ref.bib

@techreport{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2011,
abstract = {In 2007, as part of its Advanced Codes Initiative, DOE signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with ASHRAE to develop advanced commercial standards and included an agreement that 90.1-2010 would result in 30{\%} energy savings relative to 90.1-2004. This MOU initiated the effort by BECP and ASHRAE which culminated in the release of 90.1-2010 in October 2010. This signed MOU introduced a new element and significant challenges for developing 90.1-2010. For the first time in the history of Standard 90.1, an energy goal was established for developing the new edition, 90.1-2010. The 30{\%} energy efficiency goal led to a dramatic increase in the level of activity and enhancement of Standard 90.1 as reflected in the quantity of changes, called addenda, proposed and approved.},
address = {Washington},
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
file = {::},
institution = {U.S. Department of Energy},
pages = {370},
title = {{Achieving the 30{\%} Goal Energy and Cost Savings Analysis of ASHRAE Standard 90-1-2010}},
year = {2011}
}
@book{AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers-ASHRAE2019,
abstract = {Earlier edition produced by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2011. "Provides recommendations for achieving a net zero energy small or medium office building; allows contractors, consulting engineers, architects, and designers to easily achieve advanced levels of energy savings without resorting to detailed calculations or analyses".},
address = {Washington},
author = {{American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - ASHRAE} and {The American Institute of Architects - AIA} and {Illuminating Engineers Society - IES} and {U.S. Green Building Society - USGBS} and {U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
edition = {1{\textordfeminine} ed.},
file = {::},
isbn = {9781947192232},
pages = {240},
publisher = {ASHRAE},
title = {{Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings: achieving zero energy}},
url = {www.ashrae.org},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Harkouss2019,
abstract = {Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have been considered as an efficient solution to limit the growing energy consumption and pollution emissions from buildings. The configurations and the capacities of the implemented renewable energy systems in NZEBs should be wisely selected to ensure the intended performance objective. This study aims to optimize, investigate and compare six renewable energy solution sets for designing NZEBs in three different climates: Indore (cooling dominant), Tromso (heating dominant), and Beijing (mixed climate). The optimization is carried out using a multi-criteria decision-making methodology. The implemented methodology is composed of two phases. In the first phase, the optimal sizes of solution sets in each climate are derived and analyzed. The effectiveness of optimal solution sets is evaluated with respect to economy, environment, energy and grid stress. In the second phase, recommendations for each region are offered according to the overall performance evaluation results. The evaluation criteria include life cycle cost, payback period, levelized cost of energy, CO2eq emissions, grid interaction index, load matching index, and total energy consumption. The analyses show that, in Indore (hot climate), it is recommended to utilize the solution set composed of air source heat pump for cooling and flat plate solar collectors for domestic hot water (DHW) production. In Tromso (cold climate), the use of a biodiesel generator is promising to produce both electricity and hot steam for heating as well as DHW use. In Beijing (mixed climate), it is recommended to utilize electric chillers for cooling and natural gas condensing boiler for heating and DHW usage.},
author = {Harkouss, Fatima and Fardoun, Farouk and Biwole, Pascal Henry},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.013},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Climate,Economy,Grid stress,Net zero energy building,Optimization,Pollution},
month = {jul},
pages = {1155--1175},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Optimal design of renewable energy solution sets for net zero energy buildings}},
volume = {179},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Zhang2016,
abstract = {Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are promising to mitigate the increasing energy and environmental problems. For NZEBs, annual energy balance between renewable energy generation and building energy consumption is an essential and fundamental requirement. Conventional RES (renewable energy system) design methods for NZEBs have not systematically considered uncertainties associated with building energy generation and consumption. As a result, either the annual energy balance cannot be achieved or the initial investment of RES is unnecessarily large. Meanwhile, the uncertainties also have significant impacts on NZEB power mismatch which can cause severe grid stress. In order to overcome the above challenges, this study proposes a multi-criterion RES design optimization method for NZEBs under uncertainties. Under the uncertainties, Monte Carlo simulations have been employed to estimate the annual energy balance and the grid stress caused by power mismatch. Three criteria, namely the annual energy balance reliability, the grid stress and the initial investment, are used to evaluate the overall RES design performance based on user-defined weighted factors. A case study has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in optimizing the size of RES under uncertainties.},
author = {Zhang, Sheng and Huang, Pei and Sun, Yongjun},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.044},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Annual energy balance,Grid stress,Initial investment,Net zero energy building,Renewable system design,Uncertainties},
month = {jan},
pages = {654--665},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A multi-criterion renewable energy system design optimization for net zero energy buildings under uncertainties}},
volume = {94},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Wang2019,
abstract = {Due to reducing the reliance of buildings on fossil fuels, Passive House (PH) is receiving more and more attention. It is important that integrated optimization of passive performance by considering energy demand, cost and thermal comfort. This paper proposed a set three-stage multi-objective optimization method that combines redundancy analysis (RDA), Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT) and Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for PH design. The method has strong engineering applicability, by reducing the model complexity and improving efficiency. Among then, the GBDT algorithm was first applied to the passive performance optimization of buildings, which is used to build meta-models of building performance. Compared with the commonly used meta-model, the proposed models demonstrate superior robustness with the standard deviation at 0.048. The optimization results show that the energy-saving rate is about 88.2{\%} and the improvement of thermal comfort is about 37.8{\%} as compared to the base-case building. The economic analysis, the payback period were used to integrate initial investment and operating costs, the minimum payback period and uncomfortable level of Pareto frontier solution are 0.48 years and 13.1{\%}, respectively. This study provides the architects rich and valuable information about the effects of the parameters on the different building performance.},
author = {Wang, Ran and Lu, Shilei and Feng, Wei},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.116723},
file = {::},
isbn = {2019.116723},
keywords = {Cost-optimal analysis,Energy demand,Meta-model NSGA-II,Passive house,Thermal comfort},
title = {{A three-stage optimization methodology for envelope design of passive house considering energy demand, thermal comfort and cost}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116723},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Li2019,
abstract = {As promising means to reduce carbon emission and energy consumption, zero/low energy buildings have been attracting increasing attentions. Multi-stage design optimization methods have been developed for zero/low energy buildings and their energy systems especially when a large number of design variables need to be optimized. However, these methods ignore the interactions between building envelope and energy system design optimizations, which can be addressed by simultaneous optimization methods requiring huge computation cost. In this study, a coordinated optimal design method is proposed as a computation cost-effective method for stand-alone and grid-connected zero/low energy buildings and their energy systems on the basis of multi-stage design optimization methods, to effectively consider the interactions between building envelope and energy system design optimizations. An iterative approach is adopted to coordinate multi-stage optimizations of building envelope and energy systems. The Hong Kong zero carbon building is used as the reference building to test and validate the proposed method. The results and experiences of the case studies show that the proposed coordinated design method can provide global optimal designs efficiently and robustly. The life cycle “cost” of the optimal designs is 4{\%} less and unmet cooling load is over 22{\%} less compared with existing multi-stage design methods.},
author = {Li, Hangxin and Wang, Shengwei},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.116202},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Design optimization,Energy system,Low energy building,Multi-stage design optimization,Zero energy building},
month = {dec},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Coordinated optimal design of zero/low energy buildings and their energy systems based on multi-stage design optimization}},
volume = {189},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Harmathy2016,
abstract = {This paper elaborates the formulation and application of an integral methodology for overall energy performance improvement of office buildings and demonstrates its application. The developed multi-objective methodology is demonstrated on a reference office building located in a temperate climate zone with high annual temperature variations. The idea is to formulate a research based proposition in building science with a formulation of a general/integral methodology which could be applied widely in energy performance refurbishment of existing office buildings and help architects and engineers in the early-design stages of new projects. The goal was to formulate an optimized building envelope model using multi-criterion optimization methodology in order to determine efficient window to wall ratio (WWR) and window geometry (WG) in the function of indoor illumination quality, followed by the assessment of glazing parameters influence on the annual energy demand. The integral methodology for overall energy performance improvement of office buildings utilizes multi-criterion optimization method and highly detailed Building Information Modeling (BIM) programs and dynamic energy simulation engines. The developed coupled-integral methodology links together both building envelope construction optimization and user comfort. The methodology is both flexible and adaptable for application in various climatic conditions and for different construction types.},
author = {Harmathy, Norbert and Magyar, Zolt{\'{a}}n and Foli{\'{c}}, Radomir},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.162},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Building envelope modeling,Energy performance simulation,EnergyPlus,Indoor illumination analysis,Multi-criteria optimization,Radiance},
month = {nov},
pages = {302--317},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Multi-criterion optimization of building envelope in the function of indoor illumination quality towards overall energy performance improvement}},
volume = {114},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Rubio-Bellido2016,
abstract = {Numerous studies about climate change have emerged in recent years because of their potential impact on many activities of human life, amongst which, the building sector is no exception. Changes in climate conditions have a direct influence on the external conditions for buildings and, thus, on their energy demand. In this context, computer aided simulation provides handy tools that help in assessing this impact. This paper investigates climate data for future scenarios and the effect on energy demand in office buildings in Chile. This data has been generated in the 9 climatic zones that are representative of the main inhabited areas, for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080. Predictions have been produced for the acknowledged A2 ‘medium-high' Greenhouse Gases emissions GHG scenario, pursuant the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The effect of climate change on the energy demand for office buildings is optimized by implementing the calculation procedure of ISO-13790:2008, based on iterations of its envelope and form. As a result, this research clarifies how future climate scenarios will affect the energy demand for different types of office buildings in Chile, and how their shape and enclosure can be optimized.},
author = {Rubio-Bellido, Carlos and P{\'{e}}rez-Fargallo, Alexis and Pulido-Arcas, Jes{\'{u}}s A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.021},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Climate adaption,Climate change,Energy demand,Energy efficiency},
month = {nov},
pages = {569--585},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Optimization of annual energy demand in office buildings under the influence of climate change in Chile}},
volume = {114},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Chen2019,
abstract = {This research thoroughly explored the impact of archetypes and confounding factors on a proposed holistic design optimization approach for high-rise office buildings with integrated photovoltaic (PV) facades. The design optimization adopts the hybrid generalized pattern search particle swarm optimization (HGPSPSO) algorithm, which is incorporated with qualitative and quantitative sensitivity analyses for factor prioritizing and fixing. Different archetypes are modelled by changing floor plan sizes and shapes, while diverse urban contexts and internal load (heat gain) levels are investigated as major confounding factors beyond designers' control. Variation of these four simulation scenarios are then used to examine the uncertainty of sensitivity indices and optimization potential for passive architectural design parameters. The window geometry, thermal and optical properties are proved to be most important to the reference PV envelope design. The building plan shape is found to have little impact on the weighting of different design parameters, while the shape coefficient (SC) is determined to be almost linearly correlated with the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) demand. The office design with the highest shape coefficient can therefore achieve a net energy demand reduction up to 48.77{\%}. The floor plan size also has minor impact on the sensitivity index for each design factor, but the energy-saving potential grows with decreasing floor sizes. On the contrary, confounding factors can greatly change the sensitivity analysis (SA) result. The window U-value becomes more important with an increasing internal load level and urban context density whereas the impact of the window light-to-solar gain ratio is reduced by peripheral shading. Furthermore, varying confounding factors can even change the dimension of optimization problems based on different factor fixing results. This research can provide early-stage design guidance for energy efficient buildings with a comprehensive analysis of pragmatic building archetypes, background contexts and operation scenarios.},
author = {Chen, Xi and Yang, Hongxing and Peng, Jinqing},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.112},
file = {:F$\backslash$:/Root Files/Academic/masters/{\_}desenvolvimento/{\_}regular/{\_}eventos/{\_}lucas/{\_}referencias/CHEN - Energy optimization of high-rise commercial buildings integrated with photovoltaic facades in urban context.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Archetype,Confounding factor,Energy demand,Optimization,Passive architectural design,Photovoltaic facade},
month = {apr},
pages = {1--17},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy optimization of high-rise commercial buildings integrated with photovoltaic facades in urban context}},
volume = {172},
year = {2019}
}
@article{DAgostino2018,
abstract = {This data article refers to the research paper A model for the cost-optimal design of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) in representative climates across Europe [1]. The reported data deal with the design optimization of a residential building prototype located in representative European locations. The study focus on the research of cost-optimal choices and efficiency measures in new buildings depending on the climate. The data linked within this article relate to the modelled building energy consumption, renewable production, potential energy savings, and costs. Data allow to visualize energy consumption before and after the optimization, selected efficiency measures, costs and renewable production. The reduction of electricity and natural gas consumption towards the NZEB target can be visualized together with incremental and cumulative costs in each location. Further data is available about building geometry, costs, CO2 emissions, envelope, materials, lighting, appliances and systems.},
author = {D'Agostino, Delia and Parker, Danny},
doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.038},
file = {::},
issn = {23523409},
journal = {Data in Brief},
month = {apr},
pages = {1168--1174},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Data on cost-optimal Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) across Europe}},
volume = {17},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{Fossati2016,
abstract = {One of the alternatives to reduce building energy consumption recognized and used internationally is establishing standards for the evaluation and classification of buildings in terms of energy performance. In developed countries, the introduction of energy efficiency codes for residential and non-residential buildings started around the time of the first oil crisis in the mid-70s. Ten years later, Brazil has started implemented measures aimed at the conservation and rational use of energy. Initiatives in this regard began with the implementation of the Brazilian Labeling Program, where consumers are provided with information on the energy efficiency of appliances. However, the first energy efficiency law stimulated the most notable improvement in energy efficiency in 2001 after national energy crisis. As a result, the Regulation for Energy Efficiency Labeling of Commercial, Service and Public Buildings (RTQ-C) was released in February 2009 and the Regulation for Energy Efficiency Labeling of Residential Buildings (RTQ-R) was released in November 2010. Nowadays, the labeling of residential, commercial and service buildings is voluntary and the labeling of federal public buildings is mandatory since 2014. This paper presents a review of the building energy efficiency codes and labeling schemes all over the world, an overview of the Brazilian regulations on energy efficiency and discusses the labeling scheme for residential buildings adopted in Brazil. The process of its implementation, strengths and weaknesses in the present labeling scheme and the similarities and differences in relation to international experiences are described. The results obtained to date indicate that a revision is required in order to achieve a more flexible and economically viable process that will enable the program to be established as compulsory.},
author = {Fossati, Michele and Scalco, Veridiana Atanasio and Linczuk, Vin{\'{i}}cius Cesar Cadena and Lamberts, Roberto},
booktitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.048},
file = {::},
issn = {18790690},
keywords = {Brazilian Labeling Scheme,Energy efficiency,Residential buildings},
month = {nov},
pages = {1216--1231},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Building energy efficiency: An overview of the Brazilian residential labeling scheme}},
volume = {65},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Stancin2020,
abstract = {Transition and decarbonization of the energy sector require the utilisation of new technologies and energy sources. Higher penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources implies the installation of energy storage, to store electricity excess and enhanced system efficiency. These electricity surpluses that will occur more often in the future energy system could be effectively utilized for the production of alternative fuels. Most of the alternative fuels that are considered for future applications are already known chemicals or products, nowadays used for other purposes. Another great advantage of some alternative fuels lies in their possibilities to act as an energy carrier. This feature might be crucial while discussing their utilisation potential and further development. Fuels which can simultaneously be used for power generation and as an energy carrier will have a more important role in the future and are likely to be utilized on a greater scale. Renewable energy source like biomass, on the other hand, is already widely used, and their role in the future system is not questionable. Even though significant increment in biomass consumption raises serious concerns about its sustainability, and seeks for new approaches. In this work, the authors tried to review alternative fuel characteristics, alongside their utilisation and production opportunities. To come up with the optimal solutions, the authors compared various proposed alternative fuels, alongside their advantages and drawbacks with an aim to find the most appropriate role for each fuel.},
author = {Stan{\v{c}}in, H. and Mikul{\v{c}}i{\'{c}}, H. and Wang, X. and Dui{\'{c}}, N.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.109927},
file = {::},
issn = {18790690},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Alternative fuel,Biofuel,Carbon capture,Electrolysis,Hydrogen,Pyrolysis,Smart energy system,Variable renewable energy source},
month = {aug},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A review on alternative fuels in future energy system}},
volume = {128},
year = {2020}
}
@misc{Johari2020,
abstract = {During recent years, urban building energy modeling has become known as a novel approach for identification, support and improvement of sustainable urban development initiatives and energy efficiency measures in cities. Urban building energy models draw the required information from the energy analysis of buildings in the urban context and suggest options for effective implementation of interventions. The growing interest in urban building energy models among researchers, urban designers and authorities has led to the development of a diversity of models and tools, evolving from physical to more advanced hybrid models. By critically analyzing the published research, this paper incorporates an updated overview of the field of urban building energy modeling and investigates possibilities, challenges and shortcomings, as well as an outlook for future improvements. The survey of previous studies identifies technical bottlenecks and legal barriers in access to data, systematic and inherent uncertainties as well as insufficient resources as the main obstacles. Furthermore, this study suggests that the main route to further improvements in urban building energy modeling is its integration with other urban models, such as climate and outdoor comfort models, energy system models and, in particular, mobility models.},
author = {Johari, F. and Peronato, G. and Sadeghian, P. and Zhao, X. and Wid{\'{e}}n, J.},
booktitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.109902},
file = {::},
issn = {18790690},
keywords = {Bottom-up energy modeling,Building archetype,Energy simulation,Thermal zoning,Urban building energy modeling,Urban energy planning},
month = {aug},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Urban building energy modeling: State of the art and future prospects}},
volume = {128},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Shin2019,
abstract = {In the past 20 years, the U.S. Army has made significant progress in making their facilities more energy efficient. Currently, the Army is required by law to eliminate fossil fuel use in new and renovated facilities by 2030 and to reduce overall facility energy usage 30{\%} by 2030. As part of this on-going energy efficiency effort, the U.S. Army has designed and constructed a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) at the Fort Hood army base in Texas, which is currently being tested as a prototype. In order to achieve net zero performance and reduce the energy demand, several low-energy building technologies were designed and built including high-efficiency heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, a high-performance building envelope, energy efficient lighting and a solar PV system. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the net zero energy performance of the office building at the Fort Hood army base using measured data. The analysis methods applied to the building include: an un-adjusted, measured energy use comparison of both portions of the building; a weather-normalized, change-point linear regression to estimate annual energy savings; and calibrated building energy simulations with thermostat schedules and occupancy conditions of both portions in the building. The results show savings of 37–50{\%} for the renovated portion of the building (i.e., NZEB) compared to the un-renovated portion depending on the method of analysis.},
author = {Shin, Minjae and Baltazar, Juan Carlos and Haberl, Jeff S. and Frazier, Edwin and Lynn, Bobby},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109531},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building energy simulation,Net zero energy building (NZEB),Regression analysis,Solar photovoltaic (PV) system,Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system},
month = {dec},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Evaluation of the energy performance of a net zero energy building in a hot and humid climate}},
volume = {204},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{Roman2020,
abstract = {In most of the countries, buildings are often one of the major energy consumers, leading to the necessity of achieving sustainable building designs, and to the mandatory use of building performance simulation (BPS) tools in order to retrofit or design new energy efficient buildings. In the last years, the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) metamodels has increased and gained confidence in BPS applications thanks to their favorable trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. This paper presents a comprehensive and in-depth systematic review of the up-to-date literature related to the application and characterization of ANN-based metamodels for BPS. First, a general insight into the methodology of metamodel generation and ANN theory is presented. The ANN metamodels are classified according to the type of building they are addressed to, screening them by their inputs (building design variables or indicators to take a certain decision) and outputs (energy consumption, comfort index, climatic condition, environment performance). Then, all the stages for the generation of ANN-based metamodels (sampling methods, data pre-processing, architectures, activations functions, the process of training and testing, and the platforms and frameworks for their implementation) are presented giving a brief theoretical introduction and making a critical review of the literature linked to each stage. For each of these analyzed stages, summary tables and graphs are presented showing the distributions of different alternatives and trends. Finally, the current limitations and areas for further investigation are discussed.},
author = {Roman, Nadia D. and Bre, Facundo and Fachinotti, Victor D. and Lamberts, Roberto},
booktitle = {Energy and Buildings},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109972},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
keywords = {Artificial neural networks,Building performance simulation,Energy efficient buildings,Metamodel,Surrogate model},
month = {jun},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Application and characterization of metamodels based on artificial neural networks for building performance simulation: A systematic review}},
volume = {217},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Schwarz2020,
abstract = {Building energy codes—policies that traditionally set minimum requirements for buildings' energy use—have proven effective and efficient for building decarbonization. As researchers and policymakers increasingly recognize the limitations of prevalent building energy codes, discussion turns to innovative designs that could overcome such limitations. Therefore, this study aims to advance the implementation and development of innovative designs of building energy codes by exploring which challenges policymakers face when implementing these designs and, subsequently, by identifying how general code development might learn from these challenges. Evaluating the building energy codes of Denmark, France, England, Switzerland, and Sweden, we present six innovative designs of building energy codes and highlight how they advance building decarbonization by increasing energy efficiency and renewable energies, considering embodied energy, closing the performance gap, and accelerating retrofits. Based on 19 expert interviews with practitioners, regulators, and researchers, we identify real-world challenges that policymakers face when implementing innovative designs of building energy codes. Synthesizing these challenges across the countries, we derive six policy principles for advancing the development and implementation of building energy codes. Policymakers can thus learn valuable lessons from front-runners' experience and steer clear of avoidable pitfalls.},
author = {Schwarz, Marius and Nakhle, Christina and Knoeri, Christof},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119260},
file = {::},
issn = {09596526},
journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
keywords = {Building decarbonization,Building energy codes,Building regulation,Building standards,Construction sector,Energy policy,Policy design principles},
month = {mar},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Innovative designs of building energy codes for building decarbonization and their implementation challenges}},
volume = {248},
year = {2020}
}
@misc{Warth2019,
address = {S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
author = {Warth, Anne},
booktitle = {O Estado de S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
file = {::},
month = {oct},
pages = {4},
title = {{Subs{\'{i}}dio a pain{\'{e}}is de energia solar pode ser reduzido}},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{Warth2019a,
address = {S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
author = {Warth, Anne},
booktitle = {O Estado de S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
file = {::},
month = {oct},
pages = {9},
title = {{Estados do Nordeste querem taxa sobre energia do sol e do vento}},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Samuelson2016,
abstract = {This paper presents a framework for the development of early-design guidance to inform architects and policy-makers using parametric whole-building energy simulation. It includes a case study of a prototype multifamily residential building, using an exhaustive search method and a total of 90,000+ simulations. The authors performed a simple sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential of the tested design parameters on energy use intensity, which included WWR, Glass Type, Building Rotation, Building Shape, and Wall Insulation, in that order. They identified synergies and trade-offs when designing for different energy objectives, including (a) decreasing Energy Use Intensity, (b) reducing peak-loads, and (c) increasing passive survivability - i.e., maintaining the safest interior temperatures in an extended power outage.This paper also investigated the effect of urban context as a source of sun shading and found it to have a substantial impact on the design optimization. Ignoring urban context in energy simulation, a common practice, would mislead designers in some cases and result in sub-optimal design decisions. Since in generalized guidelines the future building site is unknown, the authors tested a method for generating urban contexts based on the floor area ratio and maximum building heights of an urban district.},
author = {Samuelson, Holly and Claussnitzer, Sebastian and Goyal, Apoorv and Chen, Yujiao and Romo-Castillo, Alejandra},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.018},
file = {::},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Cloud simulation,Early design,Energy modeling,Multi-family housing,Parametric simulation,Passive survivability,Peak-load reduction,Resiliency,Sensitivity analysis,Urban context},
month = {may},
pages = {19--31},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Parametric energy simulation in early design: High-rise residential buildings in urban contexts}},
volume = {101},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Dalbem2019,
abstract = {The paper aims to discuss the adaptation of a brazilian social housing project to the Passive House standard, by defining the thermal envelope construction fabric for different climates of southern Brazil, from a base line according to the Brazilian performance standard. The study was developed in 4 steps, where a numerical model was set up and runned in a transient regime, using EnergyPlus{\textregistered} software. In the first step, the thermal and energy performance of the reference base model was assessed. In the second step, a sensitivity analysis was performed, varying the thermal envelope parameters of the building case study, in order to satisfy the minimum performance of the classification level A, according to the Brazilian Energy Efficiency Regulation (RTQ-R). In a third step, the external envelope of the building was optimised, through a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. In a last step, the numerical model defined according to the Passive House standard was optimised, in order to obtain optimal solutions. Thermal and energy performance and economic viability of the solutions were analysed. Solutions attending to RTQ-R presented additional investment between 26{\%} and 27{\%} and solutions attending to Passive House standard presented additional costs of 39{\%} and 42{\%} for the three bioclimatic zones.},
author = {Dalbem, Renata and {Grala da Cunha}, Eduardo and Vicente, Romeu and Figueiredo, Antonio and Oliveira, Rui and da Silva, Antonio C{\'{e}}sar Silveira Baptista},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.053},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Economic viability,Energy efficiency,Evolutionary algorithms,Optimisation,Passive house,Social housing},
pages = {1278--1296},
title = {{Optimisation of a social housing for south of Brazil: From basic performance standard to passive house concept}},
volume = {167},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Krarti2017,
abstract = {In this paper, economic and environmental impacts of energy efficiency programs associated with new and existing buildings are evaluated for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In particular, the analysis considers optimized designs for new buildings as well as different energy retrofit programs for existing buildings are considered in the bottom-up analysis using archetypical building energy models located in five sites representing a wide range of KSA climates. In particular, the analysis presented in this paper provides specific estimations to the extent of the energy and demand savings that could be achieved in the building sector even under highly subsidized energy prices. It is found that even a basic energy retrofit program using low-cost energy efficiency measures implemented to the existing building stock can provide significant economic and environmental benefits. Indeed, a level 1 energy efficiency retrofit program targeting only the existing residential building stock could reduce electricity consumption by 10,054 GWh/year and peak demand by 2290 MW and carbon emission by 7.611 million tons/year.},
author = {Krarti, Moncef and Dubey, Kankana and Howarth, Nicholas},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.084},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Buildings,Carbon emissions,Energy efficiency,Energy retrofits,Life cycle costs,Optimal designs},
pages = {595--610},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Evaluation of building energy efficiency investment options for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}},
volume = {134},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Ascione2019,
abstract = {The paper proposes a multi-objective optimization approach to address the energy design of the building envelope. A genetic algorithm (GA) is implemented by means of the coupling between MATLAB{\textregistered} and EnergyPlus to minimize primary energy consumption (PEC), energy-related global cost (GC) and discomfort hours (DH). The design variables concern the set point temperatures, the radiative properties of plasters, the thermo-physical properties of envelope components, the window type, the building orientation. The GA performs a Pareto optimization and finally two optimal solutions are recommended: the nZEB (nearly zero energy building) optimal solution, which minimizes PEC, and the cost-optimal solution, which minimizes GC. These solutions provide the optimal design strategies for the public and private stakeholders, respectively, which represent the main actors involved in building design. The approach is applied for the design of a new typical Italian residential building. Four locations are considered to investigate the typical Italian climates. The outcomes can give precious indications to rebuild the Italian residential stock with a view to energy-efficiency and cost-optimality, given that the optimal solutions provide low values of PEC – between 62.0 and 91.9 kWhp/m2a – and of GC – between 456 and 665 €/m2 – depending on the location.},
author = {Ascione, Fabrizio and Bianco, Nicola and {Maria Mauro}, Gerardo and Napolitano, Davide Ferdinando},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.182},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Building energy optimization,Building envelope,Cost-optimal analysis,Multi-objective genetic algorithm,Nearly zero energy buildings,Thermal comfort},
month = {may},
pages = {359--374},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Building envelope design: Multi-objective optimization to minimize energy consumption, global cost and thermal discomfort. Application to different Italian climatic zones}},
volume = {174},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2019,
abstract = {This is a quick guide for using and troubleshooting EnergyPlus simulation software. The information here is taken from the knowledge base and from EnergyPlus users looking for answers. Note that these articles are taken from actual user questions and may not be applicable to your model. For more detailed information about using EnergyPlus, refer to the user guides and manuals that are installed in the Documentation folder and are also available from www.energyplus.net. This is a short guide meant to save time and energy!},
address = {Illinois},
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
file = {::},
pages = {75},
publisher = {U.S. Department of Energy},
title = {{Tips and Tricks for Using EnergyPlus}},
url = {https://bigladdersoftware.com/epx/docs/9-2/tips-and-tricks-using-energyplus/index.html},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Profissional2016,
author = {Profissional, Mestrado},
file = {::},
title = {{AN{\'{A}}LISE DA EFICI{\^{E}}NCIA ENERG{\'{E}}TICA DOS SISTEMAS DE CLIMATIZA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O CENTRALIZADA : ESTUDO DE CASO NO POLO INDUSTRIAL DE MANAUS Jo{\~{a}}o Koyty Oji Wada}},
year = {2016}
}
@phdthesis{Wada2016,
abstract = {A disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o apresenta uma an{\'{a}}lise da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica em sistemas de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em uma ind{\'{u}}stria do segmento de motocicletas do Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM). A climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o na empresa e um dos respons{\'{a}}veis pelos elevados consumos de energia el{\'{e}}trica. A climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dentro da empresa e fundamental e tem como objetivo o controle da temperatura de algum produto, subst{\^{a}}ncia, ambiente ou meio em sistemas produtivos. Objetivo do trabalho {\'{e}} fazer uma an{\'{a}}lise do sistema de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o comparando por meio de equipamentos de expans{\~{a}}o direta (ar) e expans{\~{a}}o indireta condensa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ({\'{a}}gua) para reduzir o consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica. Os materiais e m{\'{e}}todos utilizados permitiram a an{\'{a}}lise de dados dos consumos de energia e dos custos operacionais dos chillers parafuso e centr{\'{i}}fugo. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfat{\'{o}}rios dados as matrizes apresentadas de custo de energia e a demanda de carga t{\'{e}}rmica verificou-se os sistemas atuais e antigos que a f{\'{a}}brica possui. Sendo assim, comparando os custos, a op{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o foi pelo chiller centr{\'{i}}fugo, pois o payback {\'{e}} r{\'{a}}pido o que permite reduzir em 40{\%} o custo total da tarifa de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
author = {Wada, Jo{\~{a}}o Koyty Oji},
file = {::},
pages = {87},
school = {Universidade Federal do Par{\'{a}}},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica dos sistemas de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o centralizada: estudo de caso no polo industrial de Manau}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Brandalise2015,
abstract = {O RTQ-C,Requisitos T{\'{e}}cnicos da Qualidade para o N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edif{\'{i}}cios Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blicos, define metodologias de classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do n{\'{i}}vel de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es em cinco n{\'{i}}veis. A avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pode ser feita  atrav{\'{e}}s  de  dois  m{\'{e}}todos:  o  m{\'{e}}todo  prescritivo,  e  o  m{\'{e}}todo  de  simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o.  A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a sensibilidade do m{\'{e}}todo prescritivo do RTQ-C, quanto {\`{a}} varia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de densidade de carga interna (DCI) de equipamentos em edif{\'{i}}cios de  escrit{\'{o}}rios,  na  zona  bioclim{\'{a}}tica  1,  4  e  7  do  zoneamento  bioclim{\'{a}}tico  brasileiro. Foram   analisadas   tr{\^{e}}s   densidades   de   carga   interna,   a   utilizada   para   o desenvolvimento do RTQ-C, e outras duas de acordo com a norma ASHRAE (2009). Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que a DCI utilizada para o desenvolvimento do RTQ-C {\'{e}} menor que a DCI m{\'{e}}dia de equipamentos adotada pela ASHRAE (2009). Portanto,  gera  pouco  calor  interno  e  a  envolt{\'{o}}ria  com  maior  transmit{\^{a}}ncia  t{\'{e}}rmica apresenta o maior consumo energ{\'{e}}tico por estar recebendo calor do meio externo. O baixo valor adotado na DCI n{\~{a}}o possibilita uma an{\'{a}}lise real da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica dos limites de transmit{\^{a}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica para paredes e coberturas adotados pelo RTQ-C para todas as zonas bioclim{\'{a}}ticas brasileiras.},
address = {Pelotas},
author = {Brandalise, Mariane Pinto and da Cunha, Eduardo Grala},
file = {::},
institution = {Universidade},
journal = {Revista Gest{\~{a}}o {\&} Sustentabilidade Ambiental},
number = {n. esp.},
pages = {542--555},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise da sensibilidade do rtq-c quanto {\`{a}} varia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da densidade de carga interna nas zonas bioclim{\'{a}}ticas brasileiras 1, 4 e 7}},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eduardo{\_}Cunha3/publication/318223312{\_}ANALISE{\_}DA{\_}SENSIBILIDADE{\_}DO{\_}RTQ-C{\_}QUANTO{\_}A{\_}VARIACAO{\_}DA{\_}DENSIDADE{\_}DE{\_}CARGA{\_}INTERNA{\_}NAS{\_}ZONAS{\_}BIOCLIMATICAS{\_}BRASILEIRAS{\_}1{\_}4{\_}E{\_}7/links/59768a26458515e26d25bb07/ANALISE-DA-SENSIBILIDADE},
volume = {4},
year = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{BaptistadeSouza2004,
abstract = {O trabalho enfoca a automa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o predial, procurando analisar, comparativamente, a utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de tecnologias convencionais e equipamentos empregados na automa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de processos industriais. Atrav{\'{e}}s de um estudo de caso, efetuou-se uma descri{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos principais sistemas prediais poss{\'{i}}veis de serem automatizados em um edif{\'{i}}cio, efetuando-se uma avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o comparativa entre os sistemas convencionais e os baseados na automa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de processos, permitindo o uso mais eficiente dos insumos prediais, al{\'{e}}m de aumentar o conforto e a seguran{\c{c}}a de seus ocupantes. Verificou-se um grande potencial de aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos sistemas de automa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de processos industriais, para implementa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o alternativa nos sistemas de automa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o predial.},
author = {{Baptista de Souza}, Marco Antonio},
doi = {10.11606/D.3.2004.tde-26052004-154102},
file = {::},
pages = {143},
school = {Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
title = {{Estudo comparativo entre a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sistemas dedicados e a utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de controladores l{\'{o}}gico-program{\'{a}}veis na automa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sistemas prediais}},
year = {2004}
}
@book{Athienitis2015,
abstract = {This book was produced in the context of the collaboration between approximately 75 national experts from 19 nations in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Southeast Asia of the International Energy Agency (IEA), in the framework of the programs on Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC Task 40) and Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC Annex 52), under the title “Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Buildings.” T40A52 sought to study current net-zero, near-net-zero and very low energy buildings and to develop a common understanding of a harmonized international definitions framework, tools, innovative solutions, and industry guidelines to support the conversion of the Net ZEB concept from an idea into practical reality in the marketplace.},
address = {Berlin},
author = {Athienitis, Andreas and O'Brien, William},
edition = {1{\textordfeminine} ed.},
editor = {Athienitis, Andreas and O'Brien, William},
file = {::},
isbn = {9783433030400},
pages = {375},
publisher = {The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek},
title = {{Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings}},
year = {2015}
}
@techreport{EmpresadePesquisaEnergetica-EPE2018,
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE}},
file = {::},
institution = {Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE},
pages = {62},
title = {{Balan{\c{c}}o Energ{\'{e}}tico Nacional 2018: Ano base 2017 - Relat{\'{o}}rio s{\'{i}}ntese}},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{EmpresadePesquisaEnergetica-EPE2019,
abstract = {Contendo a contabilidade relativa {\`{a}} oferta e consumo de energia no Brasil, bem como dos processos de convers{\~{a}}o de produtos energ{\'{e}}ticos e de com{\'{e}}rcio exterior, o BEN re{\'{u}}ne em um {\'{u}}nico documento as s{\'{e}}ries hist{\'{o}}ricas dessas opera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, al{\'{e}}m das informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es sobre reservas, capacidades instaladas e importantes dados estaduais.},
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE}},
doi = {620.9:553.04(81)},
file = {::},
institution = {Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica},
pages = {303},
title = {{Balan{\c{c}}o Energ{\'{e}}tico Nacional 2019: Ano base 2018}},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{PrefeituraMunicipaldeVitoria-PMV2018,
abstract = {O Plano Diretor Urbano (PDU) {\'{e}} uma lei municipal, aprovada pela C{\^{a}}mara de Vereadores, que define como deve ser o crescimento e o funcionamento da cidade, buscando garantir a qualidade de vida de seus moradores.
Para isso, estabelece os objetivos e as regras para controlar esse processo, definindo as {\'{a}}reas de prote{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ambiental, as {\'{a}}reas que podem ser ocupadas por novas constru{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e os crit{\'{e}}rios para a instala{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de atividades econ{\^{o}}micas ou para grandes empreendimentos.
O primeiro PDU de Vit{\'{o}}ria foi institu{\'{i}}do em 1984. Periodicamente ele {\'{e}} atualizado. Em 2001, a aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Estatuto da Cidade (Lei Federal 10.257) estabeleceu novos instrumentos de planejamento e controle do crescimento das cidades, que foram inclu{\'{i}}dos no atual PDU. {\'{U}}ltima atualiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em 13/12/2018},
author = {{Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria - PMV}},
booktitle = {2018-12-13},
pages = {1},
title = {{PDU - Plano Diretor Urbano}},
url = {https://www.vitoria.es.gov.br/prefeitura/plano-diretor-urbano},
urldate = {2019-12-31},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Guo2018,
abstract = {The fault diagnosis of air-conditioning systems is of great significance to the energy saving of buildings. This study proposes a novel fault diagnosis approach for building energy saving based on the deep learning method which is deep belief network, and its application potential in the air conditioning fault diagnosis field is investigated. Then, a parameter optimization selection strategy is developed for model optimization. Four kinds of faults of the variable flow refrigerant system under heating mode are used to evaluate the performance of the models. The fault diagnosis results show that the deep belief network model with initial parameters can be used to diagnose the faults of the variable flow refrigerant system. Through the parameter optimization selection strategy, the fault diagnosis correct rate of the optimized model is 97.7{\%}, which is improved by 5.05{\%} compared with the model with initial parameters. The number of hidden layers of the deep belief network model is selected to be 2 layers. This result indicates that the fault diagnosis for variable flow refrigerant systems may not require a very deep model. Additionally, the performance of the optimized deep belief network model is compared with that of the traditional back propagation neural network, and the former is better. This finding also shows that the unsupervised restricted Boltzmann machine layer for data feature reconstruction can improve the fault diagnosis performance.},
author = {Guo, Yabin and Tan, Zehan and Chen, Huanxin and Li, Guannan and Wang, Jiangyu and Huang, Ronggeng and Liu, Jiangyan and Ahmad, Tanveer},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.075},
file = {::},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Deep belief network,Deep learning,Energy saving,Fault diagnosis,Variable refrigerant flow air-conditioning system},
month = {sep},
pages = {732--745},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Deep learning-based fault diagnosis of variable refrigerant flow air-conditioning system for building energy saving}},
volume = {225},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Wang2014,
abstract = {The ground source heat pump (GSHP) and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are the most competitive HVAC technologies in the current market. However, there are very few studies reporting the comparison of the annual energy consumptions and Electric Peak demand reductions between GSHP and VRF systems because of the limitation of the whole building energy simulation software. Current version of EnergyPlus can model both GSHP and air-source VRF. Therefore, three representative US climate zones including Chicago, Baltimore and Atlanta are selected for conducting this comparison study. The EnergyPlus simulation results show that the GSHP system not only saves more energy than the air-source VRF system but also significantly reduces the Electric Peak demand regardless the climate conditions. This makes the GSHP system a more desirable energy efficient HVAC technology for the utility companies and their clients. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Wang, Shaojie},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.017},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Energy savings,Ground source heat pump,Peak demand,Variable refrigerant flow},
month = {apr},
pages = {222--228},
title = {{Energy modeling of ground source heat pump vs. variable refrigerant flow systems in representative US climate zones}},
volume = {72},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{Teke2014,
abstract = {The energy use in the world is increasing significantly owing to increase in per capita consumption of energy and growing population. Due to increased energy demand and the depletion of existing fossil fuel based sources, it is required to use the energy more efficient. Researches show that, hospitals represent approximately 6{\%} of total energy consumption in the utility buildings sector. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are the major part of electrical energy consumption at the hospitals. In this paper, the research papers and practical studies on energy efficiency and energy saving potentials on HVAC systems at the hospitals are presented. Under the following sections, the latest literatures including research articles, conferences, e-books, handbooks and company reports interested in energy efficiency, energy saving and energy management HVAC systems are summarized. Variant Refrigerant Flow (VRF) technology enables greater energy efficiency and cost savings compared with traditional HVAC systems is also introduced. This detailed review also focuses on the payback periods of some projects on HVAC including the installation of cogeneration, trigeneration, chiller, new burners, heat exchangers and steam trap systems. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Teke, Ahmet and Timur, Oǧuzhan},
booktitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.002},
file = {::},
issn = {13640321},
keywords = {Building energy efficiency,HVAC,Health-care facilities,Hospital building},
pages = {224--235},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Assessing the energy efficiency improvement potentials of HVAC systems considering economic and environmental aspects at the hospitals}},
volume = {33},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Liu2010,
abstract = {With the current movement towards net zero energy buildings, many technologies are promoted with emphasis on their superior energy efficiency. The variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are probably the most competitive technologies among these. However, there are few studies reporting the energy efficiency of VRF systems compared with GSHP systems. In this article, a preliminary comparison of energy efficiency between the air-source VRF and GSHP systems is presented. The computer simulation results show that GSHP system is more energy efficient than the air-source VRF system for conditioning a small office building in two selected US climates. In general, GSHP system is more energy efficient than the air-source VRV system, especially when the building has significant heating loads. For buildings with less heating loads, the GSHP system could still perform better than the air-source VRF system in terms of energy efficiency, but the resulting energy savings may be marginal. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Liu, Xiaobing and Hong, Tianzhen},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.10.028},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building simulation,DOE-2,Energy efficiency,GSHP,VRF},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {584--589},
title = {{Comparison of energy efficiency between variable refrigerant flow systems and ground source heat pump systems}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Shin2019a,
abstract = {Building energy simulation programs can be useful tools in evaluating building energy performance during a building's lifecycle, both at the design and operation stages. In addition, simulating building energy usage has become a key strategy in designing high performance buildings that can better meet the needs of society without consuming excess resources. Therefore, it is important to provide accurate predictions of building energy performance in building design and construction projects. Although many previous studies have addressed the accuracy of building energy simulations, very few studies of this subject have mentioned the importance of Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) thermal zoning strategies to sustainable building design. This research provides a systematic literature review of building thermal zoning for building energy simulation. This work also reviews previous definitions of HVAC thermal zoning and its application in building energy simulation programs, including those appearing in earlier studies of the development of new thermal zoning methods for simulation modeling. The results indicate that future research is needed to develop a well-documented and accurate thermal zoning method capable of assisting designers with their building energy simulation needs.},
author = {Shin, Minjae and Haberl, Jeff S.},
booktitle = {Energy and Buildings},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109429},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
keywords = {Building,Building energy simulation,HVAC design,Indoor temperature profile,Thermal zone,Thermal zoning method},
month = {nov},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Thermal zoning for building HVAC design and energy simulation: A literature review}},
volume = {203},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologiaNormalizacaoeQualidadeIndustrial-INMETRO2016,
abstract = {Manual para Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do RTQ-C. Vers{\~{a}}o 4, publicada em junho de 2016, com base na Portaria n{\textordmasculine} 372 e complementares n{\textordmasculine} 17, 299 e 126.},
address = {Florian{\'{o}}polis},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO}},
edition = {4{\textordfeminine}},
file = {::},
pages = {213},
publisher = {Centro Brasileiro de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica em Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es - CB3e-UFSC},
title = {{Manual para Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do RTQ-C}},
year = {2016}
}
@techreport{InternationalEnergyAgency-IEA2019,
abstract = {The 2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction was prepared by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC). The report was co-ordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme and was made possible by the generous support of the governments of Canada, France, Germany and Switzerland.},
address = {Paris},
author = {{International Energy Agency - IEA} and {United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP}},
file = {::},
institution = {International Energy Agency},
isbn = {9789280737684},
keywords = {buildings,cetp,climate change,cooling,energy efficiency},
pages = {41},
title = {{2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a zero-emissions, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector}},
url = {www.iea.org},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme-UNEP2019,
abstract = {Good decisions require good information. REN21's Renewables Global Status Report (GSR) tracks the annual development of renewables using the most up-to-date information and data available. Its neutral, fact-based approach documents in detail the annual developments in market, industry and policy. The report is a collaborative effort, drawing on an international network of more than 1,500 authors, contributors and reviewers from over 155 countries. Now in its 15th year, the GSR is the most frequently referenced report on renewable energy market, industry and policy trends.},
address = {Paris},
author = {{United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP}},
doi = {978-3-9818911-9-5},
file = {::},
institution = {United Nations Environmental Programme},
pages = {174},
title = {{The Renewables in Cities: 2019 Global Status Report}},
url = {www.ren21.net},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{InternationalEnergyAgency-IEA2019a,
abstract = {This section presents an overview of global electricity trends up to 2017, along with provisional data for 2018 from OECD members and other countries for which official data are available.},
address = {Paris},
author = {{International Energy Agency - IEA}},
file = {::},
institution = {International Energy Agency},
pages = {10},
title = {{Electricity Information - Overview}},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{AgenciadeRegulacaodeServicosPublicosdoEspiritoSanto-ARSP2019,
address = {Vit{\'{o}}ria},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Regula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo - ARSP}},
file = {::},
institution = {Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Regula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo},
keywords = {ARSP},
pages = {40},
title = {{Informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Energ{\'{e}}ticas do Estado do Esp{\'{i}}rto Santo}},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{InternationalEnergyAgency-IEA2019b,
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{International Energy Agency - IEA}},
file = {::},
institution = {International Energy Agency},
pages = {22},
title = {{Energy Efficiency Market Report 2019}},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{EmpresadePesquisaEnergetica-EPE2019a,
abstract = {Atlas da Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica do Brasil - Relat{\'{o}}rio de indicadores},
address = {Bras{\'{i}}lia},
author = {{Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE}},
file = {::},
institution = {Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica},
pages = {55},
title = {{Status e benef{\'{i}}cios da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica: perspectivas brasileiras e globais}},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{NewBuildingsInstitute-NBI2012a,
abstract = {Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load 1 Plug loads can be managed through low-and no-cost measures that are relatively straightforward to implement. This Guide shows how simple changes can cut costs and save energy in offices.},
address = {California},
author = {{New Buildings Institute - NBI}},
file = {::},
institution = {New Buildings Institute},
pages = {8},
title = {{Guide to Energy Savings Plug Load Best Practices Guide: Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load}},
year = {2012}
}
@book{AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers-ASHRAE2014,
abstract = {Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings (AEDG-SMO; the Guide) provides user-friendly, how-to design guidance and efficiency recommendations for small to medium office buildings up to 100,000 ft2. The intended audience of this Guide includes, but is not limited to, building owners, architects, design engineers, energy modelers, general contractors, facility managers, and building operations staff. Specially, Chapter 2 is written for a target audience of all design team members, whether they are design professionals, construction experts, owner representatives, or other stakeholders. Chapters 3 through 5 orient more toward design professionals to pursue sound design advice and identify interdisciplinary opportunities for significant energy reduction. Application of the recommendations in the Guide can be expected to result in small to medium size offices with at least 50{\%} site energy reductions when compared to those same facilities designed to meet the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2004a).},
address = {Atlanta},
author = {{American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - ASHRAE} and {The American Institute of Architects - AIA} and {Illuminating Engineers Society - IES} and {U.S. Green Building Society - USGBS} and {U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
edition = {3{\textordfeminine} ed.},
file = {::},
isbn = {978-1-936504-05-3},
keywords = {American Society of Heating,Developed by:,Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,The American Institute of Architects,U.S. Department of Energy,U.S. Green Building Council},
pages = {236},
publisher = {American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.},
title = {{Advance Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings: Achieving 50{\%} Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building}},
url = {www.ashrae.org},
year = {2014}
}
@book{AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers-ASHRAE2011,
abstract = {The Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings (Guide) is intended to provide a simple approach for contractors and designers who create office buildings up to 20,000 ft2. Application of the recommendations in the Guide should result in small office buildings with 30{\%} energy savings when compared to those same office buildings designed to the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.
This document contains recommendations and is not a minimum code or standard. It is intended to be used in addition to existing codes and standards and is not intended to circumvent them. This Guide represents a way, but not the only way, to build energyefficient small offices buildings that use significantly less energy than those built to minimum code requirements. The recommendations in this Guide provide benefits for the owner while maintaining quality and functionality of the space.},
address = {Atlanta},
author = {{American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - ASHRAE} and {The American Institute of Architects - AIA} and {Illuminating Engineers Society - IES} and {U.S. Green Building Society - USGBS} and {U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
edition = {3{\textordfeminine} ed.},
file = {::},
isbn = {9781931862554},
pages = {106},
publisher = {American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers},
title = {{Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings: Achieving 30{\%} Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building}},
url = {www.ashrae.org},
year = {2011}
}
@techreport{NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory-NREL2013,
abstract = {Plug and process loads (PPLs) account for 33{\%} of U.S. commercial building electricity consumption (McKenney et al. 2010). (See Figure 1.) Minimizing these loads is a significant challenge in the design and operation of an energy-efficient building. Lobato et al. (2011) and Lobato et al. (2012) define PPLs as energy loads that are not related to general lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling, and water heating, and that typically do not provide comfort to the occupants. The percentage of total building energy use from PPLs is increasing. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), by 2030, commercial building energy consumption is expected to increase by 24{\%}; PPL energy consumption is anticipated to increase by 49{\%} in the same time frame (DOE 2010). These trends illustrate the importance of PPL energy reduction to achieve an overall goal of reducing whole-building energy consumption. Overview Water Heating 7{\%} Ventilation 11{\%} Space Cooling 13{\%} Space Heating 16{\%} Lighting 20{\%} PPLs 33{\%} Electricity 79{\%} On-Site Renewables 1{\%} Petroleum/Coal 3{\%} Natural Gas 17{\%} Commercial 19{\%} Residential 22{\%} Transportation 28{\%} Industry 31{\%} U.S. Primary Energy Breakdown Commercial Buildings Energy Sources Commercial Buildings Energy Use Breakdown Figure 1. PPLs account for 33{\%} of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings. Graph by Chad Lobato, NREL; Data source: DOE (2010) Using the process and strategies outlined in this brochure, the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was able to drastically reduce its PPL energy use in the Research Support Facility (RSF). NREL's previous office space PPLs used nearly 2,257,000 kWh/year; after implementing these PPL strategies, the RSF used 1,290,000 kWh/year (see Figure 2). At NREL's utility rate of {\$}0.06/kWh, there is an annual cost saving of {\$}58,000. This "quick start guide" will help building owners and energy managers reduce PPL energy use in their facilities. This brochure provides an overview of PPLs in office buildings and describes the process and strategies needed to cost-effectively reduce their energy impact. It packages extensive PPL research into an easy-to-use set of instructions and provides quick references to useful tools, websites, and databases. It is also intended to guide the procurement of new equipment that incorporates strategies and technologies to significantly reduce energy consumption.},
address = {Golden},
author = {{National Renewable Energy Laboratory - NREL}},
file = {::},
institution = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
keywords = {April 2013,NREL/FS-5500-54175,Plug and process loads (PPLs),energy consumption,energy reduction strategies,office buildings},
pages = {8},
title = {{Office Buildings: Assessing and Reducing Plug and Process Loads in Office Buildings}},
year = {2013}
}
@techreport{InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologiaNormalizacaoeQualidadeIndustrial-INMETRO2013,
abstract = {ANEXO DA PORTARIA INMETRO N{\textordmasculine} 50/ 2013 - ANEXO GERAL V – CAT{\'{A}}LOGO DE PROPRIEDADES T{\'{E}}RMICAS DE PAREDES, COBERTURAS E VIDROS},
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO}},
file = {::},
institution = {Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia},
pages = {28},
title = {{Catalogo de Proriedades T{\'{e}}rmicas de Paredes, Corbeturas e Vidros}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Sun2015,
abstract = {Abstract Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have been widely considered to be an effective solution to the increasing energy and environmental problems. Most conventional design methods for NZEB systems are based on deterministic data/information and have not systematically considered the significant uncertainty impacts. Consequently, the conventional design methods lead to popular oversized problems in practice. Meanwhile, NZEB system design methods need to consider customers' actual performance preferences but few existing methods can take account of them. Therefore, this study proposes a multi-criteria system design optimization for NZEBs under uncertainties. In the study, three performance criteria are used to evaluate the overall NZEB system performance based on user-defined weighted factors. Case studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.},
author = {Sun, Yongjun and Huang, Pei and Huang, Gongsheng},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.008},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Design optimization,Monte Carlo simulation,Multi-criteria,Net zero energy building,Uncertainties},
month = {jun},
pages = {196--204},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{A multi-criteria system design optimization for net zero energy buildings under uncertainties}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.008},
volume = {97},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Huang2018,
abstract = {Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) are considered as a promising solution to mitigate the energy and environmental problems. A proper sizing of the nZEB systems (e.g. HVAC systems, PV panels, wind turbines and batteries) is essential for achieving the desirable level of thermal comfort, energy balance and grid dependence. Parameter uncertainty, component degradation and maintenance are three crucial factors affecting the nZEB system performances and should be systematically considered in system sizing. Until now, there are some uncertainty-based design methods been developed, but most of the existing studies neglect component degradation and maintenance. Due to the complex impacts of degradation and maintenance, proper sizing of nZEB systems considering multiple criteria (i.e. thermal comfort, energy balance and grid dependence) is still a great challenge. This paper, therefore, proposes a robust design method of nZEB systems using genetic algorithm (GA) which takes into account the parameter uncertainty, component degradation and maintenance. The nZEB life-cycle cost is used as the fitness function, and the user' performance requirements on thermal comfort, energy balance and grid dependence are defined as three constraints. This study can help improve the designers' understanding of the impacts of uncertainty, degradation, and maintenance on the nZEB life-cycle performances. The proposed method is effective in minimizing the nZEB life-cycle cost through designing the robust optimal nZEB systems sizes and planning the optimal maintenance scheme, meanwhile satisfying the user specified constraints on thermal comfort, energy balance, and grid dependence during the whole service life.},
author = {Huang, Pei and Huang, Gongsheng and Sun, Yongjun},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.183},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Degradation,Life-cycle performance,Maintenance,Nearly zero energy building,Robust design,Uncertainty},
month = {nov},
pages = {905--919},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A robust design of nearly zero energy building systems considering performance degradation and maintenance}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.183},
volume = {163},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{Harkouss2018,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2018, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. The conception of net zero energy buildings (NZEB) has been introduced to limit energy consumption and pollution emissions in buildings. Classification of NZEB is based on renewable energy (RE) supply options, energy measurement process, RE-sources location, and balances whether are energetic or exergetic. In general, it is traditionally agreed that there are three main steps to reach the NZEB performance, starting through the use of passive strategies, energy efficient technologies, and then RE generation systems. Then, these three steps could be accompanied with the smart integration of advanced efficient energy technologies. A state of the art shows that the main ZEB studies are related to: energy savings, reduce electric bills, energy independence, pollution reduction, and occupants comfort, in addition, others are more interested in the aesthetic aspect by combining modern technologies with innovations to achieve high energy and sustainability performance. Building optimization is a promising technique to evaluate NZEB design choices; it has been adopted to choose the perfect solution to reach the zero energy performance through the optimization of an objective function related to energy (thermal loads, RE generation, energy savings) and/or environment (CO2emissions) and/or economy (life-cycle cost (LCC), net-present value (NPV), investment cost). This paper starts by presenting the global energetic and pollution challenges the world faces. Moreover, it shows, to the best to the author's knowledge, the existing NZEB definitions and the corresponding case studies investigated in 8 different climatic zones (humid continental, humid subtropical, Mediterranean, moderate continental, moderate continental, marine west coast, tropical, semi-arid and hot), the paper also focus on the importance to treat each climate separately. Even in the same country, two or more climates may co-exist. NZEBs drawbacks are also presented. Furthermore, different optimization problems are reviewed in the last section. Building energy optimization methods are employed to obtain the ideal solution for specific objective functions which are either related to energy, and/or environment and/or economy. Optimization variables are distributed between passive and/or RE generation systems. Finally, a table summarizing the most commonly used electric and thermal RE applications which yield to the zero energy balance in each climate, as well as three flowcharts are presented to summarize the whole three-stage procedure, to reach NZEB, starting from building designing, passing through the optimization procedure, and lastly categorizing the zero energy balance.},
author = {Harkouss, Fatima and Fardoun, Farouk and Biwole, Pascal Henry},
booktitle = {Building Simulation},
doi = {10.1007/s12273-018-0448-6},
file = {::},
issn = {19968744},
keywords = {climatic zones,net zero energy building,optimization,renewable energy},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {923--952},
publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
title = {{Optimization approaches and climates investigations in NZEB—A review}},
volume = {11},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Sun2015a,
abstract = {Abstract Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have been widely considered to be an effective solution to the increasing energy and environmental problems. Most conventional design methods for NZEB systems are based on deterministic data/information and have not systematically considered the significant uncertainty impacts. Consequently, the conventional design methods lead to popular oversized problems in practice. Meanwhile, NZEB system design methods need to consider customers' actual performance preferences but few existing methods can take account of them. Therefore, this study proposes a multi-criteria system design optimization for NZEBs under uncertainties. In the study, three performance criteria are used to evaluate the overall NZEB system performance based on user-defined weighted factors. Case studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.},
author = {Sun, Yongjun and Huang, Pei and Huang, Gongsheng},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.008},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Design optimization,Monte Carlo simulation,Multi-criteria,Net zero energy building,Uncertainties},
pages = {196--204},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{A multi-criteria system design optimization for net zero energy buildings under uncertainties}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.008},
volume = {97},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Huang2018a,
abstract = {Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) are considered as a promising solution to mitigate the energy and environmental problems. A proper sizing of the nZEB systems (e.g. HVAC systems, PV panels, wind turbines and batteries) is essential for achieving the desirable level of thermal comfort, energy balance and grid dependence. Parameter uncertainty, component degradation and maintenance are three crucial factors affecting the nZEB system performances and should be systematically considered in system sizing. Until now, there are some uncertainty-based design methods been developed, but most of the existing studies neglect component degradation and maintenance. Due to the complex impacts of degradation and maintenance, proper sizing of nZEB systems considering multiple criteria (i.e. thermal comfort, energy balance and grid dependence) is still a great challenge. This paper, therefore, proposes a robust design method of nZEB systems using genetic algorithm (GA) which takes into account the parameter uncertainty, component degradation and maintenance. The nZEB life-cycle cost is used as the fitness function, and the user' performance requirements on thermal comfort, energy balance and grid dependence are defined as three constraints. This study can help improve the designers' understanding of the impacts of uncertainty, degradation, and maintenance on the nZEB life-cycle performances. The proposed method is effective in minimizing the nZEB life-cycle cost through designing the robust optimal nZEB systems sizes and planning the optimal maintenance scheme, meanwhile satisfying the user specified constraints on thermal comfort, energy balance, and grid dependence during the whole service life.},
author = {Huang, Pei and Huang, Gongsheng and Sun, Yongjun},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.183},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Degradation,Life-cycle performance,Maintenance,Nearly zero energy building,Robust design,Uncertainty},
pages = {905--919},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A robust design of nearly zero energy building systems considering performance degradation and maintenance}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.183},
volume = {163},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Lam2016,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Curtain walls are believed to be “energy sinks” because of their relatively low thermal performance; however, the integration of energy generating technologies such as photovoltaic (PV) panels may enable converting these systems to “energy positive” curtain walls. A methodology using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach is developed and implemented to identify configurations of energy positive curtain walls by accounting for the complex interacting effect of facade design parameters. The “energy positive” curtain wall in this paper is defined as the energy generated by the curtain wall facade on an annual basis exceeds the energy consumption of a perimeter zone office enclosed by this curtain wall facade. Ten design parameters are studied, including glazing U-value, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and visible transmittance (Tv); U-value of the spandrel panel; U-value of the mullion; window wall ratio (WWR); infiltration rate; depth and inclination of overhang; and efficiency of PV modules. The significance of individual design parameters on the energy performance is ranked for four cardinal orientations based on the total sensitivity index. The WWR, U-glazing, and infiltration rate are the three most significant parameters influencing the total annual energy consumption of the office unit simulated, while the WWR, PV efficiency, and U-glazing are the most significant design parameters for achieving energy positive curtain walls. The methodology presented in this paper helps facilitate the design process to resolve the issues with conflicting effects of design parameters.},
author = {Lam, T. C. and Ge, Hua and Fazio, Paul},
doi = {10.1007/s12273-016-0275-6},
file = {::},
issn = {19968744},
journal = {Building Simulation},
keywords = {analysis of variance,building energy simulations,curtain walls,global sensitivity analysis,uncertainty analysis},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {297--310},
publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
title = {{Energy positive curtain wall configurations for a cold climate using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach}},
volume = {9},
year = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{Hachem2014,
abstract = {The current paper presents a study of the effect of equatorial-facing fa{\c{c}}ade design on energy performance of multi-story buildings. Fa{\c{c}}ade surfaces are assumed to be in the form of curtain walls, allowing for freedom in the design of surface geometry. The design parameters that are investigated include geometrical aspects, solar technologies integrated in the facades and the surface ratio and positioning of windows. The study is carried out for Montr{\'{e}}al area (45° N). Preliminary results indicate that some designs are significantly more advantageous than a flat south facing fa{\c{c}}ade. Electricity generation of PV system integrated in 50{\%} of the surface of a fa{\c{c}}ade shaped as folded platecan be increased by up to 56{\%} as compared to theflat south facing fa{\c{c}}ade, which serves as reference. When PV coverage is increased to 2/3 of the fa{\c{c}}ade surface area, electricity generation can reach a factor of 2.8 of the reference.Heating and cooling loads are affected as well by the design. The increase of heating load can be mitigated by increasing the transparency of PV panels.The design of folded plates can affect daylighting level and distribution. While the total useful daylighting hours are not significantly compromised, for some configurations, the number of hours with large illuminanceis significantly reduced, as compared to the reference case.},
author = {Hachem, Caroline and Athienitis, Andreas and Fazio, Paul},
booktitle = {Energy Procedia},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.045},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
keywords = {Curtain wall,Daylight,Energy genration,Photovoltaic sytem,Semi-transparent photovoltaic},
pages = {1815--1824},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Design of curtain wall facades for improved solar potential and daylight distribution}},
volume = {57},
year = {2014}
}
@techreport{Lam,
abstract = {Six glazing modelling approaches are available in EnergyPlus, including the Full Spectral Method, the Average Spectral Method, the WINDOW Report Method, the Bi-directional Scattering Distribution Functions Method, the Refraction Extinction Method, and the Simple Window Model. A simplified approach provides predictions with assumptions which affect the quality of prediction. The trade-off between the ease of operation for users and the fidelity of model poses the difficulty in selecting the appropriate approaches. This paper suggests selecting an appropriate approach based on three criteria: computational cost, ability to reproduce consistent results and uncertainty. A base model of the perimeter zone in a typical office building in Montreal is created in EnergyPlus. The variation of energy consumption due to varying fifteen glazing units is predicted using six glazing modelling approaches. The uncertainty of the six modelling approaches is quantified. The advantages and limitations of each modelling approach are discussed.},
author = {Lam, T C and Ge, Hua and Fazio, Paul},
file = {::},
title = {{Study of different glazing modelling approaches in assessing energy performance of curtain wall systems using EnergyPlus}}
}
@inproceedings{Lam2015,
abstract = {The Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) approach is used to quantify the impact of nine curtain wall design parameters on the energy consumption of an office space in the perimeter zone of a typical office building in Montreal. The uncertainty analysis shows that the variation in curtain wall configurations has generally a greater impact on the cooling followed by heating, lighting and total energy consumption. The global sensitivity analysis shows that the window wall ratio is the most significant design parameter influencing the end-use energy consumption.},
author = {Lam, T. C. and Ge, Hua and Fazio, Paul},
booktitle = {Energy Procedia},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.665},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
keywords = {ANOVA,Building envelope,Building simulations,Curtain walls,Energy performance,Sensitivity analysis,Uncertainty analysis},
month = {nov},
pages = {352--357},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Impact of curtain wall configurations on building energy performance in the perimeter zone for a cold climate}},
volume = {78},
year = {2015}
}
@book{ASHRAEFirm,
abstract = {"The purpose of this User's Manual is to aid in understanding and complying with the requirements of ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 as published in its entirety"--},
author = {{ASHRAE (Firm)}},
file = {::},
isbn = {9781939200860},
pages = {651},
title = {{Standard 90.1 user's manual : ANSI/ASHRAE/IES strandard 90.1-2016 : energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings : I-P and SI.}}
}
@book{ASHRAEFirma,
abstract = {9th edition, SI. Includes index. "Reference for HVAC engineers whose mobility keeps them from easy access to the ASHRAE Handbooks; revised from 2013 edition; includes information from Handbooks and ASHRAE Standards 62.1, 62.2, 15, and 55"--},
author = {{ASHRAE (Firm)}},
file = {::},
isbn = {9781939200839},
pages = {440},
title = {{ASHRAE pocket guide for air conditioning, heating, ventilation, refrigeration.}}
}
@book{Puccini2011,
abstract = {Os dois principais desafios da atualidade na {\'{a}}rea educacional do Pa{\'{i}}s s{\~{a}}o a qualifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos professores que atuam nas escolas de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o b{\'{a}}sica e a qualifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do quadro funcional atuante na gest{\~{a}}o do Estado brasileiro, nas v{\'{a}}rias inst{\^{a}}ncias administrativas. O Minist{\'{e}}rio da Educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o (MEC) est{\'{a}} enfrentando o primeiro desafio com o Plano Nacional de Forma{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Professores, que tem como objetivo qualificar mais de 300.000 professores em exerc{\'{i}}cio nas escolas de Ensino Fundamental e M{\'{e}}dio, sendo metade desse esfor{\c{c}}o realizado pelo Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB). Em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ao segundo desafio, o MEC, por meio da UAB/CAPES, lan{\c{c}}a o Programa Nacional de Forma{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em Administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o P{\'{u}}blica (PNAP). Esse programa engloba um curso de bacharelado e tr{\^{e}}s especializa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es (Gest{\~{a}}o P{\'{u}}blica, Gest{\~{a}}o P{\'{u}}blica Municipal e Gest{\~{a}}o em Sa{\'{u}}de) e visa colaborar com o esfor{\c{c}}o de qualifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos gestores p{\'{u}}blicos brasileiros, com especial aten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o no atendimento ao interior do Pa{\'{i}}s, por meio de Polos da UAB. },
address = {Florian{\'{o}}polis},
author = {Puccini, Ernesto Coutinho},
booktitle = {Matem{\'{a}}tica Financeira e An{\'{a}}lise de Investimentos},
doi = {10.5935/1511-784202.2015b001},
edition = {1a.},
editor = {CAD/UFSC},
file = {::},
isbn = {978-85-7988-130-5},
month = {sep},
pages = {204},
publisher = {CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform},
title = {{Matem{\'{a}}tica Financeira e An{\'{a}}lise de Investimentos}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Shen2018,
abstract = {Most building energy simulation (BES) tools need detailed inputs for the modeling process because of the nature that building is a complex system and evaluating its performance usually involves many factors and uncertainties. In this research, a lightweight building energy simulation tool - SimBldPy, is proposed. The proposed simplified hourly method in this paper includes additional thermal resistances of the zone internal floor and internal walls coupled with adjacent zone temperature. Two DOE reference building types (one residential and one office) located in Philadelphia and San Francisco are used in the research to verify the performance of the tool. Its performance and validity in simulating hourly energy use with different heating and cooling set points in each zone, under various climate conditions, and with multiple ECMs being applied to the building, have been tested and verified with EnergyPlus. This tool and modeling method could be used for rapid modeling and assessment of building energy for a variety of ECM options. By using this tool in modeling an on-campus building in University of Pennsylvania, it is shown that the calibrated building model in SimBldPy can be used to model the energy use of an existing building. With low cost in computation, the tool is able to provide rapid modeling and assessment of building energy use (BEU) for parametric studies.},
author = {Shen, Pengyuan and Braham, William and Yi, Yunkyu},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.039},
file = {::},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Building retrofit,Building simulation,Parametric study,SimBldPy,Thermal modeling},
month = {aug},
pages = {188--214},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Development of a lightweight building simulation tool using simplified zone thermal coupling for fast parametric study}},
volume = {223},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Kamal2019,
abstract = {An operational strategy to optimize building operating energy costs for suppliers and consumers is an important challenge for electrical power utilities. There are various supply-side measures that utilities have to take to ensure continuous energy supply for building heating and air-conditioning. During peak energy demand, utilities are often forced to use more expensive and less efficient generation, thereby increasing the cost of energy. However, some demand-side management practices behind the consumer meter can help in meeting this challenge. One such measure is the use of thermal storage for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning applications in commercial buildings. There is a gap of adequate knowledge of an optimal control strategy of cold storage operation in buildings adapting to applicable time of day tariffs to minimize annual energy use and annual energy cost of operation. There is also a need to use commercially available tools to avoid the use of complex mathematical models. This study demonstrates strategic controls with six operating modes for using thermal energy storage to shift peak electricity demand, using the time of day tariffs as a decision variable, and reducing operating costs, while also minimizing the size of the system. EnergyPlus was used to model a standard reference large office building for three thermal energy storage system cases: mixed chilled water storage, stratified chilled water storage, and ice storage. An annual average shifting of 25–78{\%} of peak electricity was achieved from the simulation results. The strategy was able to achieve an annual 10–17{\%} cost reduction for consumers using the time of use rates available from a local utility.},
author = {Kamal, Rajeev and Moloney, Francesca and Wickramaratne, Chatura and Narasimhan, Arunkumar and Goswami, D. Y.},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.017},
file = {::},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Commercial building,Cool thermal energy storage,EnergyPlus,HVAC control,Peak demand savings},
month = {jul},
pages = {77--90},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Strategic control and cost optimization of thermal energy storage in buildings using EnergyPlus}},
volume = {246},
year = {2019}
}
@phdthesis{Carlo2008,
abstract = {O racionamento de energia ocorrido em 2001 foi o marco para promulga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da chamada lei de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, a Lei no 10295 que disp{\~{o}}e sobre a Pol{\'{i}}tica Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional de Energia. Ela foi regulamentada pelo Decreto no 4059 de 19 de dezembro de 2001 que estabeleceu que deveriam ser criados par{\^{a}}metros referenciais para a efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica em edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, com “indicadores t{\'{e}}cnicos e regulamenta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o espec{\'{i}}fica” para estabelecer a obrigatoriedade dos n{\'{i}}veis de efici{\^{e}}ncia no pa{\'{i}}s. O decreto tamb{\'{e}}m criou o “Grupo T{\'{e}}cnico para Eficientiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Energia nas Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es no Pa{\'{i}}s” para propor uma forma de regulamentar as edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es constru{\'{i}}das no Brasil visando o uso racional da energia el{\'{e}}trica. Em face destas condicionantes, esta tese tem por objetivo elaborar metodologia de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica do envolt{\'{o}}rio de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comerciais e institucionais. },
author = {Carlo, Joyce Correna},
file = {::},
pages = {215},
school = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
title = {{Desenvolvimento de Metodologia de Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica do Envolt{\'{o}}rio de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es  N{\~{a}}o-residenciais}},
year = {2008}
}
@inproceedings{Vuong2015,
abstract = {A BIPV/T model, called BIPVTSYSTEM, was developed and implemented into EnergyPlus, a building energy simulation software that currently lacks BIPV/T modelling capabilities. The EnergyPlus model was based on the same equations of TRNSYS Type 567 but with a few modifications in regards to its thermal-fluidic relations. This new EnergyPlus object will assist users using EnergyPlus in large scale community modelling that will employ both fa{\c{c}}ade and roof integrated BIPV/T systems. EnergyPlus's BIPVTSYSTEM and a modified version of TRNSYS Type 567 were both used to conduct a yearlong simulation of a BIPV/T system. The factors contributing to the discrepancies of the results between the two models were attributed to the different weather data interpolation methodologies, sky temperature computations, and electrical models employed by both software.},
author = {Vuong, Edward and Kamel, Raghad S. and Fung, Alan S.},
booktitle = {Energy Procedia},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.354},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
keywords = {BIPV/T,EnergyPlus,Modelling peer-review under responsibility of the,Simulation,Trnsys},
month = {nov},
pages = {1883--1888},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Modelling and simulation of BIPV/T in EnergyPlus and TRNSYS}},
volume = {78},
year = {2015}
}
@techreport{AgenciadeServicosPublicosdeEnergiadoEstadodoEspiritoSanto-ASPE2013,
abstract = {Num mundo cada vez mais sedento de energia, um dos nossos maiores desafios {\'{e}} identificar fontes capazes de suprir as necessidades atuais de consumo dos seres humanos, sem comprometer a qualidade de vida, a seguran{\c{c}}a e a pr{\'{o}}pria sobreviv{\^{e}}ncia das pr{\'{o}}ximas gera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. A consci{\^{e}}ncia de que os recursos naturais, em sua maioria, n{\~{a}}o s{\~{a}}o infinitos, tem levado os pa{\'{i}}ses do mundo inteiro a buscar solu{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es alternativas, que garantam uma explora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o planejada, confi{\'{a}}vel e de baixo custo e, ao mesmo tempo, uma conviv{\^{e}}ncia n{\~{a}}o destrutiva com os recursos do planeta. Afinal, o desenvolvimento econ{\^{o}}mico de estados e regi{\~{o}}es depende hoje, mais que nunca, da identifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e correta explora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos que permitam a produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia limpa, a partir de fontes renov{\'{a}}veis. Por isso, nos {\'{u}}ltimos anos, os investimentos em pesquisas nesse campo cresceram muito e t{\^{e}}m apresentado excelentes resultados. },
address = {Vit{\'{o}}ria},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos de Energia do Estado do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo - ASPE}},
file = {::},
institution = {Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos de Energia do Estado do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo},
keywords = {Energia Solar,Energias renov{\'{a}}veis,Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo,Fotovoltaica,Micro e Minigera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
mendeley-tags = {Energia Solar,Energias renov{\'{a}}veis,Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo,Fotovoltaica,Micro e Minigera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
pages = {120},
title = {{Energia Solar no Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo - Tecnologias, Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e Oportunidades}},
year = {2013}
}
@techreport{AgenciadeRegulacaodeServicosPublicosdoEspiritoSanto-ARSP2018,
address = {Vit{\'{o}}ria},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Regula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo - ARSP}},
file = {::},
institution = {Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos de Energia do Estado do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo},
pages = {75},
title = {{Balan{\c{c}}o Energ{\'{e}}tico do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo}},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{InternationalEnergyAgency-IEA2014,
abstract = {This technical report gives a review of 30 fully documented net ZEBs case studies that have been identified by the Sub Task C participants. It reports a compilation of all technical and non-technical information of the 30 case studies that formed the foundation on which the analysis of Volume 3 of the Source Book was based.},
address = {Le Tampon},
author = {{International Energy Agency - IEA}},
file = {::},
institution = {University of Reunion Island, ESIROI/PIMENT},
pages = {130},
title = {{IEA SHC Task 40 / EBC Annex 52 Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings: A review of 30 Net ZEBs case studies}},
url = {http://www.enob.info/en/net-zero-energy-buildings/map/},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletricaANEEL2015,
abstract = {Altera a Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n{\textordmasculine} 482, de 17 de abril de 2012, e os M{\'{o}}dulos 1 e 3 dos Procedimentos de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o – PRODIST.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica – ANEEL}},
booktitle = {ANEEL},
file = {::},
pages = {25},
publisher = {Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 687, DE 24 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2015}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2015687.pdf},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Cronemberger2012,
abstract = {In Brazil, a low-latitude country characterized by its high availability and uniformity of solar radiation, the use of PV solar energy integrated in buildings is still incipient. However, at the moment there are several initiatives which give some hints that lead to think that there will be a change shortly. In countries where this technology is already a daily reality, such as Germany, Japan or Spain, the recommendations and basic criteria to avoid losses due to orientation and tilt are widespread. Extrapolating those measures used in high latitudes to all regions, without a previous deeper analysis, is standard practice. They do not always correspond to reality, what frequently leads to false assumptions and may become an obstacle in a country which is taking the first step in this area. In this paper, the solar potential yield for different surfaces in Brazilian cities (located at latitudes between 0° and 30°S) are analyzed with the aim of providing the necessary tools to evaluate the suitability of the buildings' envelopes for photovoltaic use.},
author = {Cronemberger, Joara and Caama{\~{n}}o-Mart{\'{i}}n, Estefan{\'{i}}a and S{\'{a}}nchez, Sergio Vega},
doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2012.08.044},
issn = {0378-7788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
month = {dec},
pages = {264--272},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Assessing the solar irradiation potential for solar photovoltaic applications in buildings at low latitudes – Making the case for Brazil}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812004483},
volume = {55},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Chiesa2017,
author = {Chiesa, Giacomo and Grosso, Mario and Pearlmutter, David and Ray, Steve},
doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2017.05.012},
issn = {0378-7788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
month = {aug},
pages = {211--217},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Advances in adaptive comfort modelling and passive/hybrid cooling of buildings}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817316092?via{\%}3Dihub},
volume = {148},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Pesic2018,
abstract = {Most of the Catalonian population and urban areas are located along the Mediterranean coastal zone and for this analysis three largest Catalonia's cities are chosen: Barcelona, Terrassa and Tarragona. Each city is a geographical representative of a different climate type according to the re-analysed K{\"{o}}ppen–Geiger climate classification. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the effects of regional climate variations on the potential of natural ventilation (NV) application in building design. The first part of the article presents the availability of NV corresponding to yearly climate conditions applying the methodology “Climate potential for natural ventilation” (CPNV). In the continuation, the second analysis is calculated with building energy simulation software and displays possible refrigeration energy savings in three geographical locations. Mixed-mode (or hybrid-mode) and night-ventilation techniques are applied for the cooling process of a hypothetical low-rise office building model.},
author = {Pesic, Nikola and Calzada, Jaime Roset and Alcojor, Adrian Muros},
doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2018.03.061},
issn = {0378-7788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
month = {jun},
pages = {236--244},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Natural ventilation potential of the Mediterranean coastal region of Catalonia}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817340513},
volume = {169},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Zhang2014,
abstract = {As one form of passive cooling, night ventilation (NV) has been proven effective to improve the building energy performance. In previous studies, however, fixed NV operating strategies were usually pre-defined, ignoring the weather condition variations over the whole operation process, the influence of outdoor humidity on NV's efficiency, and NV's integrated performance with active air conditioning systems. Such strategies may have potentials for further improvements. This paper presents a systematic approach to address the dynamic optimization of integrated operation of NV and active building air conditioning using typical variable–air–volume (VAV) systems as the case. In the optimization scheme, the physical model is developed per differential algebraic equations (DAEs). The simultaneous collocation method is introduced to translate the dynamic optimization into a nonlinear program, which is then implemented in the GAMS platform and handled by IPOPT solver. The study results indicate that the optimized strategies lead to a remarkable energy saving of 23.19–49.31{\%} in different climate conditions compared to the traditional local control scheme without NV, and a saving of 14.97–39.70{\%} compared to that with pre-defined NV.},
author = {Zhang, Rongpeng and Nie, Yisu and Lam, Khee Poh and Biegler, Lorenz T.},
doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2014.09.032},
issn = {0378-7788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
month = {dec},
pages = {126--135},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Dynamic optimization based integrated operation strategy design for passive cooling ventilation and active building air conditioning}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778814007257},
volume = {85},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Shaviv2001,
abstract = {We calculated the influence of thermal mass and night ventilation on the maximum indoor temperature in summer. The results for different locations in the hot humid climate of Israel are presented and analyzed. The maximum indoor temperature depends linearly on the temperature difference between day and night at the site. The fit can be applied as a tool to predict from the temperature swing of the location the maximum indoor temperature decrease due to the thermal mass and night ventilation. Consequently, the fit can be implemented as a simple design tool to present the reduction in indoor temperature due to the amount of the thermal mass and the rate of night ventilation, without using an hourly simulation model. Moreover, this design tool is able to provide for the designer in the early design stages the conditions when night ventilation and thermal mass are effective as passive cooling design strategy.},
author = {Shaviv, Edna and Yezioro, Abraham and Capeluto, Isaac G},
doi = {10.1016/S0960-1481(01)00027-1},
issn = {0960-1481},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
month = {nov},
number = {3-4},
pages = {445--452},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Thermal mass and night ventilation as passive cooling design strategy}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148101000271},
volume = {24},
year = {2001}
}
@article{SCHULZE2018,
abstract = {Natural ventilation has the potential of achieving high ventilation rates for fresh air supply and summer cooling, although without the possibility of air to air heat recovery in winter. This study aims to compare the overall energetic efficiency and comfort provision of controlled natural ventilation in energy efficient offices and in the non-refurbished building stock with the related mechanically ventilated reference. The goal is to determine the energy savings for modern offices with low heating demand and higher summer cooling loads compared to existing office buildings, where heating loads dominate. To make sure that the simulation assumptions match the reality, the air-flow modelling of a single-sided ventilation strategy is validated by comparing it with results from tracer-gas measurements. Simulation results indicate that properly designed and controlled natural ventilation shows a good functionality in both state-of-the-art buildings and in the stock. In the moderate climate of Stuttgart/Germany no mechanical cooling is necessary. For state-of-the-art buildings ventilation energy losses in the heating season are easily compensated by lower cooling demand in the warm period of the year. In the building stock the conclusions are less clear, especially for densely occupied offices. Energy losses in the heating season can be compensated in the warm period, but primary energy savings are dependent on primary energy factors and hence how heat, cold and electricity are generated.},
author = {SCHULZE, Tobias and G{\"{U}}RLICH, Daniel and EICKER, Ursula.},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.023},
file = {::},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
number = {1},
pages = {265--278},
title = {{Performance assessment of controlled natural ventilation for air quality control and passive cooling in existing and new office type buildings}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778818307400},
volume = {172},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{EcoleNationaleSuperieuredArchitecturedeNancy2013,
abstract = {Su2ds is a Sketchup plug-in designed to facilitate building daylight modelling. It allows geometry created in Sketchup to be used for daylight analysis in Daysim, and for the numerical results of the Daysim analysis to be imported to and interpreted in Sketchup.},
address = {Nancy},
author = {{{\'{E}}cole Nationale Sup{\'{e}}rieure d'Architecture de Nancy} and {Manasc Isaac Architects}},
file = {::},
keywords = {su2ds},
mendeley-tags = {su2ds},
pages = {8},
publisher = {Manasc Isaac Architects},
title = {{Manual su2ds}},
url = {http://www.crai.archi.fr/rld/plugins/s/su2ds.manual.pdf},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{Kjenner2010,
abstract = {Su2ds  is a Google SketchUp plug-in that's been developed by Josh Kjenner to facilitate the analysis of SketchUp geometry using DAYSIM. The plug-in allows users to specify all of the model information necessary to conduct a DAYSIM analysis and display the results of that analysis, all within SketchUp.},
author = {Kjenner, Josh},
booktitle = {Google Code},
pages = {1},
title = {{su2ds: Daylight analysis plug-in for Sketchup}},
url = {https://code.google.com/archive/p/su2ds/},
urldate = {2019-05-23},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Reinhart2019,
author = {Reinhart, Christoph},
pages = {1},
title = {{DAYSIM: Advanced daylight simulation software}},
url = {http://daysim.ning.com},
urldate = {2019-05-25},
year = {2019}
}
@book{Pereira2017,
abstract = {A primeira edi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar foi lan{\c{c}}ada em 2006 com base em 10 anos de dados dos sat{\'{e}}lites da s{\'{e}}rie GOES e no modelo f{\'{i}}sico de transfer{\^{e}}ncia  radiativa BRASIL‐SR, validado com dados observados em 98  esta{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es  meteorol{\'{o}}gicas  operadas  pelo  INMET  (Instituto  Nacional de Meteorologia) e espalhadas por todo territ{\'{o}}rio  nacional. Na {\'{e}}poca do lan{\c{c}}amento, a rede SONDA (Sistema  de  Organiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  Nacional  de  Dados  Ambientais),  operada  pelo INPE, havia rec{\'{e}}m entrado em opera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e contribuiu  no processo de valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com apenas tr{\^{e}}s anos de dados  solarim{\'{e}}tricos  das  3  componentes  da  irradia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  solar  na  superf{\'{i}}cie:  global  horizontal,  direta  normal  e  difusa.  Essa  edi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pioneira do Atlas constituiu um marco importante no  hist{\'{o}}rico  da  energia  solar  no  Brasil  e  {\'{e}},  ainda  hoje, empregada por v{\'{a}}rios investigadores e empreendedores da  {\'{a}}rea de energia solar. },
address = {S{\~{a}}o Jos{\'{e}} dos Campos},
author = {Pereira, Enio Bueno and Martins, Fernando Ramos and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Andr{\'{e}} Rodrigues and Costa, Rodrigo Santos and Lima, Francisco J. Lopes de and R{\"{u}}ther, Ricardo and Abreu, Samuel Luna de and Tiepolo, Gerson M{\'{a}}ximo and Pereira, Silvia Vitorino and Souza, Jefferson  Gon{\c{c}}alves de},
edition = {2a},
file = {::},
isbn = {978‐85‐17‐00089‐8},
pages = {88},
publisher = {INPE},
title = {{Atlas brasileiro de energia solar}},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{CentroBrasileirodeEficienciaEnergeticaemEdificacoesCB3E2015,
abstract = {Este documento foi desenvolvido a partir das discuss{\~{o}}es realizadas durante o 
ano de 2013 dentro Subgrupo 6 – Vidros e esquadrias, no {\^{a}}mbito da CT (comiss{\~{a}}o 
t{\'{e}}cnica) definida pelo Inmetro. As ATAs com o registro do conte{\'{u}}do das reuni{\~{o}}es dos 
subgrupos est{\~{a}}o dispon{\'{i}}veis para acesso p{\'{u}}blico no endere{\c{c}}o eletr{\^{o}}nico: 
www.pbeedifica.com.br},
address = {Florian{\'{o}}polis},
author = {{Centro Brasileiro de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica em Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es – CB3E} and {Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o T{\'{e}}cnica Brasileira das Ind{\'{u}}strias Autom{\'{a}}ticas de Vidro – ABIVIDRO}},
file = {::},
keywords = {eficiencia energetica,transmitancia,vidro},
mendeley-tags = {eficiencia energetica,transmitancia,vidro},
pages = {7},
publisher = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC},
title = {{CAT{\'{A}}LOGO DE PROPRIEDADES T{\'{E}}RMICAS E {\'{O}}TICAS DE VIDROS COMERCIALIZADOS NO BRASIL}},
url = {http://www.cb3e.ufsc.brhttp//www.eletrobras.gov.br/procelhttp://www.eletrobras.gov.brhttp://www.inmetro.gov.br},
year = {2015}
}
@techreport{AssociacaoBrasileiradeNormasTecnicas-ABNT2003,
abstract = {A ABNT - Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - {\'{e}} o F{\'{o}}rum Nacional de Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. As Normas Brasileiras, cujo conte{\'{u}}do {\'{e}} de responsabilidade dos Comit{\^{e}}s Brasileiros (ABNT/CB) e dos Organismos de Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Setorial (ABNT/ONS), s{\~{a}}o elaboradas por Comiss{\~{o}}es de Estudo (CE), formadas por representantes dos setores envolvidos, delas fazendo parte: produtores, consumidores e neutros (universidades, laborat{\'{o}}rios e outros).},
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT}},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT - 2005 - NBR 15220 - Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es.pdf:pdf},
institution = {Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas},
keywords = {15220,Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,NBR},
mendeley-tags = {15220,Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,NBR},
pages = {66},
title = {{NBR 15220: Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es}},
year = {2003}
}
@misc{InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologiaNormalizacaoeQualidadeIndustrial-INMETRO2018,
abstract = {O presente RTQ especifica requisitos t{\'{e}}cnicos, bem como os m{\'{e}}todos para classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edif{\'{i}}cios comerciais, de servi{\c{c}}os e p{\'{u}}blicos quanto {\`{a}} efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica. Os edif{\'{i}}cios submetidos a este RTQ devem atender {\`{a}}s normas da Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas (ABNT) vigentes e aplic{\'{a}}veis. Cabe ressaltar que a vis{\~{a}}o deste RTQ {\'{e}} a efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e que este, os organismos de inspe{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o acreditados e o Inmetro se eximem dos problemas que porventura possam ser causados {\`{a}} edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela n{\~{a}}o observ{\^{a}}ncia das normas da ABNT, que s{\~{a}}o de exclusiva atribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do projetista.},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO}},
booktitle = {10 de jul},
file = {::},
pages = {122},
publisher = {Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial},
title = {{Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade para o N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blicas}},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{Fonseca2016,
abstract = {A ado{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de normas que regulamentam a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de medidas de conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es {\'{e}} uma das medidas que mais proporcionam economia de energia nesse setor. No Brasil, as edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es residenciais disp{\~{o}}em da Norma ABNT NBR 15575 - Desempenho de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Habitacionais, que regulamenta o seu desempenho m{\'{i}}nimo. Entretanto, as edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comerciais n{\~{a}}o possuem documento regulador semelhante. Apesar do Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade para o N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blicas (RTQ-C) atuar como um instrumento de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, atualmente n{\~{a}}o existe uma defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de qual seria o desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico m{\'{i}}nimo dessas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visou levantar tipologias de edif{\'{i}}cios de escrit{\'{o}}rio e estimar o seu desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico de acordo com o m{\'{e}}todo da etiqueta PBE Edifica. O levantamento contemplou diferentes fontes de pesquisa e permitiu a elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de modelos de refer{\^{e}}ncia fundamentados nas caracter{\'{i}}sticas construtivas predominantes e nas que resultariam em edif{\'{i}}cios menos e mais eficientes quanto ao desempenho termoenerg{\'{e}}tico. Estes modelos foram avaliados pelo m{\'{e}}todo prescritivo do RTQ-C. Dessa forma p{\^{o}}de-se estimar o desempenho de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comumente encontradas no parque edificado nacional. Estes resultados devem servir de subs{\'{i}}dio para o desenvolvimento de {\'{i}}ndices m{\'{i}}nimos de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comerciais no Brasil.},
address = {S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
author = {da Fonseca, Raphaela Walger and Rupp, Ricardo Forgiarini and Beck, Elisa and Eli, Let{\'{i}}cia Gabriela and Scalco, Veridiana and Lamberts, Roberto},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fonseca et al. - 2016 - Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do desempenho termoenerg{\'{e}}tico de modelos de refer{\^{e}}ncia de escrit{\'{o}}rios elaborados com base em levantame.pdf:pdf},
institution = {XVI ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO AMBIENTE CONSTRU{\'{I}}DO},
keywords = {Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de escrit{\'{o}}rios,Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,{\'{I}}ndices m{\'{i}}nimos},
mendeley-tags = {Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de escrit{\'{o}}rios,Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,{\'{I}}ndices m{\'{i}}nimos},
pages = {1853--1866},
title = {{Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do desempenho termoenerg{\'{e}}tico de modelos de refer{\^{e}}ncia de escrit{\'{o}}rios elaborados com base em levantamento de caracter{\'{i}}sticas construtivas nacionais}},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308698471},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Jose2011,
author = {Jos{\'{e}}, Jorge and Pinto, D E Souza},
title = {{Programa de P{\'{o}}s-gradua{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em Engenharia Civil}},
year = {2011}
}
@phdthesis{Bernabe2012,
abstract = {O desdobramento das cidades motivou a proposi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es cada vez mais 
verticalizadas, a fim de suprir as demandas do adensamento urbano. Ao longo do tempo, o 
desenvolvimento vertical esteve atrelado a novas tecnologias que, inicialmente convieram 
para que o arquiteto tivesse mais liberdade projetual. No entanto, a possibilidade de 
reproduzir modelos referenciados em um estilo moderno e internacional, fez com que 
alguns profissionais negligenciassem a estreita rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre a arquitetura e o meio em que 
se insere, deixando a cargo dos sistemas artificiais, a garantia de conforto t{\'{e}}rmico para os 
usu{\'{a}}rios. O novo cen{\'{a}}rio energ{\'{e}}tico, entretanto trouxe uma reflex{\~{a}}o acerca da elevada 
demanda de consumo desse bem nas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, culminando em discuss{\~{o}}es, estudos e desenvolvimento de nova realidade, pautada nos  conceitos de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica.},
author = {Bernab{\'{e}}, Ana Carolina Alves},
file = {::},
keywords = {Edif{\'{i}}cios comerciais,Energia el{\'{e}}trica - Consumo},
mendeley-tags = {Edif{\'{i}}cios comerciais,Energia el{\'{e}}trica - Consumo},
pages = {132},
school = {Universidade Federal do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo},
title = {{A influ{\^{e}}ncia da envolt{\'{o}}ria no Consumo Energ{\'{e}}tico em Edif{\'{i}}cios Artificialmente Climatizados na Cidade de Vit{\'{o}}ria ES}},
year = {2012}
}
@techreport{Lamberts2006,
abstract = {Durante um longo per{\'{i}}odo a energia foi utilizada de forma intensa e sem limites, o que provocou o desencadeamento de crises energ{\'{e}}ticas sentidas globalmente (CRUZ et al., 2004). Em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o a este cen{\'{a}}rio, o consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica tem crescido substancialmente no Brasil, assim como em outros pa{\'{i}}ses em desenvolvimento. Nas {\'{u}}ltimas tr{\^{e}}s d{\'{e}}cadas, aumentou 7,5{\%} ao ano, ao passo que a popula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o brasileira cresceu 2{\%} ao ano e a economia e o consumo final de energia, 4{\%} ao ano. Desse modo, a participa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da eletricidade no consumo final de energia passou de 16{\%}, em 1970, para 39,5{\%}, em 1999 (BEN, 2002). Assim, construir considerando as vari{\'{a}}veis clim{\'{a}}ticas aliadas {\`{a}}s t{\'{e}}cnicas renov{\'{a}}veis e energeticamente compat{\'{i}}veis, {\'{e}} uma necessidade quando analisado o panorama mundial e local da evolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do consumo em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\`{a}} disponibilidade de energia. },
address = {Florian{\'{o}}polis},
author = {Lamberts, Roberto and Ghisi, Enedir and Ramos, Greici},
file = {::},
institution = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
keywords = {Padr{\~{a}}o de ocup,Padr{\~{a}}o de uso,RTQ-C},
mendeley-tags = {Padr{\~{a}}o de ocup,Padr{\~{a}}o de uso,RTQ-C},
pages = {56},
title = {{Impactos da Adequa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Clim{\'{a}}tica Sobre a Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica e o Conforto T{\'{e}}rmico de Edif{\'{i}}cios de Escrit{\'{o}}rios no Brasil}},
year = {2006}
}
@book{AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers-ASHRAE2010,
abstract = {The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is the world's foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its 55,000 members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify the need for and support research, and write the industry's standards for testing and practice.},
address = {Atlanta},
author = {{American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - ASHRAE}},
edition = {5a.},
file = {::},
pages = {469},
publisher = {American Society of Heating,   Refrigerating and Air­Conditioning Engineers, Inc.},
title = {{90.1 User's Manual: ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 - Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings}},
year = {2010}
}
@techreport{Cabus2006,
address = {Macei{\'{o}}},
author = {Cab{\'{u}}s, Ricardo and Ara{\'{u}}jo, Mara and Montenegro, Vanessa},
file = {::},
institution = {Universidade Federal de Alagoas},
keywords = {Padr{\~{a}}o de ocup,Padr{\~{a}}o de uso,ZB8},
mendeley-tags = {Padr{\~{a}}o de ocup,Padr{\~{a}}o de uso,ZB8},
pages = {45},
title = {{Impactos da Adequa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Clim{\'{a}}tica Sobre a Efici{\^{e}}ncia}},
year = {2006}
}
@techreport{Ramos2013,
abstract = {O Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade do N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edif{\'{i}}cios Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blicos (RTQ-C) teve sua primeira vers{\~{a}}o regulamentada pela Portaria INMETRO n.{\textordmasculine} 53, de 27 de fevereiro de 2009, posteriormente sucedida pela Portaria INMETRO n.{\textordmasculine} 163, de 08 de junho de 2009. Nele s{\~{a}}o especificados os requisitos t{\'{e}}cnicos e os m{\'{e}}todos para classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edif{\'{i}}cios comerciais, de servi{\c{c}}os e p{\'{u}}blicos quanto {\`{a}} efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, criando condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para a Etiquetagem do n{\'{i}}vel de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica desta tipologia de edif{\'{i}}cios. Tr{\^{e}}s requisitos principais s{\~{a}}o avaliados: a envolt{\'{o}}ria do edif{\'{i}}cio, o sistema de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e o sistema de condicionamento do ar.},
address = {Florian{\'{o}}polis},
author = {Ramos, Greici and Lamberts, Roberto and Fossati, Michele and Prado, Gustavo and Rovy, Fontes and Pessoa, Pinheiro and Neoenergia, Ferreira and Christina, Ana and Mascarenhas, Romano and Queiroz, Natalia and {Vieira Gon{\c{c}}alves De Souza}, Roberta and Papa, Renata Pietra and Patr{\'{i}}cia, Carla and Soares, Santos and Naves, Cl{\'{a}}udia and Amorim, David and Frederico, Caio and Milena, Silva and Cintra, Sampaio and Ceres, Ana and Sabino, Belmont and Dos, Marina and Monteiro, Santos},
file = {::},
institution = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
keywords = {RTQ-C},
mendeley-tags = {RTQ-C},
pages = {19},
title = {{Relat{\'{o}}rio t{\'{e}}cnico do m{\'{e}}todo de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do sistema de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do RTQ-C}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Chi2018,
abstract = {This paper examines the relationship between the Daylight Availability (DAv) metric and annual energy consumption. DAv was established as a means of describing indoor daylight sufficiency both for research and practical purposes. To balance daylighting with energy concerns, the specific amount of daylight sufficiency within a space should neither be too low; nor should it be excessive. However, there is little if any notion of what the relationship between a DAv area and the energy used on-site to supply the artificial lighting, heating and cooling systems might be. The aim of this research is to determine if one or more of the DAv areas predicted on the workplane could serve as a proxy for the overall building energy consumption (lighting plus heating and cooling). The office setting is designed to offer a wide range of daylight exposures, depending on the orientation of the fully-glazed fa{\c{c}}ade and that of the perforated solar screen configuration. Results indicated a strong linear relationship between the overlit area and the cooling energy use. Moreover, confining the overlit area to less than 40{\%} at South and less than 50{\%} at North, East and West could help limit the overall energy consumption to less than 120 kWh/m 2 -year.},
author = {Chi, Doris A. and Moreno, David and Navarro, Jaime},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.048},
file = {::},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Daylight availability,Low-energy projects,Simulation-based design,Statistical relationships},
month = {mar},
pages = {170--180},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Correlating daylight availability metric with lighting, heating and cooling energy consumptions}},
volume = {132},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologiaNormalizacaoeQualidadeIndustrial-INMETRO2018a,
address = {Bras{\'{i}}lia},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO}},
file = {::},
institution = {Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia},
pages = {29},
title = {{EFICI{\^{E}}NCIA ENERG{\'{E}}TICA - CONDICIONADORES DE AR SPLIT HI-WALL COM ROTA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O FIXA}},
url = {www.eletrobras.com/procel.},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{InstitutoNacionaldeMetereologia-INMET2018,
address = {Bras{\'{i}}lia},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metereologia - INMET}},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Instituto Nacional de Metereologia},
title = {{Arquivo clim{\'{a}}tico de Vit{\'{o}}ria}},
url = {http://climate.onebuilding.org/WMO{\_}Region{\_}3{\_}South{\_}America/BRA{\_}Brazil/ES{\_}Espirito{\_}Santo/BRA{\_}ES{\_}Vitoria.868300{\_}INMET.zip},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Prevista2011,
author = {Prevista, Data De Termino and Executado, Valor and Trabalho, Regime De},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{Relat{\'{o}}rio Final Relat{\'{o}}rio Final}},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers-ASHRAE2017,
abstract = {The core of the standard in Sections 4 and 5 specifies methods to determine thermal environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, air speed, and radiant effects) in buildings and other spaces that a significant proportion of the occupants will find acceptable at a certain metabolic rate and clothing level. The comprehensive analytical method to determine these conditions uses calculation algorithms included in the standard and appendices, all of which are implemented in the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Tool.},
author = {{American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - ASHRAE}},
doi = {1041-2336},
file = {::},
pages = {67},
title = {{ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy}},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{ConselhoBrasileirodeConstrucaoSustentavel-CBCS2015,
abstract = {Este trabalho refere-se ao Produto 5 do projeto “Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de conhecimento do Reino Unido para desenvolvimento de uma rede el{\'{e}}trica mais inteligente no Brasil” (Applying UK expertise to develop a smarter grid in Brazil), financiado pelo Minist{\'{e}}rio de Rela{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Internacionais do Reino Unido (Foreign and Commonwealth Office). O projeto engloba cinco atividades diferentes que ser{\~{a}}o integradas para maximizar o impacto do projeto e o benef{\'{i}}cio {\`{a}}s institui{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es envolvidas. O Produto 5 envolve o desenvolvimento de conhecimento nas {\'{a}}reas de medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e verifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e o relat{\'{o}}rio de consumo energ{\'{e}}tico em edif{\'{i}}cios, investigando os potenciais impactos de medidores inteligentes e etiquetagem energ{\'{e}}tica e propondo a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o destas ferramentas em edif{\'{i}}cios p{\'{u}}blicos e comerciais.},
address = {S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
author = {{Conselho Brasileiro de Constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Sustent{\'{a}}vel - CBCS}},
file = {::},
institution = {Conselho Brasileiro de Constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Sustent{\'{a}}vel},
pages = {110},
title = {{Desempenho energ{\'{e}}tigo operacional em edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es - Relat{\'{o}}rio final: Benchmarking de escrit{\'{o}}rios corporativos e recomenda{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para certifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o DEO no Brasil}},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{AssociacaoBrasileiradeNormasTecnicas-ABNT2013,
abstract = {A Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas (ABNT) {\'{e}} o Foro Nacional de Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. As Normas Brasileiras, cujo conte{\'{u}}do {\'{e}} de responsabilidade dos Comit{\^{e}}s Brasileiros (ABNT/CB), dos Organismos de Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Setorial (ABNT/ONS) e das Comiss{\~{o}}es de Estudo Especiais (ABNT/CEE), s{\~{a}}o elaboradas por Comiss{\~{o}}es de Estudo (CE), formadas por representantes dos setores envolvidos, delas fazendo parte: produtores, consumidores e neutros (universidades, laborat{\'{o}}rios e outros). Esta Norma {\'{e}} uma ado{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o id{\^{e}}ntica, em conte{\'{u}}do t{\'{e}}cnico, estrutura e reda{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, {\`{a}} ISO/CIE 8995-1:2002 e Cor 1:2005, que foi elaborada conjuntamente pelo CIE-TC 3-21 e ISO/TC 159, Technical Committee Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5, Ergonomics of the Physical Environment, conforme ISO/IEC Guide 21-1:2005.},
author = {{Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT}},
doi = {978-85-07-04141-2},
file = {::},
keywords = {Utilize o sistema para acessar a vers{\~{a}}o atualizada},
pages = {54},
publisher = {ABNT},
title = {{NBR ISO/CIE 8995-1: Ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de ambientes de trabalho - Parte 1: Interior}},
url = {www.abnt.org.br},
year = {2013}
}
@phdthesis{Nico-Rodrigues2015,
abstract = {A hist{\'{o}}ria das janelas em edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es registra que os processos tecnol{\'{o}}gicos conduziram a elimina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de elementos que outrora foram criados para promover a renova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do ar interior atrav{\'{e}}s do aproveitamento da ventila{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural. A partir das crises energ{\'{e}}ticas mundial e brasileira, os benef{\'{i}}cios atribu{\'{i}}dos ao uso dos condicionantes naturais foram valorizados como elementos capazes de reduzir o consumo de energia e melhorar as condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es t{\'{e}}rmicas dos ambientes internos. A investiga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o iniciou da premissa que a partir do tipo adequado de janela para um determinado ambiente, {\'{e}} poss{\'{i}}vel obter melhor desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico considerando a ventila{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural como principal estrat{\'{e}}gia de conforto. Neste contexto objetivou analisar o comportamento de tipos de janela no desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de ambientes ventilados naturalmente. Estabeleceu uma metodologia de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o espec{\'{i}}fica visando identificar os modelos mais eficientes para edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es multifamiliares, na cidade Vit{\'{o}}ria/ES (Brasil), com {\^{e}}nfase no conforto t{\'{e}}rmico. Os objetivos espec{\'{i}}ficos foram: 1) identificar e caracterizar os tipos de janelas utilizados nas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es multifamiliares; 2) estabelecer uma metodologia de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desempenho, a partir da an{\'{a}}lise conjunta de dois {\'{i}}ndices de conforto adaptativo; e 3) avaliar o desempenho do ambiente (dormit{\'{o}}rio) considerando o tipo de janela mais usual e compar{\'{a}}-lo aos tipos de janela conceitualmente mais adequados {\`{a}}s condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es clim{\'{a}}ticas de Vit{\'{o}}ria. Para a defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do modelo mais usual de janela, realizou uma pesquisa de campo com 1.999 indiv{\'{i}}duos, sendo adotado o que obteve 42{\%} de ocorr{\^{e}}ncia. A metodologia de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, adotou a temperatura operativa como fator de an{\'{a}}lise e o DesignBuilder como simulador. Os {\'{i}}ndices de conforto adaptativo foram {\`{a}} frequ{\^{e}}ncia e a quantidade de graus horas de desconforto t{\'{e}}rmico, definidos para cada dia do ano, obtidos da an{\'{a}}lise hor{\'{a}}ria das temperaturas. O ambiente avaliado foi o dormit{\'{o}}rio 1 de um edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de 5 pavimentos, sendo simulados os 1{\textordmasculine}, 3{\textordmasculine} e {\'{u}}ltimo pavimento, para as quatro orienta{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es principais e considerando o per{\'{i}}odo de um ano. Os resultados obtidos com as simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es da janela usual foram comparados aos outros dois modelos propostos considerando as recomenda{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es das normas de desempenho brasileiras. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a melhoria nas condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es internas do ambiente a partir da ado{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de elementos incorporados na janela que permitem a ventila{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e sombreamento das aberturas.},
author = {Nico-Rodrigues, Edna Aparecida},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nico-Rodrigues - 2015 - Influ{\^{e}}ncia da janela no desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de ambientes ventilados naturalmente.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {Conforto adaptativo,Janelas,Metodologia de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,Ventila{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Natural},
pages = {202},
school = {Univerdidad del Bio-B{\'{i}}o},
title = {{Influ{\^{e}}ncia da janela no desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de ambientes ventilados naturalmente}},
type = {Tese de doutorado},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ricciardi2016,
abstract = {Theatres are a very complex environment where thermal comfort is difficult to control. They frequently operate at high occupancy level and tend to have high sensible and latent heat loads. An application of the neutral comfort temperature methodology is proposed to analyze this particular kind of building. Thermal-hygrometric parameters defined in ISO 7730, Ashrae Standard 55/2004 and ISO 10551, were measured at carefully selected locations in the occupied zone within the auditorium in the Fraschini theatre, in order to ensure a good representation of human exposure to thermal comfort. In addition, a subjective evaluation was achieved by the distribution of a dedicated multiple response questionnaire. More than 400 questionnaires were analyzed, comprehensive of information for the application of the traditional static and adaptive model. When heating system is on (1st and 2nd survey), thermal stratification is really relevant in the theatre (air temperature runs from 23 °C in the stalls area to 30 °C in the upper order), while when the theatre is in naturally ventilated, the thermal stratification is not relevant. An application of a new thermal comfort evaluation method is here proposed by means of the calculation of the neutral comfort temperature with both the analytical and adaptive methods. The methodology was also applied to data acquired in 9 different open space offices, where a total amount of 846 people were interviewed. Results showed that the method is applicable to both theatres and open plan offices and could provide a simple tool to quickly evaluate thermal comfort conditions.},
author = {Ricciardi, P. and Ziletti, A. and Buratti, C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.011},
file = {::},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Neutral comfort temperature,Questionnaire,Theatre,Thermal comfort},
month = {jun},
pages = {116--127},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Evaluation of thermal comfort in an historical Italian opera theatre by the calculation of the neutral comfort temperature}},
volume = {102},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Holopainen2014,
abstract = {This paper, based on research conducted under the EU FP7 "SuPerBuildings" project, presents current practice and approaches to comfort assessment and specification. The paper compares and discusses the results of different methods used for the calculation of thermal comfort: Fanger's PMV method, the adaptive predicted mean vote (aPMV) method, a Human Thermal Model integrated in a building simulation environment and the adaptive control algorithm ACA as an example of the adaptive comfort methods are described and applied to a test case. Results show how HTM, aPMV and ACA allow for more flexibility of the indoor conditions than the Fanger's PMV method. These flexible conditions would mean that unnecessary heating and cooling could be avoided in situations where there is still an acceptable degree of satisfaction with the indoor environment. These approaches would therefore help for an assessment in the context of sustainable building assessment, where satisfactory indoor conditions are sought, while ensuring low energy use and running costs and therefore improving environmental and economic performance of the building. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Holopainen, Riikka and Tuomaala, Pekka and Hernandez, Patxi and H{\"{a}}kkinen, Tarja and Piira, Kalevi and Piippo, Jouko},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.09.009},
file = {::},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Adaptive comfort,Human thermal model,Sustainable building,Thermal comfort,Thermal sensation},
month = {jan},
pages = {60--70},
title = {{Comfort assessment in the context of sustainable buildings: Comparison of simplified and detailed human thermal sensation methods}},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{MinisteriodoTrabalho2002,
abstract = {A atual reda{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da Norma Regulamentadora 17 – Ergonomia foi estabelecida pela Portaria n{\textordmasculine} 3.751, de 23 de novembro de 1990. O Minist{\'{e}}rio do Trabalho e Emprego, no ano de 2000, realizou treinamentos para auditores-fiscais do trabalho com especializa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em Sa{\'{u}}de e Seguran{\c{c}}a no Trabalho em todo o Pa{\'{i}}s, analisando a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o desta Norma pela fiscaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Nesses cursos, verificou-se uma ampla diversidade de interpreta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, o que representa um obst{\'{a}}culo {\`{a}} efetiva implanta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da Norma.},
author = {{Minist{\'{e}}rio do Trabalho}},
booktitle = {Secretaria de Inspe{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Trabalho – SIT},
file = {::},
keywords = {NR 17},
mendeley-tags = {NR 17},
pages = {101},
publisher = {Minist{\'{e}}rio do Trabalho},
title = {{Manual de Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da Norma Regulamentadora N{\textordmasculine} 17}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Rupp2016,
abstract = {Resumo Quando se trata de conforto t{\'{e}}rmico em edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es condicionadas artificialmente, o modelo predicted mean vote/predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) de Fanger, publicado em 1970, {\'{e}} o mais utilizado para prever e avaliar as condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es t{\'{e}}rmicas internas. Este artigo apresenta dados de conforto t{\'{e}}rmico levantados em uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escrit{\'{o}}rios com sistema central de condicionamento de ar, localizada em Florian{\'{o}}polis, uma cidade de clima subtropical {\'{u}}mido. O objetivo da pesquisa {\'{e}} analisar e comparar os resultados de sensa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o t{\'{e}}rmica obtidos em estudos de campo (284 participantes) com os valores calculados de PMV/PPD provenientes do m{\'{e}}todo anal{\'{i}}tico adotado pela ASHRAE 55 (2013). Question{\'{a}}rios eletr{\^{o}}nicos foram aplicados simultaneamente {\`{a}}s medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es das vari{\'{a}}veis ambientais (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, temperatura radiante m{\'{e}}dia e velocidade do ar) durante 2014. Observou-se que, embora 91{\%} dos ocupantes tenham avaliado o ambiente como confort{\'{a}}vel termicamente, o PPD m{\'{e}}dio apontou 16{\%} de insatisfeitos termicamente. Constatou-se certa inadequa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do modelo ao clima em quest{\~{a}}o, principalmente quando se considera o restrito intervalo de PMV entre ± 0,50 delimitado como confort{\'{a}}vel pela ASHRAE 55 (2013).Abstract When it comes to thermal comfort in fully air conditioned buildings, Fanger's predictive mean vote/predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) published in 1970 is the most widely used model to predict and analyse environments. This paper presents thermal comfort data from an office building that operates with a central air-conditioning system (HVAC) located in Florian{\'{o}}polis, a city with humid subtropical climate on the southern coast of Brazil. This paper presents and compares thermal sensation results obtained from field studies (284 participants) against calculated PMV/PPD values based on the ASHRAE 55 (2013) analytical method. Electronic questionnaires were administered simultaneously to instrumental measurements (air temperature, radiant air temperature, air speed and humidity) during 2014. The results showed that, although 91{\%} of the occupants evaluated the environment as thermally comfortable, the mean PPD scored 16{\%} of dissatisfied people. Moreover, results suggested a certain inadequacy of this model to the climate in question, especially when the PMV ranges between ± 0.50, the interval determined as comfortable by ASHRAE 55 (2013).},
author = {Rupp, Ricardo Forgiarini and Vecchi, Renata De and Asmus, Bernardo Farias and C{\^{a}}ndido, Christhina and Ghisi, Enedir},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212017000100127},
file = {::},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
month = {nov},
number = {1},
pages = {111--123},
publisher = {FapUNIFESP (SciELO)},
title = {{Conforto t{\'{e}}rmico humano em escrit{\'{o}}rios com sistema central de condicionamento artificial em clima subtropical {\'{u}}mido: estudos de campo vs. abordagem anal{\'{i}}tica}},
volume = {17},
year = {2016}
}
@techreport{Costa2017,
abstract = {Building envelope and morphology have a direct influence on energy consumption because they can soften climate impacts and reduce the necessity of air conditioning and artificial lighting. Commercial and office buildings, in Brazil, demanded 14.8{\%} from Brazilian electric energy production in 2016, according to the National Ministry of Mines and Energy. In a planned city, such as Brasilia, understanding characteristics from urban codes and legislation may be the first step towards improvements and optimization of architectural shape and building envelope, especially in non-residential buildings. Therefore, this article focuses on morphological characterization and energy consumption of office buildings in the central area of Brasilia and seeks to characterize transformations in the envelope and building morphology between 2010 and 2017. The method consists of on-site visits and analysis through Google Street View tool of morphological features, envelope and energy consumption of 223 buildings. Simultaneously, energy consumption data were collected in the last three years. The results showed that, in 2017 little was made to follow the recommendation presented by International Energy Agency towards efficient envelopes. Almost 40{\%} of the studied buildings had almost entirely glazed facades and 70{\%} of the facades did not have any type of window shading.},
address = {Edinburgo},
author = {Costa, Joao and Oliveira, Natalia and Amorim, Claudia},
file = {::},
keywords = {Brasilia,building morphology,energy consumption,offices,solar shading,window wall ratio},
pages = {1111--1118},
title = {{Morphological characteristics and energy consumption of office buildings in the central area of Brasilia}},
url = {https://plea2017.net/{\#}programmes-container},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{Werneck2017,
abstract = {With the commitment to improve the energy efficiency in office buildings and to reduce electric energy demand, many directives and goals were made to create zero energy buildings. According to International Energy Agency (2013), pilot projects could reduce energy consumption up to 60{\%} in lighting, 20{\%} in cooling and 26{\%} of the total electric energy consumption during peak hours. Studies made by Cronemberger (2012) pointed out that Brasilia showed high potential to generate electric energy through photovoltaic panels. Therefore, Chico Mendes Institute in Brasilia was chosen and the main purpose was to identify the potential of this office building to become a ZEB building. The research method consisted of on-site visits, energy consumption data and architectural and technical drawings analysis. After this step, thermal, energy and dynamic daylight simulations were made utilizing Energy Plus through Open Studio and Daysim to identify which of the passive strategies were effective in reducing energy consumption for cooling and lighting. The results showed a reduction up to 48{\%} of the total annual energy consumption if natural ventilation, thermal insulation and efficient shading devices were added in the existing building and could become a ZEB building after a retrofit process.},
address = {Edinburgo},
author = {Werneck, Daniela and Costa, Jo{\~{a}}o and Aguiar, Jo{\~{a}}o and Sousa, Nat{\'{a}}lia and Lopes, Adriano and Amorim, Claudia},
booktitle = {Passive and Low Energy Architecture 2017 - Design to Thrive},
file = {::},
keywords = {NZEB,computer simulation,energy consumption,retrofit},
pages = {2720--2727},
title = {{Studies on energy performance utilizing computer simulations towards a ZEB building: a case study in Chico Mendes Institute in Brasilia}},
year = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{Didone2014,
abstract = {grown significantly due to the rising amount of electrical devices used. As one of the main energy consumers, the building sector has an unrealized potential for significant energy savings. The main objective of this work is to develop strategies to transform typical Brazilian office buildings, built in different climatic zones into zero energy buildings (ZEB). Special emphasis is placed on photovoltaic (PV) application, especially the new technology of semitransparent PV windows. PV modules play an important role in achieving a Brazilian zero energy building scenario, due to their energy generation char},
author = {Didon{\'{e}}, Evelise Leite},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Didon{\'{e}} - 2014 - Parametric study for net zero energy building strategies in Brazil considering semi-transparent PV windows.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {(sub)tropical climate,computer simulation,office building type,semi-transparent PV windows,zero energy buildings (ZEB)},
pages = {230},
school = {Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT},
title = {{Parametric study for net zero energy building strategies in Brazil considering semi-transparent PV windows}},
year = {2014}
}
@phdthesis{Sudbrack2017,
abstract = {A Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica nasceu em um contexto de crise e de eleva{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es tarif{\'{a}}rias e permanece atual em raz{\~{a}}o do sucesso das ferramentas legais e do avan{\c{c}}o tecnol{\'{o}}gico relacionados ao tema. As edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es representam 47,6{\%} da energia el{\'{e}}trica consumida no pa{\'{i}}s, e o potencial de economia deste setor {\'{e}} expressivo. Os edif{\'{i}}cios residenciais de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo (Net Zero Energy Building - NZEB) aliados {\`{a}} pr{\'{e}} fabrica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tem recebido aten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o crescente no cen{\'{a}}rio internacional, e {\'{e}} um tema ainda pouco estudado no Brasil. O objetivo principal deste trabalho {\'{e}} identificar as potencialidades e as limita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es que a tipologia residencial pr{\'{e}}-fabricada apresenta para a constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de casas de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo no contexto clim{\'{a}}tico de Bras{\'{i}}lia, analisando seu potencial de produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica, estrat{\'{e}}gias passivas e efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, com especial foco nos materiais construtivos. A metodologia prev{\^{e}} a concep{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um projeto padr{\~{a}}o com diretrizes bioclim{\'{a}}ticas; a an{\'{a}}lise de diferentes combina{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de materiais opacos para cobertura e paredes atrav{\'{e}}s de simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es computacionais termo energ{\'{e}}ticas com o programa Design Builder; an{\'{a}}lise dos resultados de acordo norma ASHRAE 55 (2013) de modo a identificar quais destas combina{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es oferecem maior conforto t{\'{e}}rmico aos usu{\'{a}}rios, e quais delas tem maior influ{\^{e}}ncia no balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico final. Dentre as 35 combina{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de materiais de cobertura e paredes analisadas a que se mostrou mais eficiente foi a de cobertura em CLT - Cross Laminated Timber (U=0,59W/m².K; CT=231KJ/m².K), e paredes em Painel de Tijolos Cer{\^{a}}micos (U=1,65 W/m².K; CT=140,95KJ/m².K), de consumo anual de 67,56 kWh/m². Os resultados mostram que o consumo energ{\'{e}}tico chega a dobrar em um mesmo projeto apenas pela diferente especifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de material de veda{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de parede e cobertura. A produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica atrav{\'{e}}s de pain{\'{e}}is fotovoltaicos pode suprir o consumo da resid{\^{e}}ncia em 75{\%} dos casos analisados. Com este estudo demonstra-se que {\'{e}} poss{\'{i}}vel viabilizar habita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es pr{\'{e}} fabricadas de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo em Bras{\'{i}}lia, incentivando estudos futuros sobre a adequa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das diretrizes de projeto para as demais Zonas Bioclim{\'{a}}ticas do pa{\'{i}}s.},
author = {Sudbrack, Larissa Olivier},
file = {::},
keywords = {nZEB},
mendeley-tags = {nZEB},
pages = {240},
school = {Universidade de Bras{\'{i}}lia},
title = {{Casa zero: diretrizes de projeto para casas pr{\'{e}}-fabricadas de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo em Bras{\'{i}}lia}},
year = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{Costa2018,
abstract = {Grande parte da produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica {\'{e}} derivada de fontes n{\~{a}}o-renov{\'{a}}veis, que incluem a queima de combust{\'{i}}veis f{\'{o}}sseis, que proporcionam impactos negativos no meio ambiente. Esses impactos s{\~{a}}o agravados frente {\`{a}} crescente demanda por energia el{\'{e}}trica no mundo. Neste contexto, o Parlamento Europeu instituiu que todas as novas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es devem atingir o padr{\~{a}}o Nearly Net Zero Energy Building [pr{\'{o}}ximos {\`{a}} meta de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo] at{\'{e}} 31 de dezembro de 2020. No Brasil, nota-se uma incipiente busca pelas solu{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para obten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo, uma vez que {\'{e}} permitida pela Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica a microgera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia, e a sua compensa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, a partir de fontes renov{\'{a}}veis. Portanto, o objetivo geral desta disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\'{e}} definir diretrizes para retrofit de edif{\'{i}}cios p{\'{u}}blicos de escrit{\'{o}}rios com caracter{\'{i}}sticas de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo considerando o contexto clim{\'{a}}tico de Bras{\'{i}}lia. A pesquisa contou com o levantamento de 240 edif{\'{i}}cios de escrit{\'{o}}rios na zona central de Bras{\'{i}}lia. Esta disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tem especificamente como foco os edif{\'{i}}cios de 4 pavimentos. Ap{\'{o}}s a defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do modelo representativo de 4 pavimentos, foram simulados os consumos de energia final para arcondicionado, ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e equipamentos de escrit{\'{o}}rios (impressoras, computadores etc). Para isso, o estudo considerou as vari{\'{a}}veis arquitet{\^{o}}nicas de envolt{\'{o}}ria baseadas em estrat{\'{e}}gias que podem promover o balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo, segundo a literatura revisada. Em paralelo, foram realizadas simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia solar fotovoltaica aplicadas ou integradas nas envolt{\'{o}}rias dos respectivos edif{\'{i}}cios. Conclui-se que as vari{\'{a}}veis de Percentual de {\'{A}}rea Envidra{\c{c}}ada (entre 30{\%} e 50{\%}) e vidro (FS 43{\%}/TL 32{\%}) e a adi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de prote{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es solares foram respons{\'{a}}veis pela diminui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de 20{\%} do consumo energ{\'{e}}tico. No total, foi obtida uma redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de 46{\%} no consumo energ{\'{e}}tico total entre o modelo de 4 pavimentos (edif{\'{i}}cio convencional de escrit{\'{o}}rio, com maior consumo) e o modelo otimizado (menor consumo encontrado). No final, a meta de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo foi alcan{\c{c}}ada no modelo otimizado. Finalmente, a an{\'{a}}lise e a discuss{\~{a}}o dos resultados das simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es permitiram sugerir e inferir diretrizes para obten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edif{\'{i}}cios NZEB no contexto clim{\'{a}}tico de Bras{\'{i}}lia.},
author = {Costa, Jo{\~{a}}o Francisco Walter},
file = {::},
keywords = {Balanco energetico nulo,NZEB,balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo,escrit{\'{o}}rios - Bras{\'{i}}lia,nZEB,retrofit},
mendeley-tags = {Balanco energetico nulo,NZEB,nZEB},
pages = {305},
school = {Universidade de Bras{\'{i}}lia},
title = {{Edif{\'{i}}cios de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo: um estudo para escrit{\'{o}}rios em Bras{\'{i}}lia}},
type = {Disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Pikas2014,
abstract = {European Union (EU) has established directives and guidelines that soon require building industry to comply with nearly zero energy building (nZEB) targets in their daily work. This will necessitate new design solutions based on new knowledge. At a high performance level, it is a multifaceted problem, while solutions must be both energy and cost efficient. Most studies have focused on energy efficiency issues and neglected to analyze the cost optimality of technical solutions. This paper considers possible office building fenestration design solutions which take into account both energy efficiency and cost optimality. The analysis also looks at alternative measures to achieve the nZEB level. It was observed that for the cold Estonian climate, triple glazed argon filled windows with a small window to wall ratio and walls with 200 mm thick insulation are energy efficient and cost optimal within 20 years. Achieving nZEB required the use of photovoltaic panels for generating electricity. Existing nZEB solutions are not cost optimal, but this should change in the near future. In conclusion, the paper proposes design guidelines for high performance office building facades. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Pikas, E. and Thalfeldt, M. and Kurnitski, J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.039},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Cost optimality,Daylight,Energy simulations,Facade design,Fenestration,Load matching,Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB),Photovoltaic (PV) generation,Windows},
month = {may},
pages = {30--42},
title = {{Cost optimal and nearly zero energy building solutions for office buildings}},
volume = {74},
year = {2014}
}
@techreport{Kurnitski2011a,
abstract = {1. Background T he Energy performance of buildings directive recast (EPBD recast) came into force on 9 July 2010. Member States shall adopt and publish, by 9 July 2012 at the latest, the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with most of the articles. According to the Directive the Member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zero-energy buildings. National roadmaps towards nearly zero energy buildings are needed for all member states. Member States shall draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero energy buildings. The national plans shall include, inter alia, the following elements: (a) the Member State's detailed application in practice of the definition of nearly zero-energy buildings, reflecting their national, regional or local conditions, and including a numerical indicator of primary energy use expressed in kWh/m² per year. Primary energy factors used for the determination of the primary energy use may be based on national or regional yearly average values and may take into account relevant European standards; (b) intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015, (c) information on the policies and financial or other measures adopted in the context of for the promotion of nearly zero-energy buildings. Summary This REHVA Task Force proposes a technical definition for nearly zero energy buildings required in the implementation of the Energy performance of buildings directive recast. Energy calculation framework and system boundaries associated with the definition are provided to specify which energy flows in which way are taken into account in the energy performance assessment. The intention of the Task Force is to help the experts in the Member States in defining the nearly zero energy buildings in a uniform way. The directive requires nearly zero energy buildings, but since it does not give minimum or maximum harmonized requirements as well as details of energy performance calculation framework, it will be up to the Member States to define what these for them exactly constitute. In the definition local conditions are to be obviously taken into account, but the uniform methodology can be used in all Member States. The directive defines nearly zero energy building as a building that has a very high energy performance and requires the calculation of primary energy indicator. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. Based on the directive's definition, nearly zero energy building is technically defined through the net zero energy building , which is a building using 0 kWh/(m² a) primary energy. Following the cost-optimality principle of the directive, nearly net zero energy building definition is proposed as national cost optimal energy use of {\textgreater} 0 kWh/(m² a) primary energy. In order to end up with proposed general definition, it was needed to clarify which energy flows shall be included in energy performance assessment and how the primary energy factors should be used for primary energy indicator calculation. For the uniform methodology, a general system boundary definition was established with inclusion of active solar and wind energy, as well as the guidance for technical meaning of "nearby" in the directive.},
author = {Kurnitski, Jarek and Allard, Francis and Braham, Derrick and Goeders, Guillaume and Jagemar, Lennart and Kosonen, Risto and Lebrun, Jean and Mazzarella, Livio and Railio, Jorma and Sepp{\"{a}}nen, Olli and Schmidt, Michael and Virta, Maija},
booktitle = {REHVA Journal},
file = {::},
title = {{How to define nearly net zero energy buildings nZEB-REHVA proposal for uniformed national implementation of EPBD recast}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Ferrari2017,
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess an energy retrofit of a building representative of those in public tertiary stock, to improve energy performance toward nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) requirements. The building is located in the campus of the Politecnico di Milano University (Italy). Several hypothetical improvements regarding the building envelope and plants were assessed in terms of energy savings, costs, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The results of the study show that it is possible to reduce primary energy demand and associated emissions up to 40{\%} from the current values by adopting market-available and well-proven technological solutions for retrofit. Moreover, exploiting on-site renewable energy sources, the net energy consumption can be near zero. However, an economic analysis of the application of these technologies has highlighted many critical elements related to the implementation of some solutions. This is particularly true for actions related to the thermal insulation of the building envelope and to the installation of ventilation system with heat recovery. Since nZEB requirements are related to the concept of economic performance, this paper gives useful hints to better understand the viability of many commonly adopted actions and strategies for reaching such targets in building retrofit cases.},
author = {Ferrari, Simone and Beccali, Marco},
doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.010},
file = {::},
issn = {22106707},
journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},
keywords = {Case study,Energy savings,Nearly Zero-Energy Building,Retrofit strategies},
month = {jul},
pages = {226--234},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy-environmental and cost assessment of a set of strategies for retrofitting a public building toward nearly zero-energy building target}},
volume = {32},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Congedo2015,
abstract = {The improvement of energy efficiency and the integration of renewable energy in buildings are key elements of current European policies. According to the recast of the Directive EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings), Member States have to target nZEBs (nearly zero energy buildings) and minimum energy performance requirements within a cost-optimal framework by 2020.This study reports the comparative methodology reported in the EPBD, aimed at the establishment of cost-optimality in office buildings located in a warm climate. A number of energy efficiency measures have been selected and applied to the envelope and the systems of a virtual reference office building. Technical features and energy performance calculations have been assessed for the obtained configurations. Primary energy consumption and global costs have been derived to identify the cost-optimal configuration from a financial and macroeconomic analysis. The paper shows the suitability of the methodology to support the design of cost-effective energy efficient solutions in new office buildings. Results show technical variants selection able to a decrease primary energy consumption by 39{\%} and CO 2 emissions by 41{\%} at the lowest cost. They also illustrate how to design cost-optimal nZEBs for a warm climate in compliance with EU (European Union) policies.},
author = {Congedo, Paolo Maria and Baglivo, Cristina and D'Agostino, Delia and Zac{\`{a}}, Ilaria},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.078},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Cost-optimality,EPBD recast,Energy performance,Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs),Office,Renewables},
month = {nov},
pages = {967--982},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Cost-optimal design for nearly zero energy office buildings located in warm climates}},
volume = {91},
year = {2015}
}
@article{DAgostino2015,
abstract = {The European Climate and Energy package foresees a substantial reduction of energy consumptions in buildings by 2020. The implementation of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs) as the building target from 2018 onwards represents one of the biggest challenges to increase energy savings and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the European status towards the implementation of nZEBs. The main open issues are presented together with categories, definitions, and calculation methodologies. The paper reports the progress made by Member States (MS) towards the adoption of nZEBs definitions through the analysis of the available literature, National Plans, templates submitted to the Commission, as well as information from the EPBD Concerted Action (CA) and Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAP). Different aspects to be outlined, such as balance, boundary, energy uses, and renewables are taken into account in the study. Results show that progress is evident in many MS compared to first attempts to launch a national definition, but coherency cannot yet be found. The current situation is discussed to contribute to the clarification and the establishment of agreed definitions. The paper underlines the effort to integrate the nZEBs notion into National Codes and International Standards. It also shows how this topic has gained a growing attention in the last decade, but the achievement of a common nZEBs concept is still far to be reached and implemented into construction practices and routines, especially at a refurbished level.},
author = {D'Agostino, Delia},
doi = {10.1016/j.jobe.2015.01.002},
file = {::},
issn = {23527102},
journal = {Journal of Building Engineering},
keywords = {Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) re,Energy balance,Energy efficiency,Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs),Renewables},
month = {mar},
pages = {20--32},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Assessment of the progress towards the establishment of definitions of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs) in European Member States}},
volume = {1},
year = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{Ferrara2017,
abstract = {The key-concepts of nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) and cost optimality have driven many research activities across Europe in recent years. Considering the ongoing global changes, it is necessary to study and guarantee the resilience of the nZEB design to the variations of the boundary conditions in which the cost optimal calculation is performed. We present the analysis of the variation of the cost-optimal design of a single-family house in a continental climate (Paris) in different climate change scenarios in the short-medium term (2026-2045). The main finding from the results analysis is that the higher the energy performance, the higher is the resilience to the variation of weather conditions.},
author = {Ferrara, Maria and Fabrizio, Enrico},
booktitle = {Energy Procedia},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.377},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
keywords = {climate change,cost optimality,future scenarios,optimization,weather data},
pages = {877--882},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Cost optimal nZEBs in future climate scenarios}},
volume = {122},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{Becchio2015,
abstract = {Currently nZEB design represents a negotiation between energy targets and economic concerns. Whereby, it is indispensable that, staring from very preliminary phase of the project, a synergy between the building and system designers, the energy consultant and the economic valuer is set up. Cost-optimal methodology together with statistical analyses developed with Minitab software was applied to analyze a new high performing single-family house, in Northern Italy, in order to define how energy and economic aspects could influence the preliminary design phase of the project.},
author = {Becchio, C. and Bottero, M. C. and Corgnati, S. P. and Ghiglione, C.},
booktitle = {Energy Procedia},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.226},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
keywords = {Cost optimization,Cost-optimal level,Energy design,Minitab investigation,NZEB},
month = {nov},
pages = {2070--2075},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{nZEB design: Challenging between energy and economic targets}},
volume = {78},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Wells2018,
abstract = {A Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) is a term, subject to ambiguity, that could be used to describe a building with characteristics such as equal energy generation to usage, significantly reduced energy demands, energy costs equalling zero or net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite lacking an authoritative definition of NZEBs, this relatively new emerging concept in Australia provides significant opportunities to reduce GHG emissions, energy usage and operational energy costs for buildings owners. This paper aims to explore the existing NZEB models, assess the progression of NZEB literature, identify key policies encouraging NZEB development and recognise potential areas of NZEB research.},
author = {Wells, Louise and Rismanchi, Behzad and Aye, Lu},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.055},
file = {::},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building energy policy,Global policy,NZEB,Net zero energy building},
month = {jan},
pages = {616--628},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A review of Net Zero Energy Buildings with reflections on the Australian context}},
volume = {158},
year = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{ConfederacaoNacionaldaIndustria-CNI2012,
abstract = {A Confer{\^{e}}ncia das Na{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Unidas (ONU) para o Desenvolvimento Sustent{\'{a}}vel, a Rio+20, ocorre em momento oportuno para a constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o civil brasileira. Amparada no desempenho positivo dos {\'{u}}ltimos anos e otimista frente aos cen{\'{a}}rios futuros, a ind{\'{u}}stria aproveita para ampliar, sob uma perspectiva sustent{\'{a}}vel, avan{\c{c}}os obtidos recentemente. Para tanto, estimula melhorias nos processos produtivos, promove investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, al{\'{e}}m de incentivar a formula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de pol{\'{i}}ticas setoriais alinhadas {\`{a}}s diretrizes governamentais.},
address = {Bras{\'{i}}lia},
author = {{Confedera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Nacional da Ind{\'{u}}stria - CNI}},
booktitle = {Encontro da ind{\'{u}}stria para sustentabilidade},
editor = {{Confedera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Nacional da Ind{\'{u}}stria / C{\^{a}}mara Brasileira da} and {Ind{\'{u}}stria da Constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o}},
file = {::},
keywords = {matriz energ{\'{e}}tica},
mendeley-tags = {matriz energ{\'{e}}tica},
pages = {73},
publisher = {C{\^{a}}mara Brasileira da Ind{\'{u}}stria da Constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
title = {{Constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Verde: Desenvolvimento com Sustentabilidade / Confedera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Nacional da Ind{\'{u}}stria}},
url = {http://arquivos.portaldaindustria.com.br/app/conteudo{\_}18/2013/09/23/4970/20131002175850295139e.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@book{CasarottoFilho2010,
address = {S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
author = {{Casarotto Filho}, Nelson},
edition = {11{\textordfeminine} edi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
pages = {411},
publisher = {Editora Atlas S.A.},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise de investimentos: matem{\'{a}}tica financeira, engenharia econ{\^{o}}mica, tomada de decis{\~{a}}o, estrat{\'{e}}gia empresarial}},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{TrimbleInc.2019,
author = {{Trimble Inc.}},
booktitle = {Trimble Inc.},
pages = {1},
title = {{SketchUp - O melhor caminho para o 3D, de gra{\c{c}}a}},
url = {https://www.sketchup.com/pt-BR/plans-and-pricing/sketchup-free},
urldate = {2019-04-13},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2011a,
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
booktitle = {U. S. Department of energy},
pages = {1},
title = {{OpenStudio}},
url = {https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/downloads/openstudio-0},
urldate = {2019-02-03},
year = {2011}
}
@book{Brackney2018,
abstract = {One of the most powerful tools in our collective belts is building energy modeling (BEM), physics-based software simulation of building energy use given a description of the physical building, its use patterns, and prevailing weather conditions. BEM is a sine qua non tool for designing and operating buildings to the levels of energy efficiency that our future and present require. According to the AIA 2030 Commitment report, buildings designed using BEM use 20{\%} less energy than those designed without it. BEM is also instrumental in developing and updating the codes, standards, certificates, and financial incentive infrastructure that supports energy efficiency in all building projects, including those that don't directly use BEM. },
address = {Charm, Switzerland},
author = {Brackney, Larry and Parker, Andrew and Macumber, Daniel and Benne, Kyle},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77809-9},
edition = {1},
isbn = {978-3-319-77809-9},
pages = {356},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing AG},
title = {{Building Energy Modeling with OpenStudio: A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Ansar2014,
abstract = {A brisk building boom of hydropower mega-dams is underway from China to Brazil. Whether benefits of new dams will outweigh costs remains unresolved despite contentious debates. We investigate this question with the "outside view" or "reference class forecasting" based on literature on decision-making under uncertainty in psychology. We find overwhelming evidence that budgets are systematically biased below actual costs of large hydropower dams-excluding inflation, substantial debt servicing, environmental, and social costs. Using the largest and most reliable reference data of its kind and multilevel statistical techniques applied to large dams for the first time, we were successful in fitting parsimonious models to predict cost and schedule overruns. The outside view suggests that in most countries large hydropower dams will be too costly in absolute terms and take too long to build to deliver a positive risk-adjusted return unless suitable risk management measures outlined in this paper can be affordably provided. Policymakers, particularly in developing countries, are advised to prefer agile energy alternatives that can be built over shorter time horizons to energy megaprojects. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Ansar, Atif and Flyvbjerg, Bent and Budzier, Alexander and Lunn, Daniel},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069},
file = {::},
issn = {03014215},
journal = {Energy Policy},
keywords = {Cost-benefit forecasting,Large hydropower dams,Outside view,Reference class forecasting,Schedule and cost estimates},
pages = {43--56},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
title = {{Should we build more large dams? The actual costs of hydropower megaproject development}},
volume = {69},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Zarfl2014,
abstract = {Human population growth, economic development, climate change, and the need to close the electricity access gap have stimulated the search for new sources of renewable energy. In response to this need, major new initiatives in hydropower development are now under way. At least 3,700 major dams, each with a capacity of more than 1 MW, are either planned or under construction, primarily in countries with emerging economies. These dams are predicted to increase the present global hydroelectricity capacity by 73 {\%} to about 1,700 GW. Even such a dramatic expansion in hydropower capacity will be insufficient to compensate for the increasing electricity demand. Furthermore, it will only partially close the electricity gap, may not substantially reduce greenhouse gas emission (carbon dioxide and methane), and may not erase interdependencies and social conflicts. At the same time, it is certain to reduce the number of our planet's remaining free-flowing large rivers by about 21 {\%}. Clearly, there is an urgent need to evaluate and to mitigate the social, economic, and ecological ramifications of the current boom in global dam construction.},
author = {Zarfl, Christiane and Lumsdon, Alexander E. and Berlekamp, J{\"{u}}rgen and Tydecks, Laura and Tockner, Klement},
doi = {10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0},
file = {::},
issn = {14209055},
journal = {Aquatic Sciences},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Climate change,Energy,River management,Sustainability},
number = {1},
pages = {161--170},
publisher = {Birkhauser Verlag AG},
title = {{A global boom in hydropower dam construction}},
volume = {77},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Ayres2009,
abstract = {If we continue our highly inefficient, dangerous energy usage, we're headed for both 
economic and environmental catastrophe. However, the hard truth is that alternative fuels 
can't fully replace fossil fuels for decades. What's more, new research indicates that energy 
inefficiencies are retarding economic growth even more than most experts ever realized. 
Crossing the Energy Divide is about solving all these problems at once. },
address = {New Jersey},
author = {Ayres, Robert U. and Ayres, Edward H},
edition = {1},
isbn = {978-0137015443},
pages = {256},
publisher = {Prentice Hall},
title = {{Crossing the energy divide: moving from fossil fuel dependence to a clean-energy future}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Abramovay2014,
abstract = {The Third Industrial Revolution (Rifkin, 2014; Heck e Rogers, 2014) offers oppor-tunities for transformations not only in the energy matrix but also in the way the goods and services that constitute global wealth are conceived, produced and used. However, for those opportunities to become actual realizations disruptive changes will have to be made to the current business models, to the protagonists of economic growth and to the rules that drive goods and services supply is organized. Unlike the features that marked the technical progress of the first and second industrial revolutions, the large scale use of digital media is already opening the way not only for a dizzying drop in the prices of renewable sources of energy but also to the emergence of collaborative forms of economic organization that may make it feasible for countries whose populations live in poverty or even destitution to gain access to those goods and services that form the base of what Amartya Sen (1999) considers development to be. The increase in efficient energy production using renewable sources and on the basis of self-production is such that it is beginning to threaten the business model that has indelibly marked the electricity sup-ply since the day when Thomas Edison began to implant the American electricity grid. That is shown by the recent document of the Rocky Mountain Institute (2014) with its suggestive title “Grid Defection”. Recent conquests in the capacity to offer goods and services coupled to energy saving (rather than increased energy use) are so promising and have already brought in results with such a strong impact that Lovins (2014) does not hesitate to refer to them as the “secret revolution”.},
author = {Abramovay, Ricardo},
file = {::},
journal = {Ambiente e Sociedade},
keywords = {matriz energ{\'{e}}tica,matriz energ{\'{e}}tica brasileira},
mendeley-tags = {matriz energ{\'{e}}tica,matriz energ{\'{e}}tica brasileira},
number = {3},
pages = {1--18},
title = {{Innovations to democratize energy access without boosting emissions}},
url = {http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=31732525002},
volume = {XVII},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Abramovay2010,
abstract = {O sucesso brasileiro em reduzir as queimadas na Amaz{\^{o}}nia e o trunfo de sua matriz energ{\'{e}}tica s{\~{a}}o importantes, mas nem de longe caracterizam uma din{\^{a}}mica pr{\'{o}}pria ao desenvolvimento sustent{\'{a}}vel. {\'{E}} verdade que o Brasil passou, nos {\'{u}}ltimos anos, por um processo expressivo de redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o simult{\^{a}}nea e in{\'{e}}dita da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda. Os avan{\c{c}}os nesta dire{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, entretanto, n{\~{a}}o se ap{\'{o}}iam hoje em formas de crescimento econ{\^{o}}mico voltadas explicitamente a menor uso de energia e de materiais. O crescimento industrial brasileiro corre fortemente o risco de dissociar-se do que de mais avan{\c{c}}ado se faz hoje em termos internacionais.},
author = {Abramovay, Ricardo},
file = {::},
journal = {Novos Estudos - CEBRAP},
keywords = {2010,matriz energetica brasileira,matriz energ{\'{e}}tica},
mendeley-tags = {2010,matriz energetica brasileira,matriz energ{\'{e}}tica},
number = {87},
pages = {97--113},
title = {{Desnvolvimento sustent{\'{a}}vel: Qual a estrat{\'{e}}gia para o Brasil?}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Kristjansdottir2018,
abstract = {Different designs and concepts of low-energy and zero-emission buildings (ZEBs) are being introduced into the Norwegian market. This study analyses and compares the life cycle emissions of CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 e) from eight different single-family houses in the Oslo climate. Included are four ZEBs: one active house, two passive houses, and a reference house (Norwegian building code of 2010). Monthly differences in CO 2 e emissions are calculated for the seasonally sensitive Norwegian context for electricity generation and consumption. This is used to supplant the previous applied symmetric weighting approach for CO 2 e/kWh factors for import and export of electricity for the ZEB cases. All the ZEBs have lower use-stage emissions compared with the other buildings or the reference case. Embodied impacts are found to be 60– 75{\%} for the analysed ZEB cases, confirming the importance of embodied impacts in Norwegian ZEBs. The lowest total emissions were from the smallest ZEB, emphasizing area efficiency. The highest emissions were from the reference case. By abandoning the symmetric approach, a new perspective was developed for assessing the performance of ZEBs within the Norwegian context. One of four ZEB cases managed to balance out its annual energy-related emissions.},
author = {Kristjansdottir, Torhildur Fjola and Heeren, Niko and Andresen, Inger and Bratteb{\o}, Helge},
doi = {10.1080/09613218.2017.1305690},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kristjansdottir et al. - 2018 - Comparative emission analysis of low-energy and zero-emission buildings.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14664321},
journal = {Building Research and Information},
keywords = {Norway,embodied emissions,houses,life cycle,low-energy buildings,monthly balance,net zero,zero-emission buildings},
number = {4},
pages = {367--382},
title = {{Comparative emission analysis of low-energy and zero-emission buildings}},
volume = {46},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Torcellini2015,
abstract = {To have market relevance and gain widespread market adoption, zero energy buildings (ZEBs) will need to be designed and constructed cost-effectively, and preferably without additional costs. An approach was developed to create low-energy buildings without additional construction costs such that it yielded innovation in building technology and integration by the market. A case study of the implementation of this method is presented to provide a data point that ZEBs can be built with zero cost increase. Documenting cost-control best practices and packaging those strategies for adoption by the commercial building sector will help make the business case for ZEBs for mainstream construction and promote market uptake of the innovative technologies and design approaches needed. The holistic implementation of cost-control strategies will enable ZEBs to be designed and constructed on a typical budget. The current state of ZEB economics is evaluated and a path forward is proposed for greater market penetration of ZEBs. By demonstrating how to combine ZEB technologies and design approaches into an overall efficiency package that can be implemented at minimal (zero, in certain cases) incremental capital cost, the domain of ZEB design and construction can be expanded from a niche market to the commercial construction mainstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
author = {Torcellini, Paul and Pless, Shanti and Leach, Matt},
doi = {10.1080/09613218.2014.960783},
issn = {14664321},
journal = {Building Research and Information},
keywords = {cost,energy efficiency,net-zero,passive design,project management,sustainable design,systems approach},
title = {{A pathway for net-zero energy buildings: Creating a case for zero cost increase}},
year = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{CostaFilho2012,
abstract = {A Lei n{\textordmasculine} 9.074, de 1995, permitiu a prorroga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos contratos de concess{\~{a}}o de gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, de transmiss{\~{a}}o e de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de eletricidade por prazos de vinte a trinta e cinco anos, a depender da hip{\'{o}}tese. Muitos destes contratos j{\'{a}} foram prorrogados e findam em 07.07.2015, o que fez ressurgir a discuss{\~{a}}o da prorroga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das concess{\~{o}}es.
O Estado tem sinalizado que efetuar{\'{a}} nova prorroga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das concess{\~{o}}es, mas que desta vez impor{\'{a}} condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para a posterga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de prazo, em especial a redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das tarifas. O presente trabalho {\'{e}} voltado a analisar os atores envolvidos no problema, os incentivos, as regras existentes e o processo decis{\'{o}}rio sobre a prorroga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das concess{\~{o}}es. Ao final, ser{\'{a}} demonstrado como a facilidade de modifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das regras do jogo favorece a solu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o concebida pelo Governo Federal, mesmo diante da contrariedade {\`{a}} Constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Federal.},
author = {{Costa Filho}, Paulo Gesteira},
file = {::},
keywords = {2012,direito a eletricidade},
mendeley-tags = {2012,direito a eletricidade},
pages = {121},
school = {Universidade Federal de Pernambuco},
title = {{Prorroga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de concess{\~{o}}es no setor el{\'{e}}trico brasileiro: estudo de seus requisitos e de sua utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ap{\'{o}}s a Constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Federal de 1988}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Pacheco2013,
abstract = {This paper addresses the viability of converting single-family residential buildings in Brazil into zero energy buildings (ZEBs). The European Union and the United States aim ZEBs implementation to address 'peak oil' and environmental concerns. However, literature shows no agreement on a consensual definition of ZEB. Seeking a Brazilian ZEB definition, this paper addresses PassivHaus and thermal comfort standards for hot climates, source metrics for ZEB, Brazil's energy mix, residential energy end uses and Brazilian legal framework for residential photovoltaic (PV) generation. Internal Rate of Return for PV systems in two Brazilian cities is calculated under various scenarios. It shows grid parity was reached from April 2012 to November 2012 assuming residential electric tariffs of that period and the financial conditions given by the Brazilian government for the construction of new dams in the Amazon and the lowest rates offered by Brazilian banks to private individuals. Governmental decision to lower electric residential tariffs in November 2012 reduced the scope of grid parity. Later revocation of a tax exemption in April 2013 ended grid parity in Brazil. It concludes, conversely to developed countries, it is the volatile Brazilian energy policy, instead of economical barriers, the main obstacle for ZEB viability in Brazil. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Pacheco, Miguel and Lamberts, Roberto},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.133},
file = {::},
issn = {03014215},
journal = {Energy Policy},
keywords = {Hot climates,PV parity,Zero energy buildings},
month = {dec},
pages = {716--725},
title = {{Assessment of technical and economical viability for large-scale conversion of single family residential buildings into zero energy buildings in brazil: Climatic and cultural considerations}},
volume = {63},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Hensen2012,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2011 Jan L.M. Hensen and Roberto Lamberts. Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation begins with an introduction to the concepts of performance indicators and targets, followed by a discussion on the role of building simulation in performance-based building design and operation. This sets the ground for in-depth discussion of performance prediction for energy demand, indoor environmental quality (including thermal, visual, indoor air quality and moisture phenomena), HVAC and renewable system performance, urban level modelling, building operational optimization and automation. Effective building performance simulation can reduce the environmental impact of the built environment, improve indoor quality and productivity, and facilitate future innovation and technological progress in construction. It draws on many disciplines, including physics, mathematics, material science, biophysics and human behavioural, environmental and computational sciences. The discipline itself is continuously evolving and maturing, and improvements in model robustness and fidelity are constantly being made. This has sparked a new agenda focusing on the effectiveness of simulation in building life-cycle processes. Produced in cooperation with the International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA), and featuring contributions from fourteen internationally recognised experts in this field, this book provides a unique and comprehensive overview of building performance simulation for the complete building life-cycle from conception to demolition. It is primarily intended for advanced students in building services engineering, and in architectural, environmental or mechanical engineering; and will be useful for building and systems designers and operators.},
author = {Hensen, Jan L.M. and Lamberts, Roberto},
booktitle = {Building Performance Simulating for Design and Operation},
doi = {10.4324/9780203891612},
file = {::},
isbn = {9780203891612},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--512},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
title = {{Building performance simulation for design and operation}},
volume = {9780203891612},
year = {2012}
}
@techreport{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2012,
abstract = {Specifically, this guide leverages NREL's recent campus expansion (which will be almost complete by the end of 2012) to provide best practices and lessons learned so other building owners can replicate these experiences to construct market-viable, world-class, energy-efficient buildings. The guide identifies and explains in detail the following five steps to Energy-Performance-Based Procurement:},
address = {Washington - DC},
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
file = {::},
institution = {US Department of Energy},
keywords = {2012,DOE,NZEB},
mendeley-tags = {2012,DOE,NZEB},
pages = {80},
title = {{How-To Guide for Energy-Performance-Based Procurement: An Integrated Approach for Whole Building High Performance Specifications in Commercial Buildings}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Pinto2017,
abstract = {Atualmente a energia e{\'{o}}lica est{\'{a}} mostrando destaque no cen{\'{a}}rio energ{\'{e}}tico brasileiro por
ser uma fonte energ{\'{e}}tica renov{\'{a}}vel que apresenta elevada disponibilidade no territ{\'{o}}rio e cujo
aproveitamento baixos n{\'{i}}veis de emiss{\~{a}}o de gases de efeito estufa. Em raz{\~{a}}o desses aspectos,
a energia e{\'{o}}lica {\'{e}} uma promissora alternativa para ajudar a reverter o quadro atual de crise
energ{\'{e}}tica decorrente da escassez do recurso h{\'{i}}drico e o crescimento da emiss{\~{a}}o de gases de
efeito estufa decorrente do crescimento da participa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de combust{\'{i}}veis f{\'{o}}sseis na matriz
el{\'{e}}trica brasileira. Na perspectiva econ{\^{o}}mica, a gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e{\'{o}}lica est{\'{a}} apresentando custos
competitivos com as fontes convencionais de energia. Entretanto, como qualquer outra
atividade econ{\^{o}}mica, pode causar impactos sociais e ambientais que devem ser analisados e
mitigados. Essas dimens{\~{o}}es controversas da energia e{\'{o}}lica tornam a quest{\~{a}}o da localiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de
parques e{\'{o}}licos um problema bastante complexo, dado a incompatibilidade entre esses
impactos de car{\'{a}}ter localizado e o grande benef{\'{i}}cio p{\'{u}}blico associado {\`{a}} seguran{\c{c}}a energ{\'{e}}tica
do pa{\'{i}}s. Este artigo apresenta uma revis{\~{a}}o dos estudos e publica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es sobre o aproveitamento
e{\'{o}}lico no Brasil com o intuito de promover uma discuss{\~{a}}o sobre aspectos relacionados aos
impactos socioambientais. Em raz{\~{a}}o da curta hist{\'{o}}ria do aproveitamento e{\'{o}}lico no Brasil,
estudos para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o mais aprofundada dos impactos socioambientais devem ser realizados
com apoio de recursos do pr{\'{o}}prio setor energ{\'{e}}tico a fim de promover um crescimento
sustent{\'{a}}vel da participa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o desta fonte energ{\'{e}}tica na matriz el{\'{e}}trica nacional.},
author = {Pinto, Luc{\'{i}}a Iracema Chipponelli and Martins, Fernando Ramos and Pereira, Enio Bueno},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2064},
file = {::},
journal = {Revista Ambiente {\&} {\'{A}}gua},
keywords = {2017,Energia},
mendeley-tags = {2017,Energia},
number = {6},
pages = {1082--1100},
title = {{O mercado brasileiro da energia e{\'{o}}lica, impactos sociais e ambientais}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2064},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{EmpresadePesquisaEnergetica-EPE2017,
abstract = {O Plano Decenal de Expans{\~{a}}o de Energia (PDE) {\'{e}} um documento informativo elaborado anualmente pela EPE sob as diretrizes e o apoio da equipe da Secretaria de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Energ{\'{e}}tico (SPE/MME) e da Secretaria de Petr{\'{o}}leo, G{\'{a}}s Natural e Combust{\'{i}}veis Renov{\'{a}}veis (SPG/MME). Seu objetivo primordial {\'{e}} indicar, e n{\~{a}}o propriamente determinar, as perspectivas, sob a {\'{o}}tica do Governo da expans{\~{a}}o do setor de energia no horizonte de dez anos, dentro de uma vis{\~{a}}o integrada para os diversos energ{\'{e}}ticos. Tal vis{\~{a}}o permite extrair importantes elementos para o planejamento do setor de energia, com benef{\'{i}}cios em termos de aumento de confiabilidade, redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de custos de produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de impactos ambientais.},
address = {Bras{\'{i}}lia, Distrito Federal},
author = {{Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE}},
file = {::},
institution = {Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica},
keywords = {EPE,Plano Decenal de Expans{\~{a}}o de Energia},
mendeley-tags = {EPE,Plano Decenal de Expans{\~{a}}o de Energia},
pages = {345},
title = {{Plano Decenal de Expans{\~{a}}o de Energia}},
url = {http://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/plano-decenal-de-expansao-de-energia-2027},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{EmpresadePesquisaEnergetica-EPE2018a,
abstract = {A Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica apresenta o Anu{\'{a}}rio Estat{\'{i}}stico de Energia El{\'{e}}trica 2018, onde s{\~{a}}o divulgados os dados relacionados ao consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica na rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nos {\'{u}}ltimos cinco anos, com {\^{e}}nfase no ano de 2017 (ano base). Cumpre ressaltar que os dados aqui apresentados n{\~{a}}o contemplam a parcela consumida em unidades autoprodutoras de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
address = {Bras{\'{i}}lia, Distrito Federal},
author = {{Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE}},
file = {::},
institution = {Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica},
keywords = {2018,Anu{\'{a}}rio Estat{\'{i}}stico sobre Energia El{\'{e}}trica,EPE},
mendeley-tags = {2018,Anu{\'{a}}rio Estat{\'{i}}stico sobre Energia El{\'{e}}trica,EPE},
pages = {249},
title = {{Anu{\'{a}}rio Estat{\'{i}}stico de Energia El{\'{e}}trica 2018}},
url = {http://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-160/topico-168/Anuario2018vf.pdf},
year = {2018}
}
@book{InternationalEnergyAgency-IEA2018,
abstract = {The World Energy Outlook (WEO)-2018 provides a framework for thinking about the future
of global energy. It does not make predictions about the future. Instead, it sets out what
the future could look like on the basis of different scenarios or pathways, with the aim
of providing insights to inform decision making by governments, companies and others
concerned with energy.},
address = {France},
author = {{International Energy Agency - IEA}},
file = {::},
isbn = {9789264306776},
keywords = {2018,Electricity,Energy projections,IEA,Investment,Oil,Sustainable development,WEO,World Energy Outlook},
mendeley-tags = {2018,IEA,World Energy Outlook},
pages = {661},
publisher = {IEA Publications},
title = {{World Energy Outlook 2018}},
url = {www.iea.org/weo},
year = {2018}
}
@book{UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme-UNEP2017,
abstract = {Developing countries are achieving low-cost emissions reductions through renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) projects and initiatives. The focus of this report is to evaluate the impact of these projects in terms of measurable greenhouse gas emissions' reductions to help close the emissions gap needed to meet the 2°C climate goal.},
address = {Nairobi, Kenya},
author = {{United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP}},
isbn = {9789280736717},
keywords = {Energy Efficiency,Renewable Energy,UNEP},
mendeley-tags = {Energy Efficiency,Renewable Energy,UNEP},
pages = {90},
publisher = {UN Environment},
title = {{Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries: Contributions to Reducing Global Emissions}},
url = {https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22149/1{\_}Gigaton{\_}Third Report{\_}EN.pdf?sequence=1{\&}isAllowed=y},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 6 - Informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Requeridas e Obriga{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL}}
}
@article{Conejero2016,
abstract = {Este estudo tem como objetivo responder ao seguinte problema central de pesquisa: de que forma a gest{\~{a}}o de relacionamentos em redes interorganizacionais da Soletrol favoreceu a cria{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de processos inovativos para o desenvolvimento de aquecedores solares de {\'{a}}gua como proposta de substitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ao chuveiro el{\'{e}}trico? Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso. O profissional-chave da Soletrol foi entrevistado para identificar e descrever as estruturas de relacionamentos interorganizacionais que resultaram em uma contribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o inovativa para a sustentabilidade ambiental. O estudo mostra os impactos ambientais da energia el{\'{e}}trica no Brasil, enfatizando que a redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do uso do chuveiro el{\'{e}}trico pode ajudar a amenizar os problemas na rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia, causados pela sobrecarga deste sistema nos hor{\'{a}}rios de pico, trazendo uma revis{\~{a}}o da literatura acad{\^{e}}mica sobre a inova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tecnol{\'{o}}gica ambiental e as redes de inova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Por fim, mostra a import{\^{a}}ncia da gest{\~{a}}o de relacionamentos interorganizacionais para o desenvolvimento de um produto sustent{\'{a}}vel com uso da tecnologia solar no Brasil.},
author = {Conejero, Maria Carolina and Calia, Rog{\'{e}}rio Cer{\'{a}}volo and Sauaia, Antonio Carlos Aidar},
doi = {10.11606/rai.v12i2.100334},
file = {::},
journal = {RAI - Revista de Administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Inova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
month = {oct},
number = {2},
pages = {90},
publisher = {Universidade de Sao Paulo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBiUSP},
title = {{REDES DE INOVA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O E A DIFUS{\~{A}}O DA TECNOLOGIA SOLAR NO BRASIL}},
volume = {12},
year = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{LuanaSousaSilva2016,
abstract = {tualmente existe uma crescente preocupa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o no mundo com o uso racional da energia. Essa preocupa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}oocorre devido ao aumento do consumo de energia e a dificuldade no crescimento do potencial de gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energianecess{\'{a}}ria para suportar a demanda. O presente trabalho prop{\~{o}}e-se a analisar a import{\^{a}}ncia da energia solar comoum sistema complementar em nosso pa{\'{i}}s, mais especificamente na cidade de Fortaleza-CE, levando em considera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,o potencial energ{\'{e}}tico dos sistemas fotovoltaicos, seus custos ao longo dos anos e a perspectiva de pre{\c{c}}o futuro, {\'{a}}reade ocupa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o necess{\'{a}}ria para suprir determinada demanda, e compara{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es com a energia hidrel{\'{e}}trica, que atualmente{\'{e}} a mais usada no Brasil, quanto {\`{a}} {\'{a}}rea ocupada, pot{\^{e}}ncia, porcentagem de ocupa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da matriz energ{\'{e}}tica brasileira,vantagens e desvantagens. Os pain{\'{e}}is fotovoltaicos s{\~{a}}o uma excelente alternativa de sistemas de energias complementa-res desde sua aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em casas at{\'{e}} em usinas solares. Como principal resultado ser{\'{a}} mostrado que a implanta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o domesmo pode causar um grande impacto na energia nacional e tamb{\'{e}}m uma dr{\'{a}}stica redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em impactos ambientais.Por isso o mesmo deve ser visto como uma alternativa para a substitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ou complementa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o na matriz energ{\'{e}}tica bra-sileira. Os dados a serem utilizados neste trabalho foram fornecidos por uma das esta{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es do INMET (Instituto Nacionalde Meteorologia) localizada em Fortaleza.},
address = {Fortaleza, CE},
author = {{Luana Sousa Silva} and Neto, Jo{\~{a}}o de Sousa Bomfim and Neto, Ant{\^{o}}nio Fernandes Bandeira and Filho, Francisco de Assis Leandro and de Ara{\'{u}}jo, Bruno Arag{\~{a}}o Martins and Patr{\'{i}}cio, Rodrigo Alves and Cavalcante, Francisco dos Santos},
booktitle = {IX Congresso Nacional de Engenharia Mec{\^{a}}nica - CONEM},
keywords = {Energia Solar,Fortaleza,INMET},
mendeley-tags = {Energia Solar,Fortaleza,INMET},
pages = {6},
title = {{Estudo comparativo entre a energia solar fotovoltaica e a produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia convencional: um estudo de caso em Fortaleza-CE}},
url = {https://ssl4799.websiteseguro.com/swge5/PROCEEDINGS/PDF/CON-2016-1251.pdf},
year = {2016}
}
@phdthesis{Zomer2014,
abstract = {Sistemas fotovoltaicos integrados a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es inseridas em meio urbano tendem a receber sombreamentos parciais tanto do entorno quanto de elementos da pr{\'{o}}pria edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, al{\'{e}}m de apresentar limita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para o posicionamento dos m{\'{o}}dulos. Estes fatos comprometem a sua gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o energ{\'{e}}tica. Esta tese tem como objetivo propor um m{\'{e}}todo simplificado para determinar um {\'{i}}ndice que quantifique a influ{\^{e}}ncia do sombreamento parcial no desempenho operacional de geradores solares fotovoltaicos integrados a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. O m{\'{e}}todo consiste em identificar e quantificar o sombreamento em uma superf{\'{i}}cie, relacionar a fra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de {\'{a}}rea sombreada com o percentual de redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da irradia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o incidente no mesmo per{\'{i}}odo e propor um {\'{i}}ndice de sombreamento (IS) que traduza as perdas na gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o energ{\'{e}}tica de sistemas parcialmente sombreados. O m{\'{e}}todo foi desenvolvido para um estudo de caso te{\'{o}}rico com sombreamento parcial simulado em duas cidades: Cingapura (1,35°N) e Florian{\'{o}}polis (27,48°S). Quatro estudos de caso reais, localizados em Cingapura e Florian{\'{o}}polis, foram analisados em detalhe em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ao desempenho de cada um de seus subsistemas. Os par{\^{a}}metros analisados foram: yield (produtividade), performance ratio (PR) e percentual de sombreamento (PS). O {\'{i}}ndice de sombreamento obtido atrav{\'{e}}s da etapa de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o foi ent{\~{a}}o aplicado em estimativas para se quantificar a energia gerada pelos estudos de caso e compara{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es entre simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e dados reais foram conduzidas. Os resultados mostraram que o percentual de sombreamento de uma superf{\'{i}}cie na base anual se aproxima mais do percentual de redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da irradia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o incidente no mesmo per{\'{i}}odo do que quando estes valores s{\~{a}}o comparados em outras bases temporais, como hor{\'{a}}ria, di{\'{a}}ria e mensal. Portanto, o percentual de sombreamento anual foi adotado como {\'{i}}ndice de sombreamento. O {\'{i}}ndice de sombreamento anual mostrou-se uma forma segura de se estimar a gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o fotovoltaica de sistemas fotovoltaicos parcialmente sombreados tanto em c{\'{a}}lculos manuais quanto em c{\'{a}}lculos utilizando softwares computacionais},
author = {Zomer, Clarissa Debiazi},
keywords = {NZEB,UFSC},
mendeley-tags = {NZEB,UFSC},
pages = {258},
school = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
title = {{M{\'{e}}todo de estimativa da influ{\^{e}}ncia do sombreamento parcial na gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o energ{\'{e}}tica de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos integrados em edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es}},
url = {https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/128929},
year = {2014}
}
@techreport{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2015,
abstract = {This report describes the modeling methodology and results for testing done of building thermal envelope and fabric tests designated as Cases 195 through 960 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2011 titled Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs with the EnergyPlus Version 8.3.0-b45b06b780. The results of EnergyPlus are also compared with results from several other whole building energy analysis programs that simulated the same test cases.},
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
file = {::},
institution = {Department of Energy - DOE},
keywords = {140-2011,ASHRAE,EnergyPlus},
mendeley-tags = {140-2011,ASHRAE,EnergyPlus},
pages = {58},
title = {{Testing with Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests from ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2011}},
url = {www.gard.com},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologiaNormalizacaoeQualidadeIndustrial-INMETRO2010,
abstract = {Este manual visa detalhar os t{\'{o}}picos do Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade (RTQ-C) do N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edif{\'{i}}cios Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blico, de forma a 
esclarecer poss{\'{i}}veis d{\'{u}}vidas sobre m{\'{e}}todos de c{\'{a}}lculo e aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de seu conte{\'{u}}do. Para tal, os conceitos e defini{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es presentados no RTQ-C s{\~{a}}o explicados e os m{\'{e}}todos, justificados. Espera-se que, ao final da leitura, o leitor esteja apto a classificar edif{\'{i}}cios de acordo com os requisitos do regulamento e a submeter apropriadamente o projeto ou edif{\'{i}}cio {\`{a}} certifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o.},
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO}},
file = {::},
keywords = {(),RTQ-C},
mendeley-tags = {RTQ-C},
pages = {159},
publisher = {Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial},
title = {{Manual de Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos Regulamentos: RTQ-C e RAC-C}},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologiaNormalizacaoeQualidadeIndustrial-INMETRO2010a,
abstract = {O presente RTQ especifica requisitos t{\'{e}}cnicos, bem como os m{\'{e}}todos para classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edif{\'{i}}cios comerciais, de servi{\c{c}}os e p{\'{u}}blicos quanto {\`{a}} efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica. Os edif{\'{i}}cios submetidos a este RTQ devem atender {\`{a}}s normas da Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas (ABNT) vigentes e aplic{\'{a}}veis. Cabe ressaltar que a vis{\~{a}}o deste RTQ {\'{e}} a efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e que este, os organismos de inspe{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o acreditados e o Inmetro se eximem dos problemas que porventura possam ser causados {\`{a}} edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela n{\~{a}}o observ{\^{a}}ncia das normas da ABNT, que s{\~{a}}o de exclusiva atribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do projetista.},
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO}},
file = {::},
pages = {96},
publisher = {INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METROLOGIA, NORMALIZA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O E QUALIDADE INDUSTRIAL- INMETRO},
title = {{Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade para o N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blicas}},
year = {2010}
}
@techreport{AssociacaoBrasileiradeNormasTecnicas-ABNT2013a,
abstract = {A ABNT NBR 15575, sob o t{\'{i}}tulo geral “Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es habitacionais — Desempenho”, tem previs{\~{a}}o de conter as seguintes partes: 
Parte 1: Requisitos gerais; 
Parte 2: Requisitos para os sistemas estruturais; 
Parte 3: Requisitos para os sistemas de pisos; 
Parte 4: Requisitos para os sistemas de veda{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es verticais internas e externas; 
Parte 5: Requisitos para os sistemas de coberturas; 
Parte 6: Requisitos para os sistemas hidrossanit{\'{a}}rios.},
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT}},
file = {::},
institution = {Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT},
keywords = {15575-2013,ABNT,desempenho lum{\'{i}}nico,desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico},
mendeley-tags = {15575-2013,ABNT,desempenho lum{\'{i}}nico,desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico},
pages = {11},
title = {{NBR 15575 - Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico e lum{\'{i}}nico}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{FerradorFilho2018,
abstract = {O investimento em efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica de edif{\'{i}}cios tem sido um assunto priorit{\'{a}}rio, incluindo nos {\'{o}}rg{\~{a}}os p{\'{u}}blicos. O tema {\'{e}} importante pelo potencial de aliar economia de energia com redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de custos, quanto por dar exemplo de boas pr{\'{a}}ticas para a sociedade. Esta pesquisa buscou identificar oportunidades de melhorias em efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica em um edif{\'{i}}cio p{\'{u}}blico do Tribunal de Justi{\c{c}}a de S{\~{a}}o Paulo. Os dados do estudo de caso foram coletados em entrevistas n{\~{a}}o estruturadas e visitas t{\'{e}}cnicas, e por exame de documenta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o relacionada. Para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica foi usado o m{\'{e}}todo prescritivo da etiquetagem PROCEL-Edifica. A envolt{\'{o}}ria foi caracterizada com a etiqueta D, a ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o a etiqueta C e o condicionamento de ar a etiqueta B. A classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o geral do pr{\'{e}}dio foi etiqueta C. Algumas das potenciais melhorias identificadas foram: mudan{\c{c}}a de l{\^{a}}mpadas fluorescentes para LED, altera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o no circuito de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de salas, uso de filmes polarizados nos vidros, melhoria no sombreamento vertical e horizontal das fachadas da torre pela utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de elementos que diminuam a incid{\^{e}}ncia direta da luz solar, como brises. O tempo de retorno de investimento para algumas melhorias foi calculado, indicando poss{\'{i}}veis a{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es priorit{\'{a}}rias.},
author = {{Ferrador Filho}, Antonio Luiz and Aguiar, Alexandre De Oliveira e and Kniess, Claudia Terezinha},
doi = {10.15628/holos.2018.7216},
file = {::},
journal = {HOLOS},
month = {dec},
pages = {2--25},
publisher = {Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN)},
title = {{Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica com base nos crit{\'{e}}rios PROCEL: Estudo de caso em edif{\'{i}}cio p{\'{u}}blico}},
volume = {7},
year = {2018}
}
@article{DeConto2017,
abstract = {O crescimento das atividades industriais contribuiu para o surgimento de debates, teorias e estudos sobre os riscos ambientais e sua rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com a ind{\'{u}}stria. Nesse {\^{a}}mbito, a constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o civil como geradora de grandes impactos ambientais, tem sido foco de estudos em importantes eventos e convec{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es mundiais. Para tanto, cresce a ades{\~{a}}o e desenvolvimento de selos e certifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es ambientais como meio de mitigar a{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e impactos da cadeia produtiva da constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o civil. Nesse aspecto, a metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho foi a pesquisa documental. Como resultados, o estudo constata as principais certifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e selos utilizados no Brasil e sua crescente ades{\~{a}}o.},
author = {de Conto, Vanessa and {Lucas de Oliveira}, Marcos and {Elisa Ruppenthal}, Janis},
doi = {10.15675/gepros.v12i4.1749},
file = {::},
journal = {Revista Gest{\~{a}}o da Produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Opera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e Sistemas},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {100--127},
publisher = {A Fundacao para o Desenvolvimento de Bauru (FunDeB)},
title = {{Environmental certifications: contribution to sustainability in construction in Brazil}},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Oliveira2016,
abstract = {Este artigo aborda a import{\^{a}}ncia da arquitetura sustent{\'{a}}vel, discutindo conceitos e defini{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es desta tem{\'{a}}tica, diferenciando a Bioarquitetura, Arquitetura Bioclim{\'{a}}tica e Arquitetura Sustent{\'{a}}vel. Explana sobre as vantagens e caracter{\'{i}}sticas de um projeto sustent{\'{a}}vel, onde destaca a efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. Indica m{\'{e}}todos de projeto e avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da efici{\^{e}}ncia e qualidade ambiental das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es como BREEAM, LEED, HQE e Selo Azul, assim como o Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem Energ{\'{e}}tica.  Explana sobre a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es computacionais para promo{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es exemplificando softwares utilizados atualmente. Explanou-se a semelhan{\c{c}}a dos diferentes conceitos que relacionam a arquitetura e o uso dos recursos naturais, apesar da exist{\^{e}}ncia de termos diferentes. Compararam-se os m{\'{e}}todos de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e certifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de projeto, os quais utilizam par{\^{a}}metros em comum, mas adotam metodologias diversas. Discutiu-se tamb{\'{e}}m, a n{\~{a}}o utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das ferramentas de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es no cotidiano dos arquitetos. Conclui-se que independente do termo a ser utilizado, o importante {\'{e}} que existe uma reflex{\~{a}}o sobre a produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o arquitet{\^{o}}nica, par{\^{a}}metros para avaliar o desempenho t{\'{e}}cnico das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, e instrumentos dispon{\'{i}}veis para projetar e comprovar a efici{\^{e}}ncia do uso dos recursos naturais. Necess{\'{a}}rio se faz explorar a simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional como ferramenta de projeto, bem como de planejamento do uso e opera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para buscar a melhoria cont{\'{i}}nua das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e da qualidade do meio ambiente.},
author = {Oliveira, Lacyane Krysna dos Santos and R{\^{e}}go, Rejane De Moraes and Frutuoso, Maria N{\'{u}}bia Medeiros de Ara{\'{u}}jo and Rodrigues, Sofia Suely Ferreira Brand{\~{a}}o},
doi = {10.15628/holos.2016.3981},
file = {::},
journal = {HOLOS},
month = {sep},
pages = {217},
publisher = {Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN)},
title = {{SIMULA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O COMPUTACIONAL DA EFICI{\^{E}}NCIA ENERG{\'{E}}TICA PARA UMA ARQUITETURA SUSTENT{\'{A}}VEL}},
volume = {4},
year = {2016}
}
@misc{PrefeituraMunicipaldeVitoria-PMV2018a,
abstract = {O Prefeito Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria, Capital do Estado do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo, fa{\c{c}}o saber que a C{\^{a}}mara Municilpal aprovou e eu sanciono, na forma do Art. 113, inciso III, da Lei Org{\^{a}}nica do Munic{\'{i}}pio de Vit{\'{o}}ria, a seguinte lei},
author = {{Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria - PMV}},
booktitle = {Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria},
file = {::},
keywords = {Plano Diretor Urbano,Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria},
mendeley-tags = {Plano Diretor Urbano,Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria},
pages = {291},
publisher = {Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria},
title = {{Plano Diretor Urbano do Munic{\'{i}}pio de Vit{\'{o}}ria}},
url = {http://sistemas.vitoria.es.gov.br/webleis/Arquivos/2018/L9271.PDF},
year = {2018}
}
@book{UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme-UNDP2016,
abstract = {Universalism is at the core of the human development approach. Human freedoms must be enlarged for all human beings--not a few, not the most, but all, in every corner of the world--to be able to realize their full potential now and in the future. The same spirit is shared by the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals--leaving no one out. So human development must be ensured for everyone. Over the past quarter-century impressive progress has been made in human development, enriching billions of human lives. Yet progress has been uneven, bypassing groups, communities and societies. Some have achieved only the basics of human development, some not even that. Deprivations are deeper among people in specific locations or with specific conditions. And substantial barriers persist for universal human development, some of which are deeply embedded in social and political identities and relationships--such as blatant violence, discriminatory laws, exclusionary social norms, imbalances in political participation and unequal distribution of opportunities. However, human development is about more than satisfying basic needs. It encompasses voice and autonomy that matter in a dynamic world and through varying life conditions. Human development is about agency, self-determination and the freedom to make choices and shape outcomes. Human development for everyone requires refocusing on some aspects of the human development approach-- collective capabilities, not only individual capabilities; voice and autonomy, not only well-being; and inclusion, not only diversity. It also needs focusing on assessment perspectives going beyond averages and quantitative achievements only. CHAPTER 1. Human development--achievements, challenges and hopes ---- CHAPTER 2. Universalism--from principles to practice ---- CHAPTER 3. Reaching everyone--analytical and assessment issues ---- CHAPTER 4. Caring for those left out--national policy options ---- CHAPTER 5. Transforming global institutions ---- CHAPTER 6. Human development for everyone--looking forward.},
address = {Nova Iorque, Estados Unidos},
author = {{United Nations Development Programme - UNDP}},
editor = {{Shantanu Mukherjee, Milorad Kovacevic, Botagoz Abdreyeva, Astra Bonini, Cecilia Calderon, Christelle Cazabat, Yu-Chieh Hsu, Christina Lengfelder, Patrizia Luongo, Tanni Mukhopadhyay, Shivani Nayyar}, Heriberto Tapia},
file = {::},
isbn = {9789211264135},
keywords = {HDI,Human Development Report,IDH,Na{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Unidas,United Nations},
mendeley-tags = {HDI,Human Development Report,IDH,Na{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Unidas,United Nations},
pages = {272},
publisher = {United Nations Development Programme},
title = {{Human development report 2016: human development for everyone}},
url = {https://www.undp.org/content/dam/brazil/docs/RelatoriosDesenvolvimento/undp-br-2016-human-development-report-2017.pdf},
year = {2016}
}
@misc{InstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiaeEstatistica-IBGE2019,
author = {{Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat{\'{i}}stica - IBGE}},
keywords = {dados socioeconomicos,espirito santo},
mendeley-tags = {dados socioeconomicos,espirito santo},
pages = {1},
title = {{Panorama de Vit{\'{o}}ria}},
url = {https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/es/vitoria/panorama},
urldate = {2019-01-17},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{InstitutoCapixabadePesquisaAssistenciaTecnicaeExtensaoRural-INCAPER2018,
author = {{Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa Assist{\^{e}}ncia T{\'{e}}cnica e Extens{\~{a}}o Rural - INCAPER}},
pages = {1},
title = {{Gr{\'{a}}ficos da S{\'{e}}rie Hist{\'{o}}rica - Vit{\'{o}}ria/ES}},
url = {https://meteorologia.incaper.es.gov.br/graficos-da-serie-historica-vitoria},
urldate = {2018-09-15},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{InstitutoNacionaldeMeteorologia-INMET2019,
author = {{Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia - INMET}},
pages = {1},
title = {{Esta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Meteorol{\'{o}}gica de Observa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Superf{\'{i}}cie Convencional}},
url = {http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=estacoes/estacoesConvencionais},
urldate = {2019-01-16},
year = {2019}
}
@book{AmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers-ASHRAE2017a,
abstract = {ASHRAE is the world's foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its mem- bers worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, sup- port research, and write the industry's standards for testing and practice. The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for generations to come.},
address = {Georgia, Estados Unidos},
author = {{American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - ASHRAE}},
edition = {2017},
isbn = {6785392187},
keywords = {ASHRAE,fundamentals},
mendeley-tags = {ASHRAE,fundamentals},
pages = {1013},
publisher = {ASHRAE},
title = {{ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Cacador2013,
abstract = {O objetivo do artigo {\'{e}} mostrar o car{\'{a}}ter contradit{\'{o}}rio da condi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da economia capixaba nos primeiros anos do presente s{\'{e}}culo: uma economia com indicadores que revelam ao mesmo tempo certo grau de desenvolvimento socioecon{\^{o}}mico e inser{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o perif{\'{e}}rica na economia brasileira. Al{\'{e}}m disso, pretende discutir as perspectivas futuras do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo, a partir do papel decisivo que pol{\'{i}}ticas p{\'{u}}blicas nas {\'{a}}reas de ci{\^{e}}ncia, tecnologia e inova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o assumem nesse in{\'{i}}cio de s{\'{e}}culo e ao mesmo tempo em que ficam claros os limites ambientais e de ocupa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do espa{\c{c}}o que o contempor{\^{a}}neo perfil produtivo do estado (voltado essencialmente para a produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de commodities) significa.},
author = {Ca{\c{c}}ador, Savio and Grassi, Robson},
doi = {10.7147/geo14.4105},
file = {::},
journal = {Geografares},
keywords = {Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo,desenvolvimento regional,indicadores de ci{\^{e}}ncia,indicadores socioecon{\^{o}}micos,tecnologia e inova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
mendeley-tags = {Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo,desenvolvimento regional,indicadores de ci{\^{e}}ncia,indicadores socioecon{\^{o}}micos,tecnologia e inova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
pages = {107--132},
title = {{A situa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da economia do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo no in{\'{i}}cio do s{\'{e}}culo XXI: um estado desenvolvido e perif{\'{e}}rico?}},
url = {https://ren.emnuvens.com.br/ren/article/download/368/316},
volume = {14},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Navarro2016,
author = {Navarro, Lidia and de Gracia, Alvaro and Colclough, Shane and Browne, Maria and McCormack, Sarah J. and Griffiths, Philip and Cabeza, Luisa F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.040},
issn = {09601481},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {building integration,tes,thermal energy storage},
pages = {526--547},
title = {{Thermal energy storage in building integrated thermal systems: A review. Part 1. active storage systems}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148115304584},
volume = {88},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kozubal2011,
abstract = {NREL has developed the novel concept of a desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVap) with the objective of combining the benefits of liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling technologies into an innovative “cooling core.” Liquid desiccant technologies have extraordinary dehumidification potential, but require an efficient cooling sink. DEVap's thermodynamic potential overcomes many shortcomings of standard refrigeration-based direct expansion cooling. DEVap decouples cooling and dehumidification performance, which results in independent temperature and humidity control. The energy input is largely switched away from electricity to low-grade thermal energy that can be sourced from fuels such as natural gas, waste heat, solar, or biofuels.},
author = {Kozubal, E and Woods, J and Burch, J and Boranian, A and Merrigan, T},
journal = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
keywords = {January 2011,NREL/TP-5500-49722,dehumidification,desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner,devap,evaporative cooling,liquid dessicant},
number = {January},
pages = {1--71},
title = {{Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air-Conditioning (DEVap): Evaluation of a New Concept Ultra Efficient Air Conditioning}},
volume = {NREL/TP-55},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Navarro2016a,
abstract = {Energy consumption trends in residential and commercial buildings show a significant increase in recent decades. One of the key points for reducing energy consumption in buildings is to decrease the energy demand. Buildings envelopes are not just a structure they also provide protection from outdoor weather conditions always taking into account the local climate. Thermal energy storage has been used and applied to the building structure by taking advantage of sensible heat storage of materials with high thermal mass. But in recent years, researchers have focused their studies on the implementation of latent heat storage materials that if well incorporated could have high potential in energy demand reduction without occupying the space required by sensible storage. The aim of this study is to review the thermal energy storage passive systems that have been integrated in building components such as walls, ceilings or floors, and to classify them depending on their component integration.},
author = {Navarro, Lidia and de Gracia, Alvaro and Niall, Dervilla and Castell, Albert and Browne, Maria and McCormack, Sarah J. and Griffiths, Philip and Cabeza, Luisa F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.064},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Building integrated,Latent heat storage,Passive system,Sensible heat storage,Thermal energy storage},
pages = {1334--1356},
title = {{Thermal energy storage in building integrated thermal systems: A review. Part 2. Integration as passive system}},
volume = {85},
year = {2016}
}
@misc{SindicatodaIndustriadaConstrucaoCivildoEspiritoSanto-SINDUSCON2017,
address = {Vit{\'{o}}ria, ES},
author = {{Sindicato da Ind{\'{u}}stria da Constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Civil do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo - SINDUSCON}},
booktitle = {SINDUSCON},
file = {::},
keywords = {censo imobiliario,espirito santo},
mendeley-tags = {censo imobiliario,espirito santo},
number = {32},
pages = {37},
title = {{32{\textordmasculine} Censo Imobili{\'{a}}rio}},
url = {http://sinduscon-es.com.br/v2/upload/572018171542{\_}Apresentacao{\_}Censo{\_}JULHO{\_}2017.pdf},
volume = {1},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{PrefeituraMunicipaldeVitoria-PMV2012,
author = {{Prefeitura Municipal de Vit{\'{o}}ria - PMV}},
keywords = {atividades economicas,crescimento economico,espirito santo},
mendeley-tags = {atividades economicas,crescimento economico,espirito santo},
pages = {1},
title = {{Evolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das Atividades Econ{\^{o}}micas por Setor Econ{\^{o}}mico e Porte Empresarial - 2007 a 2012}},
url = {http://legado.vitoria.es.gov.br/regionais/economia{\_}financas/ativ{\_}tabelas/porte{\_}empr/tab1.asp},
urldate = {2018-10-17},
year = {2012}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEELa,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{O}}DULO 11 - FATURA DE ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA E INFORMA{\c{C}}{\~{O}}ES SUPLEMENTARES}}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEELb,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 7 - C{\'{a}}lculo de Perdas na Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL}}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEELc,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 3 - Acesso ao Sistema de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL}}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEELd,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 5 - Sistemas de Medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL}}
}
@techreport{Assunto,
author = {Assunto},
file = {::},
title = {{Procedimentos de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o}}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEELe,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 1 - Introdu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL}}
}
@techreport{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEELf,
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 8 - Qualidade da Energia El{\'{e}}trica Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL}}
}
@techreport{BancoMundial2018,
abstract = {Este Relat{\'{o}}rio Anual, que abrange o per{\'{i}}odo de 1{\textordmasculine} de julho de 2017 a  30 de junho de 2018, foi elaborado pelas Diretorias Executivas do Banco Internacional de Reconstru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Desenvolvimento (BIRD) e da Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Internacional de Desenvolvimento (AID) — conhecidos coletivamente como  Banco Mundial — em conformidade com os estatutos das duas institui{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es.  O Dr. Jim Yong Kim, Presidente do Grupo Banco Mundial e Presidente da Diretoria Executiva, apresentou este relat{\'{o}}rio, juntamente com os respectivos or{\c{c}}amentos administrativos e demonstrativos financeiros auditados que o acompanham,  {\`{a}} Assembleia de Governadores.},
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {{Banco Mundial}},
doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-1310-8},
file = {::},
institution = {Banco Mundial},
pages = {97},
title = {{Relat{\'{o}}rio Anual 2018 do Banco Mundial}},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{Yoon2018,
abstract = {This article provides information regarding current net-zero energy building (ZEB) activities, including the ZEB definitions and methodologies in Japan. Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan issued a national ZEB definition based on the SHASE.J definition in December that same year. In this report, the latest ZEB trends will be introduced, along with related design guidelines and advanced ZEB practices. In addition, the details of one of the advanced practices will be introduced as an example of the energy saving and renewable energy technologies being used for achieving ZEB. We will conclude this article by reviewing the future prospects for ZEB activities in Japan. Current situation and methodology for ZEB in Japan Activities related to ZEB in Japan were launched since the 2008 Toyako Summit [1] held in Hokkaido, after which numerous efforts were made to promote ZEB from global warming and energy conservation viewpoints. Furthermore, in the aftermath of the East Japan Great Earthquake in 2011, ZEB realization came to be recognized as an important task in terms of energy supply stabilization and security concerns. It has been said that the origin of ZEB in Japan can be found in traditional Japanese houses, such as the one shown in Figure 1, which are designed to facilitate a pleasant transition from outdoor to indoor environments , minimize cooling and heating demands, and maximize the use of renewable energy and natural materials. These characteristics can still be considered acceptable measures for ZEB in the present day. Figure 2 shows an overview of the ZEB design method. These include optimizing both internal and external building environments (1, 2), suppress heating and cooling load by using passive technologies (3, 4), and improving energy efficiency by adopting active technologies (5, 6, 7). Through these efforts, we aim to achieve the ultimate energy saving and furthermore aim to realize ZEB with renewable energy usage (8), and appropriate energy management (9).},
author = {Yoon, Gyuyoung and Niwa, Hideharu and Onishi, Gyo},
booktitle = {REHVA Journal},
file = {::},
keywords = {Best practices,Current activities in Japan,Definition,Methodology,ZEB},
title = {{Current Situation and Actions for ZEB in Japan}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Tolmasquim2000,
abstract = {O ano de 2001 certamente vai ficar marcado na mem{\'{o}}ria dos brasileiros n{\~{a}}o apenas pelo impacto econ{\^{o}}mico que o racionamento de energia causar{\'{a}}, tais como a redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do crescimento econ{\^{o}}mico, aumento do desemprego, aumento do d{\'{e}}ficit da balan{\c{c}}a comercial, perda de arrecada{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de impostos e efeito inflacion{\'{a}}rio, mas tamb{\'{e}}m, pelos grandes inc{\^{o}}modos que a priva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia causar{\'{a}} {\`{a}} popula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o.},
author = {Tolmasquim, Mauricio},
file = {::},
journal = {Ambiente {\&} Sociedade},
number = {6/7},
pages = {179--183},
title = {{As Origens da Crise Energ{\'{e}}tica Brasileira}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Leme2012,
abstract = {Since the debate with strong influence from Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean - ECLAC in the 1950s in Brazil, the theme of choices and strategies for national development were on the agenda. In part, this debate has characterized clashes between nationalists and pro openness to foreign capital, but also between statists and privatizing. Nearly 50 years after the questions about the type of development strategy are still on the agenda and once again, focused on different theoretical and methodological perspectives and practical- political. Within this discussion we intend to confront the gap between the implementation of the privatization of the Brazilian electric sector and the creation of mechanisms and Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) needed for this new type of industry, because ANEEL is created with the privatization process has underway. With this we aim to show that the transformations are the dual interest between global (foreign) interests and national (local). The discussion, even if modest, on these two questions is our purpose in this paper.},
author = {Leme, Alessandro Andre},
file = {::},
journal = {International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow},
keywords = {development strategy,privatization,regulatory agencies,the electricity sector},
number = {2},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{State and Electricity Sector in Brazil: Privatization and Reform in Perspective}},
volume = {1},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Fabrizio2015,
abstract = {This study applies an optimization-based approach for calibrating building energy models using monitored data. The calibration was carried out on a test building coupling the EnergyPlus energy simulation tool with the GenOpt optimization tool. The objective function was set to minimize the difference between simulated and monitored energy consumption. For evaluating the model accuracy, the Mean Bias Error (MBE) and the Coefficient of Variation of the RMSE (Cv (RMSE)) were calculated and found consistent with ASHRAE guideline 14 limits for a model to be considered calibrated.},
author = {Fabrizio, Enrico and Andr{\'{e}}, Philippe and Filippi, Marco and Monetti, Valentina and Davin, Elisabeth},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.693},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
journal = {Energy Procedia},
keywords = {Building simulation,Calibration,Monitoring,Optimization-aided calibration,Validation},
pages = {2971--2976},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Calibration of Building Energy Simulation Models Based on Optimization: A Case Study}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.693},
volume = {78},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Almeida2017,
abstract = {Em fun{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do d{\'{e}}ficit habitacional, o Governo Federal lan{\c{c}}ou em 2009 uma pol{\'{i}}tica de fomento {\`{a}} constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de HIS, o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV). Todavia, para acelerar e reduzir os custos do processo de constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, os projetos por todo o pa{\'{i}}s acabaram por apresentar as mesmas caracter{\'{i}}sticas construtivas e elevada padroniza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, independentemente da regi{\~{a}}o na qual estivessem situados. Como consequ{\^{e}}ncia, criou-se uma gama de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es que se tornaram dependentes de sistemas artificiais de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e que, por conseguinte, apresentaram baixos n{\'{i}}veis de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, especialmente as referentes {\`{a}} faixa 1 do PMCMV, correspondente ao intervalo de renda entre zero e tr{\^{e}}s sal{\'{a}}rios m{\'{i}}nimos, foco desse artigo. A partir de dados obtidos em uma pesquisa anteriormente desenvolvida - a qual classificou tr{\^{e}}s conjuntos habitacionais do PMCMV na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\`{a}} efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica de suas envolt{\'{o}}rias, segundo os par{\^{a}}metros definidos no m{\'{e}}todo prescritivo do RQT-R (Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade para o N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Residenciais) - , este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar unidades habitacionais de um desses conjuntos por meio do m{\'{e}}todo da simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, tamb{\'{e}}m proposto no RTQ-R, comparando os resultados com os j{\'{a}} obtidos na pesquisa anterior. Tendo como base as informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es construtivas e projetuais do conjunto em quest{\~{a}}o, as an{\'{a}}lises por simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o foram realizadas com o aux{\'{i}}lio do software EnergyPlus, chegando-se ent{\~{a}}o {\`{a}} classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da envolt{\'{o}}ria, para ver{\~{a}}o, das unidades habitacionais do conjunto. As an{\'{a}}lises de resultados indicaram que, assim como na avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pelo m{\'{e}}todo prescritivo, o conjunto apresentou n{\'{i}}veis de desempenho termo- energ{\'{e}}tico insatisfat{\'{o}}rios para a maioria das situa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, podendo-se observar algumas diferen{\c{c}}as entre os resultados dos m{\'{e}}todos utilizados. Vale ressaltar que, apesar de o presente trabalho ter analisado apenas uma tipologia caracter{\'{i}}stica do PMCMV no Rio de Janeiro, a intensa padroniza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos projetos indica que tais resultados n{\~{a}}o s{\~{a}}o isolados, mas podem se repetir em diversos outros conjuntos do programa.},
address = {Belo Horizonte, Brasil},
author = {Almeida, Tatiane and Silvoso, Marcos and Brasileiro, Alice},
file = {::},
journal = {4{\textordmasculine} F{\'{o}}rum Habitar 2017},
keywords = {Desempenho Termo-energ{\'{e}}tico de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es,Habita{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Interesse Social,PMCMV,RTQ-R,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
mendeley-tags = {Desempenho Termo-energ{\'{e}}tico de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es,Habita{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Interesse Social,PMCMV,RTQ-R,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
pages = {568--579},
title = {{Simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de desempenho termo-energ{\'{e}}tico em unidades habitacionais do PMCMV no Rio de Janeiro}},
year = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{Gosch2005,
abstract = {Este trabalho consiste na aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma metodologia de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de modelos simplificados na simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional do desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico e energ{\'{e}}tico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, empregando-se an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade utilizando o programa EnergyPlus. O objeto de estudo foi o Edif{\'{i}}cio Sede da ELETROSUL, localizado em Florian{\'{o}}polis. A metodologia utilizada apresenta uma seq{\"{u}}{\^{e}}ncia de etapas para a calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo de edif{\'{i}}cio, onde se sugere que o usu{\'{a}}rio inicie o processo de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o atrav{\'{e}}s de um modelo b{\'{a}}sico, o qual ser{\'{a}} progressivamente refinado no decorrer das etapas, at{\'{e}} o momento em que se possa estimar o consumo real da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com o grau de precis{\~{a}}o desejado. O procedimento {\'{e}} proposto para minimizar o longo tempo gasto na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo durante a simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional, sendo apresentado em 6 etapas. A primeira etapa consiste em representar as cargas constantes, sem depend{\^{e}}ncia do clima externo, e seus padr{\~{o}}es de uso em uma geometria qualquer. Com a carga constante calibrada no modelo, inicia-se a segunda etapa, a qual consiste na an{\'{a}}lise de fluxo de calor nos dias de projeto (inverno e ver{\~{a}}o), onde se caracterizam o envelope e um sistema de condicionamento de ar fict{\'{i}}cio. O pr{\'{o}}ximo passo {\'{e}} direcionado para an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade dos par{\^{a}}metros de entrada com trocas de calor significativas, ou seja, a an{\'{a}}lise {\'{e}} aplicada para verificar o grau de influ{\^{e}}ncia que os dados de entrada provocam no consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica do condicionamento de ar do modelo, para um dia t{\'{i}}pico. Na quarta etapa, as vari{\'{a}}reis de maior influ{\^{e}}ncia e incertezas s{\~{a}}o analisadas detalhadamente, ajustando os par{\^{a}}metros de grande import{\^{a}}ncia no comportamento t{\'{e}}rmico do modelo. Na etapa seguinte, substitui-se o sistema de condicionamento de ar fict{\'{i}}cio pelo real, simulando o modelo para todos os dias do ano. A {\'{u}}ltima etapa {\'{e}} reservada para ajustes finais, da qual obt{\'{e}}m-se o modelo calibrado. Ap{\'{o}}s a quinta etapa de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o obteve-se um modelo completo com uma varia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o no consumo total anual e mensal de 8{\%} e 26{\%}, respectivamente. Com o ajuste de alguns par{\^{a}}metros (sexta etapa), o consumo simulado anual foi 6{\%} menor que o real, com varia{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es mensais de at{\'{e}} 23{\%}. Percebeu-se que n{\~{a}}o h{\'{a}} uma varia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o significativa entre o consumo simulado no ver{\~{a}}o e inverno, que dificilmente poder{\'{a}} ser estimada atrav{\'{e}}s de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional, j{\'{a}} que o acionamento do sistema de condicionamento de ar e da abertura das prote{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es solares {\'{e}} todo manual e imprevis{\'{i}}vel, dificultando a representa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em um modelo computacional. A an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade para o condicionamento de ar {\'{e}} uma medida fundamental a ser estudada na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de modelos de edif{\'{i}}cios empregando programas de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o t{\'{e}}rmica e energ{\'{e}}tica.},
author = {Gosch, Samuel R.},
file = {::},
keywords = {EnergyPlus},
mendeley-tags = {EnergyPlus},
pages = {63},
school = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
title = {{Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma metodologia para calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo simplificado de edif{\'{i}}cio de escrit{\'{o}}rios no programa EnergyPlus}},
type = {Disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de mestrado},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Mills-Novoa2017,
abstract = {The electric utility industry is an important player in the climate change arena, both as a sig- nificant emitter of global emissions and as an industry vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. A climate risk management approach uses risk assessments and decision analyses to identify potential adaptation options. We review the existing literature on climate risk man- agement in the electric utility industry, with a focus on four areas of interest: (1) climate change impacts; (2) measurements of risk; (3) stakeholder engagement and cross-sectoral collaboration; and (4) adaptation actions. Overall, we find significant emphasis on the identification of potential climate change impacts and opportunities for adaptation, but less attention paid to assessments of risk, stakeholder engagement, and cross-sectoral collaboration in climate risk management. We find considerable diversity in the types of adaptation actions, methods for measuring risk, and mechanisms for engaging stakeholders. We offer some suggestions to move beyond more frag- mented approaches to climate risk management, including the adoption of more holistic ap- proaches, heightened stakeholder and cross-sectoral engagement, and greater collaboration be- tween researchers and electric utilities.},
author = {Mills-Novoa, Megan and Murray, Rachel L. and Weston, Jaron and Gerlak, Andrea K. and McMahan, Ben},
doi = {10.1016/j.crm.2017.12.003},
file = {::},
issn = {22120963},
journal = {Climate Risk Management},
keywords = {Adaptation,Adaptation Stakeholders,Climate risk,Electric utility industry,Stakeholders,electric utility industry},
mendeley-tags = {Adaptation Stakeholders,Climate risk,Electric utility industry},
number = {September 2017},
pages = {12--22},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Climate risk management and the electricity sector}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.12.003},
volume = {19},
year = {2017}
}
@article{KaciaH.Barbosa2017,
abstract = {As simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es computacionais permitem analisar o comportamento t{\'{e}}rmico e energ{\'{e}}tico das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es; entretanto, os dados de entrada utilizados nos modelos computacionais podem gerar imprecis{\~{a}}o dos resultados e simplifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos modelos. Atrav{\'{e}}s da calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do modelo de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\'{e}} poss{\'{i}}vel obter resultados mais confi{\'{a}}veis e que representam a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o estudada. Este trabalho apresenta a calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional que foi realizada a partir dos valores de temperatura do ar obtidos no monitoramento de uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o residencial. A edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o analisada se encontra na cidade de Goi{\^{a}}nia e faz parte de um condom{\'{i}}nio residencial horizontal que possui edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es com mesmas tipologias arquitet{\^{o}}nicas. Para obter os valores de temperatura do ar, a resid{\^{e}}ncia foi monitorada entre 21 de dezembro de 2015 e 30 de janeiro de 2016. Utilizou-se o programa computacional EnergyPlus, vers{\~{a}}o 8.4, para a simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do modelo analisado. Cinco vari{\'{a}}veis foram modificadas no modelo de refer{\^{e}}ncia: geometria da cobertura, entorno, absort{\^{a}}ncia dos materiais, resist{\^{e}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica dos materiais e infiltra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de ar. Para verificar se a vari{\'{a}}vel analisada ajudou na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do modelo, foram comparados o erro quadr{\'{a}}tico m{\'{e}}dio, desvio m{\'{e}}dio, amplitude t{\'{e}}rmica e a correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre os valores da temperatura do ar simulada e monitorada. Os resultados finais indicaram boa correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre os dados monitorados e simulados. Destaca-se a correta defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do entorno, que foi o par{\^{a}}metro de maior influ{\^{e}}ncia na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o.},
author = {{K{\'{a}}cia H. Barbosa} and {Enedir Ghisi}},
file = {::},
journal = {Xiv Encac, X Elacac},
keywords = {calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,resid{\^{e}}ncia unifamiliar,simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional},
mendeley-tags = {calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,resid{\^{e}}ncia unifamiliar,simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional},
number = {1},
pages = {1231--1240},
title = {{Proposta de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo computacional de uma tipologia de resid{\^{e}}ncia unifamiliar em Goi{\^{a}}nia}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Vilani2013,
abstract = {O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a apropria{\c{c}}{\~{a}}odo ideal de desenvolvimento sustent{\'{a}}vel pelas principais leisambientais federais brasileiras. Criticado por ser amplo e vago, oconceito de desenvolvimento sustent{\'{a}}vel, refor{\c{c}}ado durante a Rio+20,encerra um compromisso de equil{\'{i}}brio intrageracional e equidadeintergeracional, tamb{\'{e}}m firmado pela Constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Federal. Assimsendo, importa reconhecer os rumos dados pela legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para definira compatibilidade entre aspectos sociais, ambientais e econ{\^{o}}micos.Optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, bibliogr{\'{a}}fica e normativa paracircunscrever o alcance conceitual da express{\~{a}}o e de sua delimita{\c{c}}{\~{a}}oconstitucional, com o respectivo desdobramento na legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e napol{\'{i}}tica federal. Recomenda{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es gerais e espec{\'{i}}ficas s{\~{a}}o propostasa t{\'{i}}tulo de contribuir para a adequa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das normas em vigor e daspol{\'{i}}ticas p{\'{u}}blicas como forma de assegurar os direitos das futurasgera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es.},
author = {Vilani, Rodrigo Machado},
doi = {10.21713/2358-2332.2013.v10.414},
file = {::},
isbn = {1806-8405},
issn = {2358-2332},
journal = {Revista Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao},
keywords = {Derecho Ambiental,Desarrollo Sostenible,Desenvolvimento Sustent{\'{a}}vel,Environmental Legislation,Futuras Gera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es,Legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Ambiental,Pol{\'{i}}tica,Pol{\'{i}}ticas P{\'{u}}blicas,Sustainable Development},
mendeley-tags = {Desenvolvimento Sustent{\'{a}}vel,Futuras Gera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es,Legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Ambiental,Pol{\'{i}}ticas P{\'{u}}blicas},
number = {1806-8405},
pages = {829--860},
title = {{Legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e pol{\'{i}}tica ambiental no Brasil: as possibilidades do desenvolvimento sustent{\'{a}}vel e os riscos do retrocesso ambiental}},
url = {http://ojs.rbpg.capes.gov.br/index.php/rbpg/article/view/414},
volume = {Vol.10(21)},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Rinquet2017,
abstract = {Buildings energetic retrofit is key to the Swiss " 2050 Energetic strategy ", but the refurbishment rate is low. eREN [1] has analysed the 20thcentury multi-dwelling housing stock in Western Switzerland from a constructive point of view and developed refurbishment scenarios for the envelope of 10 buildings. The goal is to achieve balanced solutions between energy efficiency, constructive feasibility, building physics, cost, architecture and use value. Our investigation shows that "wrapping" is not the only solution to meet the standard, whatever the solution it is technically complex, the cost are high but could be mitigated, projects must be led by qualified professionals and interdisciplinarity must be actively promoted.},
author = {Rinquet, Lionel and Schwab, Stefanie},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.384},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
journal = {Energy Procedia},
keywords = {building envelope,contructive typologies,energetic retrofit,global approach},
pages = {109--114},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{EREN Energetic refurbishment - A global approach for the building envelope}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.384},
volume = {122},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Fiorese2010,
abstract = {The recent statements ofboth the European Union and the US Presidency pushed in the direction ofusing renewable forms ofenergy, in order to act against climate changes induced by the growing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In this paper, a survey regarding methods and tools presently available to determine potential and exploitable energy in the most important renewable sectors (i.e., solar, wind, wave, biomass and geothermal energy) is presented. Moreover, challenges for each renewable resource are highlighted as well as the available tools that can help in evaluating the use of a mix of different sources.},
author = {Fiorese, Giulia and Robba, Michela and Panichelli, Luis and Guariso, Giorgio and Angelis-Dimakis, Athanasios and Biberacher, Markus and Dominguez, Javier and Gadocha, Sabine and Pinedo, Irene and Kartalidis, Avraam and Gnansounou, Edgard},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.049},
file = {::},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Biomass Solar,Geothermal energy,Renewable energy,Wind Waves},
mendeley-tags = {Biomass Solar,Geothermal energy,Renewable energy,Wind Waves},
number = {2},
pages = {1182--1200},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Methods and tools to evaluate the availability of renewable energy sources}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.049},
volume = {15},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Terrados2009,
abstract = {The article here presented aims to contribute to renewable energies development at regional level, proposing a methodology for the establishment of strategies needed to reach, in the long term, an energy system more sustainable and mainly based upon autochthonous resources. Current energy planning models are investigated, analysing its convenience to design a sustainable energy system, and a new methodology, that combines three different approaches, is proposed. Such new "hybrid" methodology resumes advantages of territorial strategic planning methods, based upon SWOT analysis, along with characteristics extracted both from Multicriteria decision analysis techniques and expert opinion "Delphi" methods. Nowadays, decisions concerning energy system cannot be consider under one specific criterion. Different implications, energetic, environmental or socioeconomic, derived from changes on energy development make it unavoidable to use tools and techniques that could take into account such multiplicity. It has been also intended to take advantage of the know-how acquired along the territorial strategic planning process carried out in the region to analyse, from year 1997 to 2000. This approach has allowed to integrate, under a unique methodology, tools from energy planning with those one used, and successfully tested, for the elaboration of the strategic plan for Ja{\'{e}}n Province. The proposed methodology has been applied to Ja{\'{e}}n Province in order to design a renewable energy plan for the region, setting strategic action lines and fixing strategic goals to be met on year 2010 by the provincial energy system. The objective regarding electricity production from renewable resources, on year 2010, is fixed above 1630 GWh, which represents a 43{\%} of the total foreseeable electricity consumption. Overall contribution of renewable sources in provincial energy system is finally set to 28.3{\%}, in terms of final energy. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Terrados, J. and Almonacid, G. and P{\'{e}}rez-Higueras, P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.025},
file = {::},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Expert opinion,MCDA,Renewable energy planning,SWOT analysis},
number = {8},
pages = {2022--2030},
title = {{Proposal for a combined methodology for renewable energy planning. Application to a Spanish region}},
volume = {13},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Zhao2018,
abstract = {As the largest energy consumption country, China is facing a number of energy related challenges including energy sustainability, global warming and environmental pollution, which have forced China to promote renewable energy (RE) utilization proactively. Stimulated by various incentive policies, renewable energy power generation (REPG) in China has achieved tremendous growth in terms of new installed capacity. However, RE power provides only about 26{\%} of national electricity generation in China so far, with great potential in the future. This study presents a systematical investigation on critical factors (CFs) affecting REPG development in China. Through multi-facet content analysis, a total of 43 influence factors for REPG development have been identified. Then, 33 CFs affecting REPG development within the context of China have been extracted and prioritized using questionnaire survey and relative importance index (RII) model. Furthermore, the CFs are condensed to 12 principal components (PCs) by applying principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, a novel driving force model is established to demonstrate the interaction mechanisms for REPG development formed by the PCs and CFs. In addition, policy implications based on the research results are proposed to effectively promote REPG. The findings not only help to understand the significant forces on REPG development in China, but also offer useful references for other countries that intend to promote RE in the future.},
author = {Zhao, Zhen Yu and Chen, Yu Long},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.254},
file = {::},
issn = {09596526},
journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
keywords = {Critical factors (CFs),Driving force model,Power generation,Questionnaire survey,Renewable energy (RE)},
pages = {466--480},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Critical factors affecting the development of renewable energy power generation: Evidence from China}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.254},
volume = {184},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Ellabban2014,
abstract = {Electric energy security is essential, yet the high cost and limited sources of fossil fuels, in addition to the need to reduce greenhouse gasses emission, have made renewable resources attractive in world energy-based economies. The potential for renewable energy resources is enormous because they can, in principle, exponentially exceed the world's energy demand; therefore, these types of resources will have a significant share in the future global energy portfolio, much of which is now concentrating on advancing their pool of renewable energy resources. Accordingly, this paper presents how renewable energy resources are currently being used, scientific developments to improve their use, their future prospects, and their deployment. Additionally, the paper represents the impact of power electronics and smart grid technologies that can enable the proportionate share of renewable energy resources. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113},
author = {Ellabban, Omar and Abu-Rub, Haitham and Blaabjerg, Frede},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113},
eprint = {j.rser.2014.07.113},
file = {::},
isbn = {1364-0321},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Biomass energy,Geothermal energy,Hydropower energy,Marine energy,Smart grid,Solar energy,Wind energy},
pages = {748--764},
primaryClass = {10.1016},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113},
volume = {39},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Lee2002,
author = {Lee, Alexandre Simon and Westphal, Fernando Simon and Lamberts, Roberto},
file = {::},
journal = {9 Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
pages = {277--286},
title = {{Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o atrav{\'{e}}s de medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de curto prazo: Estudo de caso no departamento de engenharia civil da UFSC}},
year = {2002}
}
@phdthesis{Silva2018,
abstract = {A utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo computacional para simular o consumo energ{\'{e}}tico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para diferentes fins tornou-se pr{\'{a}}tica comum. Entretanto, para que suas finalidades sejam v{\'{a}}lidas para pr{\'{e}}dios em fase de opera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\'{e}} necess{\'{a}}rio que a simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o passe por uma fase denominada calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, ou seja, ajuste de seus par{\^{a}}metros de entrada para verificar que seu resultado esteja coerente com a realidade. Dado esta necessidade, este trabalho tem como objetivo a calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da energia el{\'{e}}trica simulada por um modelo EnergyPlus do Hospital Universit{\'{a}}rio da Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo (HU-USP). Na busca por este objetivo, faz-se a revis{\~{a}}o do estado da arte sobre metodologias de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o baseadas em evid{\^{e}}ncia, ou seja, no qual os ajustes nos par{\^{a}}metros de entradas baseiam-se em informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es coletadas acerca do edif{\'{i}}cio real. Pela compara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o destas metodologias, selecionou-se aquela proposta por Raftery, Keane e O donnell (2011) cuja aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o mostrou-se mais generalizada para diferentes tipologias de edif{\'{i}}cios. As medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es dispon{\'{i}}veis do HU-USP contra o qual as simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es foram confrontadas foram: consumo de pr{\'{e}}dio, consumo de uma das duas centrais de {\'{a}}gua gelada do pr{\'{e}}dio e medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de 16 equipamentos modulares do tipo split. Os indicadores estat{\'{i}}sticos resultantes da compara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o destas medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es revelaram que, ao final do processo de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, apenas o consumo do pr{\'{e}}dio p{\^{o}}de ser considerado calibrado. A partir da simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o calibrada foram avaliadas quatro alternativas de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, duas no sistema de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e duas no sistema de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. As experi{\^{e}}ncias acumuladas na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do HU-USP e a identifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de melhores pr{\'{a}}ticas na literatura permitiram, ao final, a elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma nova metodologia que engloba a abordagem de um pr{\'{e}}dio com as caracter{\'{i}}sticas de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es p{\'{u}}blicas brasileiras.},
author = {da Silva, Pedro Paulo Fernandes},
file = {::},
keywords = {Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,Energia el{\'{e}}trica,Hospitais universit{\'{a}}rios,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sistemas,consumo},
pages = {163},
school = {Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
title = {{Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica simulado por um modelo Energy Plus: estudo de caso do Hospital Universit{\'{a}}rio da Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo}},
url = {http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-28122018-115232/pt-br.php},
year = {2018}
}
@book{InternationalMonetaryFund-IMF2018,
abstract = {1. In Panama, abandoned agricultural lands that supported tropical rain forest are invaded by the exotic invasive grass Saccharum spontaneum, which precludes native forest regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of several barriers to forest regeneration and highlight mitigation opportunities. 2. We examined four barriers to natural regeneration: Saccharum competition, seed dispersal limitation, fire and soil nutrient deficiency. Tree and shrub regeneration was measured in a factorial experiment combining Saccharum cutting treatments, distances from adjacent forest and a prescribed burn to assess the first three barriers, respectively. We compared soil nutrients in Saccharum plots with those from adjacent forest. Additionally, we determined the importance of distance to remnant vegetation (large-leaved monocots, shrubs and isolated trees) on forest regeneration. 3. Fire significantly decreased plant species richness of forest regeneration. Fire inhibited the germination of most species; the effect was exacerbated by cutting the Saccharum. 4. Grass competition significantly decreased seedling growth, while soil nutrient deficiency did not affect forest regeneration. 5. Seed dispersal limitation affected density and species richness. Significantly more species (3x) regenerated at 10 m compared with 35 m from the forest. Mean seedling densities were, respectively, four, three and two times higher under large-leaved monocots, isolated trees and shrubs than in open Saccharum. When seed input was experimentally equalized, large-seeded species had the highest establishment rate, suggesting that if their propagules were dispersed to the site they would regenerate in high proportions. However, under natural conditions they regenerated poorly and represented the most dispersal-limited species group. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that facilitation of natural regeneration may be a feasible, low-cost management option for restoring native forest cover to large areas. Firebreaks must be established to promote biodiversity of forest regeneration. We do not recommend Saccharum cutting or fertilization as site treatments. Shading effectively eliminates Saccharum. Planting a variety of tree species in clumps throughout the Saccharum may overcome dispersal limitations and catalyse natural regeneration. Trees that attract different frugivores are recommended, especially large-seeded forest species.},
author = {{International Monetary Fund - IMF}},
booktitle = {International Monetary Fund},
isbn = {978-1-48434-971-7},
number = {m},
pages = {302},
title = {{World Economic Outlook: Cyclical Upswing, Structural Change}},
url = {https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/pdf/text.pdf},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{BancoMundial2017,
abstract = {Para alcan{\c{c}}ar os objetivos de erradicar a pobreza extrema e impulsionar a pros- peridade compartilhada, o Banco Mundial precisa trabalhar com os pa{\'{i}}ses a fim de ajud{\'{a}}-los a cumprir as prioridades de seu desenvolvimento. Isso certamente implica recursos financeiros. Mas tamb{\'{e}}m requer dados, evid{\^{e}}ncia e conheci- mento sobre a melhor forma de utilizar esses recursos em prol do desenvol- vimento. Requer um compromisso de longo prazo para acompanhar esses investimentos do in{\'{i}}cio {\`{a}} conclus{\~{a}}o. O Banco Mundial leva todos estes elementos – financiamento, conheci- mento, experi{\^{e}}ncia e compromisso – a cada uma das parcerias com pa{\'{i}}ses que aspiram a fazer crescer suas economias e oferecer maiores oportunidades {\`{a}} popula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Como institui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com 189 pa{\'{i}}ses membros, temos um alcance global inigual{\'{a}}vel que nos oferece a capacidade de trabalhar com pa{\'{i}}ses em todos os continentes. Utilizamos nosso poder de integra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para ampliar a voz dos pa{\'{i}}ses em desenvolvimento reunindo l{\'{i}}deres internacionais, nacionais e locais com grupos interessados para compartilhar conhecimentos, poten- cializar relacionamentos e ser parceiro na busca de solu{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. Oferecemos um amplo conjunto de produtos financeiros, assist{\^{e}}ncia t{\'{e}}cnica e apoio aos pa{\'{i}}ses para aplicarem o conhecimento global aos desafios que enfrentam. Ao traba- lharmos com os pa{\'{i}}ses na implementa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de projetos de desenvolvimento no longo prazo, ajudamos a assegurar que o crescimento n{\~{a}}o seja somente alcan- {\c{c}}{\'{a}}vel, mas tamb{\'{e}}m sustent{\'{a}}vel.},
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {{Banco Mundial}},
institution = {Banco Internacional de Reconstru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Desenvolvimento / O Banco Mundial},
pages = {87},
title = {{Relat{\'{o}}rio Anual 2017: Erradicar a Pobreza Extrema, Promover a Prosperidade Compartilhada}},
url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/27986/211119PT.pdf},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{UnitedNations2017,
abstract = {The New Urban Agenda represents a shared vision for a better and more sustainable future – one in which all people have equal rights and access to the benefits and opportunities that cities can offer, and in which the international community reconsiders the urban systems and physical form of our urban spaces to achieve this.},
address = {Quito, Equador},
author = {{United Nations}},
booktitle = {United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III)},
doi = {ISBN: 978-92-1-132757-1},
file = {::},
isbn = {978-92-1-132731-1},
issn = {00179140},
pages = {66},
pmid = {12344081},
publisher = {Habitat III Secretariat},
title = {{New Urban Agenda}},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{InternationalMonetaryFund-IMF2017,
abstract = {Global economic activity is picking up with a long-awaited cyclical recovery in investment, manufacturing, and trade, according to Chapter 1 of this World Economic Outlook. World growth is expected to rise from 3.1 percent in 2016 to 3.5 percent in 2017 and 3.6 percent in 2018. Stronger activity, expectations of more robust global demand, reduced deflationary pressures, and optimistic financial markets are all upside developments. But structural impediments to a stronger recovery and a balance of risks that remains tilted to the downside, especially over the medium term, remain important challenges. Chapter 2 examines how changes in external conditions may affect the pace of income convergence between advanced and emerging market and developing economies. Chapter 3 looks at the trend in the declining share of income that goes to labor and the root causes. Overall, this report stresses the need for credible strategies in advanced economies and emerging market and developing ones to tackle a number of common challenges in an integrated global economy.},
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {{International Monetary Fund - IMF}},
booktitle = {Internatinal Monetary Fund},
institution = {International Monetary Fund},
number = {April},
pages = {1},
title = {{World Economic Outlook: Gaining momentum?}},
url = {http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/update/01/{\%}0Ahttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Alkire2010,
abstract = {This paper presents a new Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for 104 developing countries. It is the first time multidimensional poverty is estimated using micro datasets (household surveys) for such a large number of countries which cover about 78 percent of the world´s population. The MPI has the mathematical structure of one of the Alkire and Foster poverty multidimensional measures and it is composed of ten indicators corresponding to same three dimensions as the Human Development Index: Education, Health and Standard of Living. Our results indicate that 1,700 million people in the world live in acute poverty, a figure that is between the {\$}1.25/day and {\$}2/day poverty rates. Yet it is no {\$}1.5/day measure. The MPI captures direct failures in functionings that Amartya Sen argues should form the focal space for describing and reducing poverty. It constitutes a tool with an extraordinary potential to target the poorest, track the Millennium Development Goals, and design policies that directly address the interlocking deprivations poor people experience. This paper presents the methodology and components in the MPI, describes main results, and shares basic robustness tests},
author = {Alkire, Sabina and Santos, Maria Emma},
file = {::},
number = {United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports Research Paper},
pages = {142},
title = {{Human Development Research Paper 2010/11}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Montelpare2018,
author = {Montelpare, Sergio and Spacone, Enrico and Varum, Humberto and Silvero, Fabiana and Rodrigues, Fernanda},
doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.028},
file = {::},
issn = {22106707},
journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},
keywords = {Building Sector,Energy efficiency policies,Latin American Southern cone,Thermal performance,energy e ffi ciency,latin american southern cone,policies},
number = {April 2018},
pages = {646--665},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{The path towards buildings energy efficiency in South American countries}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.028},
volume = {44},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Sharafi2015,
abstract = {We develop a simulation-based meta-heuristic approach that determines the optimal size of a hybrid renewable energy system for residential buildings. This multi-objective optimization problem requires the advancement of a dynamic multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm that maximizes the renewable energy ratio of buildings and minimizes total net present cost and CO2 emission for required system changes. Three proven performance metrics evaluate the quality of the Pareto front generated by the proposed approach. The obtained results are compared against two reported multi-objective optimization algorithms in the related literature. Finally, an existing residential apartment located in a cold Canadian climate provides a test case to apply the proposed model and optimally size a hybrid renewable energy system. In this test application, the model investigates the potential use of a heat pump, a biomass boiler, wind turbines, solar heat collectors, photovoltaic panels, and a heat storage tank to produce renewable energy for the building. Furthermore, the utilization of plug-in electric vehicles for transportation reduces gasoline use where all power is generated by the building, and the utility provides the means to match intermittent renewable generation from solar and wind to the building electrical loads. Model results show that under the chosen meteorological conditions and building parameters a wind turbine, and plug-in electric vehicle technologies are consistently the optimal option to achieve a target renewable energy ratio. In particular, the optimization result shows that the renewable energy ratio can achieve near 100{\%} by installing a 73kW wind turbine, a 200kW biomass boiler, and using plug-in electric vehicles. This option has a net present cost of C{\$}705,180 and results in total CO2 emission of 2.4ton/year. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the impact of economic constants on net present cost of the obtained non-dominated solutions.},
author = {Sharafi, Masoud and ElMekkawy, Tarek Y. and Bibeau, Eric L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2015.05.022},
file = {::},
isbn = {0960-1481},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Hybrid renewable energy,Near zero energy building,Pareto front,Simulation-based optimization},
pages = {1026--1042},
title = {{Optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems in buildings with low to high renewable energy ratio}},
volume = {83},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Srinivasan2012,
abstract = {The notion that raw materials for building construction are plentiful and can be extracted " at will" from Earth's geobiosphere, and that these materials do not undergo any degradation or related deterioration in performance while in use is alarming and entirely inaccurate. For these reasons, a particular building, like an organism or an ecosystem, must seek self-sustenance for that design to prevail in competition with other building designs in a time with limited availability of energy and materials. To this extent, Net Zero Energy (NZE) buildings achieve a net annual energy balance in their operations. However, approaching an NZE building goal based on current definitions is flawed for two principal reasons (1) NZE only deals with the energy required for operations and related emissions (2) it does not establish a threshold which ensures that buildings are optimized for reduced consumption before renewable systems are integrated to obtain an energy balance. This paper develops a method to maximize renewable resource use through emergy (spelled with an " m" ) analysis to close the gap between current approaches to environmental building design and the over-arching goal of creating buildings that contribute to a sustainable relationship between human activities and the geobiosphere. This paper proposes using a " Renewable Emergy Balance" (REB) in environmental building design as a tool to maximize renewable resource use through disinvestment of all non-renewable resources that may be substituted with renewable resources. REB buildings attain a high standing by optimizing building construction over their entire life-span from formation-extraction-manufacturing to maintenance and operation. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Srinivasan, Ravi S. and Braham, William W. and Campbell, Daniel E. and Curcija, Charlie D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.010},
file = {::},
isbn = {03601323},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Emergy analysis,Environmental building design,Net Zero Energy,Renewable Emergy Balance,Renewable Substitutability},
number = {1},
pages = {300--315},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Re(De)fining Net Zero Energy: Renewable Emergy Balance in environmental building design}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.010},
volume = {47},
year = {2012}
}
@techreport{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2015a,
abstract = {A zero energy building (ZEB) produces enough renewable energy to meet its own annual energy consumption requirements, thereby reducing the use of non-renewable energy in the building sector. ZEBs use all cost-effective measures to reduce energy usage through energy efficiency and include renewable energy systems that produce enough energy to meet remaining energy needs. There are a number of long-term advantages of moving toward ZEBs, including lower environmental impacts, lower operating and maintenance costs, better resiliency to power outages and natural disasters, and improved energy security. Reducing building energy consumption in new building construction or renovation can be accomplished through various means, including integrated design, energy efficiency retrofits, reduced plug loads and energy conservation programs. Reduced energy consumption makes it simpler and less expensive to meet the building's energy needs with renewable sources of energy. ZEBs have a tremendous potential to transform the way buildings use energy and there are an increasing number of building owners who want to meet this target. Private commercial property owners are interested in developing ZEBs to meet their corporate goals, and some have already constructed buildings designed to be zero energy. In response to regulatory mandates, federal government agencies and many state and local governments are beginning to move toward targets for ZEBs. However, definitions differ from region to region and from organization to organization, leading to confusion and uncertainty around what constitutes a ZEB.},
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE - 2015 - A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings.pdf:pdf},
institution = {US Department of Energy},
number = {September},
pages = {22},
title = {{A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ng2016,
abstract = {A Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF) has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, to demonstrate that a home similar in size, aesthetics, and amenities to those in the surrounding communities can achieve net-zero energy use over the course of a year while meeting the average electricity and water use needs of a family of four in the United States. The facility incorporates renewable energy and energy efficient technologies, including an air-to-air heat pump system, a solar photovoltaic system, a solar thermal domestic hot water system, and a heat recovery ventilation system sized to meet American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62.2-2010 ventilation requirements. The largest energy end use within the home was space conditioning, which included heat loss through the building envelope, ventilation air supplied by the heat recovery ventilator (HRV), and internal loads. While HRVs are often described as being able to save energy when compared to ventilating without heat recovery, there have been no studies using a full year of measured data that determine the thermal load and energy impacts of HRV-based ventilation on the central heating and cooling system. Over the course of a year, continuous operation of the HRV at the NZERTF resulted in an annual savings of 7{\%} in heat pump energy use compared with the hypothetical case of ventilating without heat recovery. The heat pump electrical use varied from an increase of 5{\%} in the cooling months to 36{\%} savings in the heating months compared with ventilation without heat recovery. The increase in the cooling months occurred when the outdoor temperature was lower than the indoor temperature, during which the availability of an economizer mode would have been beneficial. Nevertheless, the fan energy required to operate the selected HRV at the NZERTF paid for itself in the heat pump energy saved compared with ventilation without heat recovery.},
author = {Ng, Lisa C. and Payne, W. Vance},
doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.100},
file = {::},
issn = {13594311},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
keywords = {Air-to-air heat pump,Heat recovery ventilator,Net-zero energy buildings,Ventilation energy use},
number = {2016},
pages = {151--160},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy use consequences of ventilating a net-zero energy house}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.100},
volume = {96},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Lopes2016,
abstract = {The work reported here addresses load matching improvement in Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net-ZEBs). The related relevant literature shows that currently research work is mainly focused on improving the load matching of individual buildings. In this paper the concept of a Cooperative Net Zero Energy Community (CNet-ZEC) is introduced, extending discussion to the enhancement of load matching at a wider community level. Both building and community levels are compared in order to assess the work proposed here, through the analysis of three distinct scenarios where five Net-ZEBs work individually or in community.The results presented here were obtained through a detailed simulation based on 1-min resolution stochastic load profiles and recorded weather data. The results indicate that over the period of a year the CNet-ZEC has the potential to increase the electrical demand covered by onsite electricity generation up to 21{\%} and the on-site generation that is used by the building up to 15{\%}. The following elements are considered by the CNet-ZEC in order to produce those results: (i) demand heterogeneity of the buildings integrating the community; (ii) the higher number of controllable devices; and (iii) the potential higher amount of energy available to satisfy the community demand.},
author = {Lopes, Rui Amaral and Martins, Jo{\~{a}}o and Aelenei, Daniel and Lima, Celson Pantoja},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.044},
file = {::},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Demand side management,Grid interaction,Load matching,Net zero energy buildings,Renewable energy},
pages = {1--13},
pmid = {30173576},
title = {{A cooperative net zero energy community to improve load matching}},
volume = {93},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Pikas2017,
abstract = {Many studies on the deployment of and investment in renewable energy (RE) technologies have focused on job creation associated with energy production at the macroeconomic level and across renewable energy technologies. We propose another perspective, the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology to attain a nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) class. The aim of this research is to investigate the costs and benefits for private and public entities when constructing nZEB or adopting nZEB policies. A quantitative research approach is taken when modelling required PV capacities, net present cash flows, subsidies, and job generation. Findings show that at current electricity tariffs and solar PV system capacities and production levels, single family houses, apartment buildings, and other building types require 0.044 €/kWh, 0.037 €/kWh, and 0.024 €/kWh, respectively, in government subsidies on energy sold back to the grid. Office buildings were profitable without the subsidy. In this study, we argue that investments in RE, specifically, PV technology, will bring in approximately 2.1 M€ of additional revenue to the Estonian government over a 20 years period as tax return overruns subsidies. However, nZEB investments are expected to become cost-optimal without subsidies, due to the increasing efficiency and decreasing costs of PV systems.},
author = {Pikas, Ergo and Kurnitski, Jarek and Thalfeldt, Martin and Koskela, Lauri},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.158},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Government subsidy,Job generation,Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB),Solar photovoltaic,Tax revenue},
pages = {291--301},
pmid = {19298264},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Cost-benefit analysis of nZEB energy efficiency strategies with on-site photovoltaic generation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.158},
volume = {128},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Kolokotsa2011,
abstract = {Buildings nowadays are increasingly expected to meet higher and more complex performance requirements: they should be sustainable; use zero-net energy; foster a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants; be grid-friendly, yet economical to build and maintain. The essential ingredients for the successful development and operation of net zero- and positive-energy buildings (NZEB/PEB) are: thermal simulation models, that are accurate representations of the building and its subsystems; sensors, actuators, and user interfaces to facilitate communication between the physical and simulation layers; and finally, integrated control and optimization tools of sufficient generality that using the sensor inputs and the thermal models can take intelligent decisions, in almost real-time, regarding the operation of the building and its subsystems. To this end the aim of the present paper is to present a review on the technological developments in each of the essential ingredients that may support the future integration of successful NZEB/PEB, i.e. accurate simulation models, sensors and actuators and last but not least the building optimization and control. The integration of the user is an integral part in the dynamic behavior of the system, and this role has to be taken into account. Future prospects and research trends are discussed. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Kolokotsa, D. and Rovas, D. and Kosmatopoulos, E. and Kalaitzakis, K.},
doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2010.09.001},
file = {::},
isbn = {0038-092X},
issn = {0038092X},
journal = {Solar Energy},
keywords = {Monitoring systems,Net zero-energy buildings,Optimization and control,Positive-energy buildings,Thermal simulation models},
number = {12},
pages = {3067--3084},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.09.001},
volume = {85},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Lucon2014,
author = {Lucon, Oswaldo and {Zain Ahmed}, Azni and {Akbari USA}, Hashem and Bertoldi, Paolo and Cabeza, Luisa F and Graham, Peter and Brown, Marilyn and {Henry Abanda}, Fonbeyin and Korytarova, Katarina and {\"{U}}rge-Vorsatz, D and {Zain Ahmed}, A and Akbari, H and Bertoldi, P and Cabeza, L F and Eyre, N and Gadgil, A and {D Harvey}, L D and Jiang, Y and Liphoto, E and Mirasgedis, S and Murakami, S and Parikh, J and Pyke, C and Vilari{\~{n}}o, M V and Pichs-Madruga, R and Sokona, Y and Farahani, E and Kadner, S and Seyboth, K and Adler, A and Baum, I and Brunner, S and Eickemeier, P and Kriemann, B and Savolainen, J and Schl{\"{o}}mer, S and von Stechow, C and Zwickel, T and Minx, JC},
journal = {Buildings. In: Climate Change},
pages = {671--738},
title = {{9 Buildings Coordinating Lead Authors: Lead Authors: Contributing Authors: Review Editors: Chapter Science Assistants: tion of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang}},
url = {http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc{\_}wg3{\_}ar5{\_}chapter9.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Moran2017,
abstract = {There are numerous strategies available to design and construct a low energy or nearly zero energy building (NZEB). However, the design strategy for a building depends on a high number of factors including location, climate, cost, available resources, etc. For instance, for countries like Ireland, which have a temperate oceanic climate, a key to achieving NZEB is a high thermal and air tightness performance of the building envelope, installing highly efficient space and water heating systems, and utilising renewable technologies for energy and heat generation. The challenge is to find the best combination of design strategies that would tackle the energy performance problems of a particular building. For example, is it better to design a super-insulated building with minimum heating requirements, or provide less insulation but install a large amount of renewable energy sources? This paper presents the outcomes of a number of case study buildings in Ireland, which focus on the life cycle cost and environmental analysis (using energy and global warming potential as indicators) of NZEBs using various heat sources, such as a gas boiler, biomass boiler, a domestic gas fired combined heat and power unit, heat pump and renewable technology. With the de-carbonisation and increased efficiency of the electricity grid, the low global warming potential (GWP) emissions of biomass fuels and the depletion of fossil fuels, future buildings should be (i) designed and constructed to be super-insulated with high air-tightness performance resulting in minimum heating requirements and (ii) operate with heating systems that have low impact on the natural environment, such as a biomass boiler or heat pump.},
author = {Moran, Paul and Goggins, Jamie and Hajdukiewicz, Magdalena},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.029},
file = {::},
isbn = {3539149260},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Electricity grid,Embodied energy,Embodied global warming potential,Energy performance,Energy prices,Life cycle cost,Life cycle energy,Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions,Nearly zero energy buildings,Renewable energy},
number = {2017},
pages = {590--607},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Super-insulate or use renewable technology? Life cycle cost, energy and global warming potential analysis of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) in a temperate oceanic climate}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.029},
volume = {139},
year = {2017}
}
@book{Hashemi2018,
abstract = {Since concerns about the present and potential impacts of climate change first emerged, responses have focused more on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, or mitigation, than on reducing the vulnerability of societies and ecosystems to climate change, or adaptation. Today, climate change is seen as inevitable. Adaptation is therefore becoming increasingly important in international and national policies, as well as in local initiatives. Policies address mitigation and adaptation separately, yet they are complementary and must both be implemented at different levels, from the international to the local. Forests provide an interesting example of how this complementarity could work. Ecosystem services are already recognised and remunerated in mitigation policies (reforestation and soon, perhaps, avoided deforestation). But what about the role of forests in adaptation? How can mitigation and adaptation be linked?},
address = {Basil{\'{e}}ia, Su{\'{i}}{\c{c}}a},
author = {Hashemi, Arman},
booktitle = {Journal of Biodiversity {\&} Endangered Species},
doi = {10.4172/2332-2543.s2-005},
editor = {Hashemi, Arman},
file = {::},
isbn = {9783038429654},
keywords = {Climate Change Mitigation,Energy Efficiency},
mendeley-tags = {Climate Change Mitigation,Energy Efficiency},
pages = {1--220},
publisher = {MDPI},
title = {{Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation - ZEMCH 2016}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/special issues/ ZEMCH 2016},
year = {2018}
}
@book{Noguchi2016,
abstract = {Housing needs and demands are dynamic having been changed in the course of time. The shifts in socio-demographics highlight the emergence of non-traditional households and influence housing configurations and performances. Homes need to be customisable in order to raise the level of social sustainability in accommodating users' individual requirements, desires and expectations. In the light of fuel poverty issues arising in various countries in which the drastic hike of energy cost is a serious concern, the notion of housing affordability has been extended to encom- pass both initial and operating costs. In view of economic sustainability at macro and micro levels, homes need to be affordable. Global warming accelerated with excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is becoming conspicuous. Generally, a house consumes a significant amount of energy before and after occupancy, and the associated CO2 emission is contributing partially to the climate change. Towards securing environmental sustainability, housing needs to be net carbon neutral (or zero energy) in consideration of CO2 emission derived from the overall energy use. In response to market needs and demands for social, economic and environ- mental sustainability of housing in developed and developing countries, the zero energy mass custom home (ZEMCH) integrated lean design and construction concept was envisaged and discussed globally. Towards the ZEMCH delivery, an emerging notion of mass customisation was scrutinised initially. It emerged in the same year as the general concept of sustainable development was widespread in 1987. The oxymoron was recognised eventually as a means to lessen housing design and construction costs whilst achieving the customisability through econo- mies of scope rather than economies of scale.},
address = {Melbourne, Austr{\'{a}}lia},
author = {Noguchi, Masa},
editor = {Noguchi, Masa},
file = {::},
isbn = {9780739124376},
keywords = {Construction and Structural Mechanics Building Mat,Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Environm,Steel and Timber Structures Geotechnical Engineeri,Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Transporta},
mendeley-tags = {Construction and Structural Mechanics Building Mat,Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Environm,Steel and Timber Structures Geotechnical Engineeri,Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Transporta},
pages = {1--364},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
title = {{ZEMCH: Toward the Delivery of Zero Energy Mass Custom Homes}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{ANEEL1999,
author = {ANEEL},
keywords = {REN},
pages = {2},
title = {{Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o n{\textordmasculine} 334, de 2 de dezembro de 1999: Autoriza as concession{\'{a}}rias de servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de energia el{\'{e}}trica a desenvolverem projetos visando {\`{a}} melhoria do fator de carga}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res1999334.pdf},
year = {1999}
}
@book{Sjostrom1999,
author = {Sjostrom, Christer},
isbn = {9063630158},
pages = {1--122},
publisher = {CIB Report Publication 237},
title = {{Agenda 21: on sustainable construction}},
url = {www.cibworld.nl},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Alvarez1972,
address = {Belo Horizonte, Brasil},
author = {Alvarez, Walter Tolentino},
journal = {Revista de Direito Administrativo},
month = {sep},
pages = {28--46},
title = {{Natureza jur{\'{i}}dica da eletricidade}},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Alvarez1972a,
abstract = {Introdu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Fen{\^{o}}meno jur{\'{i}}dico e objeto do direito. Bens e coisas. Funcionalidade f{\'{i}}sica e jur{\'{i}}dica da eletricidade. Rela{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es jur{\'{i}}dicas. Simultaneidade e inexist{\^{e}}ncia obrigacional. Exclus{\~{a}}o da posse da eletricidade. Obriga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em fluxo. T{\'{e}}cnica de execu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e de presta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. A f{\'{o}}rmula final.},
author = {Alvarez, Walter Tolentino},
file = {::},
journal = {Revista de Direito Administrativo},
keywords = {Direito da Eletricidade,Eletricidade},
mendeley-tags = {Direito da Eletricidade,Eletricidade},
number = {Abril/Junho - 1972},
pages = {28--46},
title = {{Natureza Jur{\'{i}}dica da Eletricidade}},
volume = {108},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Alvarez1953,
abstract = {Direito da Eletricidade {\'{e}} o ramo do Direito P{\'{u}}blico que estuda e disciplina as rela{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es jur{\'{i}}dicas referentes ao emprego e utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da energia, depois de transformada em corrente el{\'{e}}trica. Em consequ{\^{e}}ncia, constitui-se objeto do Direito da Eletricidade qualquer esp{\'{e}}cie de energia transformada, seja at{\^{o}}mica ou mesmo humana, que, uma vez produzindo corrente el{\'{e}}trica, passa a sofrer a informa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e disciplina do novo ramo do Direito.},
address = {Belo Horizonte, Brasil},
author = {Alvarez, Walter Tolentino},
file = {::},
journal = {Revista da Faculdade de Di},
keywords = {Direito da Eletricidade,Eletricidade},
mendeley-tags = {Direito da Eletricidade,Eletricidade},
pages = {132--141},
title = {{Direito da Eletricidade}},
year = {1953}
}
@book{UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme-UNEP2002,
address = {Pretoria, Africa do Sul},
author = {{United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP}},
editor = {Hassan, Dr Ahmad Sanusi and Laul, Prof. Anil and Shah, Kirtee and Adebayo, Prof. Ambrose and Ebohon, Dr O. John and Irurah, Dr Daniel K. and Rwelamila, Prof. P.D. and Agopyan, Prof. Vahan and de Arruda, Mauricio Pinto and John, Prof. Vanderley M. and Marulanda, Liliana and Sara, Liliana Miranda and Sj{\"{o}}str{\"{o}}m, Prof. Christer and Adebayo, Prof. Ambrose and Beyers, Christelle and Chambuya, Sam and Giyamah, Osafo and Irurah, Dr Daniel and John, Prof. Vanderley and Napier, Dr Mark and Ofori, Prof. George and Sattler, Prof. Miguel and Shafii, Asst Prof. Farida},
isbn = {0798855401},
pages = {91},
publisher = {CSIR Building and Construction Technology},
title = {{Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Arega2017,
abstract = {This paper set out to estimate household willingness to pay for green electric services and welfare gains attributed to such schemes. For this purpose, contingent valuation survey was conducted on 300 urban and peri-urban households in northern Ethiopia. A bivariate probit model was used to elicit willingness to pay and analyze determinants of household willingness to pay. On the other hand, welfare gains were analyzed using consumer and producer surpluses. The mean willingness to pay was estimated to be Birr 12.5 (0.66 USD) per month per household for five years on top of monthly electricity bill. Among others, income played positive role on willingness to pay while difference in willingness to pay behavior was observed between male and female-headed households. In addition, distance to wood and charcoal (alternative energy) markets played encouraging role for willingness to pay. Results from the welfare analysis show that there is significant societal gain to be made both in terms of surplus for households and producers (government) if the previously ‘untapped' green electricity service was implemented. The revenue (producer surplus) for the state would be instrumental in contributing to the state's endeavor to generate a much-needed capital for investment in and expansion of renewable energy.},
author = {Arega, Tiruwork and Tadesse, Tewodros},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.022},
isbn = {0301-4215},
issn = {03014215},
journal = {Energy Policy},
keywords = {Bivariate probit,Contingent valuation method,Northern Ethiopia,Welfare gains,Willingness to pay},
number = {October 2016},
pages = {292--300},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Household willingness to pay for green electricity in urban and peri-urban Tigray, northern Ethiopia: Determinants and welfare effects}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.022},
volume = {100},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Deng2014,
abstract = {NZEB (Net zero energy building) is regarded as an integrated solution to address problems of energy-saving, environmental protection, and CO2 emission reduction in the building section. NZEB could be even possible with electricity production if enough renewable energy could be used. Moreover, various building-service systems with renewable energy sources have been widely considered for potential applications in NZEB. All of these new features extend the technical boundary of the conventional energy-efficient buildings, attach a more profound implication to the sustainable development of building technology, and therefore pose a challenge to evaluation works on NZEB performance.This paper presents a guided tour on NZEB evaluation through literature-research. An overview about definitions and energy-efficient measures of NZEB is presented so that the research object and technology boundary can be clarified for NZEB evaluation. Then, a summary of widely-used research method, tool and performance indicator in evaluation is provided for the methodology part. This part also includes a discussion on the application of LCA (life cycle assessment) in NZEB evaluation and LCA's role in promoting a well-defined NZEB. Finally, potential progress in NZEB evaluation with possible development trends is highlighted in terms of energy storage, load match and smart grid. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Deng, S. and Wang, R. Z. and Dai, Y. J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.007},
file = {::},
isbn = {0360-5442},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Building evaluation,Net zero energy,Renewable energy,Solar energy},
number = {2014},
pages = {1--16},
pmid = {762},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{How to evaluate performance of net zero energy building - A literature research}},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Carlisle2009,
abstract = {There are many ways to define net-zero energy in the context of a building. There are also many terms that have similar meanings to the term net zero or near net-zero energy communities including carbon neutral, climate neutral, carbon advantage1 or sustainable communities. We use the term net zero because it is a more narrow focus than some of the other terms and one can measure and determine if the goal has been achieved. Torcellini et al. (2009) have developed four well-documented definitions of Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEB) including: 1. Net-zero site energy 2. Net-zero source energy 3. Net-zero energy costs 4. Net-zero energy emissions. In a follow-on paper, Pless et al. (2009) go one step farther by proposing a classification grading system for ZEBs that establishes and ranks the renewable energy sources used by a building. For example, in the building-ranking system, building integrated photovoltaics (PV) rank higher than the burning of wood even though both are considered renewable energy. Generating renewable energy within a building's footprint is defined as superior from an overall energy perspective to the importation of wood chips from a remote location to burn on-site for fuel. Pless et al. (2009) classify ZEBs based on the location of the renewable energy hardware with respect to the building. The goal of the building classification system is to encourage building owners and designers to first utilize all possible energy-efficient strategies and then use renewable energy sources and technologies located on the building. This building's classification scheme provides a good starting point for a definition of a zero- energy community (ZEC). The United States and many other parts of the world have set aggressive goals for energy savings in many communities and states. Some of these goals can be realized best by looking at energy use in a community as an integrated system rather than looking at strategies for buildings, transportation, and industry as discrete problems with discrete solutions. For example, community scenarios could link transportation, homes, and the electric grid as well as enable large quantities of renewable power onto the grid. Preliminary analyses show that the homeowner would gain a net cost advantage on a life-cycle cost basis by integrating a near-zero energy home with a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV). By defining a zero- energy community and offering a set of metrics to measure progress toward the aspiration of net zero, we aid in moving the dialog from building only zero-energy solutions to solutions that consider all uses of energy within a community for buildings, transportation, community infrastructure, industry, and others. A definition for a zero-energy community is different and more complex than that of a ZEB because a community uses energy not only for buildings but also for industry, vehicles, and community-based infrastructure, so the achievement of “zero energy” needs to include all applications. A definition of this nature is also more complex because of all of the factors discussed in this report.},
author = {Carlisle, Nancy and Geet, Otto Van and Pless, Shanti},
file = {::},
journal = {Nrel/Tp-7a2-46065},
keywords = {NREL/TP-7A2-46065,November 2009,community,net zero energy},
number = {November},
pages = {1--14},
title = {{Definition of a " Zero Net Energy " Community}},
year = {2009}
}
@techreport{InternationalEnergyAgency-IEA2018a,
abstract = {Energy Efficiency 2018 is the annual global tracker of energy efficiency trends and indicators. This year's report is the most comprehensive analysis of current and future energy efficiency trends produced by the International Energy Agency (IEA). It incorporates a new Efficient World Scenario based on analysis from the IEA World Energy Outlook. This scenario answers the question of what would happen if countries realised all the available cost-effective energy efficiency potential between now and 2040.},
address = {Paris, France},
author = {{International Energy Agency - IEA}},
file = {::},
institution = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development / International Energy agency},
pages = {1--174},
title = {{Energy efficiency 2018: Analysis and outlooks to 2040}},
url = {www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{U.S.DepartmentofEnergy-USDOE2015b,
abstract = {This document contains procedures and guidelines for quantifying the savings resulting from energy efficient equipment, water conservation, improved operation and maintenance, renewable energy, and cogeneration projects installed under performance-based contracts. For the purposes of this document, a performance-based contract means a contract in which a third party contractor (which may be an independent Energy Services Company [ESCO] or a utility provider) installs energy and water conservation equipment at a customer's facility and guarantees or assures its level of performance and/or the resulting level of energy- and energy- related cost savings. Common types of performance-based contracts include Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPC) and Utility Energy Service Contracts (UESC), the latter of which is a federal contracting vehicle in which energy services are provided through the serving utility. In this document, the terms “ESPC” and “performance-based contract” are used interchangeably, as are the terms “ESCO,” “contractor,” and “utility.”},
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {{U.S. Department of Energy - USDOE}},
file = {::},
institution = {US-Department of Energy},
keywords = {DOE,Measurement,Verification},
mendeley-tags = {DOE,Measurement,Verification},
number = {November},
pages = {1--108},
title = {{M-V Guidelines: Measurement and Verification for Performance-Based Contracts Version 4.0}},
url = {https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/mv-guidelines-measurement-and-verification-performance-based-contracts-version},
year = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{Siopa2012,
abstract = {A presente disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de mestrado vem alertar para a problem{\'{a}}tica que {\'{e}} o crescente consumo energ{\'{e}}tico nos edif{\'{i}}cios e referenciar as vantagens das energias renov{\'{a}}veis face {\`{a}}s actuais fontes de energia fosseis, sabendo que os edif{\'{i}}cios de servi{\c{c}}os s{\~{a}}o respons{\'{a}}veis por grandes consumos cabe-nos trabalhar para os tornar mais eficientes. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objectivo de verificar a classe energ{\'{e}}tica existente no edif{\'{i}}cio das Piscinas Municipais de Alcoba{\c{c}}a, respeitando as leis em vigor para este efeito, tem ainda o intuito de apresentar medidas de melhoria de forma a reduzir os consumos energ{\'{e}}ticos do edif{\'{i}}cio. As medidas adoptadas para reduzir os consumos energ{\'{e}}ticos do edif{\'{i}}cio passam pela coloca{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de pel{\'{i}}culas nos envidra{\c{c}}ados de modo a reduzir significativamente o calor transmitido ao espa{\c{c}}o, a instala{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de pain{\'{e}}is solares t{\'{e}}rmicos para reduzir o consumo destinado {\`{a}}s {\'{a}}guas quentes sanit{\'{a}}rias, a substitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o existente por uma mais eficiente e de menor pot{\^{e}}ncia e a substitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da caldeira a g{\'{a}}s por uma a biomassa. Este estudo foi poss{\'{i}}vel porque foram utilizados programas e v{\'{a}}rios equipamentos que s{\~{a}}o indispens{\'{a}}veis ao processo de certifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e estudo de medidas de melhoria, nomeadamente os programas EnergyPlus e DesignBuilder. O programa EnergyPlus {\'{e}} um programa com grande capacidade para simular o comportamento t{\'{e}}rmico de edif{\'{i}}cios e dimensionar pormenorizadamente os seus sistemas de ventila{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e AVAC. Paralelamente a este software, {\'{e}} utilizado um outro programa, o DesignBuilder, tratando-se de um interface comercial para o EnergyPlus. Os equipamentos utilizados foram CHAUVIN ARNOUX 8332B, {\'{e}} um analisador que nos permite verificar o comportamento de toda a corrente el{\'{e}}ctrica e registar consumos; AFLEX 3003/3005 que na pr{\'{a}}tica {\'{e}} conhecido por “pin{\c{c}}as”, cujo equipamento destina-se ao armazenamento dos dados dos consumos energ{\'{e}}ticos; analisador de gases TSI CA-6100, que foi utilizado para ver qual o rendimento da caldeira, laser de medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e medidor de vidros. Atrav{\'{e}}s da recolha e tratamento de dados sobre as Piscinas Municipais de Alcoba{\c{c}}a a disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o procura identificar os pontos de maior consumo e sugerir altera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para que haja um melhor aproveitamento energ{\'{e}}tico e assim baixar os custos com a factura el{\'{e}}ctrica, beneficiando financeiramente a autarquia.},
author = {Siopa, Andr{\'{e}} Rodrigues},
file = {::},
keywords = {Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o din{\^{a}}mica e Poupan{\c{c}}a energ{\'{e}}tica.},
mendeley-tags = {Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o din{\^{a}}mica e Poupan{\c{c}}a energ{\'{e}}tica.},
pages = {135},
school = {Universidade Nova de Lisboa},
title = {{Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica e simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o din{\^{a}}mica}},
type = {Disserta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de mestrado},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sauret2015,
author = {Sauret, Nicolas and Auret, S and De, Collaboration},
pages = {277--286},
title = {{Collaborations de recherche avec les mus{\'{e}}es : une opportunit{\'{e}} pour penser l ' appropriation des ressources}},
year = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{Pedrini1997,
abstract = {O trabalho re{\'{u}}ne, avalia e prop{\~{o}}e m{\'{e}}todos de determina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de modelos de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es t{\'{e}}rmicas e energ{\'{e}}ticas. Os m{\'{e}}todos consistem em criar modelos com diferentes n{\'{i}}veis de complexidade de um mesmo caso real e avali{\'{a}}-los atrav{\'{e}}s de compara{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de desempenhos simulados com reais obtidos por medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e monitora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em campo a partir desses resultados s{\~{a}}o determinadas t{\'{e}}cnicas de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es que consistem de corre{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e ajustes das vari{\'{a}}veis que caracterizam o modelo. Os resultados demonstram as limita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e potenciais dos m{\'{e}}todos, servindo como par{\^{a}}metros importantes a profissionais que atuam no diagn{\'{o}}stico t{\'{e}}rmico e energ{\'{e}}tico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es.},
author = {Pedrini, Aldomar},
booktitle = {PPGEC - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
file = {::},
pages = {1--191},
school = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
title = {{Desenvolvimento de Metodologia de Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Modelos para Simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es T{\'{e}}rmica e Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es}},
volume = {1},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Gosch2005a,
author = {Gosch, Samuel R.},
pages = {63},
title = {{Aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma metodologia para calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo simplificado de edif{\'{i}}cio de escrit{\'{o}}rios no programa EnergyPlus}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Silva2018a,
abstract = {A utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um modelo computacional para simular o consumo energ{\'{e}}tico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para diferentes fins tornou-se pr{\'{a}}tica comum. Entretanto, para que suas finalidades sejam v{\'{a}}lidas para pr{\'{e}}dios em fase de opera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\'{e}} necess{\'{a}}rio que a simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o passe por uma fase denominada calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, ou seja, ajuste de seus par{\^{a}}metros de entrada para verificar que seu resultado esteja coerente com a realidade. Dado esta necessidade, este trabalho tem como objetivo a calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da energia el{\'{e}}trica simulada por um modelo EnergyPlus do Hospital Universit{\'{a}}rio da Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo (HU-USP). Na busca por este objetivo, faz-se a revis{\~{a}}o do estado da arte sobre metodologias de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o baseadas em evid{\^{e}}ncia, ou seja, no qual os ajustes nos par{\^{a}}metros de entradas baseiam-se em informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es coletadas acerca do edif{\'{i}}cio real. Pela compara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o destas metodologias, selecionou-se aquela proposta por Raftery, Keane e O donnell (2011) cuja aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o mostrou-se mais generalizada para diferentes tipologias de edif{\'{i}}cios. As medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es dispon{\'{i}}veis do HU-USP contra o qual as simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es foram confrontadas foram: consumo de pr{\'{e}}dio, consumo de uma das duas centrais de {\'{a}}gua gelada do pr{\'{e}}dio e medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de 16 equipamentos modulares do tipo split. Os indicadores estat{\'{i}}sticos resultantes da compara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o destas medi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es revelaram que, ao final do processo de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, apenas o consumo do pr{\'{e}}dio p{\^{o}}de ser considerado calibrado. A partir da simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o calibrada foram avaliadas quatro alternativas de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, duas no sistema de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e duas no sistema de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. As experi{\^{e}}ncias acumuladas na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do HU-USP e a identifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de melhores pr{\'{a}}ticas na literatura permitiram, ao final, a elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma nova metodologia que engloba a abordagem de um pr{\'{e}}dio com as caracter{\'{i}}sticas de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es p{\'{u}}blicas brasileiras.},
author = {Silva, Pedro Paulo Fernandesda},
keywords = {Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,Energia el{\'{e}}trica,Hospitais universit{\'{a}}rios,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sistemas,consumo},
pages = {163},
title = {{Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica simulado por um modelo Energy Plus: estudo de caso do Hospital Universit{\'{a}}rio da Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo}},
url = {http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-28122018-115232/pt-br.php},
year = {2018}
}
@article{KaciaH.Barbosa2017a,
abstract = {As  simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es  computacionais  permitem  analisar  o  comportamento  t{\'{e}}rmico  e  energ{\'{e}}tico  das   edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es; entretanto,  os  dados  de  entrada  utilizados  nos  modelos  computacionais  podem  gerar  imprecis{\~{a}}o  dos resultados  e  simplifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  dos  modelos.  Atrav{\'{e}}s  da  calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  do  modelo  de  simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  {\'{e}}  poss{\'{i}}vel  obter resultados mais confi{\'{a}}veis e que representam a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o estudada. Este trabalho apresenta a calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um  modelo  de  simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional que foi realizada  a  partir dos  valores de  temperatura do ar obtidos no monitoramento de uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o residencial. A edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o analisada se encontra na cidade de Goi{\^{a}}nia e faz   parte   de   um   condom{\'{i}}nio   residencial   horizontal   que   possui   edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es   com   mesmas   tipologias arquitet{\^{o}}nicas. Para obter os valores de temperatura do ar, a resid{\^{e}}ncia foi monitorada entre 21 de dezembro de  2015  e  30  de  janeiro  de  2016.  Utilizou-se  o  programa  computacional  EnergyPlus,  vers{\~{a}}o  8.4,  para  a simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  e  calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  do  modelo  analisado.  Cinco  vari{\'{a}}veis  foram  modificadas  no  modelo  de  refer{\^{e}}ncia: geometria da cobertura, entorno, absort{\^{a}}ncia dos materiais, resist{\^{e}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica dos materiais e infiltra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de ar.  Para  verificar  se  a  vari{\'{a}}vel  analisada  ajudou  na  calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  do  modelo,  foram  comparados  o  erro quadr{\'{a}}tico  m{\'{e}}dio,  desvio  m{\'{e}}dio,  amplitude  t{\'{e}}rmica  e a correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  entre  os  valores  da  temperatura  do  ar simulada  e  monitorada.  Os  resultados  finais  indicaram  boa  correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o  entre  os  dados  monitorados  e simulados. Destaca-se a correta defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do entorno, que foi o par{\^{a}}metro de maior influ{\^{e}}ncia na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o.},
author = {{K{\'{a}}cia H. Barbosa} and {Enedir Ghisi}},
journal = {Xiv Encac, X Elacac},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
title = {{Proposta De Calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o De Um Modelo Computacional De Uma Tipologia De Resid{\^{e}}ncia Unifamiliar Em Goi{\^{a}}nia}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Construido2016,
author = {Constru{\'{i}}do, D O Ambiente},
number = {1},
pages = {568--579},
title = {{Habitacionais Do Pmcmv No Rio De Janeiro 1}},
year = {2016}
}
@phdthesis{Westphal2007,
abstract = {O objetivo principal desta tese de doutorado {\'{e}} desenvolver uma metodologia de apoio {\`{a}} calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de modelos de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico e energ{\'{e}}tico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. Atualmente, existem diversas ferramentas computacionais destinadas {\`{a}} an{\'{a}}lise energ{\'{e}}tica de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es. Atrav{\'{e}}s de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional, engenheiros e arquitetos podem avaliar o impacto de determinadas alternativas de projeto no consumo de energia de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es novas ou existentes. Por{\'{e}}m, o uso de tais ferramentas nos escrit{\'{o}}rios de projeto ainda {\'{e}} pouco expressivo. Um dos principais fatores que contribuem para este cen{\'{a}}rio {\'{e}} a alta complexidade dos programas existentes, que acabam exigindo muitas horas de dedica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do usu{\'{a}}rio para sua utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com precis{\~{a}}o. Para minimizar esse problema, metodologias de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de modelos computacionais t{\^{e}}m sido desenvolvidas nas {\'{u}}ltimas d{\'{e}}cadas. De maneira geral, a calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o consiste no processo iterativo no qual o usu{\'{a}}rio procura ajustar os dados de entrada do seu modelo para obter uma representa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o adequada do comportamento energ{\'{e}}tico da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em an{\'{a}}lise. Esta tarefa envolve a manipula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de centenas de vari{\'{a}}veis de entrada em uma ferramenta de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o detalhada. No presente trabalho, t{\'{e}}cnicas de an{\'{a}}lise de incertezas e sensibilidade sobre modelos computacionais s{\~{a}}o utilizadas para estabelecer uma metodologia de apoio ao processo de calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. A estrutura geral da metodologia foi estabelecida em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa {\'{e}} feita uma an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade sobre o modelo b{\'{a}}sico da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Nessa an{\'{a}}lise, equa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es obtidas por meio de regress{\~{a}}o do consumo de energia de modelos simulados s{\~{a}}o utilizadas como um m{\'{e}}todo de c{\'{a}}lculo expedito. Identificados e ajustados os par{\^{a}}metros mais influentes do modelo, por meio de itera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, parte-se para a segunda etapa da metodologia na qual a an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade {\'{e}} aplicada sobre o modelo de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o detalhada, representado na ferramenta de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em uso. Ferramentas estat{\'{i}}sticas de amostragem aleat{\'{o}}ria foram utilizadas na obten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das equa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de regress{\~{a}}o do consumo e na metodologia de an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade. O m{\'{e}}todo foi aplicado na simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de um edif{\'{i}}cio de escrit{\'{o}}rios no programa EnergyPlus. Sobre o modelo base do edif{\'{i}}cio identificou-se que a densidade de cargas internas, os padr{\~{o}}es de uso e o Coeficiente de Performance do sistema de condicionamento de ar seriam os par{\^{a}}metros de maior impacto no consumo. A an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade sobre o modelo detalhado revelou caracter{\'{i}}sticas do sistema de condicionamento de ar como as mais significativas. Com as incertezas remanescentes sobre esses par{\^{a}}metros, obteve-se um modelo com consumo anual m{\'{e}}dio de 145 MWh ± 11{\%}, ao n{\'{i}}vel de 95{\%} de confiabilidade, quando o consumo real da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\'{e}} de 149 MWh.},
author = {Westphal, Fernando Simon},
file = {::},
pages = {225},
school = {Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise de incertezas e de sensibilidade aplicadas {\`{a}} simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comerciais}},
type = {Tese de doutorado},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Denominacao,
author = {Denomina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, Conceito},
title = {{Direito da e l e t r i c i d a d e}}
}
@article{Miles1993,
abstract = {Describes the process of primary succession, including the initial stages of algae, lichen and moss growth.},
author = {Miles, John and Walton, D. W. H.},
isbn = {0632035471},
journal = {Special Publication Series of the BES},
keywords = {Dynamics/Succession/Dispersal/Invasion},
number = {September},
pages = {309},
pmid = {924639},
title = {{Primary Succession on Land}},
url = {https://katalog.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/cgi-bin/titel.cgi?katkey=3646968{\&}sess=a3eac687accec0bb196c8c1fa0f13cda{\&}query=Primary succession on land},
volume = {12},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Arega2017a,
abstract = {A junkie without access to his stash is in a state of crisis. The 'energy crisis' that exists intermittently when the flow of fuel from unstable countries is cut off or threatened, is a crisis in the same sense. In this essay, Illich examines the question of whether or not humans need any more energy than is their natural birthright. Along the way he gives a startling analysis of the marginal disutility of tools. After a certain point, that is, more energy gives negative returns. For example, moving around causes loss of time proportional to the amount of energy which is poured into the transport system, so that the speed of the fastest traveller correlates inversely to the equality as well as freedom of the median traveller.},
address = {London},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113},
author = {Arega, Tiruwork and Tadesse, Tewodros and Berggren, Bj{\"{o}}rn and Hall, Monika and Wall, Maria and Engelund, Kirsten and Carlisle, Nancy and Otto, Aia and Geet, Van and Pless, Shanti and Miles, John and Walton, D. W. H. and Delmastro, Chiara and Lavagno, Evasio and Schranz, Laura and Deng, S. and Wang, R. Z. and Dai, Y. J. and Illich, Ivan and Goggins, Jamie and Moran, Paul and Armstrong, Alan and Hajdukiewicz, Magdalena and Hassoun, Anwar and Dincer, Ibrahim and IEA and Kapsalaki, M. and Leal, V. and Santamouris, Mat and Karlessi, Theoni and Kampelis, Nikos and Kolokotsa, Denia and Santamouris, Mat and Standardi, Laura and Isidori, D. and Cristalli, C. and Kneifel, Joshua and Webb, David and Kolokotsa, Denia and Rovas, D. and Kosmatopoulos, E. and Kalaitzakis, K. and Kurnitski, Jarek and Saari, Arto and Kalamees, Targo and Vuolle, Mika and Niemel{\"{a}}, Jouko and Tark, Teet and Allard, Francis and Braham, Derrick and Goeders, Guillaume and Heiselberg, Per and Jagemar, Lennart and Kosonen, Risto and Lebrun, Jean and Mazzarella, Livio and Railio, Jorma and Schmidt, Michael and Virta, Maija and Li, Danny H.W. and Yang, Liu and Lam, Joseph C. and Lopes, Rui Amaral and Martins, Jo{\~{a}}o and Aelenei, Daniel and Lima, Celson Pantoja and Lu, Yuehong and Wang, Shengwei and Shan, Kui and Marszal, A. J. AJ and Bourrelle, JS S. and Heiselberg, Per and Bourrelle, JS S. and Musall, E. and Voss, Karsten and Sartori, Igor and Napolitano, Assunta and Moran, Paul and Goggins, Jamie and Hajdukiewicz, Magdalena and Ng, Lisa C. and Payne, W. Vance and Pikas, Ergo and Kurnitski, Jarek and Thalfeldt, Martin and Koskela, Lauri and Saunders, Mark N.K. and Lewis, Philip and Thornhill, Adrian and Robert, Am{\'{e}}lie and Kummert, Micha{\"{e}}l and Sartori, Igor and Napolitano, Assunta and Voss, Karsten and Sharafi, Masoud and ElMekkawy, Tarek Y. and Bibeau, Eric L. and Neuman, W Lawrence and Srinivasan, Ravi S. and Braham, William W. and Campbell, Daniel E. and Curcija, Charlie D. and Lee, Chul Yong and Lee, Min Kyu and Yoo, Seung Hoon},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022},
edition = {1st Ed.},
eprint = {j.rser.2014.07.113},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Air-to-air heat pump,Batteries,Bivariate probit,Building energy codes,Building evaluation,Building performance simulation,Climate change,Coal-fired power,Contingent valuation,Contingent valuation method,Cost optimal,Demand response,Demand side management,Design optimization,Dynamics/Succession/Dispersal/Invasion,EPBD recast,Efficiency,Electric vehicles,Electricity grid,Embodied energy,Embodied global warming potential,Emergy analysis,Energy,Energy balance,Energy calculation methodologies,Energy efficiency,Energy efficiency indicators,Energy efficient building,Energy infrastructures in underground,Energy performance,Energy policy,Energy prices,Energy security,Energy-efficient measures,Environmental building design,Global cost,Government subsidy,Grid interaction,Heat recovery ventilator,Hybrid renewable energy,Industry,Job generation,Life cycle cost,Life cycle energy,Life cycle global warming potential gas emissions,Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions,Life-cycle energy,Literature review,Load matching,Microgeneration,Monitoring systems,NREL/TP-7A2-46065,Natural gas,Near zero energy building,Nearly zero energy buildings,Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB),Net Zero Energy,Net Zero Energy Building,Net present value,Net zero energy,Net zero energy building,Net zero energy buildings,Net zero-energy buildings,Net-zero,Net-zero energy buildings,Northern Ethiopia,November 2009,Nuclear power,Operation energy,Optimization,Optimization and control,Pareto front,Photovoltaics,Positive-energy buildings,Primary energy,REHVA nZEB technical definition,Regression analysis,Renewable Emergy Balance,Renewable Energy,Renewable Substitutability,Renewable energy,Renewable energy technologies,Residential buildings,Scheduling and control,Seventh Edition,Simulation-based optimization,Smart building,Solar energy,Solar photovoltaic,Statistical modeling,Statistics,Sustainable building,Sustainable buildings,Sustainable development,Tax revenue,Thermal simulation models,Transport,Underground space,Underground urbanism,Ventilation energy use,Weather data,Welfare gains,Whole building energy simulation,Willingness to pay,Wind power,ZEB definition,Zero Emission Building,Zero Energy Building,Zero energy building,Zero energy buildings,Zero energy house,community,integrated energy design,nZEB,net zero energy,smart grid,zero energy concept},
number = {2017},
pages = {29},
pmid = {762},
primaryClass = {10.1016},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy and Equity}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.037 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.032 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.12.014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.158 http://dx.doi.o},
volume = {55},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Arega2017b,
abstract = {This paper set out to estimate household willingness to pay for green electric services and welfare gains attributed to such schemes. For this purpose, contingent valuation survey was conducted on 300 urban and peri-urban households in northern Ethiopia. A bivariate probit model was used to elicit willingness to pay and analyze determinants of household willingness to pay. On the other hand, welfare gains were analyzed using consumer and producer surpluses. The mean willingness to pay was estimated to be Birr 12.5 (0.66 USD) per month per household for five years on top of monthly electricity bill. Among others, income played positive role on willingness to pay while difference in willingness to pay behavior was observed between male and female-headed households. In addition, distance to wood and charcoal (alternative energy) markets played encouraging role for willingness to pay. Results from the welfare analysis show that there is significant societal gain to be made both in terms of surplus for households and producers (government) if the previously ‘untapped' green electricity service was implemented. The revenue (producer surplus) for the state would be instrumental in contributing to the state's endeavor to generate a much-needed capital for investment in and expansion of renewable energy.},
author = {Arega, Tiruwork and Tadesse, Tewodros},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.022},
isbn = {0301-4215},
issn = {03014215},
journal = {Energy Policy},
keywords = {Bivariate probit,Contingent valuation method,Northern Ethiopia,Welfare gains,Willingness to pay},
number = {November 2016},
pages = {292--300},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Household willingness to pay for green electricity in urban and peri-urban Tigray, northern Ethiopia: Determinants and welfare effects}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.022},
volume = {100},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Carlisle2009a,
author = {Carlisle, Nancy and Otto, Aia and Geet, Van and Pless, Shanti},
keywords = {NREL/TP-7A2-46065,November 2009,community,net zero energy},
number = {November},
title = {{Definition of a "Zero Net Energy" Community}},
url = {http://www.osti.gov/bridge},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Cao2016,
abstract = {Energy consumption has dramatically increased in buildings over the past decade due to population growth, more time spent indoors, increased demand for building functions and indoor environmental quality, and global climate change. Building energy use currently accounts for over 40{\%} of total primary energy consumption in the U.S. and E.U. Nevertheless, significant energy savings can be achieved in buildings if they are properly designed, constructed and operated. For this reason, building energy efficiency can provide key solutions to energy shortages, carbon emissions and their serious threat to our living environment. This paper offers a brief overview of building energy-consumption situations, relevant energy-saving approaches, and the influence of global climate change. Building energy-consumption situations based on data derived from international energy reports are initially compared between the U.S., China and the E.U. Both similarities and differences are found in aspects of building energy end-uses and final energy fuel-types among these top three building energy consumers. We then introduce the current concept of the zero-energy building (ZEB). State-of-the-art approaches for ZEB technologies are summarized in three categories: passive energy-saving technologies, energy-efficient building service systems and renewable energy production technologies. The feasibility of these technologies is reviewed. In addition, we briefly discuss the influence of global climate change on the evolution of building energy use in the future. We find that climate change significantly impacts building energy performance, particularly in space heating and cooling. Improvements on building envelope and ventilation can play an important role in reducing space heating and cooling consumption levels. We also provide some suggestions for further developing ZEBs.},
author = {Cao, Xiaodong and Dai, Xilei and Liu, Junjie},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.089},
file = {::},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building energy,Climate change,Energy savings,Renewable energy,Zero-energy building (ZEB)},
pages = {198--213},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.089},
volume = {128},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Berggren2013,
abstract = {The basic concept of a Net Zero Energy Building (Net ZEB) is that on-site renewable energy generation covers the annual energy load. The main objective of this study is to analyse the increase of embodied energy compared to the decrease of the energy use related to building operation; partly by a literature review, partly by detailed analysis of eleven case studies; taking the step from a low energy building to a Net ZEB. The literature review shows that the metric of evaluation, assumed life-span, boundary conditions, age of database and the origin of database differ in different studies and influence the result of embodied energy. The relationship between embodied energy and life cycle energy use is almost linear for all cases studied herein. During the last two decades, embodied energy in new buildings has decreased slightly. However, the relative share of embodied energy related to life cycle energy use has increased. The detailed life cycle energy analysis show that taking the step from a low energy building to a Net ZEB results in a small increase of the embodied energy. However, the energy savings achieved in the annual operating energy balance clearly exceed the increase in embodied energy.{\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Berggren, Bj{\"{o}}rn and Hall, Monika and Wall, Maria},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.063},
file = {::},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Embodied energy,Life cycle energy,Net zero energy building,Operation energy,Primary energy},
pages = {381--391},
title = {{LCE analysis of buildings - Taking the step towards Net Zero Energy Buildings}},
volume = {62},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hassoun2014,
abstract = {This study compares various power design options and their optimized schemes for a net-zero house considered in a location in Lebanon, to cover its all electrical needs while maximizing renewable energy usage and minimizing the greenhouse gases emissions. The study starts by outlining the necessary measures needed to reduce the total electrical load connected to the house through efficiency gains, after which comprehensive simulations are carried out to establish the best possible power design options with the least total net present cost and maximum renewable energy fraction, as they achieve a sustainable net-zero energy house. The simulation results show that the optimum renewable energy system for a total connected load to the house of 90 kWh/day requires a combination of PV, wind turbine, batteries, convertor and diesel generator at a total net present cost of {\$}56,558.00 and a renewable energy fraction of 0.998. Moreover, simulations for the same connected load are carried out with different configuration of renewable energy resources and the optimum results are obtained. On the other hand, a set of simulations is performed for different areas of the house, and a sensitivity analysis is then conducted for these obtained results. An exergetic assessment is carried out to compare the efficiencies of a PV system to that of a PV/T, where water is heated by the thermal part supplied. The energy efficiency of the PV/T system is then improved by about 23{\%} while the exergy efficiency increases by 10{\%} with an additional cost of {\$}8442.00. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Hassoun, Anwar and Dincer, Ibrahim},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.027},
file = {::},
isbn = {9783319046815},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Batteries,Efficiency,Energy,Net present value,Optimization,Photovoltaics,Wind power,Zero energy house},
pages = {120--129},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Development of power system designs for a net zero energy house}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.027},
volume = {73},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Goggins2016,
abstract = {Directives in the European Union are ensuring that buildings in this region are moving towards nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB). For countries like Ireland, which has a temperate oceanic climate, a key to achieving NZEB is to have high thermal and air tightness performances of the building envelope. Consequently, as the operational energy of the building reduces, the embodied energy (and embodied global warming potential) typically increases as a proportion of the lifecycle energy of the building due to increased embodied energy of the building envelope and the lower operational energy. In order to assess if a design strategy is in fact sustainable, it is becoming essential to evaluate environmental and economic LCA of building design strategies. This paper presents the outcomes of a number of case study buildings in Ireland, which focuses on the full environmental and economic lifecycle assessment of buildings to assess the impact changes in building regulations are having on the contribution of both the construction and operation of a building's lifecycle as they move towards NZEB standards. If designed with a focus on achieving a high thermal and air tightness, a building with an embodied energy intensity less than a building that achieves compliance with 2011 Irish building energy performance regulations can achieve a NZEB standard.},
author = {Goggins, Jamie and Moran, Paul and Armstrong, Alan and Hajdukiewicz, Magdalena},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.016},
file = {::},
isbn = {3539149260},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Embodied energy,Embodied global warming potential,Energy performance,Life cycle cost,Life cycle global warming potential gas emissions,Life-cycle energy,Nearly zero energy buildings,Renewable Energy},
pages = {622--637},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Lifecycle environmental and economic performance of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) in Ireland}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.016},
volume = {116},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Deng2014a,
abstract = {NZEB (Net zero energy building) is regarded as an integrated solution to address problems of energy-saving, environmental protection, and CO2emission reduction in the building section. NZEB could be even possible with electricity production if enough renewable energy could be used. Moreover, various building-service systems with renewable energy sources have been widely considered for potential applications in NZEB. All of these new features extend the technical boundary of the conventional energy-efficient buildings, attach a more profound implication to the sustainable development of building technology, and therefore pose a challenge to evaluation works on NZEB performance.This paper presents a guided tour on NZEB evaluation through literature-research. An overview about definitions and energy-efficient measures of NZEB is presented so that the research object and technology boundary can be clarified for NZEB evaluation. Then, a summary of widely-used research method, tool and performance indicator in evaluation is provided for the methodology part. This part also includes a discussion on the application of LCA (life cycle assessment) in NZEB evaluation and LCA's role in promoting a well-defined NZEB. Finally, potential progress in NZEB evaluation with possible development trends is highlighted in terms of energy storage, load match and smart grid. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Deng, S. and Wang, R. Z. and Dai, Y. J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.007},
isbn = {0360-5442},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Building evaluation,Net zero energy,Renewable energy,Solar energy},
number = {2014},
pages = {1--16},
pmid = {762},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{How to evaluate performance of net zero energy building - A literature research}},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Delmastro2016,
abstract = {Driven by urbanization growth, in recent years, the relationships among energy systems and underground space are becoming more and more intense for many reasons: the severe competition in the land use, the security of energy commodities management, the need of huge infrastructures for mass and energy transportation (e.g. pipelines), the safety requirements against seismic events and eventually, economic and environmental considerations.For such reasons, nowadays underground space is becoming an extremely important as an alternative for urban areas expansion, if properly planned. In fact, a correct underground space planning strategy, together with the progressive developments of suitable integrated connections between surface and subsurface can increase the livability of cities and improve public health.Population in urban areas is expected to grow, in particular in developing economies (such as China); this phenomenon leads to an increasing pressure on urban areas to supply the growing energy needs. In fact, several end-use services should be fulfilled to provide indoor comfort in buildings, for mobility of people and goods, etc. Anyway, only a very limited amount of energy can be generated inside urban areas (from municipal solid wastes, from thermal/solar PV and heat pumps installations); as a consequence, the majority of the energy commodities are produced, converted and stored in power plants located far from cities and require huge transport infrastructures.In this paper, the cost/benefit relationship between underground and energy use is explained by reviewing main application of existing underground space utilizations for energy processes (distribution, storage and generation), as well as other innovative opportunities. From the analysis of past experiences analysis, the main conclusion is that a rational approach in urban energy planning procedures, integrating both over- and below-ground space utilizations, could help to raise the quality of energy services and it is fundamental for reaching a smarter and more resilient society. In such a new Underground Urbanism approach, the need for long-term Integrated Master Plans that propose suitable Guidelines is highlighted.},
author = {Delmastro, Chiara and Lavagno, Evasio and Schranz, Laura},
doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.021},
file = {::},
isbn = {0886-7798},
issn = {08867798},
journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology},
keywords = {Energy infrastructures in underground,Underground space,Underground urbanism},
pages = {96--102},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy and underground}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.021},
volume = {55},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kolokotsa2011a,
abstract = {Buildings nowadays are increasingly expected to meet higher and more complex performance requirements: they should be sustainable; use zero-net energy; foster a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants; be grid-friendly, yet economical to build and maintain. The essential ingredients for the successful development and operation of net zero- and positive-energy buildings (NZEB/PEB) are: thermal simulation models, that are accurate representations of the building and its subsystems; sensors, actuators, and user interfaces to facilitate communication between the physical and simulation layers; and finally, integrated control and optimization tools of sufficient generality that using the sensor inputs and the thermal models can take intelligent decisions, in almost real-time, regarding the operation of the building and its subsystems. To this end the aim of the present paper is to present a review on the technological developments in each of the essential ingredients that may support the future integration of successful NZEB/PEB, i.e. accurate simulation models, sensors and actuators and last but not least the building optimization and control. The integration of the user is an integral part in the dynamic behavior of the system, and this role has to be taken into account. Future prospects and research trends are discussed. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Kolokotsa, D. and Rovas, D. and Kosmatopoulos, E. and Kalaitzakis, K.},
doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2010.09.001},
isbn = {0038-092X},
issn = {0038092X},
journal = {Solar Energy},
keywords = {Monitoring systems,Net zero-energy buildings,Optimization and control,Positive-energy buildings,Thermal simulation models},
number = {12},
pages = {3067--3084},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.09.001},
volume = {85},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Kneifel2016,
abstract = {Performance-based building requirements have become more prevalent because it gives freedom in building design while still maintaining or exceeding the energy performance required by prescriptive-based requirements. In order to determine if building designs reach target energy efficiency improvements, it is necessary to estimate the energy performance of a building using predictive models and different weather conditions. Physics-based whole building energy simulation modeling is the most common approach. However, these physics-based models include underlying assumptions and require significant amounts of information in order to specify the input parameter values. An alternative approach to test the performance of a building is to develop a statistically derived predictive regression model using post-occupancy data that can accurately predict energy consumption and production based on a few common weather-based factors, thus requiring less information than simulation models. A regression model based on measured data should be able to predict energy performance of a building for a given day as long as the weather conditions are similar to those during the data collection time frame. This article uses data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF) to develop and validate a regression model to predict the energy performance of the NZERTF using two weather variables aggregated to the daily level, applies the model to estimate the energy performance of hypothetical NZERTFs located in different cities in the Mixed-Humid Climate Zone, and compares these estimates to the results from already existing EnergyPlus whole building energy simulations. This regression model exhibits agreement with EnergyPlus predictive trends in energy production and net consumption, but differs greatly in energy consumption. The model can be used as a framework for alternative and more complex models based on the experimental data collected from the NZERTF.},
author = {Kneifel, Joshua and Webb, David},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.013},
file = {::},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Net-zero,Regression analysis,Residential buildings,Statistical modeling,Whole building energy simulation},
pages = {468--483},
title = {{Predicting energy performance of a net-zero energy building: A statistical approach}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.013},
volume = {178},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kapsalaki2012,
abstract = {This work developed a methodology and an associated calculation platform in order to identify the economic efficient design solutions for residential Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) design considering the influence of the local climate, the endogenous energy resources and the local economic conditions. One case study of a detached house for 3 climates was analyzed with the tool developed in order to gain insights on the economic space of NZEB solutions and the influence of the climatic context. A methodology for assisting the choice of economically efficient NZEB solutions from the early design stage is now available. Its use in practice may be of great relevance as the results showed that the differences between an economically efficient and economically inefficient NZEB can be over three times both in terms of initial and life cycle cost. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Kapsalaki, M. and Leal, V. and Santamouris, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.10.022},
file = {::},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Energy efficient building,Life cycle cost,Microgeneration,Net Zero Energy Building,Sustainable building},
pages = {765--778},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{A methodology for economic efficient design of Net Zero Energy Buildings}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.10.022},
volume = {55},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Li2013,
abstract = {Buildings account for a significant proportion of the total energy and carbon emissions worldwide, and play an important role in formulating sustainable development strategies. There is a growing interest in ZEBs (zero energy buildings) in recent years. Several countries have adopted or considering establishing ZEBs as their future building energy targets to help alleviate the problems concerning the depletion of energy resources and the deterioration of the environment. Broadly speaking, ZEBs involve two design strategies - minimizing the need for energy use in buildings (especially for heating and cooling) through EEMs (energy-efficient measures) and adopting RETs (renewable energy and other technologies) to meet the remaining energy needs. This paper reviews the works related to these two strategies. EEMs include building envelopes, internal conditions, and building services systems; RETs cover photovoltaic/building-integrated photovoltaic, wind turbines, solar thermal (solar water heaters), heat pumps, and district heating and cooling. Issues pertaining to sustainable development implications and further research work required are also highlighted. These include life-cycle cost and environmental impacts, climate change and social policy issues. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113},
author = {Li, Danny H.W. and Yang, Liu and Lam, Joseph C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.070},
eprint = {j.rser.2014.07.113},
file = {::},
isbn = {0360-5442},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Energy-efficient measures,Renewable energy technologies,Sustainable development,Zero energy buildings},
pages = {1--10},
pmid = {7754995},
primaryClass = {10.1016},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Zero energy buildings and sustainable development implications - A review}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.070},
volume = {54},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lopes2016a,
abstract = {The work reported here addresses load matching improvement in Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net-ZEBs). The related relevant literature shows that currently research work is mainly focused on improving the load matching of individual buildings. In this paper the concept of a Cooperative Net Zero Energy Community (CNet-ZEC) is introduced, extending discussion to the enhancement of load matching at a wider community level. Both building and community levels are compared in order to assess the work proposed here, through the analysis of three distinct scenarios where five Net-ZEBs work individually or in community.The results presented here were obtained through a detailed simulation based on 1-min resolution stochastic load profiles and recorded weather data. The results indicate that over the period of a year the CNet-ZEC has the potential to increase the electrical demand covered by onsite electricity generation up to 21{\%} and the on-site generation that is used by the building up to 15{\%}. The following elements are considered by the CNet-ZEC in order to produce those results: (i) demand heterogeneity of the buildings integrating the community; (ii) the higher number of controllable devices; and (iii) the potential higher amount of energy available to satisfy the community demand.},
author = {Lopes, Rui Amaral and Martins, Jo{\~{a}}o and Aelenei, Daniel and Lima, Celson Pantoja},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.044},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Demand side management,Grid interaction,Load matching,Net zero energy buildings,Renewable energy},
pages = {1--13},
pmid = {30173576},
title = {{A cooperative net zero energy community to improve load matching}},
volume = {93},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Moran2017a,
abstract = {There are numerous strategies available to design and construct a low energy or nearly zero energy building (NZEB). However, the design strategy for a building depends on a high number of factors including location, climate, cost, available resources, etc. For instance, for countries like Ireland, which have a temperate oceanic climate, a key to achieving NZEB is a high thermal and air tightness performance of the building envelope, installing highly efficient space and water heating systems, and utilising renewable technologies for energy and heat generation. The challenge is to find the best combination of design strategies that would tackle the energy performance problems of a particular building. For example, is it better to design a super-insulated building with minimum heating requirements, or provide less insulation but install a large amount of renewable energy sources? This paper presents the outcomes of a number of case study buildings in Ireland, which focus on the life cycle cost and environmental analysis (using energy and global warming potential as indicators) of NZEBs using various heat sources, such as a gas boiler, biomass boiler, a domestic gas fired combined heat and power unit, heat pump and renewable technology. With the de-carbonisation and increased efficiency of the electricity grid, the low global warming potential (GWP) emissions of biomass fuels and the depletion of fossil fuels, future buildings should be (i) designed and constructed to be super-insulated with high air-tightness performance resulting in minimum heating requirements and (ii) operate with heating systems that have low impact on the natural environment, such as a biomass boiler or heat pump.},
author = {Moran, Paul and Goggins, Jamie and Hajdukiewicz, Magdalena},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.029},
isbn = {3539149260},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Electricity grid,Embodied energy,Embodied global warming potential,Energy performance,Energy prices,Life cycle cost,Life cycle energy,Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions,Nearly zero energy buildings,Renewable energy},
number = {2017},
pages = {590--607},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Super-insulate or use renewable technology? Life cycle cost, energy and global warming potential analysis of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) in a temperate oceanic climate}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.029},
volume = {139},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Kurnitski2011,
abstract = {This study determined cost optimal and nearly zero energy building (nZEB) energy performance levels following the REHVA definition and energy calculation methodology for nZEB national implementation. Cost optimal performance levels - meaning the energy performance leading to minimum life cycle cost - were calculated with net present value method according to the cost optimal draft regulation. The seven-step procedure was developed to conduct cost optimal and nZEB energy performance levels calculations in systematic and robust scientific fashion. It was shown that cost optimal primary energy use can be calculated with limited number of energy simulations as only four construction concepts were simulated and cost calculated. The procedure includes the specification of building envelope components based on specific heat loss coefficient and systems calculation with post processing of energy simulation results, without the need to use iterative approach or optimization algorithm. Model calculations were conducted for Estonian reference detached house to analyse the difference between the cost optimal and nZEB energy performance levels. Cost optimal energy performance level of Estonian reference detached house was 110 kW h/(m2a) primary energy including all energy use with domestic appliances and it was significantly lower than the current minimum requirement of 180 kW h/(m2a). {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Kurnitski, Jarek and Saari, Arto and Kalamees, Targo and Vuolle, Mika and Niemel{\"{a}}, Jouko and Tark, Teet},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.033},
file = {::},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Cost optimal,EPBD recast,Energy performance,Global cost,Nearly zero energy buildings,REHVA nZEB technical definition,nZEB},
number = {11},
pages = {3279--3288},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Cost optimal and nearly zero (nZEB) energy performance calculations for residential buildings with REHVA definition for nZEB national implementation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.033},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Sartori2012,
abstract = {The term Net ZEB, Net Zero Energy Building, indicates a building connected to the energy grids. It is recognized that the sole satisfaction of an annual balance is not sufficient to fully characterize Net ZEBs and the interaction between buildings and energy grids need to be addressed. It is also recognized that different definitions are possible, in accordance with a country's political targets and specific conditions. This paper presents a consistent framework for setting Net ZEB definitions. Evaluation of the criteria in the definition framework and selection of the related options becomes a methodology to set Net ZEB definitions in a systematic way. The balance concept is central in the definition framework and two major types of balance are identified, namely the import/export balance and the load/generation balance. As compromise between the two a simplified monthly net balance is also described. Concerning the temporal energy match, two major characteristics are described to reflect a Net ZEB's ability to match its own load by on-site generation and to work beneficially with respect to the needs of the local grids. Possible indicators are presented and the concept of grid interaction flexibility is introduced as a desirable target in the building energy design. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Sartori, Igor and Napolitano, Assunta and Voss, Karsten},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.032},
file = {::},
isbn = {03787788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building energy codes,Energy balance,Grid interaction,Load matching,Zero energy building},
pages = {220--232},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Net zero energy buildings: A consistent definition framework}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.032},
volume = {48},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Robert2012,
abstract = {Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are expected to play an important role in fighting climate change and reducing the energy use of the built environment. But even if the best design practices are widely adopted and implemented, this will only mitigate global warming. It is too late to prevent it. Yet buildings - including net-zero energy buildings - are often designed using historical data representing the average climate between 1961 and 1990, or between 1976 and 2005 at best.This paper investigates the use of the downscaling method known as " morphing" , proposed by Belcher et al. (2005), to generate weather data files. The impact of using these weather files on the energy performance of an actual NZEB is then assessed. Morphing is applied to typical " horizon years" representative of future climate and also on a month-by-month and year-by-year basis using raw data from a selected GCM. A 50-year series of hourly weather data is obtained and analyzed for two different locations, Montr{\'{e}}al (QC) and Massena (NY). The data are then used to simulate the performance of a net-zero energy home as it was designed using historical data. The results show that the building misses the net-zero energy target for most years. The year-to-year variability of the total energy use is relatively small but the impact on the energy excess or shortage in relation to the net-zero target is significant. climate-sensitive buildings such as NZEBs should always be designed using multi-year simulations with weather data that take climate change into account. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Robert, Am{\'{e}}lie and Kummert, Micha{\"{e}}l},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.12.014},
file = {::;::},
isbn = {0360-1323},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Building performance simulation,Climate change,Net-zero energy buildings,Weather data},
pages = {150--158},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Designing net-zero energy buildings for the future climate, not for the past}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.12.014},
volume = {55},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Marszal2011,
abstract = {The concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained wide international attention during last few years and is now seen as the future target for the design of buildings. However, before being fully implemented in the national building codes and international standards, the ZEB concept requires clear and consistent definition and a commonly agreed energy calculation methodology. The most important issues that should be given special attention before developing a new ZEB definition are: (1) the metric of the balance, (2) the balancing period, (3) the type of energy use included in the balance, (4) the type of energy balance, (5) the accepted renewable energy supply options, (6) the connection to the energy infrastructure and (7) the requirements for the energy efficiency, the indoor climate and in case of gird connected ZEB for the building-grid interaction. This paper focuses on the review of the most of the existing ZEB definitions and the various approaches towards possible ZEB calculation methodologies. It presents and discusses possible answers to the abovementioned issues in order to facilitate the development of a consistent ZEB definition and a robust energy calculation methodology. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Marszal, A. J. and Heiselberg, P. and Bourrelle, J. S. and Musall, E. and Voss, K. and Sartori, I. and Napolitano, A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022},
file = {::},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Energy calculation methodologies,Net Zero Energy Building,ZEB definition,Zero Emission Building,Zero Energy Building},
number = {4},
pages = {971--979},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Zero Energy Building - A review of definitions and calculation methodologies}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Lu2015,
abstract = {Nearly/net zero energy buildings (nZEBs) have attracted increasing attention particularly when high and complex performance is required in terms of energy-saving, indoor thermal comfort, environmental friendliness and grid-friendliness. However, there is no exact approach at present for the design and control of buildings to achieve the nearly/net zero energy target. This is mainly due to the complex interplay of energy production/consumption/storage systems as well as the automatically and manually controlled systems/elements in the highly integrated buildings. This paper therefore presents a comprehensive review on the issues related to the design and control of these buildings, i.e. the effects of climate/site on design, design optimization methods, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for robust design and system reliability, efficient and optimal control of high efficient generation systems and energy storage systems for alleviating/shifting the peak load, model predictive control for fast responses to smart grid, and adoption of advanced smart technologies. An outline of the progress of nZEBs is presented by summarizing the internationally known nZEBs identified including 30 case studies on the design strategies applied and the actual building performance. This review could also support the future development of methods that address the design and control of buildings with a holistic view.},
author = {Lu, Yuehong and Wang, Shengwei and Shan, Kui},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.007},
file = {::},
isbn = {03062619},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Demand response,Design optimization,Literature review,Scheduling and control,Zero energy building},
pages = {463--477},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Design optimization and optimal control of grid-connected and standalone nearly/net zero energy buildings}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.007},
volume = {155},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pikas2017a,
abstract = {Many studies on the deployment of and investment in renewable energy (RE) technologies have focused on job creation associated with energy production at the macroeconomic level and across renewable energy technologies. We propose another perspective, the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology to attain a nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) class. The aim of this research is to investigate the costs and benefits for private and public entities when constructing nZEB or adopting nZEB policies. A quantitative research approach is taken when modelling required PV capacities, net present cash flows, subsidies, and job generation. Findings show that at current electricity tariffs and solar PV system capacities and production levels, single family houses, apartment buildings, and other building types require 0.044 €/kWh, 0.037 €/kWh, and 0.024 €/kWh, respectively, in government subsidies on energy sold back to the grid. Office buildings were profitable without the subsidy. In this study, we argue that investments in RE, specifically, PV technology, will bring in approximately 2.1 M€ of additional revenue to the Estonian government over a 20 years period as tax return overruns subsidies. However, nZEB investments are expected to become cost-optimal without subsidies, due to the increasing efficiency and decreasing costs of PV systems.},
author = {Pikas, Ergo and Kurnitski, Jarek and Thalfeldt, Martin and Koskela, Lauri},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.158},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Government subsidy,Job generation,Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB),Solar photovoltaic,Tax revenue},
pages = {291--301},
pmid = {19298264},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Cost-benefit analysis of nZEB energy efficiency strategies with on-site photovoltaic generation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.158},
volume = {128},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Marszal2010,
abstract = {The international cooperation project IEA SHC Task 40 / ECBCS Annex 52 “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”, attempts to develop a common understanding and to set up the basis for an international definition framework of Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs). The understanding of such buildings and how the Net ZEB status should be calculated differs in most countries. This paper presents an overview of Net ZEBs energy calculation methodologies proposed by organisations representing eight different countries: Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Switzerland and the USA. The different parameters used in the calculations are discussed and the various renewable supply options considered in the methodologies are summarised graphically. Thus, the paper helps to understand different existing approaches to calculate energy balance in Net ZEBs, highlights the importance of variables selection and identify possible renewable energy supply options which may be considered in calculations. Finally, the gap between the methodology proposed by each organisation and their respective national building code is assessed; providing an overview of the possible changes building codes will need to undergo in the coming years.},
author = {Marszal, AJ and Bourrelle, JS},
doi = {S1357-2725(12)00046-5 [pii]\r10.1016/j.biocel.2012.02.002},
file = {::},
isbn = {1878-5875 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1357-2725 (Linking)},
journal = {The Proceedings of EuroSun},
number = {May 2010},
pages = {8},
pmid = {22343412},
title = {{Net Zero Energy Buildings - Calculation Methodologies versus National Building Codes}},
url = {http://task40.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Task40a-Net{\_}Zero{\_}Energy{\_}Buildings{\_}Calculation{\_}Methods{\_}and{\_}Input{\_}Variables.pdf{\%}0Ahttp://www.task41.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Task40a-Net{\_}Zero{\_}Energy{\_}Buildings{\_}Calculation{\_}Methods{\_}and{\_}Input{\_}Var},
volume = {2},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Ng2016a,
abstract = {A Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF) has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, to demonstrate that a home similar in size, aesthetics, and amenities to those in the surrounding communities can achieve net-zero energy use over the course of a year while meeting the average electricity and water use needs of a family of four in the United States. The facility incorporates renewable energy and energy efficient technologies, including an air-to-air heat pump system, a solar photovoltaic system, a solar thermal domestic hot water system, and a heat recovery ventilation system sized to meet American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62.2-2010 ventilation requirements. The largest energy end use within the home was space conditioning, which included heat loss through the building envelope, ventilation air supplied by the heat recovery ventilator (HRV), and internal loads. While HRVs are often described as being able to save energy when compared to ventilating without heat recovery, there have been no studies using a full year of measured data that determine the thermal load and energy impacts of HRV-based ventilation on the central heating and cooling system. Over the course of a year, continuous operation of the HRV at the NZERTF resulted in an annual savings of 7{\%} in heat pump energy use compared with the hypothetical case of ventilating without heat recovery. The heat pump electrical use varied from an increase of 5{\%} in the cooling months to 36{\%} savings in the heating months compared with ventilation without heat recovery. The increase in the cooling months occurred when the outdoor temperature was lower than the indoor temperature, during which the availability of an economizer mode would have been beneficial. Nevertheless, the fan energy required to operate the selected HRV at the NZERTF paid for itself in the heat pump energy saved compared with ventilation without heat recovery.},
author = {Ng, Lisa C. and Payne, W. Vance},
doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.100},
isbn = {1359-4311},
issn = {13594311},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
keywords = {Air-to-air heat pump,Heat recovery ventilator,Net-zero energy buildings,Ventilation energy use},
number = {2016},
pages = {151--160},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy use consequences of ventilating a net-zero energy house}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.100},
volume = {96},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Zhang2017,
abstract = {This paper is a proposal and analysis of a novel low-CO2emission solar hybrid combined cycle power system, which is based on solar-driven methane reforming. Nearly full methane conversion is achieved at a mild temperature (∼550 °C) using a methane reforming reactor integrated with a hydrogen separation membrane, enabling the solar thermal energy collected at middle temperature to be applied as the reaction heat in methane reforming, thereby converting the solar heat to chemical energy of the produced syngas. The membrane reactor also offers the advantage of continuously withdrawing hydrogen from the reaction zone, which is then burned at high temperature for power generation in the proposed advanced combined cycle system. The CO2-enriched gas concentrated at the end of the reaction zone is processed through pre-combustion decarbonization. It is shown that system thermal efficiency of 51.6{\%} can be obtained, which is 2.2{\%}-points higher than that of a referenced gas-steam combined cycle system with post-combustion decarbonization (CC-Post) at an equal CO2removal ratio and no solar assistance. Fossil fuel saving ratio of 31.2{\%} is achieved with a solar thermal share of 28.2{\%}. Exergy analysis indicates that the main contributors for efficiency improvements are the reduced exergy destructions in the combustion and CO2separation processes. The hybrid system has an exergy efficiency of 58{\%} with 91{\%} CO2capture, which is 10{\%}-points higher than that of a comparable CC-Post system. A preliminary economic analysis predicts that levelized electricity cost and payback period for the system are found to be 0.062 {\$}/kWh and 10 years, respectively, and cost of CO2avoided is 81 {\$}/(ton CO2), which is 42.5{\%} lower than that for a CC-Post system. The proposed system hybridization approach simultaneously achieves the dual-purpose of high-efficiency solar heat conversion and low-energy penalty CO2capture.},
author = {Zhang, Guoqiang and Li, Yuanyuan and Zhang, Na},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.169},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {CO2capture,Exergy and economic analysis,Hybrid power system,Membrane reformer,Solar thermal energy},
pages = {152--162},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Performance analysis of a novel low CO2-emission solar hybrid combined cycle power system}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.169},
volume = {128},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Lee2017,
abstract = {This study aims to estimate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for replacing traditional energy generated from nuclear and coal sources with renewable energy, using a contingent valuation (CV) model. To this end, it reports the results from a CV survey of 1000 respondents and a spike model. The estimate obtained shows that consumers are willing to pay an additional USD 3.3 per month to replace nuclear power and USD 3.0 per month to replace coal energy. The total WTPs for the substitution of nuclear power and coal-fired power with renewable energy sources are calculated as USD 722 million and USD 659 million, respectively. When such a WTP is provided for installing photovoltaic equipment, the photovoltaic capacity of 372 MW for nuclear power substitution and 339 MW for coal-fired power substitution can be built every year, taking into consideration the backup cost and opportunity cost. Given that the WTP means the level of public acceptability of a rising energy bill, Korean consumers would accept an increase in their electricity bills caused by solar photovoltaic energy equivalent to 31–32 GW in the medium and long term.},
author = {Lee, Chul Yong and Lee, Min Kyu and Yoo, Seung Hoon},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.037},
isbn = {0360-5442},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Coal-fired power,Contingent valuation,Nuclear power,Renewable energy,Willingness to pay},
pages = {284--290},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Willingness to pay for replacing traditional energies with renewable energy in South Korea}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.037},
volume = {128},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Srinivasan2012a,
abstract = {The notion that raw materials for building construction are plentiful and can be extracted " at will" from Earth's geobiosphere, and that these materials do not undergo any degradation or related deterioration in performance while in use is alarming and entirely inaccurate. For these reasons, a particular building, like an organism or an ecosystem, must seek self-sustenance for that design to prevail in competition with other building designs in a time with limited availability of energy and materials. To this extent, Net Zero Energy (NZE) buildings achieve a net annual energy balance in their operations. However, approaching an NZE building goal based on current definitions is flawed for two principal reasons (1) NZE only deals with the energy required for operations and related emissions (2) it does not establish a threshold which ensures that buildings are optimized for reduced consumption before renewable systems are integrated to obtain an energy balance. This paper develops a method to maximize renewable resource use through emergy (spelled with an " m" ) analysis to close the gap between current approaches to environmental building design and the over-arching goal of creating buildings that contribute to a sustainable relationship between human activities and the geobiosphere. This paper proposes using a " Renewable Emergy Balance" (REB) in environmental building design as a tool to maximize renewable resource use through disinvestment of all non-renewable resources that may be substituted with renewable resources. REB buildings attain a high standing by optimizing building construction over their entire life-span from formation-extraction-manufacturing to maintenance and operation. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Srinivasan, Ravi S. and Braham, William W. and Campbell, Daniel E. and Curcija, Charlie D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.010},
isbn = {03601323},
issn = {03601323},
journal = {Building and Environment},
keywords = {Emergy analysis,Environmental building design,Net Zero Energy,Renewable Emergy Balance,Renewable Substitutability},
number = {1},
pages = {300--315},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Re(De)fining Net Zero Energy: Renewable Emergy Balance in environmental building design}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.010},
volume = {47},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sharafi2015a,
abstract = {We develop a simulation-based meta-heuristic approach that determines the optimal size of a hybrid renewable energy system for residential buildings. This multi-objective optimization problem requires the advancement of a dynamic multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm that maximizes the renewable energy ratio of buildings and minimizes total net present cost and CO2emission for required system changes. Three proven performance metrics evaluate the quality of the Pareto front generated by the proposed approach. The obtained results are compared against two reported multi-objective optimization algorithms in the related literature. Finally, an existing residential apartment located in a cold Canadian climate provides a test case to apply the proposed model and optimally size a hybrid renewable energy system. In this test application, the model investigates the potential use of a heat pump, a biomass boiler, wind turbines, solar heat collectors, photovoltaic panels, and a heat storage tank to produce renewable energy for the building. Furthermore, the utilization of plug-in electric vehicles for transportation reduces gasoline use where all power is generated by the building, and the utility provides the means to match intermittent renewable generation from solar and wind to the building electrical loads. Model results show that under the chosen meteorological conditions and building parameters a wind turbine, and plug-in electric vehicle technologies are consistently the optimal option to achieve a target renewable energy ratio. In particular, the optimization result shows that the renewable energy ratio can achieve near 100{\%} by installing a 73kW wind turbine, a 200kW biomass boiler, and using plug-in electric vehicles. This option has a net present cost of C{\$}705,180 and results in total CO2emission of 2.4ton/year. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the impact of economic constants on net present cost of the obtained non-dominated solutions.},
author = {Sharafi, Masoud and ElMekkawy, Tarek Y. and Bibeau, Eric L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2015.05.022},
isbn = {0960-1481},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Hybrid renewable energy,Near zero energy building,Pareto front,Simulation-based optimization},
pages = {1026--1042},
title = {{Optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems in buildings with low to high renewable energy ratio}},
volume = {83},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Rebolledo2004,
author = {Rebolledo, Efr{\'{e}}n},
booktitle = {Editorial Oceano de M{\'{e}}xico},
isbn = {970-777-021-X},
number = {Poes{\'{i}}a},
pages = {620},
title = {{Obras reunidas}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2013.04.001{\%}5Cnhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0140525X00005756{\%}5CnLib scanned{\%}5Cnhttp://www.br-ie.org/pub/index.php/rbie/article/view/1293{\%}5Cnhttp://www-psych.nmsu.edu/{~}pfoltz/reprints/Edmedia99.html{\%}5Cnhttp://urd.},
year = {2004}
}
@book{Illich1973,
abstract = {A junkie without access to his stash is in a state of crisis. The 'energy crisis' that exists intermittently when the flow of fuel from unstable countries is cut off or threatened, is a crisis in the same sense. In this essay, Illich examines the question of whether or not humans need any more energy than is their natural birthright. Along the way he gives a startling analysis of the marginal disutility of tools. After a certain point, that is, more energy gives negative returns. For example, moving around causes loss of time proportional to the amount of energy which is poured into the transport system, so that the speed of the fastest traveller correlates inversely to the equality as well as freedom of the median traveller.},
address = {London},
author = {Illich, Ivan},
edition = {1st Ed.},
file = {::},
isbn = {0714510580},
pages = {29},
publisher = {Calder {\&} Boyars},
title = {{Energy and Equity}},
year = {1973}
}
@techreport{Amarante2009,
abstract = {A ind{\'{u}}stria da gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica a partir da for- {\c{c}}a dos ventos {\'{e}} a que mais tem se expandido nas {\'{u}}ltimas d{\'{e}}cadas, entre aquelas aptas {\`{a}} escala de gigawatts. Muitos pa{\'{i}}ses v{\^{e}}m investindo intensamente nesta op{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, estenden- do suas fazendas e{\'{o}}licas desde sua por{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o terrestre ao seu mar territorial, num esfor{\c{c}}o conjunto da comunidade global rumo ao crescimento sustent{\'{a}}vel.},
address = {Vit{\'{o}}ria, ES},
author = {do Amarante, Odilon A. Camargo},
file = {::},
institution = {Ag{\^{e}}ncia de Servi{\c{c}}os P{\'{u}}blicos de Energia do Estado do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo (ASPE)},
isbn = {978-85-67342-00-9},
keywords = {1. Energia e{\'{o}}lica – Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo (Estado) – Mapa,Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo (Estado) – Medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o – Mapas},
pages = {100},
title = {{Atlas e{\'{o}}lico : Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo / Odilon A. Camargo do Amarante, Fabiano de Jesus Lima da Silva, Paulo Emiliano Pi{\'{a}} de Andrade}},
volume = {1},
year = {2009}
}
@techreport{EnergiasdePortugal-EDP2017,
abstract = {De acordo com o Balan{\c{c}}o Energ{\'{e}}tico Nacional (BEN) 2017 – ano base 2016, publicado pela Empresa de Pes- quisa Energ{\'{e}}tica (EPE), a oferta interna de energia no Brasil atingiu 288,3 toneladas equivalentes de petr{\'{o}}leo (Mtep), com redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de 3,8{\%} em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o a 2015. O movimento reflete o enfraquecimento da atividade eco- n{\^{o}}mica, per{\'{i}}odo em que o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) nacional retraiu 3,6{\%}, segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat{\'{i}}stica (IBGE). O recuo da oferta in- terna de petr{\'{o}}leo e derivados (5,6{\%}) e do g{\'{a}}s natural (13,2{\%}) tamb{\'{e}}m contribuiu para a retra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da disponi- bilidade energ{\'{e}}tica no Brasil.},
address = {Vit{\'{o}}ria},
annote = {Dados importantes sobre a comercializa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica no Brasil e no Estado.},
author = {{Energias de Portugal - EDP}},
institution = {EDP},
keywords = {Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,EDP,ES,Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,Energia el{\'{e}}trica,Gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,Transmiss{\~{a}}o},
mendeley-tags = {Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,EDP,ES,Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,Energia el{\'{e}}trica,Gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,Transmiss{\~{a}}o},
pages = {196},
title = {{Living Energy Book by EDP: Relat{\'{o}}rio Anual 2017}},
url = {http://www.edp.com.br/conheca-edp/relatorios/Documents/RA{\_}2017{\_}Vf.pdf},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{Souza2017,
abstract = {A energia el{\'{e}}trica {\'{e}} elemento essencial para o cotidiano, seu acesso e a seguran{\c{c}}a do abastecimento s{\~{a}}o temas importantes, envolvendo garantia de direitos individuais e soberania nacional. Objetiva-se demonstrar o liame hist{\'{o}}rico da produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o energ{\'{e}}tica no Brasil. A constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o econ{\^{o}}mica e ambiental ser{\'{a}} o marco te{\'{o}}rico, pois abrange prote{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos direitos humanos, promovendo o bem de todos, objetivo fundamental da Rep{\'{u}}blica. O m{\'{e}}todo utilizado ser{\'{a}} o l{\'{o}}gico-investigativo, por meio de pesquisas bibliogr{\'{a}}ficas para responder ao problema sobre o resultado hist{\'{o}}rico-social do uso da eletricidade atualmente. A hip{\'{o}}tese sinaliza para a energia como garantidor do direito fundamental {\`{a}} dignidade, vedando-se retrocessos.},
address = {Belo Horizonte, Brasil},
author = {de Souza, Lucas Emanuel and Lima, Carolina Carneiro and Cust{\'{o}}dio, Maraluce Maria},
booktitle = {Semin{\'{a}}rio Nacional de Forma{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Pesquisadores e Inicia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Cient{\'{i}}fica em Direito da FEPODI},
editor = {Costa, Beatriz Souza and Campello, L{\'{i}}via Gaigher Bosio and Lannes, Yuri Nathan da Costa},
isbn = {9788555053832},
keywords = {1. Direito – Estudo e ensino (Gradua{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e P{\'{o}}s-grad,Acesso {\`{a}} energia,Direito fundamental,Hist{\'{o}}ria da eletricidade,Impacto socioambiental,Produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia},
mendeley-tags = {Acesso {\`{a}} energia,Direito fundamental,Hist{\'{o}}ria da eletricidade,Impacto socioambiental,Produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia},
pages = {7},
publisher = {ESDH, 2017},
title = {{O ACESSO {\`{A}} ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA COMO DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL: UMA ABORDAGEM HIST{\'{O}}RICA E SOCIOAMBIENTAL}},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{EmpresadePesquisaEnergetica-EPE2017a,
abstract = {A Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica apresenta o Anu{\'{a}}rio Estat{\'{i}}stico de Energia El{\'{e}}trica 2017, onde s{\~{a}}o apresentados os dados relacionados ao consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica na rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nos {\'{u}}ltimos cinco anos, com {\^{e}}nfase no ano de 2016 (ano base). Vale notar que os dados aqui apresentados n{\~{a}}o contemplam a parcela consumida em unidades autoprodutoras de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
author = {{Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica - EPE}},
institution = {Empresa de Pesquisa Energ{\'{e}}tica (EPE)},
pages = {232},
title = {{Anu{\'{a}}rio Estat{\'{i}}stico de Energia El{\'{e}}trica 2017}},
url = {http://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-160/ topico-168/Anuario2017vf.pdf},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Vilani2013a,
author = {Vilani, Rodrigo Machado},
doi = {10.21713/2358-2332.2013.v10.414},
isbn = {1806-8405},
issn = {2358-2332},
journal = {Revista Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao},
number = {1806-8405},
pages = {829--860},
title = {{Legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e pol{\'{i}}tica ambiental no Brasil : as possibilidades do desenvolvimento sustent{\'{a}}vel e os riscos do retrocesso ambiental Legislation and environmental policy in Brazil : the possibilities of sustainable development and the risks of environmental r}},
volume = {Vol.10(21)},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Angelis2011,
abstract = {Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a intera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre a arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de acompanhamento vi{\'{a}}rio e a rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica de alta tens{\~{a}}o e, ao mesmo tempo, avaliar as esp{\'{e}}cies arb{\'{o}}reas utilizadas na cidade de Maring{\'{a}}, Estado do Paran{\'{a}}, em uma {\'{a}}rea espec{\'{i}}fica - Zona 7. Essa {\'{a}}rea foi escolhida tendo em vista as particularidades locais, como a utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de {\'{a}}rvores de grande porte e os diferentes tipos de rede de energia (convencional e compacta para alta tens{\~{a}}o e convencional e isolada para baixa tens{\~{a}}o). Constatou-se que as esp{\'{e}}cies arb{\'{o}}reas de grande porte s{\~{a}}o predominantes, como Caesalpinia peltophoroides e Tipuana tipu, que representam, respectivamente, 32,92 e 30,79{\%} da arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o total. Como resultado final tem-se a minimiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos impactos causados pela arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o sobre a rede de energia el{\'{e}}trica, visto que os indicadores da qualidade do fornecimento de energia el{\'{e}}trica melhoraram em at{\'{e}} 80{\%}. Os custos de manuten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da rede diminu{\'{i}}ram sensivelmente, e a qualidade da arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, sobretudo pela redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nas podas, apresentou melhoras consider{\'{a}}veis, comprovando a efic{\'{a}}cia da rede compacta protegida quando comparada {\`{a}}s demais.},
author = {Angelis, Bruno Luiz Domingos De and Marek, Carla Fernanda and {Angelis Neto}, Generoso De and Barros, Rafaela De Angelis and Ecker, Arney Eduardo do Amaral and Guizelini, Larissa De Angelis},
doi = {10.4025/actascitechnol.v33i4.8405},
issn = {1807-8664},
journal = {Acta Scientiarum. Technology},
keywords = {environmental impacts,urban infrastructure,urban planning,urban trees},
number = {4},
pages = {365--370},
title = {{Rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica e arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o vi{\'{a}}ria: o caso da Cidade de Maring{\'{a}}, Estado do Paran{\'{a}}}},
url = {http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciTechnol/article/view/8405},
volume = {33},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Pulice2017,
abstract = {Hydropower plants are central projects to the Brazilian economic growth strategy, being a priority in Brazilian plans of energy offering expansion and important to meet the needs of the domestic and industrial energy supply in national scale. However, most of the adverse impacts associated with hydropower plants occur in local and regional scales, even if the Federal Government argues that these projects are conductive to the development of the region they affect. Considering that there is still no sufficient empirical evidence that hydropower plants induce such development in local and regional scales, this work seeks to verify the association between hydropower plants and development, taking into account the development performance of the municipalities affected by the plants in the cities of It{\'{a}}, Barra Grande, Machadinho e Campos Novos, all located in the Pelotas and Uruguai rivers (in the frontier of the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). These hydropower plants were installed from 2000 to 2010. In order to verify such association, the municipalities affected by these plants were compared to other municipalities located in the same watershed. 37 indicators regarding social, economic and environmental issues were statistically compared for the two groups of municipalities. The results evince that municipalities that host hydropower plant powerhouses show a more expressive growth of their economy, a phenomenon accompanied by increase in inequalities, child labour and sewage deposit. As a main conclusion, it was found that hydropower plants are associated with a process of municipalities' economic growth that is not utilized to mitigate the increase of social-economic inequalities and environmental problems.},
author = {Pulice, Sergio Mantovani Paiva and Roquetti, Daniel Rondinelli and Gomes, Carina Sernaglia and Moretto, Evandro Mateus},
doi = {10.5585/geas.v6i2.931},
issn = {23169834},
journal = {Revista de Gest{\~{a}}o Ambiental e Sustentabilidade},
number = {2},
pages = {150--163},
title = {{Usinas Hidrel{\'{e}}tricas e Desenvolvimento Municipal: O Caso das Usinas Hidrel{\'{e}}tricas do Complexo Pelotas-Uruguai}},
url = {http://www.revistageas.org.br/ojs/index.php/geas/article/view/931},
volume = {6},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Urbano2011,
abstract = {Substancialmente tem aumentado as press{\~{o}}es de organismos internacionais e regulamenta{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es governamentais no sentido de redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da depend{\^{e}}ncia de combust{\'{i}}veis f{\'{o}}sseis e de emiss{\~{o}}es poluentes provenientes dos transportes. Para responder a esses desafios, a ind{\'{u}}stria automobil{\'{i}}stica investe vultosos recursos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento em um vasto portf{\'{o}}lio de novas tecnologias relacionadas {\`{a}} propuls{\~{a}}o veicular. Das alternativas em desenvolvimento, os ve{\'{i}}culos el{\'{e}}tricos, especificamente, t{\^{e}}m recebido crescentemente aten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para a constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de cen{\'{a}}rios futuros em 2020 relacionados {\`{a}} introdu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de ve{\'{i}}culos el{\'{e}}tricos no tr{\'{a}}fego urbano de S{\~{a}}o Paulo, parte integrante de projeto de pesquisa CNPq/FINEP, em desenvolvimento na Universidade de S{\~{a}}o Paulo (USP/FEA), coordenado pelo Prof. James T. C. Wright. Por facilitar a estrutura{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das complexidades tecnol{\'{o}}gicas e gerenciais do problema proposto, o m{\'{e}}todo de An{\'{a}}lise Morfol{\'{o}}gica foi utilizado, visando identificar as vari{\'{a}}veis e rela{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es cr{\'{i}}ticas para a prospec{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos cen{\'{a}}rios. As vari{\'{a}}veis que influenciam um sistema de transporte urbano foram estruturadas em quatro grupos l{\'{o}}gicos: escopo do uso, arquitetura estrutural e sistema de propuls{\~{a}}o do ve{\'{i}}culo, infraestrutura vi{\'{a}}ria e de fornecimento/recarga de energia, modelo de neg{\'{o}}cio; esses grupos, por sua vez, foram decompostos em distintos n{\'{i}}veis, originando outras vari{\'{a}}veis. Na sequ{\^{e}}ncia, foram geradas formas alternativas que as vari{\'{a}}veis selecionadas poderiam assumir. A matriz multidimensional resultante desse conjunto de possibilidades combinat{\'{o}}rias passou, ent{\~{a}}o, por criteriosa an{\'{a}}lise de viabilidade e consist{\^{e}}ncia, a fim de se identificar as configura{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es b{\'{a}}sicas de maior interesse para o esfor{\c{c}}o de prospec{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos cen{\'{a}}rios.},
author = {Urbano, Tr{\'{a}}fego and Paulo, D E S {\~{A}} O},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7444/future.v3i1.66},
issn = {21755825},
journal = {Future Studies Research Journal},
keywords = {Cen{\'{a}}rios prospectivos. An{\'{a}}lise morfol{\'{o}}gica. Ve{\'{i}}cul,el{\'{e}}tricos.},
number = {1},
pages = {14--37},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise morfol{\'{o}}gica da introdu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de ve{\'{i}}culos el{\'{e}}tricos no tr{\'{a}}fego urbano de s{\~{a}}o paulo}},
volume = {3},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Gerlak2018,
abstract = {The electric utility industry is an important player in the climate change arena, both as a significant emitter of global emissions and as an industry vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. A climate risk management approach uses risk assessments and decision analyses to identify potential adaptation options. We review the existing literature on climate risk management in the electric utility industry, with a focus on four areas of interest: (1) climate change impacts; (2) measurements of risk; (3) stakeholder engagement and cross-sectoral collaboration; and (4) adaptation actions. Overall, we find significant emphasis on the identification of potential climate change impacts and opportunities for adaptation, but less attention paid to assessments of risk, stakeholder engagement, and cross-sectoral collaboration in climate risk management. We find considerable diversity in the types of adaptation actions, methods for measuring risk, and mechanisms for engaging stakeholders. We offer some suggestions to move beyond more fragmented approaches to climate risk management, including the adoption of more holistic approaches, heightened stakeholder and cross-sectoral engagement, and greater collaboration between researchers and electric utilities.},
author = {Gerlak, Andrea K. and Weston, Jaron and McMahan, Ben and Murray, Rachel L. and Mills-Novoa, Megan},
doi = {10.1016/j.crm.2017.12.003},
issn = {22120963},
journal = {Climate Risk Management},
keywords = {Adaptation,Climate risk,Electric utility industry,Stakeholders},
number = {September 2017},
pages = {12--22},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Climate risk management and the electricity sector}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.12.003},
volume = {19},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Cajot2017,
abstract = {Cities are expected to play a key role in achieving the ambitious energy targets set by the European Union. By looking at opportunities beyond the single building scale, urban planners can significantly contribute to shape energy-efficient and low-carbon cities. However, the complexity involved in such a broad task impedes the realization of any simple solution. This paper aims to make clear the many interrelated challenges and obstacles which hinder efficient urban energy planning. After reviewing the new requirements and goals of urban planning and its links with energy issues, a systematic framework to analyze the issues at stake is presented. The importance of such a structured and comprehensive definition and understanding of the problem is discussed, arguing that it is a necessary step to improve and develop adapted solutions which embrace the entirety of the problem. The approach is applied to a case-study in Switzerland, mapping out the different challenges and corresponding solutions related to energy planning encountered in an urban development project.},
author = {Cajot, S. and Peter, M. and Bahu, J. M. and Guignet, F. and Koch, A. and Mar{\'{e}}chal, F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.003},
issn = {22106707},
journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},
keywords = {Energy planning,Urban energy system,Urban planning},
pages = {223--236},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Obstacles in energy planning at the urban scale}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.003},
volume = {30},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Amado2016,
abstract = {Urban sprawl, as consequence of human activities, is directly related to the global energy consumption. Current urban planning is not a process that ensures energy efficient cities. In such a context, this goal becomes essential to achieve sustainable development of territory and human activities. This paper discusses a theoretical model and its practical application which relates energy consumption and solar energy supply with urban parameters, challenging the concept of energy efficient city. In contrast with the dominant approaches to energy efficiency at local scale, the energy efficient city reflects a cellular model of self-reliant city based on the redesign of existing urban areas and the planning of new urban expansions conducted with the effort to reduce electricity use and promote widespread integration of solar energy and smart grids. The application of this model aims to improve the global energy performance of city making previsions of energy consumption patterns and solar energy potential, in new strategic expansion areas and exiting ones. In turn, a detailed framework of guidelines for urban planning is presented to support the optimization, adaptation and development of energy efficient cities. The promotion of adequate urban planning practices is a key point to create opportunities for both reducing energy consumption and supporting the integration of solar energy systems and smart grid technologies in urban context.},
author = {Amado, Miguel and Poggi, Francesca and Amado, Ant{\'{o}}nio Ribeiro},
doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2016.04.011},
issn = {22106707},
journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},
keywords = {Energy consumption,Energy efficiency,Guidelines,Smart grid,Solar energy},
pages = {476--485},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Energy efficient city: A model for urban planning}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.04.011},
volume = {26},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Sotoca2017,
abstract = {Energy efficiency has found its place at the very core of the discussion in Architecture and Urban Planning. Research {\&} Development, Political Agendas and Education Curriculums are increasingly driven by the need to reach a fair balance between the way we inhabit the world and the energy we require for it. After many decades neglecting this discussion a growing awareness about the carrying capacity of our environment is being brought to actual policies on the built environment. The dominant tendency today privileges economic growth, thus being the maximization of performed labor per energy unit its ultimate goal. Renewal energy sources and energy efficiency are means for, on the one hand, an alternative to finite fossil fuel sources and, on the other hand, the optimization in the use of energy. Very little attention has been paid, however, to a more profound paradigm shift in economy. Some authors, however, have also claimed replacing the myth of economic growth by a more steady-state development as a solution for the current sustainability conundrum. The question is whether withholding the use of energy might be an alternative to its hi-tech optimization. Some of the contemporary authors who have discussed the issue in recent energy crisis are recounted here for a wider and holistic understanding of the problem.},
author = {Sotoca, Adolf},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.001},
issn = {18766102},
journal = {Energy Procedia},
keywords = {Architecture,Energy Efficiency,Steady-State Economy,Urban Planning},
pages = {1--5},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{The NOW dilemma in Energy. the possibilities for Architecture and Urbanism}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.001},
volume = {115},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Cajot2015,
abstract = {Cities are responsible for roughly two-thirds of global primary energy consumption, and are therefore expected to play an essential role in reaching European climate change targets. Innovative urban planning methods are in particular needed to benefit from energy efficient measures beyond the building scale. The aim of this paper is thus to explore the challenge of energy planning in cities, with the goal of providing a framework to better understand the problems and identify perspectives to tackle them. First, the evolution of urban planning is briefly described, with a focus on its progressive widening to include energetic issues. Then, European guidelines and perspectives on the subject are highlighted based on key policy documents. Finally, a systematic framework is proposed to describe the various and complex aspects of energy planning in cities. A few practical examples from two cities are presented to illustrate possible actions in line with the problem definition and European recommendations.},
author = {Cajot, S. and Peter, M. and Bahu, J. M. and Koch, A. and Mar{\'{e}}chal, F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.752},
file = {::},
issn = {18766102},
journal = {Energy Procedia},
keywords = {Energy planning,Urban energy system,Urban planning},
number = {0},
pages = {3366--3371},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Energy planning in the urban context: Challenges and perspectives}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.752},
volume = {78},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Wang2018,
abstract = {People spend most of their time inside buildings, and buildings are responsible for approximately one third of total direct and indirect energy-related worldwide carbon emissions. Likewise, buildings in the U.S. account for about 40{\%} of total U.S. energy consumption. Future building development will be driven not only by emerging challenges such as vulnerability to a changing climate and resource scarcity, but also by disruptive innovations and societal changes. Acknowledging the impossibility of predicting future building evolvement, it is imperative to develop a forward-looking vision considering buildings' significant effect on global environment, primary or source energy consumption, and occupant health, productivity, and wellbeing. As a necessary step in the development of a comprehensive vision, which will be published in a separate document, this article provides an understanding of the past, present, and future building paradigms. It presents the possible future context regarding demography, environment, and resources. It also discusses how building development in the past century was shaped by technology leapfrogging and social movements. It reviews today's key technological and social trends that are likely to influence the design and function of buildings of the future.},
author = {Wang, Na and Phelan, Patrick E. and Harris, Chioke and Langevin, Jared and Nelson, Brent and Sawyer, Karma},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.114},
file = {::},
issn = {18790690},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Buildings,Energy,Environment,Technologies,Trends,Visions},
number = {January 2016},
pages = {976--993},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Past visions, current trends, and future context: A review of building energy, carbon, and sustainability}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.114},
volume = {82},
year = {2018}
}
@article{TorabiMoghadam2017,
abstract = {Urban and Regional Integrated Energy Planning is crucial to define transition strategies toward sustainable development and post-carbon cities; particularly, in the built environment sector which is one of the main responsible for energy consumption and carbon emissions. The paper aims at offering a systematic review of existing urban and regional energy planning approaches. This analysis is based on literature review. The reviewed papers are critically analyzed and discussed through a Meta-analysis and a SWOT analysis. The papers are classified in order to highlight the main research trends and to illustrate the most relevant characteristics of the principal approaches. This critical analysis of the papers highlights the lack of an holistic and integrated framework which is able to take into account the large variety of dimensions related to sustainable planning. A major achievement of this study is to provide information on how the various existing approaches can be integrated to handle the entire planning procedure adequately. The result provides a preliminary theoretical framework to integrate different approaches, identify the main barriers and future challenges in the field of research. This framework will help urban actors to develop energy planning projects, guiding them in the choice among a significant number of existing planning approaches.},
author = {{Torabi Moghadam}, Sara and Delmastro, Chiara and Corgnati, Stefano Paolo and Lombardi, Patrizia},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.142},
issn = {09596526},
journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
keywords = {Built environment,Energy modelling,Spatial decision support system,Urban and regional integrated energy planning},
pages = {811--827},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Urban energy planning procedure for sustainable development in the built environment: A review of available spatial approaches}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.142},
volume = {165},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Brasil2007,
abstract = {Altera os incisos I e III do caput do art. 1{\textordmasculine} da Lei n{\textordmasculine} 9.991, de 24 de julho de 2000, prorrogando, at{\'{e}} 31 de dezembro de 2010, a obriga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de as concession{\'{a}}rias e permission{\'{a}}rias de servi{\c{c}}os p{\'{u}}blicos de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica aplicarem, no m{\'{i}}nimo, 0,50{\%} (cinq{\"{u}}enta cent{\'{e}}simos por cento) de sua receita operacional l{\'{i}}quida em programas de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica no uso final.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::;::},
pages = {2},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{LEI N{\textordmasculine} 11.465, DE 28 DE MAR{\c{C}}O DE 2007}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Primeiro2014,
author = {Primeiro, O and Mi-, Pedro Passos Coelho O and Primeiro, O and Mi-, Pedro Passos Coelho O},
file = {::},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{MEDIDA PROVIS{\'{O}}RIA No 2.147, DE 15 DE MAIO DE 2001}},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Neuman2014,
abstract = {At last, a social research methods text for students and future researchers who will need to use both words and numbers in their research. Using actual examples from psychology, sociology, anthropology, health, and education, the book provides readers with both a conceptual understanding of each technique as well as showing them how to use the technique. H. Russell Bernard, author of the best-selling textbook Research Methods in Anthropology and a world figure in the social sciences, brings to the researcher and the student the excitement of the research act as never before.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1210.1833v2},
author = {Neuman, W Lawrence},
booktitle = {Relevance of social research},
doi = {10.2307/3211488},
eprint = {arXiv:1210.1833v2},
file = {::},
isbn = {0205353118},
issn = {0092055X},
keywords = {Seventh Edition},
pages = {608},
pmid = {12655928},
title = {{Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches}},
volume = {8},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{Brasil2002,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a expans{\~{a}}o da oferta de energia el{\'{e}}trica emergencial, recomposi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tarif{\'{a}}ria extraordin{\'{a}}ria, cria o Programa de Incentivo {\`{a}}s Fontes Alternativas de Energia El{\'{e}}trica (Proinfa), a Conta de Desenvolvimento Energ{\'{e}}tico (CDE), disp{\~{o}}e sobre a universaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de energia el{\'{e}}trica, d{\'{a}} nova reda{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\`{a}}s Leis n{\textordmasculine} 9.427, de 26 de dezembro de 1996, n{\textordmasculine} 9.648, de 27 de maio de 1998, n{\textordmasculine} 3.890-A, de 25 de abril de 1961, n{\textordmasculine} 5.655, de 20 de maio de 1971, n{\textordmasculine} 5.899, de 5 de julho de 1973, n{\textordmasculine} 9.991, de 24 de julho de 2000, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {Conta de Desenvolvimento Energ{\'{e}}tico (CDE),Programa de Incentivo {\`{a}}s Fontes Alternativas de En,energia el{\'{e}}trica emergencial,recomposi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tarif{\'{a}}ria extraordin{\'{a}}ria,universaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de energia el{\'{e}}t},
mendeley-tags = {Conta de Desenvolvimento Energ{\'{e}}tico (CDE),Programa de Incentivo {\`{a}}s Fontes Alternativas de En,energia el{\'{e}}trica emergencial,recomposi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tarif{\'{a}}ria extraordin{\'{a}}ria,universaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de energia el{\'{e}}t},
pages = {22},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{LEI N{\textordmasculine} 10.438, DE 26 DE ABRIL DE 2002}},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2013,
abstract = {Estabelece os procedimentos e as condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es para a presta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de atividades acess{\'{o}}rias, para o fornecimento de energia el{\'{e}}trica tempor{\'{a}}ria com desconto na tarifa e para a exporta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica para pequenos mercados em regi{\~{o}}es de fronteira pelas concession{\'{a}}rias e permission{\'{a}}rias de servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,ren 581},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,ren 581},
pages = {12},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 581, DE 11 DE OUTUBRO DE 2013}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2013581.pdf},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2012,
abstract = {Estabelece as condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es gerais para o acesso de microgera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e minigera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o distribu{\'{i}}da aos sistemas de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica, o sistema de compensa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,ren 482},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,ren 482},
pages = {9},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 482, DE 17 DE ABRIL DE 2012}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2012481.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2006,
abstract = {Estabelecer nova reda{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para o Manual para Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Programa de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica e incluir par{\'{a}}grafo {\'{u}}nico ao art. 8° da Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n° 176, de 28 de novembro de 2005.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {ren 215},
mendeley-tags = {ren 215},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 215, DE 28 DE MAR{\c{C}}O DE 2006}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2006215.pdf},
year = {2006}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2001,
abstract = {Altera os crit{\'{e}}rios de aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em a{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de combate ao desperd{\'{i}}cio de energia el{\'{e}}trica para o Ciclo 2000/2001, estabelecidos na Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ANEEL n{\textordmasculine} 271 de 19 de julho de 2000.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 153},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 153},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N{\textordmasculine} 153, DE 18 DE ABRIL DE 2001}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2001153.pdf},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2000,
abstract = {Estabelece os crit{\'{e}}rios de aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em a{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de combate ao desperd{\'{i}}cio de energia el{\'{e}}trica e pesquisa e desenvolvimento tecnol{\'{o}}gico do setor el{\'{e}}trico brasileiro.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 271},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 271},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N{\textordmasculine} 271, DE 19 DE JULHO DE 2000}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2000271.pdf},
year = {2000}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2000a,
abstract = {Estabelece, de forma atualizada e consolidada, as Condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Gerais de Fornecimento de Energia El{\'{e}}trica},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 456},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 456},
pages = {49},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N.{\textordmasculine} 456, DE 29 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2000}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2000456.pdf},
year = {2000}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2005,
abstract = {Estabelece crit{\'{e}}rios para aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em Programas de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,ren 176},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,ren 176},
pages = {4},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 176, DE 28 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2005}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/documents/656831/14944470/REN+176-2005.pdf/105589d8-8dc4-4807-93d6-3c9f0ea7c5da},
year = {2005}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2006a,
abstract = {Estabelece crit{\'{e}}rios para c{\'{a}}lculo e aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos recursos destinados {\`{a}} Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, bem como em Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica, pelas concession{\'{a}}rias, permission{\'{a}}rias e autorizadas do setor de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 185},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 185},
pages = {3},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O ANEEL N{\textordmasculine} 185, DE 21 DE MAIO DE 2001 (Revogada pela Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa ANEEL n{\textordmasculine} 233, de 24.10.2006)}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2001185.pdf},
year = {2006}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL1999,
abstract = {Autoriza as concession{\'{a}}rias de servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de energia el{\'{e}}trica a desenvolverem projetos visando {\`{a}} melhoria do fator de carga.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::;::},
keywords = {aneel,res 334},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 334},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N{\textordmasculine} 334, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 1999}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res1999334.pdf},
year = {1999}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2001a,
abstract = {Estabelece os crit{\'{e}}rios para aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em projetos de combate ao desperd{\'{i}}cio de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 394},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 394},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N{\textordmasculine} 394, DE 17 DE SETEMBRO DE 2001}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2001394.pdf},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2001b,
abstract = {Altera dispositivos e promove ajustes na Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ANEEL n{\textordmasculine} 153 de 18 de abril de 2001 que trata dos crit{\'{e}}rios para aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em a{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de combate ao desperd{\'{i}}cio de energia el{\'{e}}trica para o Ciclo 2000/2001.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 186},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 186},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N{\textordmasculine} 186, DE 23 DE MAIO 2001}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2001186.pdf},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2006b,
abstract = {Estabelece os crit{\'{e}}rios e procedimentos para o c{\'{a}}lculo, a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e o recolhimento, pelas concession{\'{a}}rias, permission{\'{a}}rias e autorizadas, dos recursos previstos na Lei no 9.991, de 24 de julho de 2000.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,ren 233},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,ren 233},
number = {233},
pages = {4},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 233, DE 24 DE OUTUBRO DE 2006}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2006233.pdf},
year = {2006}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2002,
abstract = {Estabelece os crit{\'{e}}rios para aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em Programas de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,res 492},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,res 492},
pages = {2},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O N{\textordmasculine} 492, DE 3 DE SETEMBRO DE 2002}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2002492.pdf},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Santos2017,
author = {Santos, Carlos},
title = {{Introdu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\`{a}}}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Justiniano2007,
author = {Justiniano, Paulo and Junior, Ribeiro},
title = {{Introdu ¸ c a ˜ o ao sistema estat ´ ıstico R Mini-curso EMBRAPA}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Fadaeenejad2014,
abstract = {Strong and huge interests on smart grid have increased extensively in recent years around the world. This scenario could be a promising reason for future research in this area. This next form of electricity grid will be able to manage various parts of power production from power plants to the customers. Smart grid has become a major challenge in developed nations in both research and utilization aspects. On the other side, application of smart grid in developing countries is still lagging behind as compared to the developed ones. However, most of developing nations are currently investigating potentials of some pilot projects or few research works. In this article, the applied activities in developing countries for smart grid are reviewed and categorized into two major groups: group of pioneer developing countries in smart grid and other developing countries are placed in another group. The findings demonstrate that a few countries such as China, India and Brazil have had proper planning and development in this technology. In some cases like China, the efforts are considered comparable with developed nations like U.S. Therefore, according to the development progress for smart grid in China, India and Brazil, a pattern of reference for other developing countries is suggested. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Fadaeenejad, M. and Saberian, A. M. and Fadaee, Mohd and Radzi, M. A.M. and Hizam, H. and Abkadir, M. Z.A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.072},
isbn = {1364-0321},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Developing countries,Power grid,Renewable energy,Smart grid},
pages = {828--834},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{The present and future of smart power grid in developing countries}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.072},
volume = {29},
year = {2014}
}
@article{WorldEnergyCouncil2017,
author = {{World Energy Council}},
doi = {10.1017/S0020818300023973},
isbn = {0020-8183},
issn = {15315088},
journal = {World Energy Council},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{The Developing Role of Blockchain. White Paper. Executive Summary}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Miralles-quir2018,
author = {Miralles-quir, Mar and Miralles-quir, Luis and Miguel, Luis and Gon, Valente},
doi = {10.3390/su10030574},
issn = {2071-1050},
journal = {Sustainability},
keywords = {environmentally sensitive,esg performance,firm value,sustainable development},
number = {3},
pages = {574},
title = {{The Value Relevance of Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance: The Brazilian Case}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/3/574},
volume = {10},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Park2018,
abstract = {In this paper, we aim to provide a power trade system that will promote a sustainable electrical energy transaction ecosystem between prosumers and consumers of smart homes. We suggest a blockchain-based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transaction platform be implemented to enable efficient electrical energy transaction between prosumers. We suggest the platform be built on the blockchain, as this technology allows a decentralized and distributed trading system, and allows a more transparent, trustworthy and secure P2P trading environment. We believe that such characteristics of the blockchain are necessary in electrical energy transactions within the smart home environment because the smart home aims to enhance user comfort and security, along with energy conservation and cost-savings. First, we classify the two different types of P2P trade to identify which will best benefit from the use of the suggested blockchain-based P2P energy-transaction platform. Within the two types of P2P trade, that we classify (pure P2P trade and hybrid P2P trade), the hybrid P2P trade will benefit more from a blockchain-based P2P energy-transaction platform. In the blockchain-based P2P energy-transaction platform, a smart contract is embedded in the blockchain and called an energy tag. The energy tag will set conditions for making every future energy transaction more cost-efficient while maintaining the most ideal and high-quality energy selection. With the blockchain-based energy tag in the energy-transaction process, multiple energy resources and home appliances will be democratically connected in order to provide users with high-quality, low-cost energy at all times and locations. In this paper, we provide simulation results that compare the unit price of electrical energy on the suggested platform to the unit price of electrical energy set by currently existing conventional power-generation companies. Additionally, we present simulation results that calculate how long initial investments to create a smart home environment that enables P2P energy transactions will take to be paid back. Based on simulation results, we believe that, in the long run, the suggested blockchain-based P2P energy-transaction platform will create a sustainable energy-transaction environment between consumers and prosumers, and the expanding ecosystem will enable the development of a trusted, sustainable, secure and energy-efficient energy transaction environment.},
author = {Park, Lee Won and Lee, Sanghoon and Chang, Hangbae},
doi = {10.3390/su10030658},
isbn = {8228205538},
issn = {20711050},
journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},
keywords = {Blockchain,Energy,Energy domain,Energy transaction,P2P transaction,Prosumer,Smart city,Smart home,Sustainability},
number = {3},
pages = {1--18},
title = {{A sustainable home energy prosumer-chain methodology with energy tags over the blockchain}},
volume = {10},
year = {2018}
}
@article{DiSanto2015,
abstract = {The paper presents a literature review on smart grid concepts, considering generation, transmission and distribution of electricity besides smart consumption, including smart home, Demand-Side Response Programs, and Active Demand-Side Management. An analysis of the smart grid development in Brazil is performed, presenting the policy and regulation efforts beyond investments. This analysis takes account a pattern for smart grid development, and one may observe that Brazil is going towards a smart grid full implementation; however it could take decades and requires adjusts from govern, regulatory agency, utilities and consumers, and more investments. Moreover, some of the major smart grid projects in Brazil are presented, and their characteristics are compared considering the technologies used, location and electric utility goals. Depending on the electric utilities objectives, one may observe similarities and differences between concepts adopted and location of the Brazilian smart grid pilot projects. The first objective is the validation and replicability of the pilot project implemented; once, the project location is a sample of the utility's energy market or it is a particular area of interest, like an off-grid powered island with high environmental restrictions, for instance. The second objective is creating a model of sustainable smart grid with national visibility, once the project location is a touristic place. The conception of smart grid is aligned with sustainability, and it is a tendency in Brazil a massive entry of smart grid technologies in the next years.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {{Di Santo}, Katia Gregio and Kanashiro, Eduardo and {Di Santo}, Silvio Giuseppe and Saidel, Marco Antonio},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.182},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0894-0282},
issn = {18790690},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Demand-side response,Energy,Grid automation,Self-healing,Smart grid},
pages = {1072--1082},
pmid = {22352717},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A review on smart grids and experiences in Brazil}},
volume = {52},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Saunders2012,
abstract = {A comprehensive introduction to research methods in business for students planning or undertaking a dissertation or extensive research project in business and management. The fifth edition of Research Methods for Business Students brings the theory, philosophy and techniques of research to life and enables students to understand the practical relevance of the research methods. A highly accessible style and logical structure have made this the student choice' and run-away market leader. The book is written for students on undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes in business, or business-related disciplines. The following online resources support the text: *For Students: self-assessment questions, glossary, revision flashcards , tutorials for SPSS and NVivo, plus Smarter Online Searching Guide * For Instructors: teaching manual, powerpoint slides, testbank},
author = {Saunders, Mark N.K. and Lewis, Philip and Thornhill, Adrian},
booktitle = {World Wide Web Internet And Web Information Systems},
file = {::},
isbn = {978-0273716860},
pages = {656},
title = {{Research Methods for Business Students}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{WorldEnergyCouncil2017a,
abstract = {The World Energy Council's definition of energy sustainability is based on three core dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. The Energy Trilemma Index rates countries' energy performance around the world and provides a framework to monitor progress. The 2017 Energy Trilemma Index reveals signs of progress on all dimensions of the Energy Trilemma. Efforts to increase resource productivity and manage energy demand growth will be key in ensuring a balanced Energy Trilemma. Among the countries included in the Index, access to electricity and clean cooking have both increased by 7{\%} to 87{\%} and 75{\%}, respectively since 2000. Meanwhile, lower carbon forms of energy are being used to support energy access and economic growth, with renewables making up 19.3{\%} of final global energy consumption worldwide in 2015. A more diversified and low-carbon energy mix will help to improve energy security and environmental sustainability but its positive effects may be stifled by rising final energy consumption, which is predicted to increase by up to 46{\%} by 2060 1 . Eight of the 125 countries assessed achieved a triple-A score, down from 13 in last year's index. This year Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland top the Index once more, with Denmark also achieving the highest score for energy security. While not in the top 10 overall, Luxembourg maintains its position for most equitable (affordable and accessible) and the Philippines is leading the way on the environmental sustainability dimension. In Latin America, Uruguay ranks the highest, while in the Middle-East, Israel outperforms its regional peers. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Mauritius performs best, and in Asia, New Zealand remains at the top of the regional leader board. ENERGY SECURITY},
author = {{World Energy Council}},
isbn = {9789264176867},
pages = {145},
title = {{World Energy Trilemma Index}},
url = {https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Energy-Trilemma-Index-2017-Report.pdf},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Brasil2000,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica em pr{\'{e}}dios p{\'{u}}blicos da Administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o P{\'{u}}blica Federal, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {ADMINISTRA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O FEDERAL,CONSUMO,DETERMINA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,EMPRESA P{\'{U}}BLICA,ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA,FUNDA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O P{\'{U}}BLICA,NORMAS,ORG{\~{A}}OS,REDU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,SOCIEDADE DE ECONOMIA MISTA,dec 3330,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 3330,decreto},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO No 3.330, DE 6 DE JANEIRO DE 2000}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/d3330.htm},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Wade2006,
author = {Wade, Marcia A and Editor, Technical},
number = {October},
pages = {1--4},
title = {{A Look at}},
volume = {29},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Carlisle2009b,
abstract = {There are many ways to define net-zero energy in the context of a building. There are also many terms that have similar meanings to the term net zero or near net-zero energy communities including carbon neutral, climate neutral, carbon advantage1 or sustainable communities. We use the term net zero because it is a more narrow focus than some of the other terms and one can measure and determine if the goal has been achieved. Torcellini et al. (2009) have developed four well-documented definitions of Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEB) including: 1. Net-zero site energy 2. Net-zero source energy 3. Net-zero energy costs 4. Net-zero energy emissions. In a follow-on paper, Pless et al. (2009) go one step farther by proposing a classification grading system for ZEBs that establishes and ranks the renewable energy sources used by a building. For example, in the building-ranking system, building integrated photovoltaics (PV) rank higher than the burning of wood even though both are considered renewable energy. Generating renewable energy within a building's footprint is defined as superior from an overall energy perspective to the importation of wood chips from a remote location to burn on-site for fuel. Pless et al. (2009) classify ZEBs based on the location of the renewable energy hardware with respect to the building. The goal of the building classification system is to encourage building owners and designers to first utilize all possible energy-efficient strategies and then use renewable energy sources and technologies located on the building. This building's classification scheme provides a good starting point for a definition of a zero- energy community (ZEC). The United States and many other parts of the world have set aggressive goals for energy savings in many communities and states. Some of these goals can be realized best by looking at energy use in a community as an integrated system rather than looking at strategies for buildings, transportation, and industry as discrete problems with discrete solutions. For example, community scenarios could link transportation, homes, and the electric grid as well as enable large quantities of renewable power onto the grid. Preliminary analyses show that the homeowner would gain a net cost advantage on a life-cycle cost basis by integrating a near-zero energy home with a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV). By defining a zero- energy community and offering a set of metrics to measure progress toward the aspiration of net zero, we aid in moving the dialog from building only zero-energy solutions to solutions that consider all uses of energy within a community for buildings, transportation, community infrastructure, industry, and others. A definition for a zero-energy community is different and more complex than that of a ZEB because a community uses energy not only for buildings but also for industry, vehicles, and community-based infrastructure, so the achievement of “zero energy” needs to include all applications. A definition of this nature is also more complex because of all of the factors discussed in this report.},
author = {Carlisle, Nancy and Geet, Otto Van and Pless, Shanti},
journal = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
keywords = {NREL/TP-7A2-46065,November 2009,community,net zero energy},
number = {November},
pages = {1--14},
title = {{Definition of a " Zero Net Energy " Community}},
url = {http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46065.pdf},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Wang2018a,
abstract = {Crowdsourcing relies on people's contributions to meet product- or system-level objectives. Crowdsourcing-based methods have been implemented in various cyber-physical systems and realtime markets. This paper explores a framework for Crowdsourced Energy Systems (CES), where small-scale energy generation or energy trading is crowdsourced from distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, and shapable loads. The merits/pillars of energy crowdsourcing are discussed. Then, an operational model for CESs in distribution networks with different types of crowdsourcees is proposed. The model yields a market equilibrium depicting traditional and distributed generator and load setpoints. Given these setpoints, crowdsourcing incentives are designed to steer crowdsourcees to the equilibrium. As the number of crowdsourcees and energy trading transactions scales up, a secure energy trading platform is required. To that end, the presented framework is integrated with a lightweight Blockchain implementation and smart contracts. Numerical tests are provided to showcase the overall implementation.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1802.03099},
author = {Wang, Shen and Taha, Ahmad and Wang, Jianhui},
doi = {arXiv:1802.03099v1},
eprint = {1802.03099},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{Blockchain-Assisted Crowdsourced Energy Systems}},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03099},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{Brasil1994,
abstract = {Determina aos agentes financeiros oficiais a inclus{\~{a}}o, entre as linhas priorit{\'{a}}rias de cr{\'{e}}dito e financiamento, dos projetos destinados {\`{a}} conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e uso racional da energia e ao aumento da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {AGENTE FINANCEIRO,CONSERVA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,CORRELA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,DETERMINA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,ENERGIA,FINANCIAMENTO,PRIORIDADE,PROJETO,UTILIZA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,dec 1040,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 1040,decreto},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 1.040, DE 11 DE JANEIRO DE 1994}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/1990-1994/d1040.htm},
year = {1994}
}
@article{WorldEnergyCouncil2017b,
author = {{World Energy Council}},
pages = {1--22},
title = {{The Developing Role of Blockchain. White Paper. Version 1.0}},
url = {https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Blockchain{\_}full-paper{\_}FINAL.pdf{\%}0Ahttps://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WP{\_}Blockchain{\_}Exec-Summary{\_}final.pdf},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Brasil2001,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre medidas emergenciais de racionaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, visando a redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de consumo e aumento da oferta de energia el{\'{e}}trica, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {(MME),AUMENTO,COMISS{\~{A}}O,CONSUMO,CRIA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA,OBJETIVO,OFERTA,PROCEDIMENTO,PROPOSI{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,REDU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,dec 3789,decreto,{\^{A}}MBITO},
mendeley-tags = {dec 3789,decreto},
pages = {2},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 3.789, DE 18 DE ABRIL DE 2001}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/2001/d3789.htm},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{Brasil2001a,
abstract = {Regulamenta a Lei no 10.295, de 17 de outubro de 2001, que disp{\~{o}}e sobre a Pol{\'{i}}tica Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional de Energia, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {COMIT{\^{E}},CONSERVA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,CONSUMO,CRIA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,EFICI{\^{E}}NCIA,ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA.,ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA. CRIA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,GEST{\~{A}}O,INDICA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,NORMAS,POL{\'{I}}TICA NACIONAL,RACIONALIZA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,REGULAMENTA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,UTILIZA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,dec 4059,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 4059,decreto},
pages = {3},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 4.059, DE 19 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2001}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/2001/d4059.htm},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{Brasil2001b,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre medidas emergenciais de racionaliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, visando a redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de consumo e aumento da oferta de energia el{\'{e}}trica, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
keywords = {dec 3789,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 3789,decreto},
pages = {3},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 3.789, DE 18 DE ABRIL DE 2001}},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{Brasil2001c,
abstract = {Regulamenta a Lei no 9.991, de 24 de julho 2000, que disp{\~{o}}e sobre realiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento e em efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica por parte das empresas concession{\'{a}}rias, permission{\'{a}}rias e autorizadas do setor de energia el{\'{e}}trica, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {dec 3867,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 3867,decreto},
pages = {2},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 3.867, DE 16 DE JULHO DE 2001}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/2001/d3867.htm},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{Brasil2002a,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a regulamenta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o espec{\'{i}}fica que define os n{\'{i}}veis m{\'{i}}nimos de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica de motores el{\'{e}}tricos trif{\'{a}}sicos de indu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o rotor gaiola de esquilo, de fabrica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nacional ou importados, para comercializa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ou uso no Brasil, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {dec 4508,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 4508,decreto},
pages = {9},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N. 4.508 – DE 11 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2002}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/2002/D4508.htm},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{Brasil2002b,
abstract = {D{\'{a}} nova reda{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ao caput do art. 1o do Decreto no 4.131, de 14 de fevereiro de 2002, que disp{\~{o}}e sobre medidas emergenciais de redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica no {\^{a}}mbito da Administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o P{\'{u}}blica Federal.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {ADMINISTRA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O FEDERAL,ALTERA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,CONSUMO,DISPOSITIVOS,ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA,NORMAS,ORG{\~{A}}OS,PROCEDIMENTO,REDU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,dec 4145,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 4145,decreto},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 4.145, DE 25 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2002}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/2002/d4145.htm},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{Brasil1990,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a cria{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, nos {\'{o}}rg{\~{a}}os e entidades da Administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Federal direta e indireta, da Comiss{\~{a}}o Interna de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Energia (Cice), nos casos que menciona, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {dec 99656,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {dec 99656,decreto},
pages = {3},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 99.656, DE 26 DE OUTUBRO DE 1990}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/decreto/Antigos/D99656.htm},
year = {1990}
}
@misc{Brasil1993,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a cria{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Selo Verde de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {dec00006,decreto,efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica},
mendeley-tags = {dec00006,decreto,efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO 0-0006, DE 8 DE DEZEMBRO DE 1993}},
year = {1993}
}
@misc{Brasil1993a,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a institui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Pr{\^{e}}mio Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional da Energia.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {Pr{\^{e}}mio Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional da E,dec 0002,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {Pr{\^{e}}mio Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional da E,dec 0002,decreto},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 0-002, DE 08 DE DEZEMBRO DE 1993}},
year = {1993}
}
@misc{Brasil1987,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre o estabelecimento de medidas e procedimentos, relativos ao racionamento de energia el{\'{e}}trica.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {dec 93901,decreto,energia el{\'{e}}trica,racionamento},
mendeley-tags = {dec 93901,decreto,energia el{\'{e}}trica,racionamento},
pages = {3},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{DECRETO N{\textordmasculine} 93.901, DE 09 DE JANEIRO DE 1987}},
year = {1987}
}
@misc{Brasil2001d,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a obrigatoriedade de fabrica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e comercializa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de l{\^{a}}mpadas incandescentes para uso em tens{\~{o}}es de valor igual ou superior ao da tens{\~{a}}o nominal da rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {COMERCIALIZA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,CRIT{\'{E}}RIOS,DETERMINA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA,EQUIPAMENTOS,FABRICA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,IGUALDADE,ILUMINA{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,OBRIGATORIEDADE,PERCENTAGEM,REDE DE DISTRIBUI{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O,TENS{\~{A}}O EL{\'{E}}TRICA,TENS{\~{A}}O EL{\'{E}}TRICA NOMINAL,lei 10334,l{\^{a}}mpadas incandescentes},
mendeley-tags = {lei 10334,l{\^{a}}mpadas incandescentes},
pages = {1},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{LEI No 10.334, DE 19 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2001}},
url = {https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/leis{\_}2001/l10334.htm},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{Brasil2001e,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre a Pol{\'{i}}tica Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional de Energia e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {do Brasil, Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa},
file = {::},
keywords = {Pol{\'{i}}tica Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional de,dec 10295,decreto},
mendeley-tags = {Pol{\'{i}}tica Nacional de Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e Uso Racional de,dec 10295,decreto},
pages = {2},
publisher = {Rep{\'{u}}blica Federativa do Brasil},
title = {{LEI N{\textordmasculine} 10.295, DE 17 DE OUTUBRO DE 2001}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/LEIS{\_}2001/L10295.htm},
year = {2001}
}
@book{Green1982,
address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey},
annote = {CIta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o: GREEN, Martin A. Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications. 1982.},
author = {Green, Martin A.},
edition = {1},
editor = {Bernstein, Barbara},
file = {::},
isbn = {0-13-822270-3},
keywords = {Photovoltaic power,Solar cells},
mendeley-tags = {Photovoltaic power,Solar cells},
pages = {270},
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
title = {{Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications}},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Soares2017,
abstract = {This paper aims to analyse and evaluate the relevance of the established limits, as well as to propose a compatibility methodology between the methods of evaluation of thermal performance adopted by NBR 15575. The studies were conducted for bioclimatic zone 2, taking a one-storey, social housing building as caso base. The studies were performed through a computer simulation of 300 randomly defined configurations using the Latin Hypercube method; the building was modelled and configured by the 3.0.0.105 Design Builder program version and then simulated according to NBR 15575's criteria for a typical summer and a typical winter day, as well for the entire year through a reference climate file. The results show that there is no compatibility between the simplified method and the simulation method in the typical days, since in the latter almost all configurations are approved. The annual simulation method by degree-hours proved to be more coherent with the requirements of the simplified method. By establishing discomfort degree-hours (DDH) criteria, it was possible to establish the compatibility between the methods, so that, in order to be approved by simulation, the building must present at least the performance specified by the simplified method. The limit values of the simplified method proved to be coherent, requiring only the indication of an increase in the minimum value of the thermal capacity.},
annote = {CIta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o: SOARES, M. M.; SILVA, A. C. S. B. da. An{\'{a}}lise e compatibiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos m{\'{e}}todos simplificado e por simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da NBR 15575: zona bioclim{\'{a}}tica 2. Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do, Porto Alegre, v. 17, n. 1, p. 305-327, jan./mar. 2017.},
author = {Soares, Maicon Motta and da Silva, Ant{\^{o}}nio C{\'{e}}sar Silveira Baptista},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212017000100137},
file = {::},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {Computer simulation,Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,Interesse social,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional,Social interest,Thermal performance},
mendeley-tags = {Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico,Interesse social,Simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional},
number = {1},
pages = {305--327},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise e compatibiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos m{\'{e}}todos simplificado e por simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da NBR 15575 zona bioclim{\'{a}}tica 2}},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Amorim2017,
abstract = {Resumo desenvolvimento de zonas bioclim{\'{a}}ticas permite a elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de estrat{\'{e}}gias direcionadas para a constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edif{\'{i}}cios que sejam adequados a cada zona particular. No Brasil a NBR 15220-03:2005 apresenta o zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico brasileiro e as diretrizes construtivas para habita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es unifamiliares de interesse social. Por{\'{e}}m, desde sua publica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pesquisadores defendem a necessidade de uma revis{\~{a}}o no zoneamento referindo, especialmente, a imprecis{\~{a}}o na caracteriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o clim{\'{a}}tica de cidades brasileiras. Por ser a {\'{u}}nica classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o clim{\'{a}}tica no pa{\'{i}}s, seu uso n{\~{a}}o se restringe {\`{a}}s habita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de interesse social, sendo usada tamb{\'{e}}m para outras tipologias, o que refor{\c{c}}a a necessidade de revis{\~{a}}o. Com a contribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o destes pesquisadores, v{\'{a}}rias propostas surgiram para a revis{\~{a}}o do atual zoneamento. O objetivo {\'{e}} discutir as v{\'{a}}rias propostas de zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico brasileiro, tanto a da NBR 15220-3 quanto as propostas de revis{\~{a}}o, mediante a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o delas {\`{a}} regi{\~{a}}o de Colatina, ES. O m{\'{e}}todo da pesquisa consistiu em aplicar dados dos arquivos clim{\'{a}}ticos de Colatina a cada uma das metodologias empregadas nas defini{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico. As an{\'{a}}lises mostraram que o m{\'{e}}todo escolhido interfere diretamente na classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o clim{\'{a}}tica de Colatina, fazendo com que a regi{\~{a}}o estudada seja classificada na mesma zona clim{\'{a}}tica, ou em zonas diferentes, das cidades pr{\'{o}}ximas.},
annote = {Cita{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o: AMORIM, A. C.; CARLO, J. C. An{\'{a}}lise das propostas de revis{\~{a}}o do zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico brasileiro: estudo de caso de Colatina, ES. Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do, Porto Alegre, v. 17, n. 1, p. 373-391, jan./mar. 2017.},
author = {Amorim, Alexandre Cypreste and Carlo, Joyce Correna},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212017000100140},
file = {::},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {Arquivos clim{\'{a}}ticos,Bioclimatic zoning,NBR 15220,Weather Data,Zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico},
mendeley-tags = {Arquivos clim{\'{a}}ticos,NBR 15220,Zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico},
number = {1},
pages = {373--391},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise das propostas de revis{\~{a}}o do zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico brasileiro: estudo de caso de Colatina, ES}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212017000100140},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Marins2016,
abstract = {Resumo As {\'{a}}reas urbanas podem ser consideradas sistemas f{\'{i}}sicos, funcionais e tamb{\'{e}}m energ{\'{e}}ticos, nos quais seus componentes apresentam interdepend{\^{e}}ncias que condicionam seu metabolismo, desempenho e efici{\^{e}}ncia. O objetivo do presente artigo {\'{e}} analisar, de forma comparativa e multicriterial, estrat{\'{e}}gias em sustentabilidade urbana, na escala de bairros, tomando por base os casos de Cidade Pedra Branca (Palho{\c{c}}a, Brasil) e Vauban (Freiburg, Alemanha). Par{\^{a}}metros e indicadores relativos {\`{a}} governan{\c{c}}a, morfologia urbana, mobilidade e acessibilidade urbanas, efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica e suprimento de energia foram identificados, sistematizados e analisados segundo seu potencial de resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desafios t{\'{e}}cnicos, sociais, econ{\^{o}}micos, ambientais e/ou institucionais. Os resultados mostraram que o planejamento urbano na escala do bairro pode colaborar decisivamente para melhorar as condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de vida das comunidades urbanas e auxiliar na administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o municipal e setorial. Mostraram-se ainda promissoras as seguintes estrat{\'{e}}gias: forte governan{\c{c}}a pelo setor p{\'{u}}blico ou pelos propriet{\'{a}}rios dos empreendimentos para controlar o cronograma e a qualidade dos projetos; aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de estrat{\'{e}}gia intersetorial para tornar mais eficiente o sistema de mobilidade urbana; e valoriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da gest{\~{a}}o da demanda de energia para ampliar o uso de energias renov{\'{a}}veis e locais.},
author = {Marins, Karin Regina de Casas Castro},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212016000400141},
file = {::},
isbn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
number = {4},
pages = {393--408},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise comparativa multicriterial de estrat{\'{e}}gias em sustentabilidade urbana aplicada aos bairros de Cidade Pedra Branca (Palho{\c{c}}a, SC) e Vauban (Freiburg, Alemanha)}},
volume = {16},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Catarina,
author = {Catarina, Santa and Carlo, Joyce and Federal, Universidade and Catarina, Santa},
number = {November 2014},
title = {{VOLUNT{\'{A}}RIA DE N{\'{I}}VEL DE EFICI{\^{E}}NCIA ENERG{\'{E}}TICA DE EDIF{\'{I}}CIOS COMERCIA ....}}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2011,
abstract = {Estabelece as disposi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es relativas {\`{a}}s Ouvidorias das concession{\'{a}}rias de servi{\c{c}}o p{\'{u}}blico de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,ren 470},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,ren 470},
pages = {5},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 470, DE 13 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2011}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2011470.pdf},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2013a,
abstract = {Estabelecer os procedimentos comerciais para aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do sistema de bandeiras tarif{\'{a}}rias.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
pages = {5},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 547, DE 16 DE ABRIL DE 2013}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2013547.pdf},
year = {2013}
}
@article{BRASIL1989,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{ANEEL2018,
author = {ANEEL},
isbn = {Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n{\textordmasculine} 664/201},
title = {{Procedimentos de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Energia El{\'{e}}trica no Sistema El{\'{e}}trico Nacional - PRODIST M{\'{o}}dulo 8 - Qualidade de Energia El{\'{e}}trica}},
volume = {Revis{\~{a}}o 10},
year = {2018}
}
@article{ANEEL2017,
author = {ANEEL},
title = {{M{\'{o}}dulo 11 – Fatura de Energia El{\'{e}}trica e Informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Suplementares}},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Brasil1985,
author = {Brasil},
title = {{PROCEL - Portaria 1877}},
year = {1985}
}
@article{GovernodoEstadodoMatoGrosso2015,
author = {{Governo do Estado do Mato Grosso}},
pages = {1--3},
title = {{Projeto de lei n{\{}{\textordmasculine}{\}} 570/2015}},
url = {http://www.al.mt.gov.br/storage/webdisco/cp/20150915155614141000.pdf},
volume = {2005},
year = {2015}
}
@article{ANEEL2018a,
author = {ANEEL},
isbn = {Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n{\textordmasculine} 664/201},
title = {{Procedimentos de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Energia El{\'{e}}trica no Sistema El{\'{e}}trico Nacional - PRODIST M{\'{o}}dulo 8 - Qualidade de Energia El{\'{e}}trica}},
volume = {Revis{\~{a}}o 10},
year = {2018}
}
@article{ANEEL2018b,
author = {ANEEL},
isbn = {Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n{\textordmasculine} 664/201},
title = {{Procedimentos de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Energia El{\'{e}}trica no Sistema El{\'{e}}trico Nacional - PRODIST M{\'{o}}dulo 8 - Qualidade de Energia El{\'{e}}trica}},
volume = {Revis{\~{a}}o 10},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{MME1985,
author = {MME},
title = {{Portaria Interministerial PROCEL}},
year = {1985}
}
@article{ANEEL2016,
abstract = {Revis{\~{a}}o Motivo da Revis{\~{a}}o Instrumento de aprova{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o pela ANEEL Data de vig{\^{e}}ncia 0 Primeira vers{\~{a}}o aprovada (ap{\'{o}}s realiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da AP 014/2008) Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n{\textordmasculine} 345/},
author = {ANEEL},
journal = {Procedimentos de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Energia El{\'{e}}trica no Sistema El{\'{e}}trico Nacional - PRODIST},
pages = {74},
title = {{Acesso ao Sistema de Distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/modulo-3},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Brasil.MinisteriodaSaudeeMinisteriodaJustica2003,
abstract = {Institui as diretrizes para a Promo{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da Alimenta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Saud{\'{a}}vel nas Escolas de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o infantil, fundamental e n{\'{i}}vel m{\'{e}}dio das redes p{\'{u}}blicas e privadas, em {\^{a}}mbito nacional.},
author = {{Brasil. Minist{\'{e}}rio da Sa{\'{u}}de e Minist{\'{e}}rio da Justi{\c{c}}a}},
title = {{Portaria Interministerial n{\textordmasculine} 1777}},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Brasil2005,
author = {Brasil},
number = {D},
pages = {2004--2006},
title = {{Portaria Ministerial N{\'{u}}mero 553/2005}},
year = {2005}
}
@misc{AgenciaNacionaldeEnergiaEletrica-ANEEL2010,
abstract = {Estabelece as Condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Gerais de Fornecimento de Energia El{\'{e}}trica de forma atualizada e consolidada.},
author = {{Ag{\^{e}}ncia Nacional de Energia El{\'{e}}trica - ANEEL}},
file = {::},
keywords = {aneel,ren 414},
mendeley-tags = {aneel,ren 414},
pages = {184},
publisher = {ANEEL},
title = {{RESOLU{\c{C}}{\~{A}}O NORMATIVA N{\textordmasculine} 414, DE 9 DE SETEMBRO DE 2010}},
url = {http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2010414.pdf},
year = {2010}
}
@article{ANEEL2012,
abstract = {Altera a Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n° 77, de 18 de Agosto de 2004},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {ANEEL},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
journal = {Aneel},
keywords = {de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia,d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias,e,el{\'{e}}trica,energia el{\'{e}}trica,o,sistema de compensa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de},
number = {D},
pages = {1},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa n° 482 de 17 de Abril de 2012}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2012481.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{BRASIL1989a,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
number = {D},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989b,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989c,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989d,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989e,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989f,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
number = {D},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989g,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{BRASIL1989h,
author = {BRASIL, Lei 1989},
keywords = {005,1 o para fins,394,61 da lei n,aprovado pela lei n,b{\'{a}}sica as tr{\^{e}}s categorias,consideram-se profissionais da educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,conson{\^{a}}ncia com o plano,da,de,de 1996 - lei,de 20 de dezembro,de 24,de diretrizes e bases,de ensino e em,de junho de 2014,decenais dos estados,desde decreto,do distrito federal e,dos munic{\'{i}}pios,e com os planos,nacional de educa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o -,o 13,o 9,pne,trabalhadores elencadas no art},
number = {D},
pages = {3220--3304},
title = {{Presid{\^{e}}ncia da rep{\'{u}}blica}},
url = {http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil{\_}03/leis/L7802.htm},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Brasilia2014,
author = {Brasilia, Universidade D E},
title = {{Proposta de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o experimental com balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo para a Universidade de Bras{\'{i}}lia Proposta de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o experimental com balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo para a Universidade de Bras{\'{i}}lia}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Goncalves2015,
author = {Gon{\c{c}}alves, AS},
title = {{Projeto de ag{\^{e}}ncia banc{\'{a}}ria nZEB}},
url = {http://www.bdm.unb.br/handle/10483/11598},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Karlessi2017,
abstract = {As we are nowadays experiencing a transition period for the energy demand, there is a clear movement of the European energy market towards a new field of efficiency including reliable and smart systems that will upgrade the improvement of Europe's economic and environmental health. To this end smart systems introduce innovative applications with multiple and interdisciplinary characteristics: safe integration of additional renewables, distribution to the network, efficient delivery systems and monitoring control through demand response in order to achieve zero energy targets. The integration of smart technologies requires a holistic approach that takes into account all aspects of sustainability. The implementation of highly efficient smart buildings is feasible through the integration of smart metering, renewable systems acting as generators/storage and energy management. The holistic system supports and fulfils demand load management and distribution network of future grids. Moreover, the benefits of effective thermal and electrical storage are underlined as a crucial factor of smart systems and smart buildings. This paper highlights the principles of integrated design procedure and links the process with smart building technologies. Energy efficiency methodologies and innovative techniques applied at building level are presented. To this context current EU policy framework, trends and perspectives concerning integrated design as a supportive tool for zero energy concept are also provided.},
author = {Karlessi, Theoni and Kampelis, Nikos and Kolokotsa, Denia and Santamouris, Mat and Standardi, Laura and Isidori, D. and Cristalli, C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.294},
file = {::},
issn = {18777058},
journal = {Procedia Engineering},
keywords = {Smart building,integrated energy design,smart grid,zero energy concept},
pages = {1316--1325},
publisher = {The Author(s)},
title = {{The Concept of Smart and NZEB Buildings and the Integrated Design Approach}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.294},
volume = {180},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Amorim2005,
author = {Amorim, Alexandre Cypreste and Carlo, Joyce Correna},
keywords = {alexandre cypreste amoprin,bioclimatic zoning,brasil,colatina,es,instituto federal do esp{\'{i}}rito,nbr 15220,santo,weather data},
pages = {373--391},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise das propostas de revis{\~{a}}o do zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico brasileiro: estudo de caso de Colatina, ES}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Teixeira2015,
author = {Teixeira, HPF},
journal = {Bdm.Unb.Br},
title = {{Proposta De Um Edif{\'{i}}cio De Car{\'{a}}ter Experimental Segundo O Conceito Nzeb Para a Universidade De Bras{\'{i}}lia}},
url = {http://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/11783/1/2015{\_}HugodePaulaFrancoTeixeira.pdf},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Didone2014a,
abstract = {Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de transforma{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de edif{\'{i}}cios de escrit{\'{o}}rio brasileiros em edif{\'{i}}cios energia zero (EEZ) em diferentes climas. O estudo foi baseado em simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es computacionais, e o desenvolvimento do modelo foi dividido em tr{\^{e}}s etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do caso prot{\'{o}}tipo (edif{\'{i}}cio referencial), que representa uma tipologia de edif{\'{i}}cios de escrit{\'{o}}rios no Brasil. A segunda etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento do caso otimizado (edif{\'{i}}cio com baixo consumo de energia) de acordo com o regulamento de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica brasileiro. O comportamento dos dois casos foi determinado e comparado com o c{\'{a}}lculo do balan{\c{c}}o t{\'{e}}rmico e energ{\'{e}}tico do edif{\'{i}}cio. Finalmente, o caso energia zero foi obtido por meio da aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de tecnologias solares (BIPV) na edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. As simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es computacionais foram realizadas atrav{\'{e}}s dos programas EnergyPlus e Daysim para Fortaleza, CE, e Florian{\'{o}}polis, SC, cidades localizadas em diferentes zonas clim{\'{a}}ticas do Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que, em Fortaleza, mais m{\'{o}}dulos fotovoltaicos foram necess{\'{a}}rios devido ao maior consumo de energia, principalmente com refrigera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. O uso do regulamento de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica proporcionou redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o no consumo de aproximadamente 50{\%}. Por{\'{e}}m, com o uso da janela fotovoltaica, outras estrat{\'{e}}gias foram necess{\'{a}}rias para atingir o EEZ.},
author = {Didon{\'{e}}, Evelise Leite and Wagner, Andreas and Pereira, Fernando Oscar Ruttkay},
doi = {10.1590/S1678-86212014000300003},
issn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {Efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,edif{\'{i}}cios energia zero,fotovoltaicos semitransparente em janelas,simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional},
number = {3},
pages = {27--42},
title = {{Estrat{\'{e}}gias para edif{\'{i}}cios de escrit{\'{o}}rios energia zero no Brasil com {\^{e}}nfase em BIPV}},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Marins2017,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Resumo As {\'{a}}reas urbanas podem ser consideradas sistemas f{\'{i}}sicos, funcionais e tamb{\'{e}}m energ{\'{e}}ticos, nos quais seus componentes apresentam interdepend{\^{e}}ncias que condicionam seu metabolismo, desempenho e efici{\^{e}}ncia. O objetivo do presente artigo {\'{e}} analisar, de forma comparativa e multicriterial, estrat{\'{e}}gias em sustentabilidade urbana, na escala de bairros, tomando por base os casos de Cidade Pedra Branca (Palho{\c{c}}a, Brasil) e Vauban (Freiburg, Alemanha). Par{\^{a}}metros e indicadores relativos {\`{a}} governan{\c{c}}a, morfologia urbana, mobilidade e acessibilidade urbanas, efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica e suprimento de energia foram identificados, sistematizados e analisados segundo seu potencial de resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desafios t{\'{e}}cnicos, sociais, econ{\^{o}}micos, ambientais e/ou institucionais. Os resultados mostraram que o planejamento urbano na escala do bairro pode colaborar decisivamente para melhorar as condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de vida das comunidades urbanas e auxiliar na administra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o municipal e setorial. Mostraram-se ainda promissoras as seguintes estrat{\'{e}}gias: forte governan{\c{c}}a pelo setor p{\'{u}}blico ou pelos propriet{\'{a}}rios dos empreendimentos para controlar o cronograma e a qualidade dos projetos; aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de estrat{\'{e}}gia intersetorial para tornar mais eficiente o sistema de mobilidade urbana; e valoriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da gest{\~{a}}o da demanda de energia para ampliar o uso de energias renov{\'{a}}veis e locais.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Marins, Karin Regina de Casas Castro},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212016000400141},
isbn = {1678-8621},
issn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {district,energy efficiency,governance,mobility,multi-criteria analysis,urban,urban morphology,urban sustainability},
number = {1},
pages = {393--408},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise comparativa multicriterial de estrat{\'{e}}gias em sustentabilidade urbana aplicada aos bairros de Cidade Pedra Branca (Palho{\c{c}}a, SC) e Vauban (Freiburg, Alemanha)}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1678-86212017000100393{\&}lng=pt{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Silveira2016,
author = {Silveira, Pedro Nascimento},
pages = {1--119},
title = {{Proposta de sistema de cogera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nZEB da Universidade de Bras{\'{i}}lia . Proposta de sistema de cogera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nZEB da Universidade de Bras{\'{i}}lia .}},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Lamberts2010,
author = {Lamberts, Roberto and Ghisi, Enedir and Pereira, Cl{\'{a}}udia Donald and Batista, Juliana Oliveira},
isbn = {9788574261010},
pages = {76},
title = {{Casa Eficiente: consumo e gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia}},
volume = {2},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Domingos2014,
author = {Domingos, Lucas and Kalz, Doreen and Dinkel, Arnulf and Lomardo, Louise and {Gomes Da Silva}, Vanessa},
doi = {10.17012/entac2014.143},
keywords = {climate classification,climate indicators,clustering,idw- inverse distance weighting,zero energy building},
number = {1},
pages = {213--222},
title = {{Defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o clim{\'{a}}tica para o estudo de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es com balan{\c{c}}o anual zero de energia no Brasil}},
url = {http://www.infohab.org.br/entac2014/artigos/paper{\_}143.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Soares2017a,
author = {Soares, Maicon Motta and da Silva, Antonio C{\'{e}}sar Silveira Baptista},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212017000100137},
issn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {computer simulation,social interest,thermal performance},
number = {n.1},
pages = {305--327},
title = {{An{\'{a}}lise e compatibiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos m{\'{e}}todos simplificado e por simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da NBR 15575: zona bioclim{\'{a}}tica 2}},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Primeiro2015,
abstract = {Disp{\~{o}}e sobre o regime de concess{\~{a}}o e permiss{\~{a}}o da presta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de servi{\c{c}}os p{\'{u}}blicos previsto no art. 175 da Constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Federal, e d{\'{a}} outras provid{\^{e}}ncias.},
author = {Primeiro, O and Mi-, Pedro Passos Coelho O},
isbn = {8585142219},
pages = {1756--1760},
title = {{Lei N{\textordmasculine} 8.987, De 13 De Fevereiro De 1995.}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ferreira2017,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Resumo As normas de desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es t{\^{e}}m como um de seus objetivos avaliar a envolt{\'{o}}ria da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, identificando aquelas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es que s{\~{a}}o adequadas e que ir{\~{a}}o garantir um desempenho m{\'{i}}nimo no qual seus usu{\'{a}}rios possam sentir-se em conforto. Atualmente, est{\~{a}}o em vigor no Brasil duas normas que abordam o desempenho das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es: a NBR 15220 (2005) e a NBR 15575 (2013). Alguns estudos apontam inconsist{\^{e}}ncias nessas normas, principalmente no que se refere aos valores-limite estabelecidos para as caracter{\'{i}}sticas termof{\'{i}}sicas das paredes e coberturas. O objetivo deste trabalho {\'{e}} avaliar o conforto t{\'{e}}rmico de uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o residencial multifamiliar adotando os valores-limite de Mahoney, comparando os resultados com os obtidos a partir dos valores normativos para cada uma das zonas bioclim{\'{a}}ticas. A an{\'{a}}lise foi realizada por meio de simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es no EnergyPlus{\textcopyright} para o per{\'{i}}odo de 1 ano em 24 cidades brasileiras. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de revis{\~{a}}o, principalmente dos valores adotados para a capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica das paredes e para a transmit{\^{a}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica e a absort{\^{a}}ncia solar das coberturas da norma NBR 15220. Al{\'{e}}m disso, h{\'{a}} a necessidade de rever valores da capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica das paredes e da capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica e da absort{\^{a}}ncia solar das coberturas no caso da norma NBR 15575.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Ferreira, Camila Carvalho and de Souza, Henor Artur and de Assis, Eleonora Sad},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212017000100131},
issn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {camila carvalho ferrreira,envelope,gerais,thermal performance simulation,thermal performance standards,thermo-physical characteristics,universidade estadual de minas},
number = {1},
pages = {183--200},
title = {{Discuss{\~{a}}o dos limites das propriedades t{\'{e}}rmicas dos fechamentos opacos segundo as normas de desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico brasileiras}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1678-86212017000100183{\&}lng=pt{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@article{SenadoFederal2012,
author = {{Senado Federal}},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{Projeto de lei do senado n{\textordmasculine} 389, de 2012}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Alvarez1972b,
author = {Alvarez, Walter Tolentino},
journal = {Revista de Direito Administrativo},
title = {{Direito da eletricidade}},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Dalbem2017,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Resumo O elevado consumo energ{\'{e}}tico do setor das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e a consequente emiss{\~{a}}o de gases de efeito estufa levou a Uni{\~{a}}o Europeia a publicar, em 2010, a Diretiva 2010/31/EU, que estabelece que at{\'{e}} ao final de 2020 todas as novas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es dever{\~{a}}o ser de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico quase nulo (nZEB). Um caminho poss{\'{i}}vel para alcan{\c{c}}ar essa meta {\'{e}} a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do conceito Passive House. O artigo tem o objetivo de analisar o n{\'{i}}vel de efici{\^{e}}ncia da envolt{\'{o}}ria de uma Passive House pelo m{\'{e}}todo de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade para o N{\'{i}}vel de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Residenciais (RTQ-R). A an{\'{a}}lise {\'{e}} realizada para a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o configurada de acordo com o RTQ-R (ventilada naturalmente e condicionada artificialmente), que utiliza o sistema de ventila{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o mec{\^{a}}nica com recuperador de calor (MVHR). Na primeira situa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o obteve classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o n{\'{i}}vel B, devido ao alto consumo do condicionador de ar para aquecimento, e quando utilizado o sistema MVHR a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o obteve classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o n{\'{i}}vel A. Em uma an{\'{a}}lise comparativa do consumo de energia, o sistema MVHR apresentou economia de 56,63{\%} em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ao condicionador de ar. Assim, o estudo comprovou a aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, sob o enfoque energ{\'{e}}tico, do conceito Passive House para a Zona Bioclim{\'{a}}tica 2 (ZB2).{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Dalbem, Renata and da Cunha, Eduardo Grala and Vicente, Romeu and Figueiredo, Ant{\'{o}}nio Jos{\'{e}} and da Silva, Ant{\^{o}}nio C{\'{e}}sar Silveira Baptista and Dalbem, Renata and da Cunha, Eduardo Grala and Vicente, Romeu and Figueiredo, Ant{\'{o}}nio Jos{\'{e}} and da Silva, Ant{\^{o}}nio C{\'{e}}sar Silveira Baptista},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212017000100132},
isbn = {1678-8621 UL - http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1678-86212017000100201{\&}nrm=iso},
issn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {dynamic building,energy efficiency,heat recovery,passive house,rtq-r},
number = {1},
pages = {201--222},
title = {{Discuss{\~{a}}o do desempenho da envolt{\'{o}}ria de uma passive house adaptada {\`{a}} zona bioclim{\'{a}}tica 2 em acordo com o RTQ-R}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1678-86212017000100201{\&}lng=pt{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{Andrade2009,
author = {de Andrade, Ma{\'{i}}sa Medeiros Pacheco},
title = {{O DIREITO SOCIAL FUNDAMENTAL DE ACESSO {\`{A}} ENERGIA}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Alkire2010a,
abstract = {This paper presents a new Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for 104 developing countries. It is the first time multidimensional poverty is estimated using micro datasets (household surveys) for such a large number of countries which cover about 78 percent of the world´s population. The MPI has the mathematical structure of one of the Alkire and Foster poverty multidimensional measures and it is composed of ten indicators corresponding to same three dimensions as the Human Development Index: Education, Health and Standard of Living. Our results indicate that 1,700 million people in the world live in acute poverty, a figure that is between the {\$}1.25/day and {\$}2/day poverty rates. Yet it is no {\$}1.5/day measure. The MPI captures direct failures in functionings that Amartya Sen argues should form the focal space for describing and reducing poverty. It constitutes a tool with an extraordinary potential to target the poorest, track the Millennium Development Goals, and design policies that directly address the interlocking deprivations poor people experience. This paper presents the methodology and components in the MPI, describes main results, and shares basic robustness tests. Keywords:},
author = {Alkire, Sabina and Santos, Maria Emma},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1815243},
isbn = {9781907194221},
issn = {00221767},
journal = {United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports Research Paper},
pages = {1--142},
pmid = {17579085},
title = {{Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries}},
url = {http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdrp{\_}2010{\_}11.pdf},
year = {2010}
}
@article{worldbank2017,
title = {Relatório Anual 2017 Erradicar a Pobreza Extrema - Promover a Prosperidade Compartilhada Indice},
url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/27986/211119PT.pdf},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Atanasiu2013,
abstract = {The cost-optimal methodology introduces - for the very first time - the prerequisite to consider the global lifetime costs of buildings to shape their future energy performance requirements. Thus, the evaluation of buildings' requirements will not anymore be related only to the investment costs, but will additionally take into account the operational, maintenance, disposal and energy saving costs of buildings. The Commission Cost-Optimality Delegated Regulation (COM, 2012a) establishes a comparative framework methodology to determine a cost-optimal level of minimum energy performance of buildings and building elements. A guidance document (COM, 2012b) on how to implement the methodology at national level was published by the EU Commission in April 2012.},
address = {Bruxelas, B{\'{e}}lgica},
author = {Atanasiu, Bogdan and Kouloumpi, Ilektra and Thomsen, Kirsten Engelund and Aggerholm, S{\o}ren and Enseling, Andreas and Loga, Tobias and Witczak, Konrad},
editor = {Nolte, Ingeborg and Rapf, Oliver and Staniaszek, Dan and Faber, Marine},
file = {::},
isbn = {9789491143083},
pages = {1--85},
publisher = {Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) Copyright},
title = {{Implementing the cost-optimal methodology in EU countries: Lessons learned from three case studies}},
year = {2013}
}
@book{UnitedNations2017a,
abstract = {The New Urban Agenda was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in Quito, Ecuador, on 20 October 2016. It was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly at its sixty-eighth plenary meeting of the seventy-first session on 23 December 2016.},
author = {{United Nations}},
booktitle = {Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III)},
doi = {ISBN: 978-92-1-132757-1},
isbn = {9789211327311},
pages = {66},
title = {{New Urban Agenda}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Quito2016,
abstract = {Declara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Quito sobre Cidades e Aglomerados Urbanos Sustent{\'{a}}veis para todos.},
pages = {54},
title = {{Un-Habitat Iii - Nova Agenda Urbana}},
url = {http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-Portuguese.pdf},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Carlisle2009c,
abstract = {There are many ways to define net-zero energy in the context of a building. There are also many terms that have similar meanings to the term net zero or near net-zero energy communities including carbon neutral, climate neutral, carbon advantage1 or sustainable communities. We use the term net zero because it is a more narrow focus than some of the other terms and one can measure and determine if the goal has been achieved. Torcellini et al. (2009) have developed four well-documented definitions of Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEB) including: 1. Net-zero site energy 2. Net-zero source energy 3. Net-zero energy costs 4. Net-zero energy emissions. In a follow-on paper, Pless et al. (2009) go one step farther by proposing a classification grading system for ZEBs that establishes and ranks the renewable energy sources used by a building. For example, in the building-ranking system, building integrated photovoltaics (PV) rank higher than the burning of wood even though both are considered renewable energy. Generating renewable energy within a building's footprint is defined as superior from an overall energy perspective to the importation of wood chips from a remote location to burn on-site for fuel. Pless et al. (2009) classify ZEBs based on the location of the renewable energy hardware with respect to the building. The goal of the building classification system is to encourage building owners and designers to first utilize all possible energy-efficient strategies and then use renewable energy sources and technologies located on the building. This building's classification scheme provides a good starting point for a definition of a zero- energy community (ZEC). The United States and many other parts of the world have set aggressive goals for energy savings in many communities and states. Some of these goals can be realized best by looking at energy use in a community as an integrated system rather than looking at strategies for buildings, transportation, and industry as discrete problems with discrete solutions. For example, community scenarios could link transportation, homes, and the electric grid as well as enable large quantities of renewable power onto the grid. Preliminary analyses show that the homeowner would gain a net cost advantage on a life-cycle cost basis by integrating a near-zero energy home with a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV). By defining a zero- energy community and offering a set of metrics to measure progress toward the aspiration of net zero, we aid in moving the dialog from building only zero-energy solutions to solutions that consider all uses of energy within a community for buildings, transportation, community infrastructure, industry, and others. A definition for a zero-energy community is different and more complex than that of a ZEB because a community uses energy not only for buildings but also for industry, vehicles, and community-based infrastructure, so the achievement of “zero energy” needs to include all applications. A definition of this nature is also more complex because of all of the factors discussed in this report.},
author = {Carlisle, Nancy and Geet, Otto Van and Pless, Shanti},
journal = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
keywords = {NREL/TP-7A2-46065,November 2009,community,net zero energy},
number = {November},
pages = {1--14},
title = {{Definition of a "Zero Net Energy" Community}},
url = {http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46065.pdf},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Kibert,
author = {Kibert, Charles J and Ph, D},
title = {{Net Zero Energy Buildings : The Next Wave of High Performance To start {\ldots} Net -Zero-Energy Buildings}}
}
@article{Ukai2018,
author = {Ukai, Makiko and Onishi, G Y O},
keywords = {best practices,current activities in japan,current situation and methodology,definition,methodology,zeb},
number = {February},
pages = {32--37},
title = {{Current Situation and Actions for ZEB in Japan}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{ABNT2005,
author = {ABNT and {NBR 15.220-3}},
pages = {30},
title = {{Desempenho T{\'{e}}rmico de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es - Zoneamento Bioclin{\'{a}}tico Brasileiro e Diretrizes Construtivas para Habita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Unifamiliares de Interesse Social.}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bernstein,
author = {Bernstein, Barbara},
title = {{hn,O- .o1�{\textperiodcentered}}}
}
@article{Skoplaki2009,
abstract = {A brief discussion is presented regarding the operating temperature of one-sun commercial grade silicon-based solar cells/modules and its effect upon the electrical performance of photovoltaic installations. Suitable tabulations are given for most of the known algebraic forms which express the temperature dependence of solar electrical efficiency and, equivalently, solar power. Finally, the thermal aspects of the major power/energy rating methods are briefly discussed. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Skoplaki, E. and Palyvos, J. A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2008.10.008},
file = {::},
isbn = {0038-092X},
issn = {0038092X},
journal = {Solar Energy},
keywords = {PV module efficiency,PV power rating methods,Photovoltaic module,Solar cell,Temperature dependence},
number = {5},
pages = {614--624},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.10.008},
volume = {83},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Marcelo2013,
author = {Marcelo, Villalva and Jonas, Gazoli},
pages = {39--165},
title = {{Energia Solar Fotovoltaica}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Li2017,
author = {Li, Xiaokai and Mariano, Marina and McMillon-Brown, Lyndsey and Huang, Jing Shun and Sfeir, Matthew Y. and Reed, Mark A. and Jung, Yeonwoong and Taylor, Andr{\'{e}} D.},
doi = {10.1002/smll.201702387},
file = {::},
issn = {16136829},
journal = {Small},
keywords = {carbon nanotubes,femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,flexible photovoltaics,hybrid solar cells,silicon},
number = {48},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{Charge Transfer from Carbon Nanotubes to Silicon in Flexible Carbon Nanotube/Silicon Solar Cells}},
volume = {13},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Andrade2012,
abstract = {A an{\'{a}}lise da efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica {\'{e}} cada vez mais importante. Neste trabalho s{\~{a}}o focadas as oportunidades e os desafios envolvidos, sendo apontadas algumas medidas de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica, bem como todos os programas associados {\`{a}} mesma n{\~{a}}o s{\'{o}} a n{\'{i}}vel nacional, mas tamb{\'{e}}m a n{\'{i}}vel europeu e internacional.$\backslash$r$\backslash$nOs zero energy buildings desempenham um papel crucial quando se fala no conceito de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica aplicada a edif{\'{i}}cios, na medida em que n{\~{a}}o s{\~{a}}o mais do que edif{\'{i}}cios energeticamente eficientes, constru{\'{i}}dos de acordo com as normas de cada pa{\'{i}}s para que o consumo seja (quase) nulo. Foram selecionados alguns pa{\'{i}}ses espec{\'{i}}ficos de forma a ser feita uma an{\'{a}}lise mais aprofundada sobre a situa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o atual em cada um e as medidas a que se comprometeram na elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do protocolo de Quioto.$\backslash$r$\backslash$nForam analisadas as energias renov{\'{a}}veis aplicadas ao conceito de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica e feito o dimensionamento de uma instala{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o fotovoltaica aplicada a uma habita{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para microprodu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o utilizando 2 programas de dimensionamento: PVSYST e Sunny Design, tendo sido estudada toda a legisla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o aplic{\'{a}}vel.},
author = {Andrade, Pedro Brogueira},
pages = {1--158},
title = {{Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica em Edif{\'{i}}cios: Oportunidades e Desafios}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Oliveira2015,
author = {Oliveira, Filipe Alexandre},
title = {{Estudo de estrat{\'{e}}gias e tecnologias de climatiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o para atingir Edif{\'{i}}cios nZEB}},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Andresen2016,
author = {Andresen, Inger},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.26443.80162},
isbn = {9788253615134},
keywords = {embodied emission,illustration on front page,norwegian zeb definition,operational energy,zeb pilot case studies},
number = {September},
title = {{A Norwegian ZEB Definition Guideline}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Horta2012,
author = {Horta, Ricardo Manuel Correia},
journal = {Faculdade de Ci{\^{e}}ncias e Tecnologia - Universidade Nova de Lisboa},
pages = {130},
title = {{Constru{\c{c}}ao sustent{\'{a}}vel de edificios de balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico quase zero}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Evola2014,
abstract = {The energy retrofit of residential buildings towards net- ZEB standard represents today the best practice to reduce significantly energy demand and dependence on fossil fuels. In order to get the net- ZEB standard in retrofitting actions, this paper proposes a flexible technical solution for improving the energy performance of the Italian residential real estate built in 1950-1990, i.e. before the enforcement of specific regulations about the reduction of energy consumption. To this aim, a typical apartment block located in Catania (Sicily) has been considered as a case study. For this building, a new modular fa{\c{c}}ade system has been designed, hosting ceramic and photovoltaic panels. These panels represent a good compromise in terms of aesthetic quali- ty and efficiency, and are supposed to be combined in order to maxim- ize the solar energy collection and to enhance the architectural image. The proposed system will be installed through a steel frame, which al- lows easy application and effective rear panel ventilation, while an in- sulation layer is provided to improve the thermal transmittance of the building envelope. The improvement of the envelope insulation and of the energy systems, as well as the on-site energy production, allow reaching the net-ZEB standard, with an investment payback time of 7- 11 years.},
author = {Evola, Gianpiero and Margani, Giuseppe},
journal = {Architectural Research through to Practice: 48th Interna-tional Conference of the Architectural Science Association 2014},
keywords = {bipv,double-skin fa{\c{c}}ade,energy retrofit,net-zeb},
number = {May 2015},
pages = {505--516},
title = {{ENERGY RETROFIT TOWARDS NET ZEB - Application of BIPV on an Apartment Block in Southern Italy}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Loonen2015,
abstract = {Adaptive facades provide opportunities for significant reductions in building energy use and CO2 emissions, while at the same time having a positive impact on the quality of the indoor environment. Many different types of adaptive fa{\c{c}}ade concepts (materials, components and systems) have already been developed, and an increase in emerging, innovative solutions is expected for the near future. The goal of this paper is to contribute to these developments by describing activities in EU COST Action TU1403 aiming at the classification of adaptive fa{\c{c}}ade concepts. We present an analysis of existing classification approaches to identify requirements and challenges that are faced in this process. Based on an analysis of strong points in these approaches, we propose a new matrix that can be used to characterize adaptive fa{\c{c}}ade concepts in a comprehensive way. The elements of this matrix are explained with the use of three case studies: dynamic exterior shading facades, glazing with phase change materials and BIPV double-skin facades. We conclude the paper by providing directions for future extension of the characterization matrix and an outline of planned follow-up research activities.},
author = {Loonen, R. C. G. M. and Rico-Martinez, J. M. and Favoino, F and Brzezicki, M and Menezo, C and {La Ferla}, G and Aelenei, L},
journal = {Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Advanced Building Skins},
keywords = {Adaptive facade,Building envelope,Facade characterization,Facade classification,Facade performance,Responsive facade},
pages = {1284--1294},
title = {{Design for fa{\c{c}}ade adaptability – Towards a unified and systematic characterization}},
url = {https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/8287122/15{\_}abs{\_}loonen.pdf},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Lopes2107,
abstract = {The nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) concept is foreseen as a reference for the future of the European building stock. While several factors contribute to the introduction of legal instruments that promote a fast adoption of these buildings (e.g. energy efficiency), their relationship with Low Voltage distribution Grids (LVGs) is far more complex than the one of the regular buildings. In order to improve the grid interaction of nZEBs in particular, and of regular buildings equipped with distributed generation systems in general, Load Matching (LM) improvement incentives are being promoted worldwide. The literature shows that the existing LM improvement measures, that use the Energy Flexibility offered by controllable electricity demand devices, are only conducted at individual buildings (i.e. Building-Level) without taking into consideration the demand and on-site generation profiles of other buildings. Therefore, the first main objective of this research work refers to the assessment of impacts introduced by Building-Level LM improvement measures on existing LVGs. In order to improve the benefits offered to LVG operators and building owners (when compared to the existing Building-Level LM improvement measures), the second main objective concerns the development of a new LM improvement approach. For this purpose, the Cooperative Net-Zero Energy Community concept is introduced, extending the LM improvement to the Community- Level. A neighborhood made up of 33 buildings is considered to conduct the necessary experiments, where the benefits offered to LVG operators are quantified by three important Performance Indictors and the benefits offered to building owners are quantified by the respective electricity bills. The obtained results show that Building-Level LM improvement measures can be harmful to LVG operators when large amounts of controllable electricity demand are shifted to coincident periods. The conducted experiments also show that the proposed Cooperative Net-Zero Energy Community concept improves the benefits offered to LVG operators and building owners.},
author = {Lopes, Rui Miguel Amaral},
title = {{Extending nearly Zero-Energy Buildings Load Matching Improvement to Community-Level}},
year = {2107}
}
@article{Europeia2010,
abstract = {Directiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 19 de mayo de 2010 relativa a la eficiencia energ{\'{e}}tica de los edificios, publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Uni{\'{o}}n Europea del 18/6/2010 en las p{\'{a}}ginas 13 a 35.},
author = {Europeia, Uni{\~{a}}o},
doi = {10.3000/17252601.L_2010.153.por},
journal = {Jornal Oficial da Uni{\~{a}}o Europeia},
pages = {13--35},
title = {{Directiva 2010/31/UE}},
url = {http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/pt/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0031},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Pessoais2009,
author = {Pessoais, Informa{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es},
number = {D},
pages = {2008--2010},
title = {{Secretaria executiva}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{ANEEL2005,
author = {ANEEL},
pages = {4},
title = {{Resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Normativa N{\textordmasculine} 176, de 28 de novembro de 2005: Estabelece crit{\'{e}}rios para aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos em Programas de Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica}},
url = {http://www.aneel.gov.br/documents/656831/14944470/REN+176-2005.pdf/105589d8-8dc4-4807-93d6-3c9f0ea7c5da},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Angelis2011a,
abstract = {Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a intera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre a arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o$\backslash$nde acompanhamento vi{\'{a}}rio e a rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica$\backslash$nde alta tens{\~{a}}o e, ao mesmo tempo, avaliar as esp{\'{e}}cies arb{\'{o}}reas utilizadas$\backslash$nna cidade de Maring{\'{a}}, Estado do Paran{\'{a}}, em uma {\'{a}}rea espec{\'{i}}fica -$\backslash$nZona 7. Essa {\'{a}}rea foi escolhida tendo em vista as particularidades$\backslash$nlocais, como a utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de {\'{a}}rvores de grande porte e os diferentes$\backslash$ntipos de rede de energia (convencional e compacta para alta tens{\~{a}}o$\backslash$ne convencional e isolada para baixa tens{\~{a}}o). Constatou-se que as$\backslash$nesp{\'{e}}cies arb{\'{o}}reas de grande porte s{\~{a}}o predominantes, como Caesalpinia$\backslash$npeltophoroides e Tipuana tipu, que representam, respectivamente,$\backslash$n32,92 e 30,79{\%} da arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o total. Como resultado final tem-se$\backslash$na minimiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos impactos causados pela arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o sobre a rede$\backslash$nde energia el{\'{e}}trica, visto que os indicadores da qualidade do fornecimento$\backslash$nde energia el{\'{e}}trica melhoraram em at{\'{e}} 80{\%}. Os custos de manuten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o$\backslash$nda rede diminu{\'{i}}ram sensivelmente, e a qualidade da arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, sobretudo$\backslash$npela redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nas podas, apresentou melhoras consider{\'{a}}veis, comprovando$\backslash$na efic{\'{a}}cia da rede compacta protegida quando comparada {\`{a}}s demais.},
annote = {Domingos De Angelis, B. L., Fernanda Marek, C., De Angelis Neto, G., do Amaral Ecker, A. E., De Angelis Barros, R., {\&} De Angelis Guizelini, L. (2011). Rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica e arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o vi{\'{a}}ria: o caso da Cidade de Maring{\'{a}}, Estado do Paran{\'{a}}. Acta Scientiarum. Technology, 33(4).},
author = {Angelis, Bruno Luiz Domingos De and Marek, Carla Fernanda and {Angelis Neto}, Generoso De and Barros, Rafaela De Angelis and Ecker, Arney Eduardo do Amaral and Guizelini, Larissa De Angelis},
doi = {10.4025/actascitechnol.v33i4.8405},
issn = {1807-8664},
journal = {Acta Scientiarum. Technology},
month = {sep},
number = {4},
pages = {6},
title = {{Rede de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica e arboriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o vi{\'{a}}ria: o caso da Cidade de Maring{\'{a}}, Estado do Paran{\'{a}}}},
url = {http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciTechnol/article/view/8405},
volume = {33},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Mortati2014,
abstract = {O per{\'{i}}odo do trabalho {\'{e}} de 1890 a 1930, em que o estado de S{\~{a}}o Paulo come{\c{c}}a seu processo de industrializa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, a economia cafeeira est{\'{a}} no auge e {\'{e}} fundada a companhia de energia el{\'{e}}trica que far{\'{a}} a primeira usina hidrel{\'{e}}trica do estado de S{\~{a}}o Paulo; este panorama vai evoluindo at{\'{e}} 1930, quando a economia cafeeira entra em crise, a ind{\'{u}}stria j{\'{a}} est{\'{a}} estabelecida e a constru{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de hidrel{\'{e}}tricas ap{\'{o}}s 1930 assume outro car{\'{a}}ter: o das grandes hidrel{\'{e}}tricas, encerrando o ciclo das pequenas centrais hidrel{\'{e}}tricas. A gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia el{\'{e}}trica no Brasil segue os caminhos da ferrovia e vai desenhando novas fronteiras entre o rural e o urbano, o campo e a ind{\'{u}}stria. A configura{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das cidades muda conforme a disponibilidade de “melhorias”, sendo que muitas delas eram movidas a eletricidade. As nascentes ind{\'{u}}strias tamb{\'{e}}m v{\~{a}}o ocupando o espa{\c{c}}o entre a ferrovia e a energia, criando novos bairros e centralidades. Analisa-se ent{\~{a}}o, os processos que a energia hidrel{\'{e}}trica desencadeia no territ{\'{o}}rio paulista e suas consequ{\^{e}}ncias.},
address = {Campinas, Brasil},
author = {Mortati, D{\'{e}}bora Marques de Almeida Nogueira and Ferr{\~{a}}o, Andr{\'{e}} Munhoz de Argollo},
doi = {2176-8846},
file = {::},
journal = {Revista Labor {\&} Engenho},
keywords = {argentina,cultural landscape construction at,c{\'{o}}rdoba,hidreletricas,paisaje cultural,patrimonio,river and,territory scale,the road of suqu{\'{i}}a,their powerplants,urbanizacao,usinas},
mendeley-tags = {hidreletricas,urbanizacao},
pages = {49--63},
title = {{O surgimento das Pequenas Centrais Hidrel{\'{e}}tricas e o processo de urbaniza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o no interior de S{\~{a}}o Paulo (1890-1930)}},
url = {http://repositorio.unicamp.br/bitstream/REPOSIP/119017/1/ppec{\_}90-2050-1-PB.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Jung2018,
abstract = {Most of the studies encompassing dynamic simulations of multi-storey buildings account only for a few selected zones, to simplify, decrease simulation run-time and to reduce the complexity of the ‘to be simulated' model. This conventional method neglects the opportunity to see the interaction between different zones as it relates to whole building performance. This paper presents fifteen individual cases of dynamic simulations of a six-storey office building with 160 zones. The energy performance analysis was conducted for three climate zones including Helsinki in Finland, London in the United Kingdom and Bucharest in Romania. For each location, the following three cases were simulated: (i) building as usual simulated according to valid national building codes; (ii) Energy-efficient (EE) case with selected necessary parameters enhanced to reduce total delivered energy demand; and (iii) nZEB case representing partial enhancement of the EE case based on the parametric analysis. The results of nZEB indicate that for Helsinki, it is possible to reduce the space-heating load by 86{\%}, electricity consumed by lighting, appliance, and HVAC by 32{\%}. For London, the heating load is reduced by 95{\%}, cooling load is slightly increased, and electricity demand is decreased by 33{\%}. For Bucharest, 92{\%} of energy in heating can be saved, cooling energy demand was reduced by 60{\%} and electricity consumption by 34{\%}. Based on the nZEB cases for each location, alternative heating and cooling choices of a radiant floor panel system and radiant ceiling panel system were explored. There are small differences in absolute consumption demand for heating, cooling, and electricity for three cases in each location. The specific energy/m2for heating remained nearly the same in all systems for all three cases in each location. Alternative choices for heating and cooling by using Radiant Ceiling Panel (RCP) and Radiant Floor Panel (RFP) were investigated for all final nZEB cases. Marginal difference in heating energy required for space heating can be seen for London nZEB IHC and London nZEB RCP of 0.8 kWh/m2/year and for Bucharest nZEB IHC and Bucharest nZEB RCP case of 1.3 kWh/m2/year. RFP has the availability of large surface area for heat exchange and can provide heating at a low temperature and cooling at high temperature, but requires supporting air based cooling during the humid season. For RCP, the limited temperature exchange surface may increase the airflow rate, but supplies it at a lower temperature for the same load.},
annote = {Jung, N., Paiho, S., Shemeikka, J., Lahdelma, R., {\&} Airaksinen, M. (2018). Energy performance analysis of an office building in three climate zones. Energy and Buildings, 158, 1023-1035.},
author = {Jung, Nusrat and Paiho, Satu and Shemeikka, Jari and Lahdelma, Risto and Airaksinen, Miimu},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.030},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jung et al. - 2018 - Energy performance analysis of an office building in three climate zones.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Analysis,Bucharest,Dynamic simulations,Energy,Energy efficiency,Energy performance,Helsinki,IDA ICE,London,Multi zone,Office building,Office buildings,Performance,Radiant ceiling panels,Radiant floor panels,nZEB},
mendeley-tags = {Analysis,Energy,Office building,Performance},
month = {jan},
pages = {1023--1035},
title = {{Energy performance analysis of an office building in three climate zones}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778817316456},
volume = {158},
year = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{Souza2017a,
abstract = {A energia el{\'{e}}trica {\'{e}} elemento essencial para o cotidiano, seu acesso e a seguran{\c{c}}a do abastecimento s{\~{a}}o temas importantes, envolvendo garantia de direitos individuais e soberania nacional. Objetiva-se demonstrar o liame hist{\'{o}}rico da produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o energ{\'{e}}tica no Brasil. A constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o econ{\^{o}}mica e ambiental ser{\'{a}} o marco te{\'{o}}rico, pois abrange prote{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos direitos humanos, promovendo o bem de todos, objetivo fundamental da Rep{\'{u}}blica. O m{\'{e}}todo utilizado ser{\'{a}} o l{\'{o}}gico-investigativo, por meio de pesquisas bibliogr{\'{a}}ficas para responder ao problema sobre o resultado hist{\'{o}}rico-social do uso da eletricidade atualmente. A hip{\'{o}}tese sinaliza para a energia como garantidor do direito fundamental {\`{a}} dignidade, vedando-se retrocessos.},
address = {Belo Horizonte},
author = {de Souza, Lucas Emanuel and Lima, Carolina Carneiro and Cust{\'{o}}dio, Maraluce Maria},
booktitle = {Semin{\'{a}}rio Nacional de Forma{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de Pesquisadores e Inicia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Cient{\'{i}}fica em Direito da FEPODI},
doi = {978-85-5505-383-2},
editor = {Costa, Beatriz Souza and Campello, L{\'{i}}via Gaigher Bosio and Lannes, Yuri Nathan da Costa},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Souza, Lima, Cust{\'{o}}dio - 2017 - O ACESSO {\`{A}} ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA COMO DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL UMA ABORDAGEM HIST{\'{O}}RICA E SOCIOAMBIENTAL.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {1. Direito – Estudo e ensino (Gradua{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e P{\'{o}}s-grad,Acesso {\`{a}} energia,Direito fundamental,Hist{\'{o}}ria da eletricidade,Impacto socioambiental,Produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia},
mendeley-tags = {Acesso {\`{a}} energia,Direito fundamental,Hist{\'{o}}ria da eletricidade,Impacto socioambiental,Produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia},
pages = {7},
publisher = {CONPEDI},
title = {{O ACESSO {\`{A}} ENERGIA EL{\'{E}}TRICA COMO DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL: UMA ABORDAGEM HIST{\'{O}}RICA E SOCIOAMBIENTAL}},
url = {https://www.conpedi.org.br/publicacoes/4b3el5ku/bloco-unico/G0is30OB4255I73d.pdf},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Borges2012,
abstract = {O principal atrativo dessa primeira parte, ao nosso sentir, {\'{e}} a oportunidade que o leitor pode ter de ser introduzido ao estudo do Estado, da Soberania e das correntes filos{\'{o}}ficas relevantes para os estudiosos do Direito Internacional P{\'{u}}blico, das Rela{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es Internacionais, da Geografia Pol{\'{i}}tica e das Ci{\^{e}}ncias Pol{\'{i}}ticas, bem como servir {\`{a}}queles interessados na an{\'{a}}lise do cen{\'{a}}rio internacional.},
address = {Belo Horizonte, Brasil},
author = {Borges, Marcos Aur{\'{e}}lio dos Santos},
edition = {1},
editor = {Cruz, {\'{A}}lvaro Ricardo de Souza and Leal, Andr{\'{e}} Cordeiro and Lupi, Andr{\'{e}} Lipp Pinto Basto and Guimar{\~{a}}es, Ant{\^{o}}nio M{\'{a}}rcio da Cunha},
file = {::},
isbn = {978-85-62741-79-1},
keywords = {direito,energia,internacional,seguranca energetica},
mendeley-tags = {direito,energia,internacional,seguranca energetica},
number = {1},
pages = {170},
publisher = {Arraes Editora},
title = {{Seguran{\c{c}}a energ{\'{e}}tica no Direito internacional / Marcos Aur{\'{e}}lio dos Santos Borges}},
url = {http://www.arraeseditores.com.br/media/ksv{\_}uploadfiles/s/e/seguranca{\_}energetica{\_}no{\_}direito{\_}internacional.pdf},
volume = {1},
year = {2012}
}
@article{DeOliveiraVeloso2020,
abstract = {In most underdeveloped countries the lack of access to constructive and consumption data makes it difficult to create a system for the energy consumption classification of buildings. As benchmarking is an important tool for comparing the energy consumption of a building to reference values this study aimed to develop a methodology for the establishment of a benchmark of the electric energy consumption of office buildings in mild temperate climates in which office buildings can operate a significant part of the year using natural ventilation as the air conditioning mode. The city of Belo Horizonte – Brazil was used as a study case. This study was carried out in three steps: Step 1: as data is not readily available it was necessary to establish of a database and a methodology to treat data; Step 2: elaboration of a methodology to create the benchmarking scale using available data; Step 3: analysis of energy efficiency ratings and the proposal of a rating system based on a logarithmic scale. The results of this study showed that it was possible to create a classification range with a 81{\%} degree of reliability for the selected building typologies. In addition, the creation of different classifications according to the type of air conditioning mode made it possible to evaluate office building towers with similar characteristics. The scales proposed also show that for a mild climate, mixed air conditioning mode is a decisive feature in promoting energy efficiency and sustainability to buildings indicating that this strategy should be seriously considered in enforcement building laws.},
author = {{de Oliveira Veloso}, Ana Carolina and {Gon{\c{c}}alves de Souza}, Roberta Vieira and dos Santos, Felipe Nunes},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110059},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/de Oliveira Veloso, Gon{\c{c}}alves de Souza, dos Santos - 2020 - Energy benchmarking for office building towers in mild temperate climate.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building use ratio,Energy benchmarking,Office building,Operational rating},
month = {sep},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy benchmarking for office building towers in mild temperate climate}},
volume = {222},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Ascione2020,
author = {Ascione, Fabrizio and Borrelli, Martina and {De Masi}, Rosa Francesca and Vanol, Giuseppe Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2020.102349},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ascione et al. - 2020 - Nearly zero energy target and indoor comfort in Mediterranean climate Discussion based on monitoring data for a.pdf:pdf},
issn = {22106707},
journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},
month = {oct},
pages = {102349},
title = {{Nearly zero energy target and indoor comfort in Mediterranean climate: Discussion based on monitoring data for a real case study}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2210670720305709},
volume = {61},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Iria2020,
abstract = {Office buildings consume a significant amount of energy that can be reduced through behavioral change. Gamification offers the means to influence the energy consumption related to the activities of the office users. This paper presents a new mobile gamification platform to foster the adoption of energy efficient behaviors in office buildings. The gamification platform is a mobile application with multiple types of dashboards, such as (1) an information dashboard to increase the awareness of the users about their energy consumption and footprint, (2) a gaming dashboard to engage users in real-time energy efficiency competitions, (3) a leaderboard to promote peer competition and comparison, and (4) a message dashboard to send tailor-made messages about energy efficiency opportunities. The engagement and gamification strategies embedded in these dashboards exploit economic, environmental, and social motivations to stimulate office users to adopt energy efficient behaviors without compromising their comfort and autonomy levels. The gamification platform was demonstrated in an office building environment. The results suggest electricity savings of 20{\%}.},
author = {Iria, Jos{\'{e}} and Fonseca, Nuno and Cassola, Fernando and Barbosa, Ant{\'{o}}nio and Soares, Filipe and Coelho, Ant{\'{o}}nio and Ozdemird, Aydogan},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110101},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Iria et al. - 2020 - A gamification platform to foster energy efficiency in office buildings.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Energy efficiency,behavioral change,buildings,end-user engagement,gamification},
month = {sep},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A gamification platform to foster energy efficiency in office buildings}},
volume = {222},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Han2020,
abstract = {The present study examined in a field condition a smart integration to the control of ventilation/AC/lighting, integrated with the use of a smart sensing network, embedded PIR/CO2 sensors, and environmental system modeling towards considerable savings of building-operational cost/energy while providing satisfactory thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ). For approach demonstration, a typical office building with multiple zones was utilized as testbed. The study 1) investigated the integrational effect of embedded PIR/CO2 sensors with a smart sensing network on occupancy detection/estimation; 2) field-monitored the energy benefits of an integrated smart sensing/control network in building-operations; and 3) examined the feasibility of further energy reduction via environmental system modeling. Two types of demonstration tests were performed under similar occupancy patterns and weather conditions; a) Baseline Test (3-day) with a normal building-operation following ASHRAE 62.1-2016 requirements, and b) Case Study (3-day) with a smart network-based demand control. Results showed substantial enhancements in occupancy accuracy and energy savings (up to 45{\%} of fan electricity and 36.5{\%} of room cooling/heating energy). The new approach provided satisfactory or similar levels of thermal comfort and IAQ. It was analyzed that the use of the environmental system modeling could further reduce the building-operational energy via more detailed control of ventilation.},
author = {Han, Kwang Hoon and Zhang, Jensen},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109861},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Han, Zhang - 2020 - Energy-saving building system integration with a smart and low-cost sensingcontrol network for sustainable and healt.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building sustainability,CO2-integrated occupancy estimation,Complementary data fusion,Energy savings,Field energy monitoring,Implementation practicality,Low-cost sensor integration,Smart sensing network},
month = {may},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Energy-saving building system integration with a smart and low-cost sensing/control network for sustainable and healthy living environments: Demonstration case study}},
volume = {214},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Zheng2020,
abstract = {Skylights are increasingly used in modern buildings, whereas few studies focus on the performance of aerogel glazed skylight (AGS) under real climate conditions. In this study, a comparative experiment between AGS and double glazed skylight (DGS) was carried out under real climate conditions in Changsha, China. Outdoor and indoor solar irradiance and illuminance at the AGS and DGS sides were measured to show the optical performance. The results showed that the solar radiation reduction rates of AGS compared to DGS in summer and winter are about 48{\%} and 64{\%}, respectively. The illuminance reduction rates of AGS compared to DGS in summer and winter are about 35{\%} and 64{\%}, respectively. The temperature of each layer of AGS and DGS was also measured. Through analyzing the temperature distribution, it is found that the temperature distribution in AGS is significantly influenced by the absorption of aerogel to solar radiation, especially in summer sunny days. The maximum temperature differences between the aerogel layer of AGS and the air layer of DGS is 6.64 °C in summer. By comparing the total heat gain/loss through AGS and DGS, it is found that the energy-saving ratio of AGS compared to DGS is 37{\%} in summer, and AGS is suitable to be used in the overcast-dominated climate zone in winter. Therefore, AGS installed horizontally on the roof is energy efficient in the hot summer and cold winter zone in China.},
author = {Zheng, Dongmei and Chen, Youming and Liu, Yang and Li, Yupeng and Zheng, Siqian and Lu, Bin},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110028},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zheng et al. - 2020 - Experimental comparisons on optical and thermal performance between aerogel glazed skylight and double glazed skyl.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Aerogel glazed skylight,Experimental comparison,Heat gain,Illuminance,Solar radiation,Temperature distribution},
month = {sep},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Experimental comparisons on optical and thermal performance between aerogel glazed skylight and double glazed skylight under real climate condition}},
volume = {222},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Su2020,
abstract = {Passive building is generally regarded as the energy-efficient building to reduce the primary energy consumption and related carbon emissions. It is suggested that the most effective way to minimize the space heating energy demand is to decrease heat loss by enhancing the thermal and airtightness performance of building envelope. And it is suited to the buildings in cold climates for decreasing space heating energy consumption which dominates the operational energy. However, the appropriate design strategy of building depends on climates. In HSCW (hot summer and cold winter) zone in China, for instance, the space heating is just one issue of energy demand in operational stage, the energy use for cooling and dehumidification in summer also accounts for a considerable proportion in operational stage of buildings. The effect of decreasing the cooling energy demand will become smaller as thickness of insulation layer increases, the unfavorable highly insulated envelope may even cause the overheating risk in summer. In addition, embodied energy and carbon emissions will markedly increase as more materials are consumed in passive buildings. Therefore, in order to get an appropriate design strategy of passive buildings in HSCW zone in China, further research on energy consumption and carbon emissions of embodied and operational stage is needed. In this case, detailed life cycle analysis of embodied and operational energy use and carbon emissions of a passive building is given and then compared with a conventional building in the same unique climate zone. The embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions of the passive building is 7.31 GJ/m2 and carbon 0.98 t CO2 eq/m2, 37.6{\%} and 16.2{\%} higher than that of conventional building respectively. Due to the benefits on the operational stage, the total life cycle energy requirement and carbon emissions of passive building is 17.4{\%} and 22.7{\%} lower than that of conventional building, respectively. Towards a zero energy and impact building, the design of passive cooling, high efficiency cooling equipment and renewable energy to reduce remaining energy demand should be paid more attention in further passive buildings in this climate.},
author = {Su, Xing and Tian, Shaochen and Shao, Xiaolu and Zhao, Xuan},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110090},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Su et al. - 2020 - Embodied and operational energy and carbon emissions of passive building in HSCW zone in China A case study.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Embodied carbon emissions,Embodied energy,Life cycle assessment,Passive building},
month = {sep},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Embodied and operational energy and carbon emissions of passive building in HSCW zone in China: A case study}},
volume = {222},
year = {2020}
}
@phdthesis{Fraga2020,
abstract = {O consumo de energia no uso de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es vem crescendo gradativamente ao longo das {\'{u}}ltimas d{\'{e}}cadas, fruto do desenvolvimento industrial e da revolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o tecnol{\'{o}}gica que vem acompanhando este movimento. A emiss{\~{a}}o de gases poluentes e a modifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do clima s{\~{a}}o consequ{\^{e}}ncias desse cen{\'{a}}rio de desenvolvimento e consumo. Aliado a esses fatores, as edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es contribuem para o agravamento desse cen{\'{a}}rio, uma vez que o uso destas acarreta em impactos negativos significativos ao meio ambiente. Em contraponto, edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es energeticamente eficientes v{\^{e}}m se tornando pr{\'{e}}-requisito para o planejamento de novos ambientes constru{\'{i}}dos, modificando a forma como a comunidade percebe a rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre a edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e o consumo de energia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o potencial de aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do conceito Zero Energy para edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comerciais, com o intuito de verificar a validade do m{\'{e}}todo para o cen{\'{a}}rio construtivo brasileiro adotando como estudo de caso uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em Vit{\'{o}}ria (ES). Metodologicamente, este estudo foi desenvolvido com base em tr{\^{e}}s grandes etapas, onde a primeira consistiu em realizar o levantamento das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es dentro de um recorte territorial pr{\'{e}}-estabelecido, selecionar as caracter{\'{i}}sticas construtivas e arquitet{\^{o}}nicas mais frequentes entre elas e construir modelos representativos do cen{\'{a}}rio observado; a segunda consistiu em submeter os modelos representativos {\`{a}} simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es computacionais para avaliar o desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico, as poss{\'{i}}veis formas de eficientiza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e de produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia; e por fim, a terceira etapa, na qual foi realizada avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos resultados e da viabilidade econ{\^{o}}mica de implanta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do sistema de produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia. Os resultados mostraram que as estrat{\'{e}}gias de implementa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sistemas de condicionamento de ar, de equipamentos e ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o mais eficientes s{\~{a}}o muito importantes para a economia de energia. {\'{E}} percept{\'{i}}vel que a proposi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de solu{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es construtivas e arquitet{\^{o}}nicas mais eficientes em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o ao desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico associado a t{\'{e}}cnicas de obten{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de energia podem resultar em uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com o balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo ou pr{\'{o}}ximo ao nulo. Esses resultados indicam que a ado{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o desse conceito para novas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es {\'{e}} fact{\'{i}}vel e cada vez mais acess{\'{i}}vel {\`{a}} comunidade.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Fraga, Anderson Azevedo},
booktitle = {Universidade Federal do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo},
doi = {10.11693/hyhz20181000233},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:F$\backslash$:/Root Files/Academic/masters/{\_}desenvolvimento/{\_}regular/{\_}dissertacao/fase final/impressao/docs solicitacao/FRAGA - Potencial de adocao do conceito Zero Energy para edificacoes comerciais de Vitoria-compressed.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
keywords = {Zero Energy Buildings,balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo,edif{\'{i}}cio de escrit{\'{o}}rio},
mendeley-tags = {Zero Energy Buildings,balan{\c{c}}o energ{\'{e}}tico nulo,edif{\'{i}}cio de escrit{\'{o}}rio},
number = {1},
pages = {164},
pmid = {25246403},
school = {Universidade Federal do Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo},
title = {{Potencial de ado{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do conceito Zero Energy para edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es comerciais em Vit{\'{o}}ria – ES}},
volume = {1},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Dahanayake2017,
abstract = {Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) are upcoming facade cladding fixtures which restore the connection between the city and nature. They are capable of providing thermal benefits to the building. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of VGS on building energy performance. This study simulates thermal effect of VGS using a mathematical model based on heat balance principle of the foliage layer and soil later, which is then integrated into one of the widely accepted building simulation program, EnergyPlus. The integrated VGS model is validated against two reported experimental studies, and show good agreement. Validation results show that integrated VGS model satisfactorily predict the effect of VGS on indoor air temperature and exterior and interior surface temperature of facades with VGS. The integrated VGS model is then used to assess the impact of VGS on building energy performance in warm temperature climates. Simulations have shown that in hot summer days, VGS leads to reduce exterior surface temperature of building facades, maximum of 26 °C. The annual cooling energy consumption is reduced by 3{\%} for warm temperature climates. However, during the winter season insulation effect of VGS cause increase in heating demand of the building. Simulations suggest that, passive energy benefits of VGS are promising during summer periods, whereas it may disadvantageous during winter periods. However, in warm temperature climates, VGS still able to provide net passive energy benefits to the building.},
author = {Dahanayake, K. W.D.Kalani C. and Chow, Cheuk Lun},
doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.002},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dahanayake, Chow - 2017 - Studying the potential of energy saving through vertical greenery systems Using EnergyPlus simulation program.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Building energy simulation,Energy savings,EnergyPlus,Integrated model,Thermal performance,Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS)},
month = {mar},
pages = {47--59},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Studying the potential of energy saving through vertical greenery systems: Using EnergyPlus simulation program}},
volume = {138},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Sorgato2018,
abstract = {A great challenge and trend for sustainable buildings is to reduce electricity consumption, and at the same time try to supply their own energy demand with self-generation. The project should be development focused on sustainability, explore the passive strategies and the energy generation potential of fa{\c{c}}ades and roof. In this paper we analyze for the first time in Brazil and under current solar photovoltaic (PV) module prices, the technical and economic potential of integrating state-of-the-art, frameless, glass-glass thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV modules on a commercial building fa{\c{c}}ade and roof, and evaluate the economic feasibility of replacing traditional fa{\c{c}}ade materials like architectural glass and aluminum composite material with sleek black PV modules in six Brazilian cities. The technical analysis consisted in evaluating the energy performance of a four-storey office building for each of the six cities under analysis. The technical analysis showed that it is possible to fully meet the energy demand of the office building with PV integration in all the Brazilian cities evaluated. While the local climate has a significant impact on the energy consumption due mostly to air conditioning loads, PV energy production follows the same trend. Most importantly, the economic analysis showed that with the declining costs of photovoltaics, replacing conventional fa{\c{c}}ade building materials with PV modules is not only an innovative approach but also of economic benefit.},
author = {Sorgato, M. J. and Schneider, K. and R{\"{u}}ther, R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.091},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sorgato, Schneider, R{\"{u}}ther - 2018 - Technical and economic evaluation of thin-film CdTe building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) repl(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV),Energy efficiency in buildings,Photovoltaics,Positive energy buildings (PEB),Zero energy building (ZEB)},
month = {apr},
pages = {84--98},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Technical and economic evaluation of thin-film CdTe building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) replacing fa{\c{c}}ade and rooftop materials in office buildings in a warm and sunny climate}},
volume = {118},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Dalbem2019a,
abstract = {The paper aims to discuss the adaptation of a brazilian social housing project to the Passive House standard, by defining the thermal envelope construction fabric for different climates of southern Brazil, from a base line according to the Brazilian performance standard. The study was developed in 4 steps, where a numerical model was set up and runned in a transient regime, using EnergyPlus{\textregistered} software. In the first step, the thermal and energy performance of the reference base model was assessed. In the second step, a sensitivity analysis was performed, varying the thermal envelope parameters of the building case study, in order to satisfy the minimum performance of the classification level A, according to the Brazilian Energy Efficiency Regulation (RTQ-R). In a third step, the external envelope of the building was optimised, through a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. In a last step, the numerical model defined according to the Passive House standard was optimised, in order to obtain optimal solutions. Thermal and energy performance and economic viability of the solutions were analysed. Solutions attending to RTQ-R presented additional investment between 26{\%} and 27{\%} and solutions attending to Passive House standard presented additional costs of 39{\%} and 42{\%} for the three bioclimatic zones.},
author = {Dalbem, Renata and {Grala da Cunha}, Eduardo and Vicente, Romeu and Figueiredo, Antonio and Oliveira, Rui and da Silva, Antonio C{\'{e}}sar Silveira Baptista},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.053},
file = {::},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Economic viability,Energy efficiency,Evolutionary algorithms,Optimisation,Passive house,Social housing},
month = {jan},
pages = {1278--1296},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Optimisation of a social housing for south of Brazil: From basic performance standard to passive house concept}},
volume = {167},
year = {2019}
}
@phdthesis{Palaoro2019,
abstract = {Face {\`{a}} necessidade da diversifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da matriz energ{\'{e}}tica urbana, da equidade de acesso {\`{a}} energia el{\'{e}}trica e da redu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos impactos ambientais causados pela explora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de recursos naturais como fonte de energia, esta pesquisa prop{\~{o}}e o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma ferramenta informativa capaz de investigar o emprego de sistemas de aproveitamento da energia solar, em resid{\^{e}}ncias urbanas, para a cidade de Vit{\'{o}}ria, no Esp{\'{i}}rito Santo. Essa ferramenta se apresenta como um mapa solar interativo, disponibilizada gratuitamente em uma plataforma online, com a finalidade de indicar o potencial solar nas coberturas das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es urbanas. Al{\'{e}}m disso, com esse instrumento, pretende-se apontar as viabilidades t{\'{e}}cnica e econ{\^{o}}mica da implanta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sistemas de aproveitamento solar. A metodologia adotada se baseia no m{\'{e}}todo de elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do “Mapa Solar de Concepci{\'{o}}n/Chile” (BAERISWYL-RADA, GARC{\'{I}}AALVARADO, SANDOVAL-QUEZADA, 2016), e considera as seguintes etapas: revis{\~{a}}o bibliogr{\'{a}}fica; recorte espacial; aplica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do m{\'{e}}todo de cria{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do mapa solar (incluindo softwares e dados dispon{\'{i}}veis); avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e divulga{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos resultados. Os estudos desenvolvidos demonstraram maiores dificuldades na elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Modelo Digital Superficial, na calibra{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos par{\^{a}}metros de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e no desenvolvimento da plataforma online. Por isso, foi necess{\'{a}}rio realizar adapta{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es na metodologia de refer{\^{e}}ncia a fim de viabilizar o m{\'{e}}todo proposto. Com essa ferramenta, espera-se democratizar a informa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o acerca da gera{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o distribu{\'{i}}da, fomentar o uso de energia renov{\'{a}}vel n{\~{a}}o convencional e colaborar para o desenvolvimento de uma cidade mais eficiente},
author = {Palaoro, Lohane Barcelos},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Palaoro - 2019 - Mapa Solar Interativo proposta de m{\'{e}}todo para Vit{\'{o}}riaES.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {Energia Solar,Fontes renov{\'{a}}veis,Matriz energ{\'{e}}tica},
mendeley-tags = {Energia Solar,Fontes renov{\'{a}}veis,Matriz energ{\'{e}}tica},
pages = {131},
school = {Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo},
title = {{Mapa Solar Interativo: proposta de m{\'{e}}todo para Vit{\'{o}}ria/ES}},
url = {http://lpp.ufes.br/sites/lpp.ufes.br/files/field/anexo/textodissertacao{\_}lohanepalaoro{\_}revisaofinal{\_}1{\_}5.asd{\_}{\_}0.pdf},
year = {2019}
}
@phdthesis{Veloso2017,
abstract = {Em pa{\'{i}}ses cujas regulamenta{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica j{\'{a}} se mostram consolidadas ou em fase de consolida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, um importante par{\^{a}}metro a ser verificado {\'{e}} o padr{\~{a}}o de consumo relativo de energia el{\'{e}}trica dos edif{\'{i}}cios existentes de acordo com faixas estabelecidas para diferentes tipologias. Este tipo de verifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\'{e}} chamado de marco de consumo ou “benchmarking”. No Brasil, ap{\'{o}}s a implementa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, em 2010, do Regulamento T{\'{e}}cnico da Qualidade para Efici{\^{e}}ncia Energ{\'{e}}tica de Edif{\'{i}}cios Comerciais, de Servi{\c{c}}os e P{\'{u}}blicos – RTQC, considera-se que o pr{\'{o}}ximo passo a ser dado em termos regulat{\'{o}}rios seja analisar o padr{\~{a}}o de consumo de energia dos edif{\'{i}}cios. Infere-se que parte deste consumo esteja relacionado a decis{\~{o}}es tomadas ainda na fase de projeto da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Com isso, o objetivo principal dessa pesquisa foi estabelecer, atrav{\'{e}}s de dados reais de consumo de 101 edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, a influ{\^{e}}ncia das decis{\~{o}}es de projeto no consumo de energia das torres de edif{\'{i}}cios de escrit{\'{o}}rios na cidade de Belo Horizonte – MG. Para alcan{\c{c}}ar esse objetivo, foi necess{\'{a}}rio o levantamento do consumo de energia el{\'{e}}trica desta tipologia de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es bem como de suas caracter{\'{i}}sticas construtivas e do tipo de sistemas de condicionamento nela instalados. Para a classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de acordo com seu consumo foi desenvolvida metodologia para isolar o consumo anual por {\'{a}}rea das torres a partir de dados de consumo anual por {\'{a}}rea das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es como um todo e foram levantados dados construtivos atrav{\'{e}}s de levantamento feito pela internet e por levantamentos feitos in loco. Obtido o consumo anual por {\'{a}}rea das torres foi feita uma classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o deste consumo por faixas de acordo com metodologia proposta pela EN 15217 e posteriormente foi  feita uma an{\'{a}}lise de sensibilidade das vari{\'{a}}veis de projeto (modo de condicionamento de ar, absort{\^{a}}ncia solar das paredes, presen{\c{c}}a de prote{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o solar, fator solar dos vidros, propor{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre paredes e vidros - WWR (Window-to-wall ratio), volume, {\'{a}}rea de proje{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da cobertura, {\'{a}}rea da envolt{\'{o}}ria, fator de forma e fator de altura) em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\`{a}} classifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o proposta. Verificou-se que as seguintes vari{\'{a}}veis: modo de condicionamento de ar, absort{\^{a}}ncia solar das paredes, fator solar dos vidros e WWR - tiveram correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com o consumo anual de energia el{\'{e}}trica por {\'{a}}rea das torres.  A {\'{u}}ltima etapa do trabalho foi ent{\~{a}}o o desenvolvimento de uma equa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de regress{\~{a}}o linear multivariada para a previs{\~{a}}o da intensidade de uso de energia (EUI, energy use intensity) - feita em fun{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das vari{\'{a}}veis anteriormente citadas.},
author = {Veloso, Ana Carolina De Oliveira},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Veloso - 2017 - Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Consumo de Energia El{\'{e}}trica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de Escrit{\'{o}}rio e sua Correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com as Decis{\~{o}}es de Projeto.pdf:pdf},
pages = {125},
school = {Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais},
title = {{Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do Consumo de Energia El{\'{e}}trica de Edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de Escrit{\'{o}}rio e sua Correla{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o com as Decis{\~{o}}es de Projeto}},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-ASFEMQ},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Ferreira2017a,
abstract = {As normas de desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es t{\^{e}}m como um de seus objetivos avaliar a envolt{\'{o}}ria da edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, identificando aquelas edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es que s{\~{a}}o adequadas e que ir{\~{a}}o garantir um desempenho m{\'{i}}nimo no qual seus usu{\'{a}}rios possam sentir-se em conforto. Atualmente, est{\~{a}}o em vigor no Brasil duas normas que abordam o desempenho das edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es: a NBR 15220 (2005) e a NBR 15575 (2013). Alguns estudos apontam inconsist{\^{e}}ncias nessas normas, principalmente no que se refere aos valores-limite estabelecidos para as caracter{\'{i}}sticas termof{\'{i}}sicas das paredes e coberturas. O objetivo deste trabalho {\'{e}} avaliar o conforto t{\'{e}}rmico de uma edifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o residencial multifamiliar adotando os valores-limite de Mahoney, comparando os resultados com os obtidos a partir dos valores normativos para cada uma das zonas bioclim{\'{a}}ticas. A an{\'{a}}lise foi realizada por meio de simula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es no EnergyPlus{\textcopyright} para o per{\'{i}}odo de 1 ano em 24 cidades brasileiras. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de revis{\~{a}}o, principalmente dos valores adotados para a capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica das paredes e para a transmit{\^{a}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica e a absort{\^{a}}ncia solar das coberturas da norma NBR 15220. Al{\'{e}}m disso, h{\'{a}} a necessidade de rever valores da capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica das paredes e da capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica e da absort{\^{a}}ncia solar das coberturas no caso da norma NBR 15575.},
annote = {Cita{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o: FERREIRA, C. C.; SOUZA, H. A. de; ASSIS, E. S. de. Discuss{\~{a}}o dos limites das propriedades t{\'{e}}rmicas dos fechamentos opacos segundo as normas de desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico brasileiras. Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do, Porto Alegre, v. 17, n. 1, p. 183- 200, jan./mar. 2017.

OBS. 01: A princ{\'{i}}pio, o objetivo de an{\'{a}}lise deste artigo {\'{e}} agregar conhecimentos sobre o estilo de publica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da revista.

OBS. 02: Analisar os dados sobre desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico apresentados no artigo.},
author = {Ferreira, Camila Carvalho and de Souza, Henor Artur and de Assis, Eleonora Sad},
doi = {10.1590/s1678-86212017000100131},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ferreira, Souza, Assis - 2017 - Discuss{\~{a}}o dos limites das propriedades t{\'{e}}rmicas dos fechamentos opacos segundo as normas de desempenho t.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1678-8621},
journal = {Ambiente Constru{\'{i}}do},
keywords = {Desempenho termico,Envelope thermo-physical characteristics,Envoltoria,NBR 15575,Norma,Propriedades termofisicas,Thermal performance simulation,Thermal performance standards},
mendeley-tags = {Desempenho termico,Envoltoria,NBR 15575,Norma,Propriedades termofisicas},
number = {1},
pages = {183--200},
title = {{Discuss{\~{a}}o dos limites das propriedades t{\'{e}}rmicas dos fechamentos opacos segundo as normas de desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico brasileiras}},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{Moraes2014,
abstract = {Apesar dos benef{\'{i}}cios amplamente reconhecidos da ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural relacionados {\`{a}} economia de energia e {\`{a}} sa{\'{u}}de e bem estar do usu{\'{a}}rio, esta ainda {\'{e}} um recurso natural subaproveitado, devido {\`{a}}s limita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es e incoer{\^{e}}ncias na sua forma mais comum de predi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desempenho - o Fator de Luz do Dia (FLD). Este estudo busca apresentar um m{\'{e}}todo alternativo e simplificado como ferramenta de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o das condi{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural internas, como proposta de inser{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em normativas brasileiras. A metodologia proposta busca verificar a rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o entre o desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico e o atendimento {\`{a}} uma exig{\^{e}}ncia m{\'{i}}nima de desempenho luminoso. Com o aux{\'{i}}lio de simula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o computacional param{\'{e}}trica, 600 modelos de ambientes representativos para um conjunto de vari{\'{a}}veis s{\~{a}}o simulados e analisados quanto ao desempenho energ{\'{e}}tico e a disponibilidade de ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural. Os resultados s{\~{a}}o muito promissores, mas ainda mostram que s{\~{a}}o necess{\'{a}}rios alguns ajustes para a melhoria da precis{\~{a}}o do m{\'{e}}todo, tais como as vari{\'{a}}veis selecionadas para a modelagem param{\'{e}}trica e a resolu{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos intervalos das medidas de avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da luz natural utilizadas para a verifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do desempenho.},
address = {S{\~{a}}o Paulo},
author = {Moraes, Let{\'{i}}cia Niero and Pereira, Fernando Oscar Rutkkay},
booktitle = {III Encontro da Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Nacional de Pesquisa e P{\'{o}}s-gradua{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em Arquitetura e Urbanismo},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Moraes, Pereira - 2014 - Desenvolvimento de um m{\'{e}}todo simplificado para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do desempenho din{\^{a}}mico da luz natural e sua influ{\^{e}}ncia.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desempenho,efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural},
mendeley-tags = {avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de desempenho,efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica,ilumina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o natural},
pages = {13},
publisher = {USP},
title = {{Desenvolvimento de um m{\'{e}}todo simplificado para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do desempenho din{\^{a}}mico da luz natural e sua influ{\^{e}}ncia sobre a efici{\^{e}}ncia energ{\'{e}}tica}},
year = {2014}
}
@techreport{AssociacaoBrasileiradeNormasTecnicas-ABNT2005,
abstract = {Esta norma, sob o t{\'{i}}tulo geral “Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es”, tem previs{\~{a}}o de conter as seguintes partes:   Parte 1: Defini{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, s{\'{i}}mbolos e unidades;  Parte 2: M{\'{e}}todos de c{\'{a}}lculo da transmit{\^{a}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica, da capacidade t{\'{e}}rmica, do atraso t{\'{e}}rmico e do fator solar de  elementos e componentes de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es;  Parte 3: Zoneamento bioclim{\'{a}}tico brasileiro e diretrizes construtivas para habita{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es unifamiliares de interesse social;  Parte 4: Medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da resist{\^{e}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica e da condutividade t{\'{e}}rmica pelo princ{\'{i}}pio da placa quente protegida;  Parte 5: Medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da resist{\^{e}}ncia t{\'{e}}rmica e da condutividade t{\'{e}}rmica pelo m{\'{e}}todo fluxim{\'{e}}trico.  },
address = {Rio de Janeiro},
author = {{Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT}},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas - ABNT - 2005 - NBR 15220 - Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es.pdf:pdf},
institution = {Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Normas T{\'{e}}cnicas},
keywords = {15220,ABNT,desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico},
mendeley-tags = {15220,ABNT,desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico},
pages = {66},
title = {{NBR 15220 - Desempenho t{\'{e}}rmico de edifica{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es}},
url = {www.abnt.org.br},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Torcellini2006,
abstract = {A net zero-energy building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable technologies. Despite the excitement over the phrase “zero energy,” we lack a common definition, or even a common understanding, of what it means. In this paper, we use a sample of current generation low-energy buildings to explore the concept of zero energy: what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we have progressed toward the ZEB goal. The way the zero energy goal is defined affects the choices designers make to achieve this goal and whether they can claim success. The ZEB definition can emphasize demand-side or supply strategies and whether fuel switching and conversion accounting are appropriate to meet a ZEB goal. Four well-documented definitions—net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-zero energy costs, and net-zero energy emissions—are studied; pluses and minuses of each are discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for which extensive energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts of the definition used for ZEB and the large difference between definitions. It also looks at sample utility rate structures and their impact on the zero energy scenarios.},
author = {Torcellini, P and Pless, S and Deru, M and Crawley, D.},
doi = {10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80045-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Torcellini et al. - 2006 - Zero Energy Buildings A Critical Look at the Definition.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {NREL/CP-550-39833},
issn = {14710846},
journal = {ACEEE Summer Study Pacific Grove},
keywords = {commercial building,low-energy building,zeb,zero energy building},
number = {August},
pages = {15},
title = {{Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition}},
url = {http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39833.pdf},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Crawley2009,
author = {Crawley, Drury and Pless, Shanti and Torcellini, Shanti},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Crawley, Pless, Torcellini - 2009 - Getting to Net Zero Energy Buildings.pdf:pdf},
journal = {AHSRAE Journal},
keywords = {NREL/JA-500-46382,September 2009,building,energy,net-zero energy building,nzeb},
number = {September},
title = {{Getting to Net Zero Energy Buildings}},
url = {http://www.google.com/url?sa=t{\&}source=web{\&}ct=res{\&}cd=2{\&}url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/peec/cgi-bin/docs/home/events/2009/public{\_}discussions/presentation{\_}Selkowitz.pdf{\&}ei=DlJGSvimPIHaNaCF3aIB{\&}usg=AFQjCNGQgaTzt2zJXfRxbcdGcd2lE-J6WQ},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Sudhakar2019,
abstract = {Net Zero building is becoming a global trend as a strategy to reduce the carbon footprint. In order to achieve Net-Zero building design in hot and humid climates, efforts must be put to reduce the overall energy use to the maximum extent by integrating appropriate building technologies into the architectural designs. In this paper, the latest ideas dealing with building performances and net-zero building design projects, are reviewed and an outlook is given including new concepts of combined systems in hot and humid climate regions. The paper is structured in the following manner which includes basic guidelines, natural ventilation systems, cooling and dehumidification, insulation and construction materials, reviews of several net-zero energy building projects. The paper also proposes novel wind tower dehumidification design and ventilated attic building design for the hot and humid region. Thus the state of art review is presented for net-zero buildings in a hot and humid climate.},
author = {Sudhakar, K. and Winderl, Maximilian and Priya, S. Shanmuga},
doi = {10.1016/J.CSITE.2019.100400},
file = {::},
issn = {2214-157X},
journal = {Case Studies in Thermal Engineering},
month = {mar},
pages = {100400},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Net-zero building designs in hot and humid climates: A state-of-art}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X18304131},
volume = {13},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Liu2016,
abstract = {Degradation occurs in a VRF system after years of operation due to refrigerant leakage, mechanical failure or improper maintenance. VRF systems require approaches to detect faults and sustain its normal operation. This paper proposes a creative statistical method to detect the refrigerant charge faults in VRF systems, which is based on principal component analysis (PCA) and exponentially-weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts. The EWMA model is built with the residual vector of the PCA model. Data of the experimental VRF system is used to validate the advantages of the PCA–EWMA method. Results show that the combined use of PCA and EWMA methods can achieve better fault detection efficiency than PCA based T2-statistic and Q-statistic methods at low fault severity levels. The robustness of the PCA–EWMA method in online fault detection is verified using the data from different type of VRF systems.},
author = {Liu, Jiangyan and Hu, Yunpeng and Chen, Huanxin and Wang, Jiangyu and Li, Guannan and Hu, Wenju},
doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.147},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/aaa{\_}l/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Liu et al. - 2016 - A refrigerant charge fault detection method for variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air-conditioning systems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13594311},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
keywords = {EWMA control charts,Fault detection,Principal component analysis,Refrigerant charge fault,Variable refrigerant flow},
month = {aug},
pages = {284--293},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A refrigerant charge fault detection method for variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air-conditioning systems}},
volume = {107},
year = {2016}
}