCode": "SE",
"bornCity": "Stenstorp",
"diedCountry": "Sweden",
"diedCountryCode": "SE",
"diedCity": "Stockholm",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1912",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co.",
"city": "Liding\u00f6-Stockholm",
"country": "Sweden"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "18",
"firstname": "Heike",
"surname": "Kamerlingh Onnes",
"born": "1853-09-21",
"died": "1926-02-21",
"bornCountry": "the Netherlands",
"bornCountryCode": "NL",
"bornCity": "Groningen",
"diedCountry": "the Netherlands",
"diedCountryCode": "NL",
"diedCity": "Leiden",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1913",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Leiden University",
"city": "Leiden",
"country": "the Netherlands"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "19",
"firstname": "Max",
"surname": "von Laue",
"born": "1879-10-09",
"died": "1960-04-23",
"bornCountry": "Germany",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Pfaffendorf",
"diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "Berlin",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1914",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main University",
"city": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "20",
"firstname": "Sir William Henry",
"surname": "Bragg",
"born": "1862-07-02",
"died": "1942-03-12",
"bornCountry": "United Kingdom",
"bornCountryCode": "GB",
"bornCity": "Wigton",
"diedCountry": "United Kingdom",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"diedCity": "London",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1915",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "University College",
"city": "London",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "21",
"firstname": "William Lawrence",
"surname": "Bragg",
"born": "1890-03-31",
"died": "1971-07-01",
"bornCountry": "Australia",
"bornCountryCode": "AU",
"bornCity": "Adelaide",
"diedCountry": "United Kingdom",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"diedCity": "Ipswich",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1915",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Victoria University",
"city": "Manchester",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "22",
"firstname": "Charles Glover",
"surname": "Barkla",
"born": "1877-06-07",
"died": "1944-10-23",
"bornCountry": "United Kingdom",
"bornCountryCode": "GB",
"bornCity": "Widnes",
"diedCountry": "Scotland",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"diedCity": "Edinburgh",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1917",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Edinburgh University",
"city": "Edinburgh",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "23",
"firstname": "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig",
"surname": "Planck",
"born": "1858-04-23",
"died": "1947-10-04",
"bornCountry": "Schleswig (now Germany)",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Kiel",
"diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "G\u00f6ttingen",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1918",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Berlin University",
"city": "Berlin",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "24",
"firstname": "Johannes",
"surname": "Stark",
"born": "1874-04-15",
"died": "1957-06-21",
"bornCountry": "Germany",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Schickenhof",
"diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "Traunstein",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1919",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Greifswald University",
"city": "Greifswald",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "25",
"firstname": "Charles Edouard",
"surname": "Guillaume",
"born": "1861-02-15",
"died": "1938-06-13",
"bornCountry": "Switzerland",
"bornCountryCode": "CH",
"bornCity": "Fleurier",
"diedCountry": "France",
"diedCountryCode": "FR",
"diedCity": "S\u00e8vres",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1920",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures)",
"city": "S\u00e8vres",
"country": "France"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "26",
"firstname": "Albert",
"surname": "Einstein",
"born": "1879-03-14",
"died": "1955-04-18",
"bornCountry": "Germany",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Ulm",
"diedCountry": "USA",
"diedCountryCode": "US",
"diedCity": "Princeton, NJ",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1921",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) f\u00fcr Physik",
"city": "Berlin",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "27",
"firstname": "Niels Henrik David",
"surname": "Bohr",
"born": "1885-10-07",
"died": "1962-11-18",
"bornCountry": "Denmark",
"bornCountryCode": "DK",
"bornCity": "Copenhagen",
"diedCountry": "Denmark",
"diedCountryCode": "DK",
"diedCity": "Copenhagen",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1922",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Copenhagen University",
"city": "Copenhagen",
"country": "Denmark"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "28",
"firstname": "Robert Andrews",
"surname": "Millikan",
"born": "1868-03-22",
"died": "1953-12-19",
"bornCountry": "USA",
"bornCountryCode": "US",
"bornCity": "Morrison, IL",
"diedCountry": "USA",
"diedCountryCode": "US",
"diedCity": "San Marino, CA",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1923",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)",
"city": "Pasadena, CA",
"country": "USA"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "29",
"firstname": "Karl Manne Georg",
"surname": "Siegbahn",
"born": "1886-12-03",
"died": "1978-09-26",
"bornCountry": "Sweden",
"bornCountryCode": "SE",
"bornCity": "\u00d6rebro",
"diedCountry": "Sweden",
"diedCountryCode": "SE",
"diedCity": "Stockholm",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1924",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Uppsala University",
"city": "Uppsala",
"country": "Sweden"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "30",
"firstname": "James",
"surname": "Franck",
"born": "1882-08-26",
"died": "1964-05-21",
"bornCountry": "Germany",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Hamburg",
"diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "G\u00f6ttingen",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1925",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Goettingen University",
"city": "G\u00f6ttingen",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "31",
"firstname": "Gustav Ludwig",
"surname": "Hertz",
"born": "1887-07-22",
"died": "1975-10-30",
"bornCountry": "Germany",
"bornCountryCode": "DE",
"bornCity": "Hamburg",
"diedCountry": "East Germany",
"diedCountryCode": "DE",
"diedCity": "Berlin",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1925",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Halle University",
"city": "Halle",
"country": "Germany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "32",
"firstname": "Jean Baptiste",
"surname": "Perrin",
"born": "1870-09-30",
"died": "1942-04-17",
"bornCountry": "France",
"bornCountryCode": "FR",
"bornCity": "Lille",
"diedCountry": "USA",
"diedCountryCode": "US",
"diedCity": "New York, NY",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1926",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Sorbonne University",
"city": "Paris",
"country": "France"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "33",
"firstname": "Arthur Holly",
"surname": "Compton",
"born": "1892-09-10",
"died": "1962-03-15",
"bornCountry": "USA",
"bornCountryCode": "US",
"bornCity": "Wooster, OH",
"diedCountry": "USA",
"diedCountryCode": "US",
"diedCity": "Berkeley, CA",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1927",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"for his discovery of the effect named after him\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "University of Chicago",
"city": "Chicago, IL",
"country": "USA"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "34",
"firstname": "Charles Thomson Rees",
"surname": "Wilson",
"born": "1869-02-14",
"died": "1959-11-15",
"bornCountry": "Scotland",
"bornCountryCode": "GB",
"bornCity": "Glencorse",
"diedCountry": "Scotland",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"diedCity": "Carlops",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1927",
"category": "physics",
"share": "2",
"motivation": "\"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "University of Cambridge",
"city": "Cambridge",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "35",
"firstname": "Owen Willans",
"surname": "Richardson",
"born": "1879-04-26",
"died": "1959-02-15",
"bornCountry": "United Kingdom",
"bornCountryCode": "GB",
"bornCity": "Dewsbury",
"diedCountry": "United Kingdom",
"diedCountryCode": "GB",
"diedCity": "Alton",
"gender": "male",
"prizes": [
{
"year": "1928",
"category": "physics",
"share": "1",
"motivation": "\"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him\"",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "London University",
"city": "London",
"country": "United Kingdom"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "36",
"firstname": "Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond",
"surname": "de Broglie",
"born": "1892-08-15",
"died": "1987-03-19",
"bornCountry": "France",
"bornCountryCode": "FR",
"bornCity": "Dieppe",