ESQL: Speed up VALUES for many buckets (elastic#123073)

Speeds up the VALUES agg when collecting from many buckets.
Specifically, this speeds up the algorithm used to `finish` the
aggregation. Most specifically, this makes the algorithm more tollerant
to large numbers of groups being collected. The old algorithm was
`O(n^2)` with the number of groups. The new one is `O(n)`

```
(groups)
      1     219.683 ±    1.069  ->   223.477 ±    1.990 ms/op
   1000     426.323 ±   75.963  ->   463.670 ±    7.275 ms/op
 100000   36690.871 ± 4656.350  ->  7800.332 ± 2775.869 ms/op
 200000   89422.113 ± 2972.606  -> 21920.288 ± 3427.962 ms/op
 400000 timed out at 10 minutes -> 40051.524 ± 2011.706 ms/op
```

The `1` group version was not changed at all. That's just noise in the
measurement. The small bump in the `1000` case is almost certainly worth
it and real. The huge drop in the `100000` case is quite real.

benchmarks/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/benchmark/compute/operator/AggregatorBenchmark.java

@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@
 import java.util.stream.LongStream;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
+/**
+ * Benchmark for many different kinds of aggregator and groupings.
+ */
 @Warmup(iterations = 5)
 @Measurement(iterations = 7)
 @BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)

benchmarks/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/benchmark/compute/operator/ValuesAggregatorBenchmark.java

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the "Elastic License
+ * 2.0", the "GNU Affero General Public License v3.0 only", and the "Server Side
+ * Public License v 1"; you may not use this file except in compliance with, at
+ * your election, the "Elastic License 2.0", the "GNU Affero General Public
+ * License v3.0 only", or the "Server Side Public License, v 1".
+ */
+
+package org.elasticsearch.benchmark.compute.operator;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.breaker.NoopCircuitBreaker;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.util.BigArrays;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.aggregation.AggregatorFunctionSupplier;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.aggregation.AggregatorMode;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.aggregation.ValuesBytesRefAggregatorFunctionSupplier;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.aggregation.ValuesIntAggregatorFunctionSupplier;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.aggregation.ValuesLongAggregatorFunctionSupplier;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.aggregation.blockhash.BlockHash;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.Block;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.BlockFactory;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.BytesRefBlock;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.ElementType;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.IntBlock;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.LongBlock;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.LongVector;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.data.Page;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.operator.AggregationOperator;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.operator.DriverContext;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.operator.HashAggregationOperator;
+import org.elasticsearch.compute.operator.Operator;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.BenchmarkMode;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Fork;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Measurement;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Mode;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.OutputTimeUnit;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Param;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Warmup;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+import java.util.stream.LongStream;
+
+/**
+ * Benchmark for the {@code VALUES} aggregator that supports grouping by many many
+ * many values.
+ */
+@Warmup(iterations = 5)
+@Measurement(iterations = 7)
+@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
+@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+@State(Scope.Thread)
+@Fork(1)
+public class ValuesAggregatorBenchmark {
+    static final int MIN_BLOCK_LENGTH = 8 * 1024;
+    private static final int OP_COUNT = 1024;
+    private static final int UNIQUE_VALUES = 6;
+    private static final BytesRef[] KEYWORDS = new BytesRef[] {
+        new BytesRef("Tokyo"),
+        new BytesRef("Delhi"),
+        new BytesRef("Shanghai"),
+        new BytesRef("São Paulo"),
+        new BytesRef("Mexico City"),
+        new BytesRef("Cairo") };
+    static {
+        assert KEYWORDS.length == UNIQUE_VALUES;
+    }
+
+    private static final BlockFactory blockFactory = BlockFactory.getInstance(
+        new NoopCircuitBreaker("noop"),
+        BigArrays.NON_RECYCLING_INSTANCE  // TODO real big arrays?
+    );
+
+    static {
+        // Smoke test all the expected values and force loading subclasses more like prod
+        try {
+            for (String groups : ValuesAggregatorBenchmark.class.getField("groups").getAnnotationsByType(Param.class)[0].value()) {
+                for (String dataType : ValuesAggregatorBenchmark.class.getField("dataType").getAnnotationsByType(Param.class)[0].value()) {
+                    run(Integer.parseInt(groups), dataType, 10);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new AssertionError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final String BYTES_REF = "BytesRef";
+    private static final String INT = "int";
+    private static final String LONG = "long";
+
+    @Param({ "1", "1000", /*"1000000"*/ })
+    public int groups;
+
+    @Param({ BYTES_REF, INT, LONG })
+    public String dataType;
+
+    private static Operator operator(DriverContext driverContext, int groups, String dataType) {
+        if (groups == 1) {
+            return new AggregationOperator(
+                List.of(supplier(dataType).aggregatorFactory(AggregatorMode.SINGLE, List.of(0)).apply(driverContext)),
+                driverContext
+            );
+        }
+        List<BlockHash.GroupSpec> groupSpec = List.of(new BlockHash.GroupSpec(0, ElementType.LONG));
+        return new HashAggregationOperator(
+            List.of(supplier(dataType).groupingAggregatorFactory(AggregatorMode.SINGLE, List.of(1))),
+            () -> BlockHash.build(groupSpec, driverContext.blockFactory(), 16 * 1024, false),
+            driverContext
+        );
+    }
+
+    private static AggregatorFunctionSupplier supplier(String dataType) {
+        return switch (dataType) {
+            case BYTES_REF -> new ValuesBytesRefAggregatorFunctionSupplier();
+            case INT -> new ValuesIntAggregatorFunctionSupplier();
+            case LONG -> new ValuesLongAggregatorFunctionSupplier();
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported data type [" + dataType + "]");
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static void checkExpected(int groups, String dataType, Page page) {
+        String prefix = String.format("[%s][%s]", groups, dataType);
+        int positions = page.getPositionCount();
+        if (positions != groups) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + " expected " + groups + " positions, got " + positions);
+        }
+        if (groups == 1) {
+            checkUngrouped(prefix, dataType, page);
+            return;
+        }
+        checkGrouped(prefix, groups, dataType, page);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkGrouped(String prefix, int groups, String dataType, Page page) {
+        LongVector groupsVector = page.<LongBlock>getBlock(0).asVector();
+        for (int p = 0; p < groups; p++) {
+            long group = groupsVector.getLong(p);
+            if (group != p) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + "[" + p + "] expected group " + p + " but was " + groups);
+            }
+        }
+        switch (dataType) {
+            case BYTES_REF -> {
+                // Build the expected values
+                List<Set<BytesRef>> expected = new ArrayList<>(groups);
+                for (int g = 0; g < groups; g++) {
+                    expected.add(new HashSet<>(KEYWORDS.length));
+                }
+                int blockLength = blockLength(groups);
+                for (int p = 0; p < blockLength; p++) {
+                    expected.get(p % groups).add(KEYWORDS[p % KEYWORDS.length]);
+                }
+
+                // Check them
+                BytesRefBlock values = page.getBlock(1);
+                for (int p = 0; p < groups; p++) {
+                    checkExpectedBytesRef(prefix, values, p, expected.get(p));
+                }
+            }
+            case INT -> {
+                // Build the expected values
+                List<Set<Integer>> expected = new ArrayList<>(groups);
+                for (int g = 0; g < groups; g++) {
+                    expected.add(new HashSet<>(UNIQUE_VALUES));
+                }
+                int blockLength = blockLength(groups);
+                for (int p = 0; p < blockLength; p++) {
+                    expected.get(p % groups).add(p % KEYWORDS.length);
+                }
+
+                // Check them
+                IntBlock values = page.getBlock(1);
+                for (int p = 0; p < groups; p++) {
+                    checkExpectedInt(prefix, values, p, expected.get(p));
+                }
+            }
+            case LONG -> {
+                // Build the expected values
+                List<Set<Long>> expected = new ArrayList<>(groups);
+                for (int g = 0; g < groups; g++) {
+                    expected.add(new HashSet<>(UNIQUE_VALUES));
+                }
+                int blockLength = blockLength(groups);
+                for (int p = 0; p < blockLength; p++) {
+                    expected.get(p % groups).add((long) p % KEYWORDS.length);
+                }
+
+                // Check them
+                LongBlock values = page.getBlock(1);
+                for (int p = 0; p < groups; p++) {
+                    checkExpectedLong(prefix, values, p, expected.get(p));
+                }
+            }
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + " unsupported data type " + dataType);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkUngrouped(String prefix, String dataType, Page page) {
+        switch (dataType) {
+            case BYTES_REF -> {
+                BytesRefBlock values = page.getBlock(0);
+                checkExpectedBytesRef(prefix, values, 0, Set.of(KEYWORDS));
+            }
+            case INT -> {
+                IntBlock values = page.getBlock(0);
+                checkExpectedInt(prefix, values, 0, IntStream.range(0, UNIQUE_VALUES).boxed().collect(Collectors.toSet()));
+            }
+            case LONG -> {
+                LongBlock values = page.getBlock(0);
+                checkExpectedLong(prefix, values, 0, LongStream.range(0, UNIQUE_VALUES).boxed().collect(Collectors.toSet()));
+            }
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + " unsupported data type " + dataType);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int checkExpectedBlock(String prefix, Block values, int position, Set<?> expected) {
+        int valueCount = values.getValueCount(position);
+        if (valueCount != expected.size()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                prefix + "[" + position + "] expected " + expected.size() + " values but count was " + valueCount
+            );
+        }
+        return valueCount;
+    }
+
+    private static void checkExpectedBytesRef(String prefix, BytesRefBlock values, int position, Set<BytesRef> expected) {
+        int valueCount = checkExpectedBlock(prefix, values, position, expected);
+        BytesRef scratch = new BytesRef();
+        for (int i = values.getFirstValueIndex(position); i < valueCount; i++) {
+            BytesRef v = values.getBytesRef(i, scratch);
+            if (expected.contains(v) == false) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + "[" + position + "] expected " + v + " to be in " + expected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkExpectedInt(String prefix, IntBlock values, int position, Set<Integer> expected) {
+        int valueCount = checkExpectedBlock(prefix, values, position, expected);
+        for (int i = values.getFirstValueIndex(position); i < valueCount; i++) {
+            Integer v = values.getInt(i);
+            if (expected.contains(v) == false) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + "[" + position + "] expected " + v + " to be in " + expected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkExpectedLong(String prefix, LongBlock values, int position, Set<Long> expected) {
+        int valueCount = checkExpectedBlock(prefix, values, position, expected);
+        for (int i = values.getFirstValueIndex(position); i < valueCount; i++) {
+            Long v = values.getLong(i);
+            if (expected.contains(v) == false) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(prefix + "[" + position + "] expected " + v + " to be in " + expected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Page page(int groups, String dataType) {
+        Block dataBlock = dataBlock(groups, dataType);
+        if (groups == 1) {
+            return new Page(dataBlock);
+        }
+        return new Page(groupingBlock(groups), dataBlock);
+    }
+
+    private static Block dataBlock(int groups, String dataType) {
+        int blockLength = blockLength(groups);
+        return switch (dataType) {
+            case BYTES_REF -> {
+                try (BytesRefBlock.Builder builder = blockFactory.newBytesRefBlockBuilder(blockLength)) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < blockLength; i++) {
+                        builder.appendBytesRef(KEYWORDS[i % KEYWORDS.length]);
+                    }
+                    yield builder.build();
+                }
+            }
+            case INT -> {
+                try (IntBlock.Builder builder = blockFactory.newIntBlockBuilder(blockLength)) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < blockLength; i++) {
+                        builder.appendInt(i % UNIQUE_VALUES);
+                    }
+                    yield builder.build();
+                }
+            }
+            case LONG -> {
+                try (LongBlock.Builder builder = blockFactory.newLongBlockBuilder(blockLength)) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < blockLength; i++) {
+                        builder.appendLong(i % UNIQUE_VALUES);
+                    }
+                    yield builder.build();
+                }
+            }
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported data type " + dataType);
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static Block groupingBlock(int groups) {
+        int blockLength = blockLength(groups);
+        try (LongVector.Builder builder = blockFactory.newLongVectorBuilder(blockLength)) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < blockLength; i++) {
+                builder.appendLong(i % groups);
+            }
+            return builder.build().asBlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    public void run() {
+        run(groups, dataType, OP_COUNT);
+    }
+
+    private static void run(int groups, String dataType, int opCount) {
+        DriverContext driverContext = driverContext();
+        try (Operator operator = operator(driverContext, groups, dataType)) {
+            Page page = page(groups, dataType);
+            for (int i = 0; i < opCount; i++) {
+                operator.addInput(page.shallowCopy());
+            }
+            operator.finish();
+            checkExpected(groups, dataType, operator.getOutput());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static DriverContext driverContext() {
+        return new DriverContext(BigArrays.NON_RECYCLING_INSTANCE, blockFactory);
+    }
+
+    static int blockLength(int groups) {
+        return Math.max(MIN_BLOCK_LENGTH, groups);
+    }
+}

docs/changelog/123073.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pr: 123073
+summary: Speed up VALUES for many buckets
+area: ES|QL
+type: bug
+issues: []