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<hr>
<p><strong>POINT</strong></p>
<hr>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img data-attachment-id="21565" data-permalink="https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/point/points_on_cartesian_grid-2/" data-orig-file="https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png" data-orig-size="960,720" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="points_on_cartesian_grid" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png?w=960" width="960" height="720" src="https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png" alt="" class="wp-image-21565" srcset="https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png 960w, https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png?w=150&h=113 150w, https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png?w=300&h=225 300w, https://karlinaobject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/points_on_cartesian_grid.png?w=768&h=576 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /></figure>
<hr />
<p>image_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #ff9000" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/points_on_cartesian_grid.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/points_on_cartesian_grid.png</a></p>
<hr />
<p><span style="background: #ffff00">The <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C++</a> program featured in this tutorial web page demonstrates the concept of Object Oriented Programming (<a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OOP</a>). The program implements a user defined data type for instantiating <strong>POINT</strong> type objects. Each POINT type object represents a two-dimensional point plotted on a <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cartesian grid</a> such that the <strong>X</strong> value of a POINT object represents a whole number position along the horizontal axis of the Cartesian grid while the <strong>Y</strong> value of a POINT object represents a whole number position along the vertical axis of the Cartesian grid. A POINT object can execute various functions including the ability to compute the <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">distance</a> between itself and some input POINT object and the ability to compute the <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope" target="_blank" rel="noopener">slope</a> of the line which intersects itself and some input POINT object.</span></p>
<p><em>To view hidden text inside each of the preformatted text boxes below, scroll horizontally.</em></p>
<pre>class : object :: data_type : variable.</pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>SOFTWARE_APPLICATION_COMPONENTS</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>C++_header_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.h" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.h</a></p>
<p>C++_source_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.cpp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.cpp</a></p>
<p>C++_source_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester.cpp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester.cpp</a></p>
<p>plain-text_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #ff9000" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester_output.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester_output.txt</a></p>
<hr />
<p><strong>PROGRAM_COMPILATION_AND_EXECUTION</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>STEP_0: Copy and paste the C++ code from the files named <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.h" target="_blank" rel="noopener">point.h</a>, <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/karlina_object_2022_starter_pack/main/point.cpp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">point.cpp</a>, and <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/karlina_object_2022_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester.cpp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">point_class_tester.cpp</a> into their own new text editor documents and save those documents using their corresponding file names:</p>
<pre>point.h</pre>
<pre>point.cpp</pre>
<pre>point_class_tester.cpp</pre>
<p>STEP_1: Open a <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unix</a> command line terminal application and set the current directory to wherever the C++ program files are collectively located on the local machine (e.g. Desktop).</p>
<pre>cd Desktop</pre>
<p>STEP_2: Compile the C++ files into machine-executable instructions (i.e. object file) and then into an executable piece of software named <strong>app</strong> using the following command:</p>
<pre>g++ point_class_tester.cpp point.cpp -o app</pre>
<p>STEP_3: If the program compilation command does not work, then use the following commands (in top-down order) to install the C/C++ compiler (which is part of the <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)</a>):</p>
<pre>sudo apt install build-essential</pre>
<pre>sudo apt-get install g++</pre>
<p>STEP_4: After running the <strong>g++</strong> command, run the executable file using the following command:</p>
<pre>./app</pre>
<p>STEP_5: Observe program results on the command line terminal and in the <a style="background: #000000;color: #ff9000" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester_output.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">output file</a>.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>POINT_CLASS_HEADER</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>The following header file contains the preprocessing directives and function prototypes of the POINT class.</p>
<p>(Note that the text inside of each of the the preformatted text boxes below appears on this web page (while rendered correctly by the <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" target="_blank" rel="noopener">web browser</a>) to be identical to the content of that preformatted text box text’s respective <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text" target="_blank" rel="noopener">plain-text</a> file or <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source code</a> output file (whose <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Uniform Resource Locator</a> is displayed as the <strong style="background:#000000;color:#00ff00">green</strong> <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hyperlink</a> immediately above that preformatted text box (if that hyperlink points to a <strong>source code file</strong>) or whose Uniform Resource Locator is displayed as the <strong style="background:#000000;color:#ff9000">orange</strong> hyperlink immediately above that preformatted text box (if that hyperlink points to a <strong>plain-text file</strong>))).</p>
<p>A <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">computer</a> interprets a C++ source code as a series of programmatic instructions (i.e. <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" target="_blank" rel="noopener">software</a>) which govern how the <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hardware</a> of that computer behaves).</p>
<p><em>(Note that angle brackets which resemble <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HTML</a> tags (i.e. an “is less than” symbol (i.e. ‘<‘) followed by an “is greater than” symbol (i.e. ‘>’)) displayed on this web page have been replaced (at the source code level of this web page) with the Unicode symbols <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-than_sign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U+003C</a> (which is rendered by the web browser as ‘<‘) and <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater-than_sign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U+003E</a> (which is rendered by the web browser as ‘>’). That is because the <a style="background:#ff9000;color:#000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">WordPress</a> web page editor or web browser interprets a plain-text version of an “is less than” symbol followed by an “is greater than” symbol as being an opening HTML tag (which means that the WordPress web page editor or web browser deletes or fails to display those (plain-text) inequality symbols and the content between those (plain-text) inequality symbols)).</em></p>
<p>C++_header_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.h" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.h</a></p>
<hr />
<pre>/**
* file: point.h
* type: C++ (header file)
* author: karbytes
* date: 07_JULY_2023
* license: PUBLIC_DOMAIN
*/
/* preprocessing directives */
#ifndef POINT_H // If point.h has not already been linked to a source file (.cpp),
#define POINT_H // then link this header file to the source file(s) which include this header file.
/* preprocessing directives */
#include <iostream> // library for defining objects which handle command line input and command line output
#include <fstream> // library for defining objects which handle file input and file output
#include <cmath> // library which defines various math functions such as square root (sqrt()) and sine (sin())
#include <string> // library which defines a sequence of text characters (i.e. char type values) as a string type variable
#define MINIMUM_X -999 // constant which represents minimum X value
#define MAXIMUM_X 999 // constant which represents maximum X value
#define MINIMUM_Y -999 // constant which represents minimum Y value
#define MAXIMUM_Y 999 // constant which represents maximum Y value
#define PI 3.14159 // constant which represents the approximate value of a circle's circumference divided by that circle's diameter
/**
* Define a class which is used to instantiate POINT type objects.
*
* (An object is a variable whose data type is user defined rather than native to the C++ programming language).
*
* A POINT object represents a whole number coordinate pair in the form (X,Y).
*
* X represents a specific whole number position along the x-axis (i.e. horizontal dimension) of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid.
* Y represents a specific whole number position along the y-axis (i.e. vertical dimension) of the same two-dimensional Cartesian grid.
*
* X stores one integer value at a time which is no smaller than MINIMUM_X and which is no larger than MAXIMUM_X.
* Y stores one integer value at a time which is no smaller than MINIMUM_Y and which is no larger than MAXIMUM_Y.
*/
class POINT
{
private:
int X, Y; // data attributes
public:
POINT(); // default constructor
POINT(int X, int Y); // normal constructor
POINT(const POINT & point); // copy constructor
int get_X(); // getter method
int get_Y(); // getter method
bool set_X(int X); // setter method
bool set_Y(int Y); // setter method
double get_distance_from(POINT & point); // getter method
double get_slope_of_line_to(POINT & point); // getter method
void print(std::ostream & output = std::cout); // descriptor method
friend std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & output, POINT & point); // descriptor method
~POINT(); // destructor
};
/* preprocessing directives */
#endif // Terminate the conditional preprocessing directives code block in this header file.</pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>POINT_CLASS_SOURCE_CODE</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>The following source code defines the functions of the POINT class.</p>
<p>C++_source_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.cpp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point.cpp</a></p>
<hr />
<pre>/**
* file: point.cpp
* type: C++ (source file)
* date: 07_JULY_2023
* author: karbytes
* license: PUBLIC_DOMAIN
*/
/* preprocessing directives */
#include "point.h" // Include the C++ header file which contains preprocessing directives, variable declarations, and function prototypes for the POINT class.
/**
* The default constructor method of the POINT class
* instantiates POINT type objects
* whose X value is initially set to 0 and
* whose Y value is initially set to 0.
*
* The default constructor method of the POINT class is invoked
* when a POINT type variable is declared as follows:
*
* // variable declaration example one
* POINT point_0;
*
* // variable declaration example two
* POINT point_1 = POINT();
*/
POINT::POINT()
{
std::cout << "\n\nCreating the POINT type object whose memory address is " << this << "...";
X = 0;
Y = 0;
}
/**
* The normal constructor method of the POINT class
* instantiates POINT type objects
* whose X value is set to the leftmost function input value (if that input value is no smaller than MINIMUM_X and no larger than MAXIMUM_X) and
* whose Y value is set to the rightmost function input value (if that input value is no smaller than MINIMUM_Y and no larger than MAXIMUM_Y).
*
* If a function input value is out of its specified range, then set the corresponding int type property of this to 0.
*
* (The keyword this refers to the POINT object which is returned by this function).
*
* The normal constructor method of the POINT class is invoked when a POINT type variable is declared as follows:
*
* // variable definition example one
* POINT point_0 = POINT(-55,84);
*
* // variable definition example two
* POINT point_1 = POINT(3,-4);
*
* // variable definition example three
* POINT point_2 = POINT(-1000, 999); // point_2 = POINT(0,999).
*
* // variable definition example four
* POINT point_3 = POINT(1000,-999); // point_3 = POINT(0,-999).
*
* // variable definition example five
* POINT point_4 = POINT(999,-1000); // point_4 = POINT(999,0).
*
* // variable definition example six
* POINT point_5 = POINT(-999,1000); // point_5 = POINT(-999,0).
*/
POINT::POINT(int X, int Y)
{
std::cout << "\n\nCreating the POINT type object whose memory address is " << this << "...";
this -> X = ((X < MINIMUM_X) || (X > MAXIMUM_X)) ? 0 : X; // Set the X property of the POINT instance being created to 0 if the function input X value is out of range.
this -> Y = ((Y < MINIMUM_Y) || (Y > MAXIMUM_Y)) ? 0 : Y; // Set the Y property of the POINT instance being created to 0 if the function input Y value is out of range.
}
/**
* The copy constructor method of the POINT class
* instantiates POINT type objects
* whose X value is set to the X value of the input POINT object and
* whose Y value is set to the Y value of the input POINT object.
*
* The copy constructor method of the POINT class is invoked when a POINT type variable is declared as follows:
*
* // variable definition example one
* POINT point_0 = POINT(33,55);
* POINT point_1 = POINT(point_0); // point_1 = POINT(33,55).
*
* // variable definition example two
* POINT point_2 = POINT(point_1); // point_2 = POINT(33,55).
*/
POINT::POINT(const POINT & point)
{
std::cout << "\n\nCreating the POINT type object whose memory address is " << this << "...";
X = point.X;
Y = point.Y;
}
/**
* The getter method of the POINT class returns the value of the caller POINT object's X property.
*
* X is an int type variable which stores exactly one integer value at a time which is no smaller than MINIMUM_X and which is no larger than MAXIMUM_X.
*
* X represents a specific whole number position along the x-axis (i.e. horizontal dimension) of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid.
*/
int POINT::get_X()
{
return X;
}
/**
* The getter method of the POINT class returns the value of the caller POINT object's Y property.
*
* Y is an int type variable which stores exactly one integer value at a time which is no smaller than MINIMUM_Y and which is no larger than MAXIMUM_Y.
*
* Y represents a specific whole number position along the y-axis (i.e. vertical dimension) of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid.
*/
int POINT::get_Y()
{
return Y;
}
/**
* The setter method of the POINT class sets the POINT object's X property to the function input value
* if that value is no smaller than MINIMUM_X and which is no larger than MAXIMUM_X.
*
* If the input value is in range, then return true.
* Otherwise, do not change the caller POINT object's X value and return false.
*
* (The keyword this refers to the POINT object which calls this function).
*
* (X represents a specific whole number position along the x-axis (i.e. horizontal dimension) of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid).
*/
bool POINT::set_X(int X)
{
if ((X >= MINIMUM_X) && (X <= MAXIMUM_X))
{
this -> X = X;
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* The setter method of the POINT class sets the POINT object's Y property to the function input value
* if that value is no smaller than MINIMUM_Y and which is no larger than MAXIMUM_Y.
*
* If the input value is in range, then return true.
* Otherwise, do not change the caller POINT object's Y value and return false.
*
* (The keyword this refers to the POINT object which calls this function).
*
* (Y represents a specific whole number position along the y-axis (i.e. vertical dimension) of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid).
*/
bool POINT::set_Y(int Y)
{
if ((Y >= MINIMUM_Y) && (Y <= MAXIMUM_Y))
{
this -> Y = Y;
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* The getter method of the POINT class returns the length of the shortest path
* between the two-dimensional point represented by the the caller POINT object (i.e. this)
* and the two-dimensional point represented by the input POINT object (i.e. point).
*
* Use the Pythagorean Theorem to compute the length of a right triangle's hypotenuse
* such that the two end points of that hypotenuse are represented by this and point.
*
* (A hypotenuse is the only side of a right triangle which does not form a right angle
* with any other side of that triangle).
*
* (A hypotenuse is the longest side of a triangle (and a triangle is a three-sided polygon
* in which three unique line segments connect three unique points)).
*
* // c is the length of a right triangle's hypotenuse.
* // a is the length of that right triangle's horizontal leg.
* // b is the length of that triangle's vertical leg.
* (c * c) = (a * a) + (b * b).
*
* // sqrt() is a native C++ function defined in the cmath library.
* c = square_root( (a * a) + (b * b)).
*/
double POINT::get_distance_from(POINT & point)
{
int horizontal_difference = 0.0, vertical_difference = 0.0;
horizontal_difference = X - point.X; // a
vertical_difference = Y - point.Y; // b
return sqrt((horizontal_difference * horizontal_difference) + (vertical_difference * vertical_difference)); // c
}
/**
* The getter method of the POINT class returns the slope of the line which intersects
* the two-dimensional point represented by the caller POINT instance (i.e. this)
* and the two-dimensional point represented by the input POINT instance (i.e. point).
*
* // y := f(x),
* // b := f(0),
* // f is a function whose input is an x-axis position and whose output is a y-axis position.
* y := mx + b.
*
* // m is a constant which represents the rate at which y changes in relation to x changing.
* m := (y - b) / x.
*
* // m represents the difference of the two y-values divided by the difference of the two x-values.
* m := (point.Y - this.Y) / (point.X - this.X).
*/
double POINT::get_slope_of_line_to(POINT & point)
{
double vertical_difference = 0.0, horizontal_difference = 0.0, result = 0.0;
vertical_difference = point.Y - Y;
horizontal_difference = point.X - X;
result = vertical_difference / horizontal_difference;
if (result == -0) result = 0; // Signed zeros sometimes occur inside of C++ program runtime instances.
return result;
}
/**
* The print method of the POINT class prints a description of the caller POINT object to the output stream.
*
* Note that the default value of the function input parameter is the standard command line output stream (std::cout).
*
* The default parameter is defined in the POINT class header file (i.e. point.h) and not in the POINT class source file (i.e. point.cpp).
*/
void POINT::print(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nthis = " << this << ". // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.";
output << "\n&X = " << &X << ". // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.";
output << "\n&Y = " << &Y << ". // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.";
output << "\nsizeof(int) = " << sizeof(int) << ". // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).";
output << "\nsizeof(POINT) = " << sizeof(POINT) << ". // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).";
output << "\nX = " << X << ". // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.";
output << "\nY = " << Y << ". // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
}
/**
* The friend function is an alternative to the print method.
* The friend function overloads the ostream operator (<<).
*
* (Overloading an operator is assigning a different function to a native operator other than the function which that operator is used to represent by default).
*
* Note that the default value of the leftmost function input parameter is the standard command line output stream (std::cout).
* The default parameter is defined in the POINT class header file (i.e. point.h).
*
* The friend function is not a member of the POINT class,
* but the friend function has access to the private and protected members
* of the POINT class and not just to the public members of the POINT class.
*
* The friend keyword only prefaces the function prototype of this function
* (and the prototype of this function is declared in the POINT class header file (i.e. point.h)).
*
* The friend keyword does not preface the definition of this function
* (and the definition of this function is specified in the POINT class source file (i.e. point.cpp)).
*
* // overloaded print function example one
* POINT point_0;
* std::cout << point_0; // identical to point_0.print();
*
* // overloaded print function example two
* std::ofstream file;
* POINT point_1;
* file << point_1; // identical to point_1.print(file);
*/
std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & output, POINT & point)
{
point.print(output);
return output;
}
/**
* The destructor method of the POINT class de-allocates memory which was used to
* instantiate the POINT object which is calling this function.
*
* The destructor method of the POINT class is automatically called when
* the program scope in which the caller POINT object was instantiated terminates.
*/
POINT::~POINT()
{
std::cout << "\n\nDeleting the POINT type object whose memory address is " << this << "...";
}
</pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>PROGRAM_SOURCE_CODE</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>The following source code defines the client which implements the POINT class. The client executes a series of unit tests which demonstrate how the POINT class methods work.</p>
<p>C++_source_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #00ff00" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester.cpp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester.cpp</a></p>
<hr />
<pre>/**
* file: point_class_tester.cpp
* type: C++ (source file)
* date: 07_JULY_2023
* author: karbytes
* license: PUBLIC_DOMAIN
*/
#include "point.h" // Include the C++ header file which contains preprocessing directives, variable declarations, and function prototypes for the POINT class.
/* function prototypes */
void unit_test_0(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_1(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_2(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_3(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_4(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_5(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_6(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_7(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_8(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_9(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_10(std::ostream & output);
void unit_test_11(std::ostream & output);
// Unit Test # 0: POINT class default constructor, POINT class print method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_0(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 0: POINT class default constructor, POINT class print method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point;";
output << "\npoint.print(output);";
POINT point;
point.print(output);
}
// Unit Test # 1: POINT class default constructor, POINT class print method (with default parameter), and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_1(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 1: POINT class default constructor, POINT class print method (with default parameter), and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point;";
output << "\npoint.print(); // Standard command line output (std::cout) is the default parameter for the POINT print method.";
POINT point;
point.print(); // Standard command line output (std::cout) is the default parameter for the POINT print method.
}
// Unit Test # 2: POINT class default constructor, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method (which is functionally the same as the POINT class print method), and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_2(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 2: POINT class default constructor, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method (which is functionally the same as the POINT class print method), and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point;";
output << "\noutput << point; // functionally equivalent to: point.print(output);";
POINT point;
output << point;
}
// Unit Test # 3: POINT class default constructor (using the function explicity rather than implicitly), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_3(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 3: POINT class default constructor (using that function explicity rather than implicitly), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point = POINT(); // functionally equivalent to: POINT point;";
output << "\noutput << point;";
POINT point = POINT();
output << point;
}
// Unit Test # 4: POINT class normal constructor (using only valid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_4(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 4: POINT class normal constructor (using only valid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point = POINT(-503,404);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
POINT point = POINT(-503,404);
output << point;
}
// Unit Test # 5: POINT class normal constructor (using only valid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_5(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 5: POINT class normal constructor (using only valid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point_0 = POINT(-999,-999);";
output << "\nPOINT point_1 = POINT(999, 999);";
output << "\nPOINT point_2 = POINT(-999, 999);";
output << "\nPOINT point_3 = POINT(999, -999);";
output << "\noutput << point_0;";
output << "\noutput << point_1;";
output << "\noutput << point_2;";
output << "\noutput << point_3;";
POINT point_0 = POINT(-999,-999);
POINT point_1 = POINT(999, 999);
POINT point_2 = POINT(-999, 999);
POINT point_3 = POINT(999, -999);
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
output << point_2;
output << point_3;
}
// Unit Test # 6: POINT class normal constructor (using both valid and invalid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_6(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 6: POINT class normal constructor (using both valid and invalid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point_0 = POINT(-1000, -999); // point_0 = POINT(0,-999).";
output << "\nPOINT point_1 = POINT(1000, -999); // point_1 = POINT(0,-999).";
output << "\nPOINT point_2 = POINT(-999, -1000); // point_2 = POINT(-999,0).";
output << "\nPOINT point_3 = POINT(-999, 1000); // point_3 = POINT(-999,0).";
output << "\nPOINT point_4 = POINT(-1000, -1000); // point_4 = POINT(0,0).";
output << "\nPOINT point_5 = POINT(1000, 1000); // point_5 = POINT(0,0).";
output << "\nPOINT point_6 = POINT(999, 999); // point_6 = POINT(999,999).";
output << "\noutput << point_0;";
output << "\noutput << point_1;";
output << "\noutput << point_2;";
output << "\noutput << point_3;";
output << "\noutput << point_4;";
output << "\noutput << point_5;";
output << "\noutput << point_6;";
POINT point_0 = POINT(-1000, -999); // point_0 = POINT(0,-999).
POINT point_1 = POINT(1000, -999); // point_1 = POINT(0,-999).
POINT point_2 = POINT(-999, -1000); // point_2 = POINT(-999,0).
POINT point_3 = POINT(-999, 1000); // point_3 = POINT(-999,0).
POINT point_4 = POINT(-1000, -1000); // point_4 = POINT(0,0).
POINT point_5 = POINT(1000, 1000); // point_5 = POINT(0,0).
POINT point_6 = POINT(999, 999); // point_6 = POINT(999,999).
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
output << point_2;
output << point_3;
output << point_4;
output << point_5;
output << point_6;
}
// Unit Test # 7: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class copy constructor, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_7(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 7: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class copy constructor, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point_0 = POINT(333, -666);";
output << "\nPOINT point_1 = POINT(point_0);";
output << "\noutput << point_0;";
output << "\noutput << point_1;";
POINT point_0 = POINT(333, -666);
POINT point_1 = POINT(point_0);
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
}
// Unit Test # 8: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class distance getter method, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_8(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 8: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class distance getter method, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point_0 = POINT(1, 1);";
output << "\nPOINT point_1 = POINT(-1, -1);";
output << "\noutput << point_0;";
output << "\noutput << point_1;";
POINT point_0 = POINT(1, 1);
POINT point_1 = POINT(-1, -1);
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
output << "\npoint_0.get_distance_from(point_1) = " << point_0.get_distance_from(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_distance_from(point_0) = " << point_1.get_distance_from(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_0.get_distance_from(point_0) = " << point_0.get_distance_from(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_distance_from(point_1) = " << point_1.get_distance_from(point_1) << ".";
}
// Unit Test # 9: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class distance getter method, POINT class slope getter method, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_9(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 9: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class distance getter method, POINT class slope getter method, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point_0 = POINT(0, 4);";
output << "\nPOINT point_1 = POINT(3, 0);";
output << "\nPOINT point_2 = POINT(0, 0);";
output << "\noutput << point_0;";
output << "\noutput << point_1;";
output << "\noutput << point_2;";
POINT point_0 = POINT(0, 4);
POINT point_1 = POINT(3, 0);
POINT point_2 = POINT(0, 0);
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
output << point_2;
output << "\npoint_0.get_distance_from(point_1) = " << point_0.get_distance_from(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_distance_from(point_0) = " << point_1.get_distance_from(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_distance_from(point_2) = " << point_1.get_distance_from(point_2) << ".";
output << "\npoint_2.get_distance_from(point_1) = " << point_2.get_distance_from(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_2.get_distance_from(point_0) = " << point_2.get_distance_from(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_0.get_distance_from(point_2) = " << point_0.get_distance_from(point_2) << ".";
output << "\npoint_0.get_distance_from(point_0) = " << point_0.get_distance_from(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_distance_from(point_1) = " << point_1.get_distance_from(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_2.get_distance_from(point_2) = " << point_2.get_distance_from(point_2) << ".";
output << "\npoint_0.get_slope_of_line_to(point_1) = " << point_0.get_slope_of_line_to(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_slope_of_line_to(point_0) = " << point_1.get_slope_of_line_to(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_slope_of_line_to(point_2) = " << point_1.get_slope_of_line_to(point_2) << ".";
output << "\npoint_2.get_slope_of_line_to(point_1) = " << point_2.get_slope_of_line_to(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_2.get_slope_of_line_to(point_0) = " << point_2.get_slope_of_line_to(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_0.get_slope_of_line_to(point_2) = " << point_0.get_slope_of_line_to(point_2) << ".";
output << "\npoint_0.get_slope_of_line_to(point_0) = " << point_0.get_slope_of_line_to(point_0) << ".";
output << "\npoint_1.get_slope_of_line_to(point_1) = " << point_1.get_slope_of_line_to(point_1) << ".";
output << "\npoint_2.get_slope_of_line_to(point_2) = " << point_2.get_slope_of_line_to(point_2) << ".";
}
// Unit Test # 10: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class data attribute getter methods, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_10(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 10: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class data attribute getter methods, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point = POINT(33.3, 88.8); // point = POINT(33, 88).";
output << "\noutput << point;";
POINT point = POINT(33.3, 88.8);
output << point;
output << "\npoint.get_X() = " << point.get_X() << ".";
output << "\npoint.get_Y() = " << point.get_Y() << ".";
}
// Unit Test # 11: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class data attribute setter methods, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
void unit_test_11(std::ostream & output)
{
output << "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nUnit Test # 10: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class data attribute setter methods, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.";
output << "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------";
output << "\nPOINT point = POINT(666,777);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_X(999);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_Y(-999);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_X(-1000);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_X(200);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_Y(-1000);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_Y(444);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_X(1000);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
output << "\npoint.set_Y(1000);";
output << "\noutput << point;";
POINT point = POINT(666,777);
output << point;
point.set_X(999);
output << point;
point.set_Y(-999);
output << point;
point.set_X(-1000);
output << point;
point.set_X(200);
output << point;
point.set_Y(-1000);
output << point;
point.set_Y(444);
output << point;
point.set_X(1000);
output << point;
point.set_Y(1000);
output << point;
}
/* program entry point */
int main()
{
// Declare a file output stream object.
std::ofstream file;
// Set the number of digits of floating-point numbers which are printed to the command line terminal to 100 digits.
std::cout.precision(100);
// Set the number of digits of floating-point numbers which are printed to the file output stream to 100 digits.
file.precision(100);
/**
* If point_class_tester_output.txt does not already exist in the same directory as point_class_tester.cpp,
* create a new file named point_class_tester_output.txt.
*
* Open the plain-text file named point_class_tester_output.txt
* and set that file to be overwritten with program data.
*/
file.open("point_class_tester_output.txt");
// Print an opening message to the command line terminal.
std::cout << "\n\n--------------------------------";
std::cout << "\nStart Of Program";
std::cout << "\n--------------------------------";
// Print an opening message to the file output stream.
file << "--------------------------------";
file << "\nStart Of Program";
file << "\n--------------------------------";
// Implement a series of unit tests which demonstrate the functionality of POINT class variables.
unit_test_0(std::cout);
unit_test_0(file);
unit_test_1(std::cout);
unit_test_1(file);
unit_test_2(std::cout);
unit_test_2(file);
unit_test_3(std::cout);
unit_test_3(file);
unit_test_4(std::cout);
unit_test_4(file);
unit_test_5(std::cout);
unit_test_5(file);
unit_test_6(std::cout);
unit_test_6(file);
unit_test_7(std::cout);
unit_test_7(file);
unit_test_8(std::cout);
unit_test_8(file);
unit_test_9(std::cout);
unit_test_9(file);
unit_test_10(std::cout);
unit_test_10(file);
unit_test_11(std::cout);
unit_test_11(file);
// Print a closing message to the command line terminal.
std::cout << "\n\n--------------------------------";
std::cout << "\nEnd Of Program";
std::cout << "\n--------------------------------\n\n";
// Print a closing message to the file output stream.
file << "\n\n--------------------------------";
file << "\nEnd Of Program";
file << "\n--------------------------------";
// Close the file output stream.
file.close();
// Exit the program.
return 0;
}
</pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>SAMPLE_PROGRAM_OUTPUT</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>The text in the preformatted text box below was generated by one use case of the C++ program featured in this <a style="background: #ff9000;color: #000000" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming" target="_blank" rel="noopener">computer programming</a> tutorial web page.</p>
<p>plain-text_file: <a style="background: #000000;color: #ff9000" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester_output.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karlinarayberinger/KARLINA_OBJECT_summer_2023_starter_pack/main/point_class_tester_output.txt</a></p>
<hr />
<pre>
--------------------------------
Start Of Program
--------------------------------
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Unit Test # 0: POINT class default constructor, POINT class print method, and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point;
point.print(output);
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this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
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Unit Test # 1: POINT class default constructor, POINT class print method (with default parameter), and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point;
point.print(); // Standard command line output (std::cout) is the default parameter for the POINT print method.
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Unit Test # 2: POINT class default constructor, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method (which is functionally the same as the POINT class print method), and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point;
output << point; // functionally equivalent to: point.print(output);
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this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
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Unit Test # 3: POINT class default constructor (using that function explicity rather than implicitly), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point = POINT(); // functionally equivalent to: POINT point;
output << point;
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this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
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Unit Test # 4: POINT class normal constructor (using only valid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point = POINT(-503,404);
output << point;
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this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = -503. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 404. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
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Unit Test # 5: POINT class normal constructor (using only valid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point_0 = POINT(-999,-999);
POINT point_1 = POINT(999, 999);
POINT point_2 = POINT(-999, 999);
POINT point_3 = POINT(999, -999);
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
output << point_2;
output << point_3;
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this = 0x7ffe4927b238. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b238. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b23c. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = -999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = -999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b240. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b240. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b244. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b248. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b248. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b24c. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = -999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = -999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
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Unit Test # 6: POINT class normal constructor (using both valid and invalid function inputs), POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point_0 = POINT(-1000, -999); // point_0 = POINT(0,-999).
POINT point_1 = POINT(1000, -999); // point_1 = POINT(0,-999).
POINT point_2 = POINT(-999, -1000); // point_2 = POINT(-999,0).
POINT point_3 = POINT(-999, 1000); // point_3 = POINT(-999,0).
POINT point_4 = POINT(-1000, -1000); // point_4 = POINT(0,0).
POINT point_5 = POINT(1000, 1000); // point_5 = POINT(0,0).
POINT point_6 = POINT(999, 999); // point_6 = POINT(999,999).
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
output << point_2;
output << point_3;
output << point_4;
output << point_5;
output << point_6;
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this = 0x7ffe4927b220. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b220. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b224. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = -999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b228. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b228. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b22c. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = -999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b230. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b230. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b234. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = -999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b238. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b238. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b23c. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = -999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b240. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b240. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b244. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b248. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b248. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b24c. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 0. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 0. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 999. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = 999. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit Test # 7: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class copy constructor, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POINT point_0 = POINT(333, -666);
POINT point_1 = POINT(point_0);
output << point_0;
output << point_1;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b248. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b248. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b24c. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 333. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = -666. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The keyword named this is a pointer which stores the memory address of the first memory cell of a POINT sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT object.
&X = 0x7ffe4927b250. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named X.
&Y = 0x7ffe4927b254. // The reference operation returns the memory address of the first memory cell of an int sized chunk of contiguous memory cells which are allocated to the caller POINT data attribute named Y.
sizeof(int) = 4. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which an int type variable occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
sizeof(POINT) = 8. // The sizeof() operation returns the number of bytes of memory which a POINT type object occupies. (Each memory cell has a data capacity of 1 byte).
X = 333. // X stores one int type value at a time which represents the horizontal position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
Y = -666. // Y stores one int type value at a time which represents the vertical position of a two-dimensional point plotted on a Cartesian grid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Unit Test # 8: POINT class normal constructor, POINT class distance getter method, POINT class overloaded ostream operator method, and POINT class destructor.
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POINT point_0 = POINT(1, 1);
POINT point_1 = POINT(-1, -1);