From 1c87b85dd7f66dc560f35f30de100740779d8944 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henri Fontana Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2023 13:26:00 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] el: Refresh .po file after mdbook-i18n-helpers 0.2.2 Part of #330, #282, #283 --- po/el.po | 21821 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 12834 insertions(+), 8987 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/el.po b/po/el.po index d11795dba438..960fe9e3db55 100644 --- a/po/el.po +++ b/po/el.po @@ -2,31 +2,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" "POT-Creation-Date: \n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-02-07 01:09+0000\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-08-25 13:24-0700\n" "Last-Translator: root \n" "Language-Team: Greek \n" +"Language: el\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" -"Language: el\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" +"X-Generator: Poedit 3.3.2\n" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/welcome.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Comprehensive Rust 🦀" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/running-the-course.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course.md:1 msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "Διεξαγωγή του μαθήματος" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "Δομή Μαθήματος" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 -msgid "Ημέρα 4η" -msgstr "" - #: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "Συντομεύσεις πληκτρολογίου" @@ -55,8 +52,8 @@ msgstr "Εκτέλεση Cargo τοπικά" msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "1η μέρα: Πρωί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:185 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/SUMMARY.md:195 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 src/SUMMARY.md:271 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Καλως Ήρθατε" @@ -125,7 +122,7 @@ msgstr "Συναρτήσεις" msgid "Rustdoc" msgstr "Γιατί Rust;" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 #: src/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "Μέθοδοι" @@ -134,11 +131,13 @@ msgstr "Μέθοδοι" msgid "Overloading" msgstr "Υπερφόρτωση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/SUMMARY.md:120 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/SUMMARY.md:200 src/SUMMARY.md:227 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/SUMMARY.md:279 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-4/android.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/SUMMARY.md:110 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:157 src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/SUMMARY.md:214 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 src/SUMMARY.md:263 src/SUMMARY.md:285 src/SUMMARY.md:306 +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Ασκήσεις" @@ -154,861 +153,929 @@ msgstr "Πίνακες και βρόχοι for" msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "1η μέρα: Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/control-flow.md:1 +msgid "Control Flow" +msgstr "Ροή ελέγχου" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 +msgid "Blocks" +msgstr "Μπλοκ" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 +msgid "if expressions" +msgstr "Eκφράσεις if" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 +msgid "for expressions" +msgstr "Εκφράσεις for" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 +msgid "while expressions" +msgstr "Εκφράσεις while" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 +msgid "break & continue" +msgstr "break & continue" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 +msgid "loop expressions" +msgstr "Εκφράσεις loop" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 msgid "Variables" msgstr "Μεταβλητές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "Συμπερασμός Τύπων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 msgid "static & const" msgstr "static & const" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" msgstr "Εμβέλια και σκίαση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/memory-management.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1 +msgid "Enums" +msgstr "Απαριθμήσεις" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 +msgid "Variant Payloads" +msgstr "Περιεχόμενο Παραλλαγών" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1 +msgid "Enum Sizes" +msgstr "Μέγεθος Απαριθμήσεων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Novel Control Flow" +msgstr "Ροή ελέγχου" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 +msgid "if let expressions" +msgstr "Εκφράσεις if let" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 +msgid "while let expressions" +msgstr "Εκφράσεις while let" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 +msgid "match expressions" +msgstr "Εκφράσεις match" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1 +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "Αντιστοίχιση προτύπων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 +msgid "Destructuring Enums" +msgstr "Αποδόμηση Απαριθμήσεων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 +msgid "Destructuring Structs" +msgstr "Αποδόμηση Δομών" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 +msgid "Destructuring Arrays" +msgstr "Αποδόμηση Πινάκων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 +msgid "Match Guards" +msgstr "Φύλακες Αντιστοιχίσεων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Αλγόριθμος Luhn" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" +msgstr "Αντιστοίχιση προτύπων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:75 +msgid "Day 2: Morning" +msgstr "2η μέρα: Πρωί" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1 msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "Διαχείριση μνήμης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 msgid "Stack vs Heap" msgstr "Στοίβα και Σωρός" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/memory-management/stack.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 msgid "Stack Memory" msgstr "Μνήμη στοίβας" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 msgid "Manual Memory Management" msgstr "Χειροκίνητη διαχείριση μνήμης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" msgstr "Διαχείριση μνήμης βάσει εμβέλιας" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 msgid "Garbage Collection" msgstr "Συλλογή σκουπιδιών" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 msgid "Rust Memory Management" msgstr "Διαχείριση μνήμης στη Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1 msgid "Comparison" msgstr "Σύγκριση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/ownership.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership.md:1 msgid "Ownership" msgstr "Ιδιοκτησία" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "Σημασιολογία μετακίνησης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" msgstr "Μετακινημένες συμβολοσειρές στη Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" msgstr "Διπλές απελευθερώσεις μνήμης στη σύγχρονη C++" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Moves in Function Calls" msgstr "Μετακινήσεις σε κλήσεις συναρτήσεων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 msgid "Copying and Cloning" msgstr "Αντιγραφή και κλωνοποίηση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "Δανεισμός" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" msgstr "Κοινόχρηστα και μοναδικά δάνεια" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes" msgstr "Διάρκειες" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "Διάρκειες σε κλήσεις συναρτήσεων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "Διάρκειες ζωής σε δομές δεδομένων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Designing a Library" -msgstr "Σχεδιασμός Βιβλιοθηκών" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Storing Books" +msgstr "Συμβολοσειρές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 msgid "Iterators and Ownership" msgstr "Iterators και ιδιοκτησία" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 -msgid "Day 2: Morning" -msgstr "2η μέρα: Πρωί" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/structs.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/structs.md:1 msgid "Structs" msgstr "Δομές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "Δομές Τούπλας" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" msgstr "Συντομευμένο συντακτικό πεδίων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/enums.md:1 -msgid "Enums" -msgstr "Απαριθμήσεις" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 -msgid "Variant Payloads" -msgstr "Περιεχόμενο Παραλλαγών" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/enums/sizes.md:1 -msgid "Enum Sizes" -msgstr "Μέγεθος Απαριθμήσεων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/methods/receiver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/methods/receiver.md:1 msgid "Method Receiver" msgstr "Δέκτης Μεθόδων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/SUMMARY.md:195 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/SUMMARY.md:284 #: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 msgid "Example" msgstr "Παράδειγμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/pattern-matching.md:1 -msgid "Pattern Matching" -msgstr "Αντιστοίχιση προτύπων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Enums" -msgstr "Αποδόμηση Απαριθμήσεων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Structs" -msgstr "Αποδόμηση Δομών" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Arrays" -msgstr "Αποδόμηση Πινάκων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 -msgid "Match Guards" -msgstr "Φύλακες Αντιστοιχίσεων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 msgid "Health Statistics" msgstr "Στατιστικά Υγείας" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Points and Polygons" -msgstr "Σημεία και Πολύγωνα" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" msgstr "2η μέρα: Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/control-flow.md:1 -msgid "Control Flow" -msgstr "Ροή ελέγχου" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 -msgid "Blocks" -msgstr "Μπλοκ" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 -msgid "if expressions" -msgstr "Eκφράσεις if" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 -msgid "if let expressions" -msgstr "Εκφράσεις if let" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 -msgid "while expressions" -msgstr "Εκφράσεις while" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 -msgid "while let expressions" -msgstr "Εκφράσεις while let" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 -msgid "for expressions" -msgstr "Εκφράσεις for" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 -msgid "loop expressions" -msgstr "Εκφράσεις loop" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 -msgid "match expressions" -msgstr "Εκφράσεις match" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 -msgid "break & continue" -msgstr "break & continue" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 src/std.md:1 msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "Στάνταρ Βιβλιοθήκη" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 msgid "Option and Result" msgstr "Option και Result" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/std/string.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/std/string.md:1 msgid "String" msgstr "Συμβολοσειρές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 msgid "Vec" msgstr "Vec" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 msgid "HashMap" msgstr "HashMap" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 msgid "Box" msgstr "Box" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 msgid "Recursive Data Types" msgstr "Αναδρομικοί τύποι δεδομένων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 src/std/box-niche.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/std/box-niche.md:1 msgid "Niche Optimization" msgstr "Εξειδικευμένη Βελτιστοποίηση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 msgid "Rc" msgstr "Rc" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 src/modules.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 +msgid "Cell/RefCell" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 src/modules.md:1 msgid "Modules" msgstr "Δομικές Μονάδες" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/modules/visibility.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/modules/visibility.md:1 msgid "Visibility" msgstr "Ορατότητα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/modules/paths.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/modules/paths.md:1 msgid "Paths" msgstr "Μονοπάτια" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "Ιεραρχία συστήματος αρχείων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Luhn Algorithm" -msgstr "Αλγόριθμος Luhn" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:98 msgid "Strings and Iterators" msgstr "Συμβολοσειρές και Επαναλήπτες" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "3η μέρα: Πρωί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics.md:1 +msgid "Generics" +msgstr "Γενικευσεις" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/generics/data-types.md:1 +msgid "Generic Data Types" +msgstr "Γενικοί τύποι δεδομένων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/generics/methods.md:1 +msgid "Generic Methods" +msgstr "Γενικές Μέθοδοι" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 +msgid "Monomorphization" +msgstr "Μονομορφοποίηση" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits.md:1 msgid "Traits" msgstr "Χαρακτηριστικά" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 +msgid "Trait Objects" +msgstr "Αντικείμενα Χαρακτηριστικών" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 msgid "Deriving Traits" msgstr "Εξάγωντας χαρακτηριστικά" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 msgid "Default Methods" msgstr "Προ-υλοποιημένες μέθοδοι" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 +msgid "Trait Bounds" +msgstr "Περιορισμοί χαρακτηριστικών" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 +msgid "impl Trait" +msgstr "impl Trait" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 msgid "Important Traits" msgstr "Σημαντικά Χαρακτηριστικά" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:134 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 msgid "Iterator" msgstr "Iterator" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 msgid "FromIterator" msgstr "FromIterator" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 msgid "From and Into" msgstr "From και Into" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 msgid "Read and Write" msgstr "Read και Write" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 -msgid "Add, Mul, ..." -msgstr "Add, Mul, ..." - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 msgid "Drop" msgstr "Drop" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 msgid "Default" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/generics.md:1 -msgid "Generics" -msgstr "Γενικευσεις" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/generics/data-types.md:1 -msgid "Generic Data Types" -msgstr "Γενικοί τύποι δεδομένων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/generics/methods.md:1 -msgid "Generic Methods" -msgstr "Γενικές Μέθοδοι" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 -msgid "Trait Bounds" -msgstr "Περιορισμοί χαρακτηριστικών" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 -msgid "impl Trait" -msgstr "impl Trait" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 src/generics/closures.md:1 -msgid "Closures" -msgstr "Κλεισίματα" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 -msgid "Monomorphization" -msgstr "Μονομορφοποίηση" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." +msgstr "Add, Mul, ..." -#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/generics/trait-objects.md:1 -msgid "Trait Objects" -msgstr "Αντικείμενα Χαρακτηριστικών" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "A Simple GUI Library" msgstr "Μια απλή βιβλιοθήκη GUI" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:175 +msgid "Points and Polygons" +msgstr "Σημεία και Πολύγωνα" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" msgstr "3η μέρα: Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/error-handling.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/error-handling.md:1 msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "Χειρισμός σφαλμάτων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 msgid "Panics" msgstr "Πανικοί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" msgstr "Πιάνοντας ξετυλίγματα στοίβας" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:157 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 msgid "Structured Error Handling" msgstr "Δομημένη διαχείριση σφαλμάτων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" msgstr "Διάδοση σφαλμάτων με ?" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 msgid "Converting Error Types" msgstr "Μετατροπή τύπων σφαλμάτων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 msgid "Deriving Error Enums" msgstr "Εξαγωγή απαριθμήσεων σφαλμάτων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 msgid "Dynamic Error Types" msgstr "Δυναμικοί τύποι σφαλμάτων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 msgid "Adding Context to Errors" msgstr "Προσθήκη περιεχομένου στα σφάλματα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/testing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing.md:1 msgid "Testing" msgstr "Τεστ" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "Τεστ μονάδων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "Δομικές μονάδες τεστ" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 msgid "Documentation Tests" msgstr "Τεστ τεκμηρίωσης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 msgid "Integration Tests" msgstr "Τεστ ενσωμάτωσης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/unsafe.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe.md:1 msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "Μη ασφαλής Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "Αποαναφορά δεικτών" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "Μεταβλητές στατικές μεταβλητές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 msgid "Unions" msgstr "Σωματεία" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Κλήση μη ασφαλών συναρτήσεων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Υλοποίηση μη ασφαλών συναρτήσεων" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 msgid "Extern Functions" msgstr "Εξωτερικές Συναρτήσεις" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" msgstr "Υλοποίηση μη ασφαλών χαρακτηριστικών" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" msgstr "Ασφαλές περιτύλιγμα FFI" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 -msgid "Day 4: Morning" -msgstr "4η μέρα: Πρωί" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 -msgid "Concurrency" -msgstr "Συγχρονισμός" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 -msgid "Threads" -msgstr "Νήματα" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 -msgid "Scoped Threads" -msgstr "Νήματα με εμβέλεια" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 -msgid "Channels" -msgstr "Κανάλια" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 -msgid "Unbounded Channels" -msgstr "Κανάλια χωρίς Όρια" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 -msgid "Bounded Channels" -msgstr "Κανάλια με Όρια" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:192 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 -msgid "Shared State" -msgstr "Κοινόχρηστα Δεδομένα" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 -msgid "Arc" -msgstr "Arc" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 -msgid "Mutex" -msgstr "Mutex" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 -msgid "Send and Sync" -msgstr "Send και Sync" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 -msgid "Send" -msgstr "Send" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 -msgid "Sync" -msgstr "Sync" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 -msgid "Examples" -msgstr "Παραδείγματα" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Dining Philosophers" -msgstr "Δείπνο με φιλόσοφους" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:1 -msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" -msgstr "Έλεγχος συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 -msgid "Day 4: Afternoon (Android)" -msgstr "4η μέρα: Απόγευμα (Android)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/running-the-course/day-4.md:15 -#: src/android.md:1 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 src/SUMMARY.md:261 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 msgid "Android" msgstr "Android" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/android/setup.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/android/setup.md:1 msgid "Setup" msgstr "Προετοιμασία" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 src/android/build-rules.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/build-rules.md:1 msgid "Build Rules" msgstr "Κανόνες Κατασκευής" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 msgid "Binary" msgstr "Εκτελέσιμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 msgid "Library" msgstr "Βιβλιοθήκες" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 src/android/aidl.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 src/android/aidl.md:1 msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDL" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 msgid "Interface" msgstr "Διεπαφές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 msgid "Implementation" msgstr "Υλοποίηση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 msgid "Server" msgstr "Εξυπηρετητής" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 msgid "Deploy" msgstr "Deploy" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 msgid "Client" msgstr "Πελάτης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 msgid "Changing API" msgstr "Αλλαγή API" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 src/SUMMARY.md:268 src/android/logging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/android/logging.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 msgid "Logging" msgstr "Καταγραφή" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 src/android/interoperability.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/android/interoperability.md:1 msgid "Interoperability" msgstr "Διαλειτουργικότητα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 msgid "With C" msgstr "Με C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" msgstr "Καλώντας C με Bindgen" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "Καλώντας Rust από C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 msgid "With C++" msgstr "Με C++" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 msgid "With Java" msgstr "Με Java" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 -msgid "Final Words" -msgstr "Κλείσιμο" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/thanks.md:1 -msgid "Thanks!" -msgstr "Ευχαριστήρια" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 -msgid "Other Resources" -msgstr "Επιπλέον Υλικό" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/credits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 #, fuzzy -msgid "Credits" -msgstr "Πιστώσεις" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust: Morning" +msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Rust χωρίς λειτουργικό σύστημα: Πρωί;" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 msgid "no_std" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Μικρό Παράδειγμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 msgid "alloc" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:243 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "Μικροεπεξεργαστές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:245 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 msgid "PACs" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "Crates υποστήριξης πλακετών" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:248 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "Το μοτίβο Τύπου Κατάστασης" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 msgid "embedded-hal" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Αποσφαλμάτωση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 src/SUMMARY.md:270 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 src/SUMMARY.md:254 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Επιπλέον Projects" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Πυξίδα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust: Afternoon" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Rust χωρίς λειτουργικό σύστημα: Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:258 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 +msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:243 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "Ας γράψουμε έναν οδηγό UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:245 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Επιπλέον Χαρακτηριστικά" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:263 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "Ένας καλύτερος οδηγός UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:265 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:248 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "Πολλαπλοί καταχωρητές" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "Οδηγός" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 src/SUMMARY.md:269 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/SUMMARY.md:252 #, fuzzy msgid "Using It" msgstr "Χρήση" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exceptions" +msgstr "Συναρτήσεις" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 msgid "Useful Crates" msgstr "Χρήσιμα Crates" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 msgid "zerocopy" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:257 msgid "aarch64-paging" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:258 msgid "buddy_system_allocator" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 msgid "tinyvec" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 msgid "spin" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 msgid "vmbase" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "Οδηγός RTC" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency: Morning" +msgstr "Συγχρονισμός" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 +msgid "Threads" +msgstr "Νήματα" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 +msgid "Scoped Threads" +msgstr "Νήματα με εμβέλεια" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 +msgid "Channels" +msgstr "Κανάλια" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +msgid "Unbounded Channels" +msgstr "Κανάλια χωρίς Όρια" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +msgid "Bounded Channels" +msgstr "Κανάλια με Όρια" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +msgid "Send and Sync" +msgstr "Send και Sync" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +msgid "Send" +msgstr "Send" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +msgid "Sync" +msgstr "Sync" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +msgid "Examples" +msgstr "Παραδείγματα" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:281 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 +msgid "Shared State" +msgstr "Κοινόχρηστα Δεδομένα" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:282 +msgid "Arc" +msgstr "Arc" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:283 +msgid "Mutex" +msgstr "Mutex" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/SUMMARY.md:307 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 +msgid "Dining Philosophers" +msgstr "Δείπνο με φιλόσοφους" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 +msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" +msgstr "Έλεγχος συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" +msgstr "Συγχρονισμός" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 +msgid "Async Basics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 +msgid "async/await" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/async/futures.md:1 +msgid "Futures" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/runtimes.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Runtimes" +msgstr "Εγγυήσεις χρόνου εκτέλεσης" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 +msgid "Tokio" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 +#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tasks" +msgstr "Καθήκοντα" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/channels.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Async Channels" +msgstr "Κανάλια" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 +msgid "Join" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 +msgid "Select" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 +msgid "Pitfalls" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 +msgid "Blocking the Executor" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:303 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 +msgid "Pin" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Async Traits" +msgstr "Χαρακτηριστικά" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cancellation" +msgstr "Εγκατάσταση" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 +msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:311 +msgid "Final Words" +msgstr "Κλείσιμο" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/thanks.md:1 +msgid "Thanks!" +msgstr "Ευχαριστήρια" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:316 +msgid "Other Resources" +msgstr "Επιπλέον Υλικό" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/credits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Credits" +msgstr "Πιστώσεις" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:320 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 msgid "Solutions" msgstr "Λύσεις" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 msgid "Day 1 Morning" msgstr "1η ημέρα Πρωί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" msgstr "1η μέρα Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:327 msgid "Day 2 Morning" msgstr "2η ημέρα Πρωί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" msgstr "2η μέρα Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:329 msgid "Day 3 Morning" msgstr "3η ημέρα Πρωί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" msgstr "3η μέρα Απόγευμα" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 -msgid "Day 4 Morning" -msgstr "4η ημέρα Πρωί" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:331 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" msgstr "Rust χωρίς λειτουργικό σύστημα: Πρωί" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:332 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" msgstr "Rust χωρίς λειτουργικό σύστημα Απόγευμα" -#: src/welcome.md:3 -msgid "" -"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" -"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" -"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml)" -msgstr "" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:333 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Morning" +msgstr "Συγχρονισμός" -#: src/welcome.md:3 -msgid "Build workflow" -msgstr "Ροή εργασίας κατασκευής" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:334 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" +msgstr "Συγχρονισμός" -#: src/welcome.md:3 +#: src/index.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" -"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml) [![GitHub " -"contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" -"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" -"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome.md:4 -msgid "GitHub contributors" -msgstr "Συνεργάτες GitHub" - -#: src/welcome.md:4 -msgid "" -"[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" +"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" +"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields." "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" msgstr "" -#: src/welcome.md:5 -msgid "GitHub stars" -msgstr "Αστέρια GitHub" - -#: src/welcome.md:5 -msgid "" -"[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-" -"rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" -"stargazers)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome.md:7 +#: src/index.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is a four day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course " -"covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like " -"generics and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on " -"the last day." +"This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The " +"course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced " +"topics like generics and error handling." msgstr "" "Αυτό είναι ένα τετραήμερο μάθημα Rust που αναπτύχθηκε από την ομάδα Android. " "Το μάθημα καλύπτει το πλήρες φάσμα της Rust, από τη βασική σύνταξη έως τα " "προηγμένα θέματα όπως οι γενικευμένοι τύποι και διαχείριση σφαλμάτων. " "Περιλαμβάνει επίσης περιεχόμενο ειδικά για Android την τελευταία ημέρα." -#: src/welcome.md:11 +#: src/index.md:11 msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " "anything about Rust and hope to:" @@ -1016,56 +1083,56 @@ msgstr "" "Ο στόχος του μαθήματος είναι να σας διδάξει τη γλώσσα Rust. Υποθέτουμε ότι " "δεν ξέρετε τίποτα σχετικά με τη Rust και ελπίζουμε να:" -#: src/welcome.md:14 +#: src/index.md:14 msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language." msgstr "" "Σας δώσουμε μια ολοκληρωμένη κατανόηση της σύνταξης και της γλώσσας Rust." -#: src/welcome.md:15 +#: src/index.md:15 msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust." msgstr "" "Σας καταστήσουμε ικανούς να τροποποιείτε υπάρχοντα προγράμματα και να " "γράφετε νέα προγράμματα με τη Rust." -#: src/welcome.md:16 +#: src/index.md:16 msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Σας δείξουμε τους συνήθεις ιδιωματισμούς της Rust." -#: src/welcome.md:18 -msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:" +#: src/index.md:18 +msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "" -"Την 4η Ημέρα, θα καλύψουμε πράγματα που αφορούν συγκεκριμένα το Android, " -"όπως:" -#: src/welcome.md:20 -msgid "Building Android components in Rust." -msgstr "Δημιουργία Android components με Rust." +#: src/index.md:20 +msgid "" +"Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:" +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome.md:21 -msgid "AIDL servers and clients." -msgstr "Εξυπηρετητές και πελάτες AIDL." +#: src/index.md:22 +msgid "" +"[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform " +"development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java." +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome.md:22 -msgid "Interoperability with C, C++, and Java." -msgstr "Διαλειτουργικότητα με C, C++ και Java." +#: src/index.md:24 +msgid "" +"[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " +"(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " +"covered." +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome.md:24 +#: src/index.md:27 msgid "" -"It is important to note that this course does not cover Android " -"**application** development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts " -"are specifically about writing code for Android itself, the operating " -"system. " +"[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " +"cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " +"mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using " +"futures)." msgstr "" -"Είναι σημαντικό να σημειωθεί ότι αυτό το μάθημα δεν καλύπτει την " -"ανάπτυξη**εφαρμογών** Android σε Rust. Το κομμάτι του μαθήματος που αφορά " -"τοAndroid έχει να κάνει με ανάπτυξη κώδικα για το ίδιο το Android, ως " -"λειτουργικό σύστημα." -#: src/welcome.md:28 +#: src/index.md:33 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Μη-Στόχοι" -#: src/welcome.md:30 +#: src/index.md:35 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" @@ -1073,21 +1140,10 @@ msgstr "" "Η Rust είναι μια μεγάλη γλώσσα και δεν θα μπορούμε να την καλύψουμε όλη σε " "λίγες μέρες. Μερικοί μη-στόχοι αυτού του μαθήματος είναι:" -#: src/welcome.md:33 -msgid "" -"Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when covering " -"traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous Programming in " -"Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead for details on this " -"topic." -msgstr "" -"Χρήση async Rust --- θα αναφέρουμε στην async Rust μόνο όταν καλύψουμε τα " -"παραδοσιακά δομικά στοιχεία συγχρονισμού. Δείτε και [Ασύγχρονος " -"Προγραμματισμός σε Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) για " -"λεπτομέρειες για αυτό το θέμα." - -#: src/welcome.md:37 +#: src/index.md:38 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" +"Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead." msgstr "" @@ -1095,29 +1151,31 @@ msgstr "" "doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) και [Rust by Example](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) αντ' αυτού." -#: src/welcome.md:41 +#: src/index.md:42 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Υποθέσεις" -#: src/welcome.md:43 +#: src/index.md:44 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " -"statically typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " +"statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " "C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach." msgstr "" "Το μάθημα προϋποθέτει ότι γνωρίζετε ήδη πώς να προγραμματίζετε. Η Rust είναι " "γλώσσα με στατικό σύτημα τύπων και μερικές φορές θα κάνουμε συγκρίσεις με C " "και C++ για καλύτερη κατανόηση της προσέγγισης της Rust." -#: src/welcome.md:47 +#: src/index.md:48 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you know how to program in a dynamically typed language such as Python or " +"If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." msgstr "" "Εάν γνωρίζετε πώς να προγραμματίζετε σε μια γλώσσα με δυναμικό σύστημα τύπων " "όπως Python ή JavaScript, τότε θα μπορέσετε να ακολουθήσετε άνεση." -#: src/welcome.md:52 +#: src/index.md:53 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " @@ -1129,7 +1187,6 @@ msgstr "" "απαντήσεις σε συχνές ερωτήσεις που προκύπτουν στην τάξη." #: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3 -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:3 msgid "This page is for the course instructor." msgstr "Αυτή η σελίδα είναι για τον εκπαιδευτή του μαθήματος." @@ -1162,19 +1219,12 @@ msgstr "" "παρουσιάσετε στην τάξη." #: src/running-the-course.md:16 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Select your topic for the afternoon of the fourth day. This may be based on " -"the audience you expect, or on your own expertise." -msgstr "" -"Επιλέξτε το θέμα σας για το απόγευμα της τέταρτης ημέρας. Αυτό μπορεί να " -"βασίζεται στο κοινό που περιμένετε ή στη δική σας εμπειρία." - -#: src/running-the-course.md:19 -msgid "" -"Decide on the dates. Since the course is large, we recommend that you " -"schedule the four days over two weeks. Course participants have said that " -"they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process " -"all the information we give them." +"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " +"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " +"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " +"helps them process all the information we give them." msgstr "" "Αποφασίστε για τις ημερομηνίες. Επειδή το μάθημα είναι μεγάλο, σας " "συνιστούμε να προγραμματίσετε τις τέσσερις ημέρες σε δύο εβδομάδες. Οι " @@ -1182,10 +1232,11 @@ msgstr "" "στο μάθημα, καθώς τους βοηθά να επεξεργάζονται όλες τις πληροφορίες που τους " "δίνουμε." -#: src/running-the-course.md:24 +#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " -"class size of 15-20 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " +"class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " "asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have " "time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself " "and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your " @@ -1201,7 +1252,7 @@ msgstr "" "κώδικα ζωντανά ως εκπαιδευτής, επομένως ένα αναλόγιο δεν θα σας βοηθήσει " "πολύ." -#: src/running-the-course.md:32 +#: src/running-the-course.md:29 msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " @@ -1218,13 +1269,16 @@ msgstr "" "να διορθώσετε τυπογραφικά λάθη καθώς τα εντοπίζετε εσείς ή οι συμμετέχοντες " "στο μάθημα." -#: src/running-the-course.md:38 +#: src/running-the-course.md:35 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. Make sure " -"to ask people if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. " -"When you see that several people have the same problem, call it out to the " -"class and offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the " -"relevant information in the standard library." +"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " +"typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " +"afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people " +"if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see " +"that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and " +"offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant " +"information in the standard library." msgstr "" "Αφήστε τους μαθητές να λύσουν τις ασκήσεις μόνοι τους ή σε μικρές ομάδες. " "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι τους ρωτάτε εάν έχουν κολλήσει ή εάν υπάρχει κάτι με το " @@ -1232,11 +1286,7 @@ msgstr "" "πρόβλημα, αναφέρετέ το στην τάξη και προσφέρετε μια λύση, π.χ., δείχνοντας " "στους μαθητές πού να βρουν τις σχετικές πληροφορίες στην τυπική βιβλιοθήκη." -#: src/running-the-course.md:44 -msgid "Prepare anything you need to have available for the afternoon of day 4." -msgstr "Ετοιμάστε οτιδήποτε χρειάζεστε για το απόγευμα της 4ης ημέρας." - -#: src/running-the-course.md:46 +#: src/running-the-course.md:43 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" @@ -1244,7 +1294,7 @@ msgstr "" "Αυτό ήταν! Καλή επιτυχία στη διεξαγωγή του μαθήματος! Ελπίζουμε ότι θα είναι " "τόσο διασκεδαστικό για εσάς όπως ήταν και για εμάς!" -#: src/running-the-course.md:49 +#: src/running-the-course.md:46 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " @@ -1263,72 +1313,54 @@ msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" msgstr "Το μάθημα έχει γρήγορο ρυθμό και καλύπτει:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 -msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." -msgstr "Ημέρα 1: Βασική Rust, ιδιοκτησία και ο έλεγχος δανείων." +msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." +msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8 -msgid "Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library." +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard " +"library." msgstr "" "Ημέρα 2: Σύνθετοι τύποι δεδομένων, ταίριασμα προτύπων, τυπική βιβλιοθήκη." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9 -msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust." +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." msgstr "" "Ημέρα 3: Χαρακτηριστικά και γενικοί τύποι, χειρισμός σφαλμάτων, τεστ, μη " "ασφαλής Rust." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 -msgid "Day 4: Concurrency in Rust and seeing Rust in action." -msgstr "Ημέρα 4: Συγχρονισμός στη Rust. Rust στην πράξη." - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 -msgid "Format" -msgstr "Μορφή" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 -msgid "" -"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " -"questions drive the exploration of Rust!" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 +msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "" -"Το μάθημα σχεδιάστηκε να είναι διαδραστικό και συνιστούμε να αφήσετε τις " -"ερωτήσεις να οδηγήσουν την κουβέντα γύρω από τη Rust!" - -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:1 -msgid "Day 4" -msgstr "Ημέρα 4η" -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:5 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 msgid "" -"The afternoon of the fourth day should cover a topic of your choice. Include " -"the topic in the announcement of the course, so that participants know what " -"to expect." +"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " +"specialized topics:" msgstr "" -"Το απόγευμα της τέταρτης ημέρας μπορεί να καλύψει ένα θέμα τηςαρεσκείας σας. " -"Σημειώστε το θέμα που επιλέξατε στην ανακοίνωση του μαθήματος ώστε " -"οισυμμετέχοντες να ξέρουν τι να περιμένουν." -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:9 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust in Android" +msgstr "Rust Binaries" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 msgid "" -"This phase of the course is a chance for participants to see Rust in action " -"on a codebase they might be familiar with. You can choose from the topics " -"already defined here, or plan your own." +"The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " +"Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " +"C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" -"Αυτή η φάση του μαθήματος είναι μια ευκαιρία για τους συμμετέχοντες να δουν " -"τη Rust στην πράξη, σε ένα πρότζεκτ με το οποίο μπορεί να είναι ήδη " -"εξοικειωμένοι. Μπορείτε να διαλέξετε θέματα που έχουμε ήδη προετοιμάσει, ή " -"κάτι δικό σας." - -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:13 -msgid "Some topics need additional preparation:" -msgstr "Κάποια θέματα απαιτούν επιπλέον προετοιμασία." -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:17 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you chose Android for Day 4 afternoon, you will need an \\[AOSP " -"checkout\\]\\[1\\]. Make a checkout of the \\[course repository\\]\\[2\\] on " -"the same machine and move the `src/android/` directory into the root of your " -"AOSP checkout. This will ensure that the Android build system sees the " -"`Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." +"You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" +"download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" +"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/" +"android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure " +"that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." msgstr "" "Εάν δεν επιλέξετε τo κομμάτι του Android την 4η Ημέρα, θα χρειαστείτε ένα " "\\[AOSP checkout\\]\\[1\\]. Δημιουργήστε ένα checkout από το \\[αποθετήριο " @@ -1337,7 +1369,7 @@ msgstr "" "build system του Android βλέπει τα Αρχεία `Android.bp` κάτω από τον φάκελο " "`src/android/`." -#: src/running-the-course/day-4.md:22 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " @@ -1348,6 +1380,66 @@ msgstr "" "android/build_all.sh`. Διαβάστε το script για να δείτε τις εντολές που " "εκτελεί και βεβαιωθείτε ότι λειτουργούν όταν τις εκτελείτε με το χέρι." +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" +msgstr "Rust χωρίς λειτουργικό σύστημα: Πρωί" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 +msgid "" +"The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " +"using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " +"application processors are covered." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40 +msgid "" +"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" +"(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " +"need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../" +"bare-metal.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency in Rust" +msgstr "Συγχρονισμός" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47 +msgid "" +"The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " +"on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 +msgid "" +"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " +"to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " +"with them:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo init concurrency\n" +"cd concurrency\n" +"cargo add tokio --features full\n" +"cargo run\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 +msgid "Format" +msgstr "Μορφή" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63 +msgid "" +"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " +"questions drive the exploration of Rust!" +msgstr "" +"Το μάθημα σχεδιάστηκε να είναι διαδραστικό και συνιστούμε να αφήσετε τις " +"ερωτήσεις να οδηγήσουν την κουβέντα γύρω από τη Rust!" + #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3 msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "Υπάρχουν πολλές χρήσιμες συντομεύσεις πληκτρολογίου στο mdBook:" @@ -1395,8 +1487,9 @@ msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6 msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " -"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) and [@hugojacob](https://" -"github.com/hugojacob)." +"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." +"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) and " +"[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 @@ -1414,23 +1507,59 @@ msgstr "" "γλώσσα." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Incomplete Translations" +msgstr "Μεταφράσεις" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 msgid "" -"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " -"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." +"There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " +"recently updated translations:" msgstr "" -"Εάν θέλετε να βοηθήσετε στη μεταγλώττιση δείτε τις οδηγίες μας για το πώςνα " -"ξεκινήσετε. Οι μεταφράσεις οργανώνονται στον [issue tracker](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." -#: src/cargo.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 msgid "" -"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build " -"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what " -"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this " +"[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" +"(https://github.com/raselmandol)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 +msgid "" +"[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" +"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 +msgid "" +"[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" +"(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 +msgid "" +"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" +"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" +"momotaro1105)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 +msgid "" +"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" +"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " +"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://" +"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." +msgstr "" +"Εάν θέλετε να βοηθήσετε στη μεταγλώττιση δείτε τις οδηγίες μας για το πώςνα " +"ξεκινήσετε. Οι μεταφράσεις οργανώνονται στον [issue tracker](https://github." +"com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." + +#: src/cargo.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build " +"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what " +"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this " "training." msgstr "" "Όταν αρχίσετε να διαβάζετε για το Rust, σύντομα θα συναντήσετε το [Cargo]" @@ -1445,28 +1574,15 @@ msgid "Installation" msgstr "Εγκατάσταση" #: src/cargo.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" -msgstr "Rustup (Συνιστάται)" - -#: src/cargo.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " -"other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer." -"github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation." +msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να ακολουθήσετε τις οδηγίες για την εγκατάσταση του μεταγλωττιστή " -"φορτίου και σκουριάς, μεταξύ άλλων τυπικών εργαλείων οικοσυστήματος με το " -"εργαλείο [rustup](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/), το οποίο διατηρείται " -"από το Rust Foundation." -#: src/cargo.md:14 +#: src/cargo.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line " -"utility that you can use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross " -"compilation, etc." +"This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " +"(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " +"use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc." msgstr "" "Μαζί με το cargo και το rustc, το Rustup θα εγκατασταθεί ως βοηθητικό " "πρόγραμμα γραμμής εντολών που μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε για να " @@ -1475,42 +1591,34 @@ msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md:16 #, fuzzy -msgid "Package Managers" -msgstr "Διαχειριστές πακέτων" - -#: src/cargo.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Debian" -msgstr "Debian" - -#: src/cargo.md:20 -#, fuzzy msgid "" -"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " -"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) with" +"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " +"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this " +"gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The " +"command would be:" msgstr "" "Στο Debian/Ubuntu, μπορείτε να εγκαταστήσετε το Cargo και την πηγή Rust με" -#: src/cargo.md:22 +#: src/cargo.md:18 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" +"sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo.md:26 +#: src/cargo.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This will allow \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] to jump to the definitions. We " -"suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " -"(but any LSP compatible editor works)." +"We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " +"(but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/))." msgstr "" "Αυτό θα επιτρέψει στον \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] να μεταβεί στους ορισμούς. " "Προτείνουμε τη χρήση [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) για να " "επεξεργαστείτε τον κώδικα (αλλά κάθε πρόγραμμα επεξεργασίας συμβατό με LSP " "λειτουργεί)." -#: src/cargo.md:29 +#: src/cargo.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" @@ -1556,9 +1664,9 @@ msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8 msgid "" "`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to " -"download dependencies hosted on and it will pass them to " -"`rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test " -"runner which is used to execute unit tests." +"download dependencies, usually hosted on , and it will " +"pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a " +"built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 @@ -1573,10 +1681,11 @@ msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 #: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" @@ -1601,72 +1710,78 @@ msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32 msgid "" +"Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34 +msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " "comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " "not limited to: " msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "" @@ -1777,31 +1892,37 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "```shell\n" "% rustc --version\n" -"rustc 1.61.0 (fe5b13d68 2022-05-18)\n" +"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" "% cargo --version\n" -"cargo 1.61.0 (a028ae4 2022-04-29)\n" +"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 +msgid "" +"You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " +"compatibility." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"With this is in place, then follow these steps to build a Rust binary from " -"one of the examples in this training:" +"With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " +"the examples in this training:" msgstr "" "Εφόσον υπάρχει αυτό, ακολουθήστε αυτά τα βήματα για να δημιουργήσετε ένα " "δυαδικό αρχείο Rust από ένα από τα παραδείγματα αυτής της εκπαίδευσης:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:24 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo new exercise\n" @@ -1809,12 +1930,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:27 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:31 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cd exercise\n" @@ -1826,13 +1947,13 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:38 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43 msgid "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" @@ -1841,11 +1962,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:47 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:51 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run\n" @@ -1856,7 +1977,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:57 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" @@ -1864,14 +1985,14 @@ msgid "" "optimized release build in `target/release/`." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:62 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " "dependencies for you." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " @@ -1890,7 +2011,7 @@ msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Ημέρα 1" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground " +"This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground " "today:" msgstr "" "Αυτή είναι η πρώτη μέρα του Comprehensive Rust. Θα καλύψουμε πολύ έδαφος " @@ -1904,13 +2025,12 @@ msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 msgid "" -"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " -"memory management, and garbage collection." +"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " +"`continue`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 -msgid "" -"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 @@ -1938,9 +2058,10 @@ msgstr "" #, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " -"keep the related to how Rust does things vs some other language. It can be " -"hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing discussions " -"since they engage people much more than one-way communication." +"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " +"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " +"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " +"communication." msgstr "" "Ως εκπαιδευτής, θα πρέπει να προσπαθήσετε να διατηρήσετε τις συζητήσεις " "σχετικές, π.χ. κρατήστε τη σχετική με το πώς κάνει τα πράγματα ο Rust σε " @@ -2093,7 +2214,8 @@ msgstr "Υψηλό επίπεδο ελέγχου." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 #, fuzzy -msgid "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones." +msgid "" +"Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "Μπορεί να μειωθεί σε πολύ περιορισμένες συσκευές όπως κινητά τηλέφωνα." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 @@ -2118,7 +2240,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/hello-world.md:6 msgid "" -"```rust\n" +"```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" "}\n" @@ -2162,7 +2284,7 @@ msgstr "" #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " -"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " +"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Αυτή η διαφάνεια προσπαθεί να κάνει τους μαθητές άνετα με τον κώδικα Rust. " @@ -2172,8 +2294,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/hello-world.md:27 msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " -"imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless " -"absolutely necessary." +"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." msgstr "" #: src/hello-world.md:31 @@ -2190,7 +2311,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " -"hygenic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." +"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." +"html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:40 +msgid "" +"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " +"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " +"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional " +"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 @@ -2258,6 +2388,12 @@ msgid "" "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." msgstr "" +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 +msgid "" +"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " +"documentation" +msgstr "" + #: src/why-rust.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" @@ -2365,7 +2501,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can for use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" "initialized and runtime-sized static variables" msgstr "" @@ -2424,16 +2560,18 @@ msgstr "Η πρόσβαση σε πίνακα έχει επιλεγεί τα ό #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "Integer overflow is defined." +msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." msgstr "Ορίζεται υπερχείλιση ακέραιου αριθμού." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Integer overflow is defined via a compile-time flag. The options are either " -"a panic (a controlled crash of the program) or wrap-around semantics. By " -"default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in " -"release mode (`cargo build --release`)." +"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " +"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " +"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " +"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " +"build --release`)." msgstr "" "Η υπερχείλιση ακέραιου αριθμού ορίζεται μέσω μιας επισήμανσης χρόνου " "μεταγλώττισης. Οι επιλογές είναι είτε ένας πανικός (ένα ελεγχόμενο crash του " @@ -2441,7 +2579,7 @@ msgstr "" "πανικό στη λειτουργία εντοπισμού σφαλμάτων (\"κατασκευή φορτίου\") και " "περιτύλιξη σε λειτουργία απελευθέρωσης («κατασκευή φορτίου --απελευθέρωση»)." -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:17 +#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 msgid "" "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " "disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " @@ -2451,7 +2589,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years." +msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." msgstr "" "Το Rust κατασκευάζεται με όλη την εμπειρία που αποκτήθηκε τα τελευταία 40 " "χρόνια." @@ -2606,6 +2744,7 @@ msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." msgstr "Η ανάθεση μεταβλητής γίνεται με `=`, η σύγκριση γίνεται με `==`." #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Types" msgstr "" @@ -2633,7 +2772,7 @@ msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 -msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`" +msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 @@ -2645,7 +2784,7 @@ msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 -msgid "`0`, `123`, `10u16`" +msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 @@ -2657,7 +2796,7 @@ msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 -msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`" +msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 @@ -2669,7 +2808,7 @@ msgid "`&str`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#`" +msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 @@ -2685,54 +2824,87 @@ msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 -msgid "Byte strings" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 -msgid "`&[u8]`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 -msgid "`b\"abc\"`, `br#\" \" \"#`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:11 msgid "Booleans" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:11 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 msgid "`bool`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:11 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:13 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "Οι τύποι έχουν πλάτη ως εξής:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "Τα \"iN\", \"uN\" και \"fN\" έχουν πλάτος _N_ bit," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "Το \"isize\" και το \"usize\" είναι το πλάτος ενός δείκτη," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 #, fuzzy -msgid "`char` is 32 bit wide," +msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "Το \"char\" έχει πλάτος 32 bit," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:18 +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 #, fuzzy -msgid "`bool` is 8 bit wide." +msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "Το «bool» έχει πλάτος 8 bit." +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 +msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 +msgid "" +"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " +"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " +"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" +" println!(\"link\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" +msgstr "" +"Οι απαριθμήσεις σάς επιτρέπουν να συλλέγετε ένα σύνολο τιμών κάτω από έναν " +"τύπο" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 +msgid "" +"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " +"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " +"as `123i64`." +msgstr "" + #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "Arrays" msgstr "" @@ -2796,10 +2968,10 @@ msgstr "Πίνακες:" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 msgid "" -"Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a " -"compile-time constant. Note that the length of the array is _part of its " -"type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two different " -"types." +"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " +"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " +"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " +"different types." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 @@ -2911,7 +3083,7 @@ msgstr "" "Οι αναφορές που δηλώνονται ως «mut» μπορούν να δεσμευτούν σε διαφορετικές " "τιμές κατά τη διάρκεια της ζωής τους." -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24 +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " @@ -2971,26 +3143,27 @@ msgstr "Μια φέτα σάς δίνει μια προβολή σε μια με msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" +" let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" " println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n" "\n" " let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" +"\n" " println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." msgstr "Οι φέτες δανείζονται δεδομένα από τον τύπο σε φέτες." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 #, fuzzy -msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?" +msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" msgstr "Ερώτηση: Τι θα συμβεί αν τροποποιήσετε το «a\\[3\\]»;" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " @@ -3000,7 +3173,7 @@ msgstr "" "`s` (`&[i32]`) δεν αναφέρει πλέον το μήκος του πίνακα. Αυτό μας επιτρέπει να " "κάνουμε υπολογισμούς σε φέτες διαφορετικών μεγεθών." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " @@ -3011,7 +3184,7 @@ msgstr "" "«a» πρέπει να παραμείνει «ζωντανό» (στο πεδίο εφαρμογής) για τουλάχιστον όσο " "το κομμάτι μας." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:24 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " @@ -3024,30 +3197,32 @@ msgstr "" "ασφάλεια. Περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες θα επεξηγηθούν στην ενότητα ελέγχου " "δανεισμού." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27 msgid "" "To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:28 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29 msgid "" "`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " "(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " "computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:30 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31 msgid "" "Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " "'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:32 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33 msgid "" "The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " -"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` " -"after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " -"safely. More details will be explained in the borrow checker section." +"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " +"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " +"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " +"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " +"in the borrow checker section." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 @@ -3156,43 +3331,35 @@ msgstr "" "wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 -#, fuzzy msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" fizzbuzz_to(20); // Defined below, no forward declaration needed\n" +" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" -" if rhs == 0 {\n" -" return false; // Corner case, early return\n" +"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n" +" if divisor == 0 {\n" +" return false;\n" " }\n" -" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " -"value\n" +" n % divisor == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No return value means returning the unit " -"type `()`\n" -" match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) {\n" -" (true, true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"),\n" -" (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"),\n" -" (false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"),\n" -" (false, false) => println!(\"{n}\"),\n" +"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n" +" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n" +" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n" +" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n" +" return format!(\"{n}\");\n" " }\n" +" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` is normally omitted\n" +"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n" " for i in 1..=n {\n" -" fizzbuzz(i);\n" +" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // Χωρίς επιστροφή τιμής σημαίνει επιστροφή του " -"τύπου μονάδας `()` αντιστοίχιση (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, " -"5)) { (αληθινό, αληθινό) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"), (αληθές, λάθος) => " -"println!(\"fizz\"), (ψευδές, αληθές) => println!(\"buzz\"), (ψεύτικο, " -"ψευδές) => println!(\"{n}\"), } }" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 msgid "" @@ -3220,29 +3387,8 @@ msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 msgid "" -"The range expression in the `for` loop in `fizzbuzz_to()` contains `=n`, " -"which causes it to include the upper bound." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:40 -msgid "" -"The `match` expression in `fizzbuzz()` is doing a lot of work. It is " -"expanded below to show what is happening." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:42 -msgid "(Type annotations added for clarity, but they can be elided.)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:44 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"let by_3: bool = is_divisible_by(n, 3);\n" -"let by_5: bool = is_divisible_by(n, 5);\n" -"let by_35: (bool, bool) = (by_3, by_5);\n" -"match by_35 {\n" -" // ...\n" -"```" +"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " +"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 @@ -3293,12 +3439,18 @@ msgid "" "be addressed here." msgstr "" +#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 +msgid "" +"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " +"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" +"testing/doc-tests.html)." +msgstr "" + #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust has methods, they are simply functions that are associated with a " -"particular type. The first argument of a method is an instance of the type " -"it is associated with:" +"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " +"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" msgstr "" "Το Rust έχει μεθόδους, είναι απλώς λειτουργίες που σχετίζονται με έναν " "συγκεκριμένο τύπο. ο Το πρώτο όρισμα μιας μεθόδου είναι ένα παράδειγμα του " @@ -3340,6 +3492,33 @@ msgstr "" "Θα εξετάσουμε πολύ περισσότερο τις μεθόδους στη σημερινή άσκηση και στην " "αυριανή τάξη." +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 +msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" +" Rectangle { width, height }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 +msgid "" +"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " +"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " +"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " +"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 +msgid "" +"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " +"static methods can take arbitrary parameters." +msgstr "" + #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Function Overloading" @@ -3463,16 +3642,14 @@ msgstr "" "αποσπάσματα κώδικα χάνονται την κατάστασή τους εάν απομακρυνθείτε από τη " "σελίδα." -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:12 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the \\[solutions\\] provided." -msgstr "" -"Αφού δείτε τις ασκήσεις, μπορείτε να δείτε τις \\[λύσεις\\] που παρέχονται." +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"morning.md) provided." +msgstr "Αφού δείτε την άσκηση, μπορείτε να δείτε τη \\[λύση\\] που παρέχεται." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 #, fuzzy @@ -3626,7 +3803,7 @@ msgid "" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" -" for n in array {\n" +" for n in &array {\n" " print!(\" {n}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" @@ -3740,2081 +3917,1904 @@ msgstr "" "Η λύση και η απάντηση στην ενότητα μπόνους είναι διαθέσιμες στο Ενότητα " "[Λύση](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 msgid "" -"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " -"by default:" +"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " +"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." msgstr "" -"Το Rust παρέχει ασφάλεια τύπου μέσω στατικής πληκτρολόγησης. Οι δεσμεύσεις " -"μεταβλητών είναι αμετάβλητες κατά Προκαθορισμένο:" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98 +msgid "Without the `&`..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x: i32 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" // x = 20;\n" -" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " +"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" +"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102 msgid "" -"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " -"types less and less as the course progresses." +"An implicit array copy would have occured. Since `i32` is a copy type, then " +"`[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." msgstr "" -"Λόγω συμπερασμάτων τύπου, το «i32» είναι προαιρετικό. Σταδιακά θα δείχνουμε " -"τους τύπους όλο και λιγότερο όσο προχωρά ο τύπος." -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:18 +#: src/control-flow.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the " -"function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" +"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " +"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " +"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " +"work similarly in Rust." msgstr "" -"Σημειώστε ότι επειδή το \"println!\" είναι μακροεντολή, το \"x\" δεν " -"μετακινείται, ακόμη και χρησιμοποιώντας τη συνάρτηση όπως η σύνταξη του " -"\"println!(\"x: {}\", x)\"" +"Όπως είδαμε, το «αν» είναι μια έκφραση στο Rust. Χρησιμοποιείται υπό όρους " +"αξιολογήστε ένα από τα δύο μπλοκ, αλλά τα μπλοκ μπορεί να έχουν μια τιμή που " +"στη συνέχεια γίνεται την τιμή της έκφρασης «αν». Άλλες εκφράσεις ροής " +"ελέγχου λειτουργούν παρόμοια στο Rust." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" +msgid "" +"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " +"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" msgstr "" -"Το Rust θα εξετάσει πώς χρησιμοποιείται η μεταβλητή για να προσδιορίσει τον " -"τύπο:" +"Ένα μπλοκ στο Rust έχει μια τιμή και έναν τύπο: η τιμή είναι η τελευταία " +"έκφραση του ΟΙΚΟΔΟΜΙΚΟ ΤΕΤΡΑΓΩΝΟ:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" -" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" -" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let x = 10;\n" -" let y = 20;\n" -"\n" -" takes_u32(x);\n" -" takes_i8(y);\n" -" // takes_u32(y);\n" +" let x = {\n" +" let y = 10;\n" +" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" +" let z = {\n" +" let w = {\n" +" 3 + 4\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" +" y * w\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" +" z - y\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 msgid "" -"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " -"constraints given by variable declarations and usages." +"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " +"`()`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " -"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " -"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " -"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " -"code." +"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " +"return value:" msgstr "" -"Αυτή η διαφάνεια δείχνει πώς ο μεταγλωττιστής Rust συμπεραίνει τύπους με " -"βάση περιορισμούς που δίνονται από δηλώσεις και χρήσεις μεταβλητών.\n" -"\n" -"Είναι πολύ σημαντικό να τονίσουμε ότι οι μεταβλητές που δηλώνονται όπως αυτή " -"δεν είναι κάποιου είδους δυναμικού \"οποιουδήποτε τύπου\" που μπορεί " -"κρατήστε τυχόν δεδομένα. Ο κωδικός μηχανής που δημιουργείται από μια τέτοια " -"δήλωση είναι πανομοιότυπος με τη ρητή δήλωση ενός τύπου. Ο μεταγλωττιστής " -"κάνει τη δουλειά για εμάς και μας βοηθά να γράψουμε έναν πιο συνοπτικό " -"κώδικα." - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " -"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " -"using `_` as a placeholder:" -msgstr "" -"Ο ακόλουθος κώδικας λέει στον μεταγλωττιστή να αντιγράψει σε ένα " -"συγκεκριμένο γενικό κοντέινερ χωρίς ποτέ ο κώδικας να προσδιορίζει ρητά τον " -"τύπο που περιέχεται, χρησιμοποιώντας το «\\_» ως σύμβολο κράτησης θέσης:" +"Ο ίδιος κανόνας χρησιμοποιείται για τις συναρτήσεις: η τιμή του σώματος " +"συνάρτησης είναι το επιστρεφόμενη τιμή:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push((10, false));\n" -" v.push((20, true));\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" +" x + x\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" -" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 +#: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) relies on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implements." -msgstr "" -"Το [`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) βασίζεται στο `FromIterator`, το οποίο \\[`HashSet`\\]" -"(https:/ /doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) υλοποιεί." +msgid "Key Points:" +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 #, fuzzy -msgid "Static and Constant Variables" -msgstr "Στατικές και σταθερές μεταβλητές" +msgid "" +"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " +"Rust. " +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 #, fuzzy -msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables." +msgid "" +"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " +"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" -"Η διαχείριση της παγκόσμιας κατάστασης γίνεται με στατικές και σταθερές " -"μεταβλητές." +"Ο σκοπός αυτής της διαφάνειας είναι να δείξει ότι τα μπλοκ έχουν τύπο και " +"τιμή στο Rust.\n" +"\n" +"Μπορείτε να δείξετε πώς αλλάζει η τιμή του μπλοκ αλλάζοντας την τελευταία " +"γραμμή στο μπλοκ. Για παράδειγμα, προσθέτοντας/αφαιρώντας ένα ερωτηματικό ή " +"χρησιμοποιώντας ένα «return»." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5 +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`const`" -msgstr "«const»." +msgid "`if` expressions" +msgstr "εκφράσεις \"αν\"." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:" -msgstr "Μπορείτε να δηλώσετε σταθερές χρόνου μεταγλώττισης:" +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 +msgid "" +"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9 +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" -"const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" -" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" -" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" -" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." -"wrapping_add(b);\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x = x / 2;\n" +" } else {\n" +" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" -" digest\n" "}\n" -"\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " +"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" +msgstr "" +"Επιπλέον, μπορείτε να το χρησιμοποιήσετε ως έκφραση. Αυτό κάνει το ίδιο όπως " +"παραπάνω:" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x / 2\n" +" } else {\n" +" 3 * x + 1\n" +" };\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 msgid "" -"According the the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-" -"const-vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " +"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " +"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." msgstr "" -"Σύμφωνα με το [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-" -"static.html), αυτά ενσωματώνονται κατά τη χρήση." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`static`" -msgstr "«στατικό»." +msgid "`for` loops" +msgstr "Βρόχοι «για»." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can also declare static variables:" -msgstr "Μπορείτε επίσης να δηλώσετε στατικές μεταβλητές:" +msgid "" +"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " +"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " +"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" +msgstr "" +"Η έκφραση \"for\" σχετίζεται στενά με την έκφραση \"while let\". Θα καλεί " +"αυτόματα το «into_iter()» στην έκφραση και, στη συνέχεια, επαναλαμβάνει πάνω " +"από αυτήν:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +"\n" +" for x in v {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" }\n" +" \n" +" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" +" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " -"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " -"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution." +msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." msgstr "" -"Όπως σημειώνεται στο [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-" -"const-vs-static.html), αυτά δεν είναι ενσωματωμένα κατά τη χρήση και έχουν " -"μια πραγματική συσχετισμένη θέση μνήμης. Αυτό είναι χρήσιμο για μη ασφαλή " -"και ενσωματωμένο κώδικα και η μεταβλητή ζει σε όλη την εκτέλεση του " -"προγράμματος." +"Μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το «διάλειμμα» και το «συνέχεια» εδώ ως συνήθως." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../" -"unsafe.md)." -msgstr "" -"Θα εξετάσουμε τη μετάλλαξη στατικών δεδομένων στο \\[κεφάλαιο για την Μη " -"ασφαλή σκουριά\\] (../unsafe.md)." +msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." +msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " msgstr "" -"Αναφέρετε ότι το «const» συμπεριφέρεται σημασιολογικά παρόμοια με το " -"«constexpr» της C++." +"Η επανάληψη ευρετηρίου δεν είναι ειδική σύνταξη στο Rust για αυτήν την " +"περίπτωση." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " -"global variable in C++." +"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " +"element. " msgstr "" -"Το «static», από την άλλη πλευρά, μοιάζει πολύ περισσότερο με μια «const» ή " -"μεταβλητή καθολική μεταβλητή στη C++." +"Το \"(0..10)\" είναι μια περιοχή που υλοποιεί ένα χαρακτηριστικό " +"\"Iterator\"." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:50 +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " -"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " +"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." msgstr "" -"Δεν είναι πολύ συνηθισμένο να χρειάζεται κάποιος μια σταθερά αξιολόγησης " -"χρόνου εκτέλεσης, αλλά είναι χρήσιμο και ασφαλέστερο από τη χρήση στατικού." +"Το \"step_by\" είναι μια μέθοδος που επιστρέφει έναν άλλο \"Iterator\" που " +"παραλείπει κάθε άλλο στοιχείο." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 +#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy +msgid "`while` loops" +msgstr "εκφράσεις «ενώ»." + +#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 msgid "" -"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " -"the same scope:" +"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" +"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να σκιάζετε μεταβλητές, τόσο αυτές από εξωτερικά πεδία όσο και " -"μεταβλητές από το ίδιο εύρος:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 +#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let a = 10;\n" -" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let a = \"hello\";\n" -" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" let a = true;\n" -" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" while x != 1 {\n" +" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x / 2\n" +" } else {\n" +" 3 * x + 1\n" +" };\n" " }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" +" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 #, fuzzy +msgid "`break` and `continue`" +msgstr "«διάλειμμα» και «συνέχεια»." + +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 msgid "" -"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " -"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " -"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " +"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," msgstr "" -"Ορισμός: Η σκίαση είναι διαφορετική από τη μετάλλαξη, γιατί μετά τη σκίαση " -"υπάρχουν και οι δύο θέσεις μνήμης της μεταβλητής ταυτόχρονα. Και τα δύο " -"είναι διαθέσιμα με το ίδιο όνομα, ανάλογα με το πού το χρησιμοποιείτε στον " -"κωδικό." - -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " -msgstr "Μια μεταβλητή σκίασης μπορεί να έχει διαφορετικό τύπο." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 msgid "" -"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " -"after `.unwrap()`." +"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" -"Η σκίαση φαίνεται ασαφής στην αρχή, αλλά είναι βολική για να κρατάτε τις " -"τιμές μετά το «.unwrap()»." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " -"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " -"does not change." +"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " +"used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" -"Ο ακόλουθος κώδικας δείχνει γιατί ο μεταγλωττιστής δεν μπορεί απλώς να " -"επαναχρησιμοποιήσει θέσεις μνήμης όταν σκιάζει μια αμετάβλητη μεταβλητή σε " -"ένα εύρος, ακόμα κι αν ο τύπος δεν αλλάξει." +"Εάν θέλετε να βγείτε νωρίς από έναν βρόχο, χρησιμοποιήστε το «διάλειμμα», " +"εάν θέλετε να ξεκινήσετε αμέσως την επόμενη επανάληψη χρησιμοποιήστε " +"«continue». Τόσο το \"continue\" και το \"break\" μπορούν προαιρετικά πάρτε " +"ένα όρισμα ετικέτας που χρησιμοποιείται για να ξεφύγει από ένθετους βρόχους:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let a = 1;\n" -" let b = &a;\n" -" let a = a + 1;\n" -" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" -msgstr "Παραδοσιακά, οι γλώσσες χωρίζονται σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" +" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" let mut i = 0;\n" +" while i < x {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" +" i += 1;\n" +" if i == 3 {\n" +" break 'outer;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Πλήρης έλεγχος μέσω χειροκίνητης διαχείρισης μνήμης: C, C++, Pascal, ..." -#: src/memory-management.md:6 +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " -"Haskell, ..." +"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." msgstr "" -"Πλήρης ασφάλεια μέσω αυτόματης διαχείρισης μνήμης κατά την εκτέλεση: Java, " -"Python, Go, Haskell, ..." +"Σε αυτή την περίπτωση σπάμε τον εξωτερικό βρόχο μετά από 3 επαναλήψεις του " +"εσωτερικού βρόχου." -#: src/memory-management.md:8 +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" -msgstr "Η Rust προσφέρει ένα νέο μείγμα:" +msgid "`loop` expressions" +msgstr "εκφράσεις «βρόχου»." -#: src/memory-management.md:10 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 msgid "" -"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " -"management." +"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." msgstr "" -"Πλήρης έλεγχος _και_ ασφάλεια μέσω επιβολής χρόνου μεταγλώττισης της σωστής " -"μνήμης διαχείριση." - -#: src/memory-management.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." -msgstr "Το κάνει αυτό με μια ρητή έννοια ιδιοκτησίας." - -#: src/memory-management.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." -msgstr "Αρχικά, ας ανανεώσουμε τον τρόπο λειτουργίας της διαχείρισης μνήμης." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" -msgstr "The Stack vs The Heap" - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." -msgstr "Στοίβα: Συνεχής περιοχή μνήμης για τοπικές μεταβλητές." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." -msgstr "Οι τιμές έχουν σταθερά μεγέθη γνωστά κατά το χρόνο μεταγλώττισης." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." -msgstr "Εξαιρετικά γρήγορο: απλώς μετακινήστε έναν δείκτη στοίβας." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." -msgstr "Εύκολο στη διαχείριση: ακολουθεί κλήσεις λειτουργιών." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "Great memory locality." -msgstr "Μεγάλη τοποθεσία μνήμης." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 -msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." +msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" msgstr "" +"Τέλος, υπάρχει μια λέξη-κλειδί «βρόχος» που δημιουργεί έναν ατελείωτο βρόχο. " +"Εδώ πρέπει είτε \"break\" είτε \"return\" για να σταματήσει ο βρόχος:" -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 -msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" loop {\n" +" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x / 2\n" +" } else {\n" +" 3 * x + 1\n" +" };\n" +" if x == 1 {\n" +" break;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 -msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 +msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 -msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 +msgid "" +"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " +"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " +"`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized " -"data on the heap:" +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " +"by default:" msgstr "" -"Η δημιουργία ενός \"String\" τοποθετεί δεδομένα σταθερού μεγέθους στη στοίβα " -"και δυναμικά μεγέθη δεδομένα για το σωρό:" +"Το Rust παρέχει ασφάλεια τύπου μέσω στατικής πληκτρολόγησης. Οι δεσμεύσεις " +"μεταβλητών είναι αμετάβλητες κατά Προκαθορισμένο:" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" +" let x: i32 = 10;\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" // x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" -": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " +"types less and less as the course progresses." +msgstr "" +"Λόγω συμπερασμάτων τύπου, το «i32» είναι προαιρετικό. Σταδιακά θα δείχνουμε " +"τους τύπους όλο και λιγότερο όσο προχωρά ο τύπος." + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" +msgstr "" +"Το Rust θα εξετάσει πώς χρησιμοποιείται η μεταβλητή για να προσδιορίσει τον " +"τύπο:" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" +" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" +" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = 10;\n" +" let y = 20;\n" +"\n" +" takes_u32(x);\n" +" takes_i8(y);\n" +" // takes_u32(y);\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 msgid "" -"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " -"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." +"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " +"constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " -"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" -"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " -"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" +"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " +"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " +"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " +"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " +"code." msgstr "" +"Αυτή η διαφάνεια δείχνει πώς ο μεταγλωττιστής Rust συμπεραίνει τύπους με " +"βάση περιορισμούς που δίνονται από δηλώσεις και χρήσεις μεταβλητών.\n" +"\n" +"Είναι πολύ σημαντικό να τονίσουμε ότι οι μεταβλητές που δηλώνονται όπως αυτή " +"δεν είναι κάποιου είδους δυναμικού \"οποιουδήποτε τύπου\" που μπορεί " +"κρατήστε τυχόν δεδομένα. Ο κωδικός μηχανής που δημιουργείται από μια τέτοια " +"δήλωση είναι πανομοιότυπος με τη ρητή δήλωση ενός τύπου. Ο μεταγλωττιστής " +"κάνει τη δουλειά για εμάς και μας βοηθά να γράψουμε έναν πιο συνοπτικό " +"κώδικα." -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " -"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" +"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " +"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " +"using `_` as a placeholder:" msgstr "" +"Ο ακόλουθος κώδικας λέει στον μεταγλωττιστή να αντιγράψει σε ένα " +"συγκεκριμένο γενικό κοντέινερ χωρίς ποτέ ο κώδικας να προσδιορίζει ρητά τον " +"τύπο που περιέχεται, χρησιμοποιώντας το «\\_» ως σύμβολο κράτησης θέσης:" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" s1.push(' ');\n" -" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" -" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" -" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " -"to\n" -" // undefined behavior.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" -"transmute(s1);\n" -" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" -" }\n" +" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" +" v.push((10, false));\n" +" v.push((20, true));\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"\n" +" let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" +" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 #, fuzzy -msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." -msgstr "Εκχωρείτε και εκχωρείτε τη μνήμη σωρού μόνοι σας." +msgid "" +"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" +"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +msgstr "" +"Το [`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +"html#method.collect) βασίζεται στο `FromIterator`, το οποίο \\[`HashSet`\\]" +"(https:/ /doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) υλοποιεί." -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 #, fuzzy +msgid "Static and Constant Variables" +msgstr "Στατικές και σταθερές μεταβλητές" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 msgid "" -"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " -"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" +"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " +"the program. " msgstr "" -"Εάν δεν γίνει με προσοχή, αυτό μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε σφάλματα, σφάλματα, " -"ευπάθειες ασφαλείας και διαρροές μνήμης." -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "C Example" -msgstr "Γ Παράδειγμα" +msgid "`const`" +msgstr "«const»." -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 +msgid "" +"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " +"inlined wherever they are used:" msgstr "" -"Πρέπει να καλείτε \"δωρεάν\" σε κάθε δείκτη που εκχωρείτε με το \"malloc\":" -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:11 msgid "" -"```c\n" -"void foo(size_t n) {\n" -" int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" -" //\n" -" // ... lots of code\n" -" //\n" -" free(int_array);\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" +"const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" +"\n" +"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" +" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" +" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" +" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." +"wrapping_add(b);\n" +" }\n" +" digest\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" +" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " -"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory." +"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" -"Η μνήμη διαρρέει εάν η συνάρτηση επιστρέψει νωρίς μεταξύ \"malloc\" και " -"\"free\": το Ο δείκτης χάνεται και δεν μπορούμε να εκχωρήσουμε τη μνήμη." +"Σύμφωνα με το [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-" +"static.html), αυτά ενσωματώνονται κατά τη χρήση." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 msgid "" -"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " +"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" -"Οι κατασκευαστές και οι καταστροφείς σάς επιτρέπουν να κολλήσετε στη " -"διάρκεια ζωής ενός αντικειμένου." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " -"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " -"is raised." -msgstr "" -"Τυλίγοντας έναν δείκτη σε ένα αντικείμενο, μπορείτε να ελευθερώσετε μνήμη " -"όταν το αντικείμενο βρίσκεται καταστράφηκε από. Ο μεταγλωττιστής εγγυάται " -"ότι αυτό συμβαίνει, ακόμα κι αν υπάρχει εξαίρεση ανυψώθηκε." +msgid "`static`" +msgstr "«στατικό»." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 -#, fuzzy +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35 msgid "" -"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " -"gives you smart pointers." +"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " +"therefore will not move:" msgstr "" -"Αυτό συχνά ονομάζεται _απόκτηση πόρων είναι αρχικοποίηση_ (RAII) και δίνει " -"έξυπνοι δείκτες." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "C++ Example" -msgstr "Παράδειγμα C++" -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:37 msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" -" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " -"allocated on the heap." +"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " +"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " +"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " +"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " +"`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" -"Το αντικείμενο `std::unique_ptr` εκχωρείται στη στοίβα και δείχνει σε μνήμη " -"που εκχωρείται στο σωρό." +"Όπως σημειώνεται στο [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-" +"const-vs-static.html), αυτά δεν είναι ενσωματωμένα κατά τη χρήση και έχουν " +"μια πραγματική συσχετισμένη θέση μνήμης. Αυτό είναι χρήσιμο για μη ασφαλή " +"και ενσωματωμένο κώδικα και η μεταβλητή ζει σε όλη την εκτέλεση του " +"προγράμματος." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 +msgid "" +"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " +"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " +"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " +"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" +"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." msgstr "" -"Στο τέλος του «say_hello», θα εκτελεστεί ο καταστροφέας «std::unique_ptr»." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57 #, fuzzy -msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." -msgstr "Ο καταστροφέας ελευθερώνει το αντικείμενο «Person» στο οποίο δείχνει." +msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." +msgstr "" +"Αναφέρετε ότι το «const» συμπεριφέρεται σημασιολογικά παρόμοια με το " +"«constexpr» της C++." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " +"global variable in C++." msgstr "" -"Οι ειδικοί κατασκευαστές μετακίνησης χρησιμοποιούνται όταν μεταβιβάζεται η " -"ιδιοκτησία σε μια συνάρτηση:" +"Το «static», από την άλλη πλευρά, μοιάζει πολύ περισσότερο με μια «const» ή " +"μεταβλητή καθολική μεταβλητή στη C++." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" -"say_hello(std::move(person));\n" -"```" +"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " +"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Automatic Memory Management" -msgstr "Αυτόματη διαχείριση μνήμης" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " -"memory management:" +"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " +"it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" -"Μια εναλλακτική λύση στη χειροκίνητη διαχείριση μνήμης και τη διαχείριση " -"μνήμης βάσει εύρους είναι η αυτόματη μνήμη διαχείριση:" +"Δεν είναι πολύ συνηθισμένο να χρειάζεται κάποιος μια σταθερά αξιολόγησης " +"χρόνου εκτέλεσης, αλλά είναι χρήσιμο και ασφαλέστερο από τη χρήση στατικού." -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." -msgstr "Ο προγραμματιστής ποτέ δεν εκχωρεί ή εκχωρεί μνήμη ρητά." +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 +msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " -"programmer." +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63 +msgid "Properties table:" msgstr "" -"Ένας συλλέκτης σκουπιδιών βρίσκει αχρησιμοποίητη μνήμη και την εκχωρεί στον " -"προγραμματιστή." -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Java Example" -msgstr "Παράδειγμα Java" +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 +msgid "Property" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" +msgid "Static" +msgstr "«στατικό»." + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 +msgid "Constant" msgstr "" -"Το αντικείμενο \"person\" δεν εκχωρείται μετά την επιστροφή του \"sayHello\":" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" -" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 +msgid "Has an address in memory" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory Management in Rust" -msgstr "Διαχείριση μνήμης σε Rust" +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "Yes" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" -msgstr "Η διαχείριση μνήμης στο Rust είναι ένας συνδυασμός:" +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 +msgid "No (inlined)" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #, fuzzy -msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." -msgstr "Ασφαλές και σωστό όπως η Java, αλλά χωρίς σκουπιδοσυλλέκτη." +msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" +msgstr "Η λειτουργία «κύρια» είναι το σημείο εισόδου του προγράμματος." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, " -"can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference " -"counted." +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "No" msgstr "" -"Ανάλογα με το ποια αφαίρεση (ή συνδυασμό αφαιρέσεων) επιλέγετε, μπορεί να " -"είναι ένας μοναδικός δείκτης, να μετράται η αναφορά ή να μετράται ατομικά η " -"αναφορά." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 +msgid "Can be mutable" msgstr "" -"Βασίζεται στο πεδίο εφαρμογής όπως η C++, αλλά ο μεταγλωττιστής επιβάλλει " -"την πλήρη συμμόρφωση." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " -"have no cost at runtime like C." +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 +msgid "Yes (unsafe)" msgstr "" -"Ένας χρήστης του Rust μπορεί να επιλέξει τη σωστή αφαίρεση για την " -"κατάσταση, μερικοί μάλιστα δεν έχουν κόστος κατά τη διάρκεια εκτέλεσης όπως " -"το C." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 #, fuzzy -msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." -msgstr "Αυτό το επιτυγχάνει διαμορφώνοντας ρητά την _ownership_." +msgid "Evaluated at compile time" +msgstr "Οι τιμές έχουν σταθερά μεγέθη γνωστά κατά το χρόνο μεταγλώττισης." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 +msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " -"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " -"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " -"errors in C." +"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " +"the same scope:" msgstr "" -"Εάν ρωτήσετε πώς σε αυτό το σημείο, μπορείτε να αναφέρετε ότι στο Rust αυτό " -"συνήθως αντιμετωπίζεται από τύπους περιτυλίγματος RAII όπως [Box](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct." -"Rc.html) ή [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Αυτά " -"ενσωματώνουν την ιδιοκτησία και την εκχώρηση μνήμης με διάφορα μέσα και " -"αποτρέπουν τα πιθανά σφάλματα στο C." +"Μπορείτε να σκιάζετε μεταβλητές, τόσο αυτές από εξωτερικά πεδία όσο και " +"μεταβλητές από το ίδιο εύρος:" -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 msgid "" -"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a = 10;\n" +" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" +"\n" +" {\n" +" let a = \"hello\";\n" +" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" +"\n" +" let a = true;\n" +" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 #, fuzzy -msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." -msgstr "Ακολουθεί μια πρόχειρη σύγκριση των τεχνικών διαχείρισης μνήμης." +msgid "" +"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " +"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " +"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " +msgstr "" +"Ορισμός: Η σκίαση είναι διαφορετική από τη μετάλλαξη, γιατί μετά τη σκίαση " +"υπάρχουν και οι δύο θέσεις μνήμης της μεταβλητής ταυτόχρονα. Και τα δύο " +"είναι διαθέσιμα με το ίδιο όνομα, ανάλογα με το πού το χρησιμοποιείτε στον " +"κωδικό." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" -msgstr "Πλεονεκτήματα Διαφορετικών Τεχνικών Διαχείρισης Μνήμης" +msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " +msgstr "Μια μεταβλητή σκίασης μπορεί να έχει διαφορετικό τύπο." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 #, fuzzy -msgid "Manual like C:" -msgstr "Εγχειρίδιο όπως C:" - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14 -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "No runtime overhead." -msgstr "Χωρίς επιβάρυνση χρόνου εκτέλεσης." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Automatic like Java:" -msgstr "Αυτόματο όπως Java:" - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Fully automatic." -msgstr "Εντελώς αυτόματο." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11 -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Safe and correct." -msgstr "Ασφαλές και σωστό." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12 -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Scope-based like C++:" -msgstr "Βασισμένο σε πεδίο εφαρμογής όπως η C++:" - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Partially automatic." -msgstr "Μερικώς αυτόματο." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" -msgstr "Βασισμένο σε εύρος με επιβολή μεταγλωττιστή όπως το Rust:" - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Enforced by compiler." -msgstr "Επιβάλλεται από τον μεταγλωττιστή." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" -msgstr "Μειονεκτήματα των διαφορετικών τεχνικών διαχείρισης μνήμης" - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Use-after-free." -msgstr "Χρήση-μετά-δωρεάν." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Double-frees." -msgstr "Διπλό δωρεάν." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory leaks." -msgstr "Διαρροές μνήμης." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Garbage collection pauses." -msgstr "Παύσεις αποκομιδής σκουπιδιών." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Destructor delays." -msgstr "Καθυστερήσεις καταστροφέων." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer." -msgstr "Σύνθετο, συμμετοχή από προγραμματιστή." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Potential for use-after-free." -msgstr "Δυνατότητα χρήσης-μετά-δωρεάν." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" -msgstr "Επιβάλλεται από μεταγλωττιστή και βασίζεται σε εύρος όπως το Rust:" - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Some upfront complexity." -msgstr "Κάποια εκ των προτέρων πολυπλοκότητα." - -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Can reject valid programs." -msgstr "Μπορεί να απορρίψει έγκυρα προγράμματα." +msgid "" +"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " +"after `.unwrap()`." +msgstr "" +"Η σκίαση φαίνεται ασαφής στην αρχή, αλλά είναι βολική για να κρατάτε τις " +"τιμές μετά το «.unwrap()»." -#: src/ownership.md:3 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " -"to use a variable outside its scope:" +"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " +"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " +"does not change." msgstr "" -"Όλες οι δεσμεύσεις μεταβλητών έχουν _scope_ όπου είναι έγκυρες και είναι " -"σφάλμα χρησιμοποιήστε μια μεταβλητή εκτός του πεδίου εφαρμογής της:" +"Ο ακόλουθος κώδικας δείχνει γιατί ο μεταγλωττιστής δεν μπορεί απλώς να " +"επαναχρησιμοποιήσει θέσεις μνήμης όταν σκιάζει μια αμετάβλητη μεταβλητή σε " +"ένα εύρος, ακόμα κι αν ο τύπος δεν αλλάξει." -#: src/ownership.md:6 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" +"```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" {\n" -" let p = Point(3, 4);\n" -" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" +" let a = 1;\n" +" let b = &a;\n" +" let a = a + 1;\n" +" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership.md:18 +#: src/enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." +"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " +"variants:" msgstr "" -"Στο τέλος του εύρους, η μεταβλητή _αποτέθηκε_ και τα δεδομένα ελευθερώνονται." - -#: src/ownership.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." -msgstr "Ένας καταστροφέας μπορεί να τρέξει εδώ για να ελευθερώσει πόρους." - -#: src/ownership.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." -msgstr "Λέμε ότι η μεταβλητή _κατέχει_ την τιμή." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:" -msgstr "Μια ανάθεση θα μεταβιβάσει την ιδιοκτησία μεταξύ μεταβλητών:" +"Η λέξη-κλειδί «enum» επιτρέπει τη δημιουργία ενός τύπου που έχει λίγους " +"διαφορετικές παραλλαγές:" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 +#: src/enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" +"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" +" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" +" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"enum CoinFlip {\n" +" Heads,\n" +" Tails,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" +" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" +" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" +" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" +" } else {\n" +" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 +#: src/enums.md:36 #, fuzzy -msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." -msgstr "Η εκχώρηση του `s1` στο `s2` μεταβιβάζει την ιδιοκτησία." +msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" +msgstr "" +"Οι απαριθμήσεις σάς επιτρέπουν να συλλέγετε ένα σύνολο τιμών κάτω από έναν " +"τύπο" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 +#: src/enums.md:37 #, fuzzy -msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible." +msgid "" +"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " +"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." msgstr "" -"Τα δεδομένα _μετακινήθηκαν_ από το `s1` και το `s1` δεν είναι πλέον " -"προσβάσιμο." +"Αυτή η σελίδα προσφέρει έναν τύπο \"CoinFlip\" με δύο παραλλαγές \"Heads\" " +"και \"Tail\". Μπορείτε να σημειώσετε τον χώρο ονομάτων όταν χρησιμοποιείτε " +"παραλλαγές." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 +#: src/enums.md:38 #, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership." +msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" msgstr "" -"Όταν το `s1` βγαίνει εκτός πεδίου εφαρμογής, δεν συμβαίνει τίποτα: δεν έχει " -"ιδιοκτησία." +"Αυτή μπορεί να είναι μια καλή στιγμή για να συγκρίνετε Structs και Enums:" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 +#: src/enums.md:39 #, fuzzy -msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." +msgid "" +"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " +"with different types of fields (variant payloads). " msgstr "" -"Όταν το `s2` βγαίνει εκτός εύρους, τα δεδομένα συμβολοσειράς ελευθερώνονται." +"Και στα δύο, μπορείτε να έχετε μια απλή έκδοση χωρίς πεδία (μονάδα δομής) ή " +"μια με διαφορετικούς τύπους πεδίων (ωφέλιμα φορτία παραλλαγής)." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:18 +#: src/enums.md:40 #, fuzzy -msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." -msgstr "Υπάρχει πάντα _exactly_ μία δέσμευση μεταβλητής που κατέχει μια τιμή." +msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." +msgstr "" +"Και στις δύο, οι συσχετισμένες συναρτήσεις ορίζονται μέσα σε ένα μπλοκ " +"«impl»." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22 +#: src/enums.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " -"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." +"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " +"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " +"all defined in an enum. " msgstr "" -"Αναφέρετε ότι αυτό είναι το αντίθετο από τις προεπιλογές της C++, η οποία " -"αντιγράφει με βάση την τιμή, εκτός και αν χρησιμοποιήσετε το `std::move` " -"(και ορίζεται ο κατασκευαστής κίνησης!)." +"Θα μπορούσατε ακόμη και να εφαρμόσετε τις διαφορετικές παραλλαγές ενός enum " +"με ξεχωριστές δομές, αλλά τότε δεν θα ήταν του ίδιου τύπου όπως θα ήταν αν " +"είχαν οριστεί όλες σε ένα enum." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:24 -msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " +"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να ορίσετε πλουσιότερους αριθμούς όπου οι παραλλαγές μεταφέρουν " +"δεδομένα. Στη συνέχεια, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το Δήλωση «ταιριάσματος» " +"για εξαγωγή των δεδομένων από κάθε παραλλαγή:" -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" +"enum WebEvent {\n" +" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" +" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" +" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" +" match event {\n" +" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" +" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" +" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" +" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" +" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" +"\n" +" inspect(load);\n" +" inspect(press);\n" +" inspect(click);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." -msgstr "Τα δεδομένα σωρού από το `s1` επαναχρησιμοποιούνται για το `s2`." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." -msgstr "" -"Όταν το `s1` βγαίνει εκτός πεδίου εφαρμογής, δεν συμβαίνει τίποτα (έχει " -"μετακινηθεί από)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Before move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Πριν μεταβείτε στο `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 #, fuzzy -msgid "After move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Μετά τη μετάβαση στο `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": s2 : |\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ :\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " +"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " +"after the `=>`." msgstr "" +"Στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα, η πρόσβαση στο \"char\" στο \"KeyPress\" ή στο " +"\"x\" και \"y\" στο \"Click\" λειτουργεί μόνο μέσα σε μια δήλωση " +"\"ταιριάζουν\"." -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 #, fuzzy -msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" -msgstr "Η σύγχρονη C++ το λύνει διαφορετικά:" +msgid "" +"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " +"no fall-through like in C or C++." +msgstr "Το \"match\" επιθεωρεί ένα κρυφό πεδίο διάκρισης στο \"enum\"." -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" -"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" -"```" +"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " +"match arm which was executed." msgstr "" +"Το \"WebEvent::Click { ... }\" δεν είναι ακριβώς το ίδιο με το \"WebEvent::" +"Click(Click)\" με ένα ανώτερο επίπεδο \"struct Click { ... }\". Η " +"ενσωματωμένη έκδοση δεν μπορεί να εφαρμόσει χαρακτηριστικά, για παράδειγμα." -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 -#, fuzzy +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 msgid "" -"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." +"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " +"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " msgstr "" -"Τα δεδομένα σωρού από το `s1` είναι διπλά και το `s2` αποκτά το δικό του " -"ανεξάρτητο αντίγραφο." -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 +msgid "" +"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " +"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " msgstr "" -"Όταν τα «s1» και «s2» βγαίνουν εκτός πεδίου εφαρμογής, το καθένα " -"απελευθερώνει τη δική του μνήμη." -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Before copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Πριν την αντιγραφή-ανάθεση:" +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 +msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" +"discriminant()`" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "After copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Μετά την αντιγραφή-ανάθεση:" +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 +msgid "" +"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " +"comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -": s2 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" +"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " +"cannot implement traits, for example." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 +#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " -"parameter. This transfers ownership:" +"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " +"account:" msgstr "" -"Όταν μεταβιβάζετε μια τιμή σε μια συνάρτηση, η τιμή εκχωρείται στη συνάρτηση " -"παράμετρος. Αυτό μεταβιβάζει την ιδιοκτησία:" +"Οι σκουριές συσκευάζονται σφιχτά, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τους περιορισμούς λόγω " +"ευθυγράμμισης:" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 +#: src/enums/sizes.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" +"use std::any::type_name;\n" +"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" +"\n" +"fn dbg_size() {\n" +" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" +" type_name::(), size_of::(), align_of::());\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"enum Foo {\n" +" A,\n" +" B,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" -" say_hello(name);\n" -" // say_hello(name);\n" +" dbg_size::();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 +#: src/enums/sizes.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " -"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." +"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." +"html)." msgstr "" -"Με την πρώτη κλήση στο \"say_hello\", ο \"main\" παραιτείται από την " -"ιδιοκτησία του \"name\". Στη συνέχεια, το \"όνομα\" δεν μπορεί να " -"χρησιμοποιηθεί πλέον στο \"κύριο\"." +"Δείτε το [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." +"html)." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 -#, fuzzy +#: src/enums/sizes.md:30 msgid "" -"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " -"`say_hello` function." +"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " +"variant." msgstr "" -"Η μνήμη σωρού που έχει εκχωρηθεί για το \"όνομα\" θα ελευθερωθεί στο τέλος " -"της συνάρτησης \"say_hello\"." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 -#, fuzzy +#: src/enums/sizes.md:32 msgid "" -"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " -"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "" -"Το \"main\" μπορεί να διατηρήσει την ιδιοκτησία εάν μεταβιβάσει το \"name\" " -"ως αναφορά (\"&name\") και εάν το \"say_hello\" αποδεχτεί μια αναφορά ως " -"παράμετρο." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 -#, fuzzy +#: src/enums/sizes.md:34 msgid "" -"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." -"clone()`)." +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[repr(u32)]\n" +"enum Bar {\n" +" A, // 0\n" +" B = 10000,\n" +" C, // 10001\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" +" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" +" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Εναλλακτικά, το \"main\" μπορεί να περάσει έναν κλώνο του \"name\" στην " -"πρώτη κλήση (\"name.clone()\")." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 -#, fuzzy +#: src/enums/sizes.md:49 msgid "" -"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " -"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " +"bytes." msgstr "" -"Το Rust καθιστά δυσκολότερο από την C++ την ακούσια δημιουργία αντιγράφων " -"καθιστώντας τη σημασιολογία κίνησης ως προεπιλογή και αναγκάζοντας τους " -"προγραμματιστές να κάνουν τους κλώνους ξεκάθαρους." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +#: src/enums/sizes.md:53 +msgid "Try out other types such as" msgstr "" -"Ενώ η σημασιολογία μετακίνησης είναι η προεπιλογή, ορισμένοι τύποι " -"αντιγράφονται από προεπιλογή:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" +#: src/enums/sizes.md:55 +msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:56 +msgid "" +"`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " +"see below)," +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:57 +msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:58 +msgid "" +"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " +"optimization, see below)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:60 +msgid "" +"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " +"discriminant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:63 +msgid "" +"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " +"`size_of::>()`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:67 +msgid "" +"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " +"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " +"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:70 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::mem::transmute;\n" +"\n" +"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" +" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" +" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " +"$bit_type>($e));\n" +" };\n" +"}\n" +"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let x = 42;\n" -" let y = x;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" +" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" +" // representation of types.\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" +" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." -msgstr "Αυτοί οι τύποι εφαρμόζουν το χαρακτηριστικό «Αντιγραφή»." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" +#: src/enums/sizes.md:105 +msgid "" +"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " +"than 256 `Option`s together." msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να επιλέξετε τους δικούς σας τύπους για χρήση σημασιολογίας " -"αντιγραφής:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 +#: src/enums/sizes.md:107 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" +"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" +"\n" +"use std::mem::transmute;\n" +"\n" +"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" +" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" +" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " +"$bit_type>($e));\n" +" };\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " +"signs.\n" +"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" +"macro_rules! many_options {\n" +" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" +" ($value:expr, @) => {\n" +" Some(Some($value))\n" +" };\n" +" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" +" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" +" };\n" +"}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = p1;\n" -" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" +" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" +" // representation of types.\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" +" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" +" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " +"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" +" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." +#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " +"They are used for pattern matching:" msgstr "" -"Μετά την ανάθεση, τόσο το «p1» και το «p2» έχουν τα δικά τους δεδομένα." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 +#: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." -msgstr "" -"Μπορούμε επίσης να χρησιμοποιήσουμε το «p1.clone()» για να αντιγράψουμε ρητά " -"τα δεδομένα." +msgid "`if let` expressions" +msgstr "εκφράσεις \"αν ας\"." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 +#: src/control-flow/novel.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" -msgstr "Η αντιγραφή και η κλωνοποίηση δεν είναι το ίδιο πράγμα:" +msgid "`while let` expressions" +msgstr "εκφράσεις «ενώ ας»." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 +#: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " -"arbitrary objects." -msgstr "" -"Η αντιγραφή αναφέρεται σε αντίγραφα bitwise περιοχών μνήμης και δεν " -"λειτουργεί σε αυθαίρετα αντικείμενα." +msgid "`match` expressions" +msgstr "«ταιριάζουν» εκφράσεις" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 msgid "" -"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." +"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " +"whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" -"Η αντιγραφή δεν επιτρέπει προσαρμοσμένη λογική (σε αντίθεση με τους " -"κατασκευαστές αντιγραφής στη C++)." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 msgid "" -"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " -"implementing the `Clone` trait." -msgstr "" -"Η κλωνοποίηση είναι μια πιο γενική λειτουργία και επιτρέπει επίσης " -"προσαρμοσμένη συμπεριφορά με την εφαρμογή του χαρακτηριστικού «Κλωνοποίηση»." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" +" if let Some(value) = arg {\n" +" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" +" } else {\n" +" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Η αντιγραφή δεν λειτουργεί σε τύπους που εφαρμόζουν το χαρακτηριστικό «Drop»." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "In the above example, try the following:" -msgstr "Στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα, δοκιμάστε τα εξής:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " -"is not a `Copy` type." +"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " +"in Rust." msgstr "" -"Προσθέστε ένα πεδίο «String» στο «struct Point». Δεν θα μεταγλωττιστεί " -"επειδή το \"String\" δεν είναι τύπος \"Αντιγραφή\"." +"Δείτε το [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) για περισσότερες " +"λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με τα μοτίβα στο Σκουριά." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " -"`println!` for `p1`." +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " +"it more concise than `match`." msgstr "" -"Καταργήστε το \"Copy\" από το χαρακτηριστικό \"derive\". Το σφάλμα " -"μεταγλωττιστή βρίσκεται τώρα στο «println!» για το «p1»." +"Σε αντίθεση με το \"match\", το \"if let\" δεν υποστηρίζει προστατευτικές " +"ρήτρες για την αντιστοίχιση μοτίβων." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 #, fuzzy -msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." -msgstr "Δείξτε ότι λειτουργεί εάν αντ' αυτού κλωνοποιήσετε το \"p1\"." +msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." +msgstr "" +"Μια κοινή χρήση είναι ο χειρισμός των τιμών \"Μερικών\" όταν εργάζεστε με το " +"\"Option\"." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " -"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " -"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." msgstr "" -"Εάν οι μαθητές ρωτήσουν για το «derive», αρκεί να πούμε ότι αυτός είναι ένας " -"τρόπος δημιουργίας κώδικα στο Rust την ώρα της μεταγλώττισης. Σε αυτήν την " -"περίπτωση δημιουργούνται οι προεπιλεγμένες υλοποιήσεις των χαρακτηριστικών " -"«Αντιγραφή» και «Κλωνοποίηση»." +"Σε αντίθεση με το \"match\", το \"if let\" δεν υποστηρίζει προστατευτικές " +"ρήτρες για την αντιστοίχιση μοτίβων." -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 msgid "" -"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " -"function _borrow_ the value:" +"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" +"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " +"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " +"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" msgstr "" -"Αντί να μεταβιβάζετε την ιδιοκτησία κατά την κλήση μιας συνάρτησης, μπορείτε " -"να αφήσετε α συνάρτηση _borrow_ την τιμή:" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" -" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" -" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" +"}\n" +" \n" +"fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" +" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" +" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" +" return None;\n" +" };\n" +" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" "}\n" +"\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." -msgstr "" -"Η συνάρτηση «προσθήκη» _δανείζεται_ δύο σημεία και επιστρέφει ένα νέο σημείο." +msgid "`while let` loops" +msgstr "εκφράσεις «ενώ ας»." -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." -msgstr "Ο καλών διατηρεί την κυριότητα των εισόδων." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 -msgid "Notes on stack returns:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 msgid "" -"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " -"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " -"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/). In the " -"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " -"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" +"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " +"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" +"Όπως και με το \"if\", υπάρχει μια παραλλαγή \"while let\" που ελέγχει " +"επανειλημμένα μια τιμή σε σχέση με ένα μοτίβο:" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" -" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" -" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" -" p\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" -" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" -" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" +"\n" +" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 -msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " -"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " -"RVO did not happen, Rust will always performs a simple and efficient " -"`memcpy` copy." +"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " +"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " +"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " +"items." msgstr "" +"Εδώ ο επαναλήπτης που επιστρέφεται από το `v.iter()` θα επιστρέψει ένα " +"`Option` σε κάθε κλήση στο `επόμενο()`. Επιστρέφει \"Some(x)\" μέχρι να " +"ολοκληρωθεί, μετά από αυτό θα γίνει επιστροφή «Κανένα». Το \"while let\" μας " +"επιτρέπει να συνεχίσουμε να επαναλαμβάνουμε όλα τα στοιχεία." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" +msgid "" +"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " +"matches the pattern." msgstr "" -"Το Rust θέτει περιορισμούς στους τρόπους με τους οποίους μπορείτε να " -"δανειστείτε τιμές:" +"Επισημάνετε ότι ο βρόχος \"while let\" θα συνεχίσει να λειτουργεί όσο η τιμή " +"ταιριάζει με το μοτίβο." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" -msgstr "Μπορείτε να έχετε μία ή περισσότερες τιμές \"&T\" ανά πάσα στιγμή, _ή_" +msgid "" +"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " +"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " +"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." +msgstr "" +"Θα μπορούσατε να ξαναγράψετε τον βρόχο «while let» ως άπειρο βρόχο με μια " +"πρόταση if που διακόπτεται όταν δεν υπάρχει τιμή για ξετύλιγμα για το «iter." +"next()». Το \"while let\" παρέχει συντακτική ζάχαρη για το παραπάνω σενάριο." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." -msgstr "Μπορείτε να έχετε ακριβώς μία τιμή «&mut T»." +msgid "" +"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" +"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " +"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +msgstr "" +"Η λέξη-κλειδί \"αντιστοιχία\" χρησιμοποιείται για την αντιστοίχιση μιας " +"τιμής με ένα ή περισσότερα μοτίβα. Σε Με αυτή την έννοια, λειτουργεί σαν μια " +"σειρά από εκφράσεις «αν ας»:" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" -" let b: &i32 = &a;\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" -" *c = 20;\n" +" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" +" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" +" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" +" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" +" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" +" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" " }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " -"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." -msgstr "" -"Ο παραπάνω κώδικας δεν μεταγλωττίζεται επειδή το «a» δανείζεται ταυτόχρονα " -"ως mutable (μέσω «c») και ως αμετάβλητο (μέσω «b»)." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " -"to make the code compile." +"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " +"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" -"Μετακινήστε τη δήλωση «println!» για το «b» πριν από το εύρος που εισάγει το " -"«c» για να κάνετε μεταγλώττιση του κώδικα." +"Όπως το \"αν ας\", κάθε βραχίονας αγώνα πρέπει να έχει τον ίδιο τύπο. Ο " +"τύπος είναι ο τελευταίος έκφραση του μπλοκ, εάν υπάρχει. Στο παραπάνω " +"παράδειγμα, ο τύπος είναι `()`." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " -"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " -"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 +msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." msgstr "" -"Μετά από αυτήν την αλλαγή, ο μεταγλωττιστής συνειδητοποιεί ότι το \"b\" " -"χρησιμοποιείται μόνο πριν από το νέο μεταβλητό δάνειο του \"a\" έως το " -"\"c\". Αυτό είναι ένα χαρακτηριστικό του ελεγκτή δανεισμού που ονομάζεται " -"\"μη λεξιλογικές ζωές\"." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" -msgstr "Μια δανεισμένη αξία έχει _διάρκεια ζωής_:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 -msgid "The lifetime can be elided: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 +msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 -msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 +msgid "" +"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " +"against `String`." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 msgid "" -"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " -"lifetime `a`\"." +"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " +"this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." msgstr "" -"Διαβάστε το '&'a Point' ως \"ένα δανεικό \"Point\" που ισχύει τουλάχιστον " -"για το διάρκεια ζωής «α»»." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 msgid "" -"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " -"yourself." +"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " -"a valid solution." +"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " +"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" +"Η λέξη-κλειδί \"αντιστοιχία\" σάς επιτρέπει να αντιστοιχίσετε μια τιμή με " +"ένα ή περισσότερα _patterns_. ο Οι συγκρίσεις γίνονται από πάνω προς τα κάτω " +"και ο πρώτος αγώνας κερδίζει." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " -"value:" +msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" -"Εκτός από τον δανεισμό των ορισμάτων της, μια συνάρτηση μπορεί να επιστρέψει " -"μια δανεισμένη τιμή:" +"Τα μοτίβα μπορεί να είναι απλές τιμές, παρόμοια με το «switch» σε C και C++:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" -" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" -" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" -" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" +" let input = 'x';\n" +"\n" +" match input {\n" +" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" +" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" +" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." -msgstr "Το `'a` είναι μια γενική παράμετρος, συνάγεται από τον μεταγλωττιστή." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." +msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." msgstr "" -"Οι διάρκειες ζωής ξεκινούν με \"\"\" και το \"a\" είναι ένα τυπικό " -"προεπιλεγμένο όνομα." +"Το μοτίβο `_` είναι ένα μοτίβο μπαλαντέρ που ταιριάζει με οποιαδήποτε τιμή." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." -msgstr "" -"Το τμήμα _τουλάχιστον_ είναι σημαντικό όταν οι παράμετροι βρίσκονται σε " -"διαφορετικά πεδία." +"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " +"pattern" +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:27 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a a new scope (`{ ... }`), " -"resulting in the following code:" +msgid "`|` as an `or`" +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "" -"Επαναφέρετε τον χώρο εργασίας και αλλάξτε την υπογραφή της συνάρτησης σε `fn " -"left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. Αυτό δεν θα " -"μεταγλωττιστεί επειδή η σχέση μεταξύ των χρόνων ζωής \"a\" και \"b\" είναι " -"ασαφής." +"Θα μπορούσατε να επισημάνετε πώς χρησιμοποιούνται ορισμένοι συγκεκριμένοι " +"χαρακτήρες όταν βρίσκονται σε ένα δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" +msgstr "«|» ως «ή»." + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`_` is a wild card" +msgstr "Το «..» μπορεί να επεκταθεί όσο χρειάζεται" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" -" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" -" let p3: &Point;\n" -" {\n" -" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" -" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "Ένας άλλος τρόπος να το εξηγήσετε:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." -msgstr "" -"Δύο αναφορές σε δύο τιμές δανείζονται από μια συνάρτηση και η συνάρτηση " -"επιστρέφει άλλη αναφορά." +"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " +"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." +msgstr "Το \"1..=5\" αντιπροσωπεύει ένα εύρος που περιλαμβάνει" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:32 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " -"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " -"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." -msgstr "" -"Πρέπει να προέρχεται από μία από αυτές τις δύο εισόδους (ή από μια καθολική " -"μεταβλητή)." +msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." +msgstr "Το `_` είναι μπαλαντέρ" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:33 #, fuzzy -msgid "Another way to explain it:" -msgstr "" -"Ποιο είναι απ 'όλα? Ο μεταγλωττιστής πρέπει να γνωρίζει, επομένως στον " -"ιστότοπο κλήσης δεν χρησιμοποιείται η επιστρεφόμενη αναφορά για περισσότερο " -"από μια μεταβλητή από την οποία προήλθε η αναφορά." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 -msgid "" -"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " -"returns another reference." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 -msgid "" -"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 msgid "" -"Which one is it? The compiler needs to to know, so at the call site the " -"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " -"reference came from." +"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " +"as the term can show up in error messages." msgstr "" +"Μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο να δείξετε πώς λειτουργεί το δεσμευτικό, για " +"παράδειγμα αντικαθιστώντας έναν χαρακτήρα μπαλαντέρ με μια μεταβλητή ή " +"αφαιρώντας τα εισαγωγικά γύρω από το `q`.\n" +"\n" +"Μπορείτε να επιδείξετε την αντιστοίχιση σε μια αναφορά.\n" +"\n" +"Αυτή μπορεί να είναι μια καλή στιγμή για να αναδείξετε την έννοια των " +"αδιαμφισβήτητων προτύπων, καθώς ο όρος μπορεί να εμφανίζεται σε μηνύματα " +"λάθους." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" +"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " +"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " +"`enum` type:" msgstr "" -"Εάν ένας τύπος δεδομένων αποθηκεύει δανεισμένα δεδομένα, πρέπει να " -"σχολιάζεται με μια διάρκεια ζωής:" +"Τα μοτίβα μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν για τη σύνδεση μεταβλητών σε " +"μέρη των τιμών σας. Ετσι επιθεωρείτε τη δομή των τύπων σας. Ας ξεκινήσουμε " +"με έναν απλό τύπο «enum»:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" +"enum Result {\n" +" Ok(i32),\n" +" Err(String),\n" +"}\n" "\n" -"fn erase(text: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" +"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" +" if n % 2 == 0 {\n" +" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" +" } else {\n" +" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." -"\");\n" -" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" -" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" -" // erase(text);\n" -" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" +" let n = 100;\n" +" match divide_in_two(n) {\n" +" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" +" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " -"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " -"`Highlight` that uses that data." +"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " +"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " +"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" -"Στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα, ο σχολιασμός στο \"Highlight\" επιβάλλει ότι τα " -"δεδομένα που βρίσκονται κάτω από το περιεχόμενο \"&str\" ζουν τουλάχιστον " -"για όσο χρονικό διάστημα οποιοδήποτε στιγμιότυπο του \"Highlight\" που " -"χρησιμοποιεί αυτά τα δεδομένα." +"Εδώ χρησιμοποιήσαμε τους βραχίονες για να _καταστρέψουμε_ την τιμή " +"\"Αποτέλεσμα\". Κατά την πρώτη βραχίονα, το \"μισό\" είναι δεσμευμένο στην " +"τιμή μέσα στην παραλλαγή \"Ok\". Στο δεύτερο χέρι, Το \"msg\" συνδέεται με " +"το μήνυμα σφάλματος." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " -"the borrow checker throws an error." -msgstr "" -"Εάν το «κείμενο» καταναλωθεί πριν από το τέλος της διάρκειας ζωής του " -"«αλεπού» (ή του «σκύλου»), ο ελεγκτής δανείου κάνει ένα σφάλμα." +"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " +"a `match`." +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " -"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " -"somewhat harder to use." +"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " +"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " +"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" -"Οι τύποι με δανεικά δεδομένα αναγκάζουν τους χρήστες να παραμείνουν στα " -"αρχικά δεδομένα. Αυτό μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο για τη δημιουργία ελαφριών " -"προβολών, αλλά γενικά τις καθιστά κάπως πιο δύσκολες στη χρήση." +"Η έκφραση `if`/`else` επιστρέφει έναν αριθμό που αργότερα αποσυσκευάζεται με " +"ένα \"match\".\n" +"\n" +"Μπορείτε να δοκιμάσετε να προσθέσετε μια τρίτη παραλλαγή στον ορισμό enum " +"και να εμφανίσετε τα σφάλματα κατά την εκτέλεση του κώδικα. Επισημάνετε τα " +"σημεία όπου ο κώδικας σας είναι πλέον ανεξάντλητος και πώς ο μεταγλωττιστής " +"προσπαθεί να σας δώσει συμβουλές." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." -msgstr "" -"Όταν είναι δυνατόν, κάντε τις δομές δεδομένων να κατέχουν απευθείας τα " -"δεδομένα τους." +msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" +msgstr "Μπορείτε επίσης να καταστρέψετε «structs»:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 -#, fuzzy +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 msgid "" -"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " -"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " -"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " -"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Foo {\n" +" x: (u32, u32),\n" +" y: u32,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" +" match foo {\n" +" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" +" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" +" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " +"ignored\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Ορισμένες δομές με πολλαπλές αναφορές στο εσωτερικό μπορεί να έχουν " -"περισσότερους από έναν σχολιασμούς διάρκειας ζωής. Αυτό μπορεί να είναι " -"απαραίτητο εάν υπάρχει ανάγκη να περιγραφούν σχέσεις διάρκειας ζωής μεταξύ " -"των ίδιων των αναφορών, επιπλέον της διάρκειας ζωής της ίδιας της δομής. " -"Είναι πολύ προηγμένες περιπτώσεις χρήσης." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Ημέρα 1: Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will look at two things:" -msgstr "Θα δούμε δύο πράγματα:" +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 +msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A small book library," -msgstr "Iterators και ιδιοκτησία (σκληρό)." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 +msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 -msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 +msgid "" +"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " +"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " +"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " -"now, you just need to know part of its API:" +"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" msgstr "" -"Θα μάθουμε πολλά περισσότερα για τις δομές και τον τύπο `Vec` αύριο. Προς " -"το παρόν, απλά πρέπει να γνωρίζετε μέρος του API του:" +"Μπορείτε να καταστρέψετε πίνακες, πλειάδες και φέτες ταιριάζοντας στα " +"στοιχεία τους:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" -" vec.push(30);\n" -" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[vec.len() / 2]);\n" -" for item in vec.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" +" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" +" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" +" match triple {\n" +" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" +" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:17 -#, fuzzy +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 msgid "" -"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to and update the types to make it compile:" +"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " +"length." msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιήστε αυτό για να δημιουργήσετε μια εφαρμογή βιβλιοθήκης. " -"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κωδικό στο και " -"ενημερώστε τους τύπους για να γίνει μεταγλώττιση:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:20 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" +" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" "}\n" "\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}.\n" -"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n" -" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n" -" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" //println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" let favorite_book = Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954);\n" -" println!(\"Our favorite book {favorite_book} should go in the " -"library\");\n" -" //library.add_book(favorite_book);\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n" -" // None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" for book in library.books {\n" -" println!(\"{book}\");\n" -" }\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" +" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" +" match slice {\n" +" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" +" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:104 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 +msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " msgstr "" -"\\<λεπτομέρειες>\n" -"\n" -"[Λύση](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 +msgid "Add more values to the array." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 msgid "" -"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"traits." +"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " +"elements." msgstr "" -"Το μοντέλο ιδιοκτησίας του Rust επηρεάζει πολλά API. Ένα παράδειγμα αυτού " -"είναι το [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html) και [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"IntoIterator.html) χαρακτηριστικά." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Iterator`" -msgstr "«Iterator»." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 +msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " -"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " -"back:" +"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " +"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" msgstr "" -"Τα γνωρίσματα είναι σαν διεπαφές: περιγράφουν τη συμπεριφορά (μέθοδοι) για " -"έναν τύπο. ο Το χαρακτηριστικό «Iterator» λέει απλώς ότι μπορείτε να " -"καλέσετε «επόμενο» μέχρι να λάβετε πίσω το «Κανένα»:" +"Κατά την αντιστοίχιση, μπορείτε να προσθέσετε ένα _guard_ σε ένα μοτίβο. " +"Αυτό είναι ένα αυθαίρετο Boolean έκφραση που θα εκτελεστεί εάν το μοτίβο " +"ταιριάζει:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait Iterator {\n" -" type Item;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let pair = (2, -2);\n" +" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" +" match pair {\n" +" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" +" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" +" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 #, fuzzy -msgid "You use this trait like this:" -msgstr "Χρησιμοποιείτε αυτό το χαρακτηριστικό ως εξής:" +msgid "" +"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " +"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " +"allow." +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " +"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " +"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " +"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" +"Οι προστατευτικοί αγώνες ως ξεχωριστό συντακτικό χαρακτηριστικό είναι " +"σημαντικοί και απαραίτητοι." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" +msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." msgstr "" -"Ποιος είναι ο τύπος που επιστρέφει ο επαναλήπτης; Δοκιμάστε την απάντησή σας " -"εδώ:" +"Δεν είναι ίδια με την ξεχωριστή έκφραση «αν» μέσα στο βραχίονα του αγώνα. " +"Μια έκφραση `if` μέσα στο μπλοκ διακλάδωσης (μετά από `=>`) εμφανίζεται μετά " +"την επιλογή του βραχίονα αντιστοίχισης. Η αποτυχία της συνθήκης \"αν\" μέσα " +"σε αυτό το μπλοκ δεν θα οδηγήσει σε άλλους βραχίονες της αρχικής έκφρασης " +"«ταιριάσματος» που εξετάζεται." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " +"with an `|`." msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε τις μεταβλητές που ορίζονται στο μοτίβο στην " +"έκφραση if σας.\n" +"\n" +"Η συνθήκη που ορίζεται στο προστατευτικό ισχύει για κάθε έκφραση σε μοτίβο " +"με ένα `|`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Why is this type used?" -msgstr "Γιατί χρησιμοποιείται αυτός ο τύπος;" +msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "Ημέρα 1: Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "`IntoIterator`" -msgstr "«IntoIterator»." +msgid "We will look at two things:" +msgstr "Θα δούμε δύο πράγματα:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " -"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " -"iterator:" -msgstr "" -"Το χαρακτηριστικό \"Iterator\" σάς λέει πώς να _επανάληψη_ αφού " -"δημιουργήσετε ένα επαναλήπτης. Το σχετικό χαρακτηριστικό «IntoIterator» σάς " -"λέει πώς να δημιουργήσετε τον επαναλήπτη:" +msgid "The Luhn algorithm," +msgstr "Αλγόριθμος Luhn" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." +msgstr "Αριθμοί και αντιστοίχιση μοτίβων." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait IntoIterator {\n" -" type Item;\n" -" type IntoIter: Iterator;\n" -"\n" -" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." +msgstr "Αφού δείτε την άσκηση, μπορείτε να δείτε τη \\[λύση\\] που παρέχεται." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " -"declare two types:" +"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " +"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " +"does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" -"Η σύνταξη εδώ σημαίνει ότι κάθε υλοποίηση του «IntoIterator» πρέπει Δηλώστε " -"δύο τύπους:" +"Ο [αλγόριθμος Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) " +"χρησιμοποιείται για επικύρωση αριθμών πιστωτικών καρτών. Ο αλγόριθμος " +"παίρνει μια συμβολοσειρά ως είσοδο και κάνει το παρακάτω για να επικυρώσετε " +"τον αριθμό της πιστωτικής κάρτας:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," -msgstr "\"Στοιχείο\": ο τύπος που επαναλαμβάνουμε, όπως \"i8\"," +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7 +msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9 +msgid "" +"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " +"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." msgstr "" -"«IntoIter»: ο τύπος «Iterator» που επιστρέφεται με τη μέθοδο «into_iter»." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12 msgid "" -"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " -"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which " +"becomes `5`." msgstr "" -"Σημειώστε ότι το \"IntoIter\" και το \"Item\" είναι συνδεδεμένα: ο " -"επαναλήπτης πρέπει να έχει το ίδιο Τύπος «Στοιχείο», που σημαίνει ότι " -"επιστρέφει «Επιλογή\\<Στοιχείο>»." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" -msgstr "Όπως και πριν, ποιος είναι ο τύπος που επιστρέφει ο επαναλήπτης;" +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15 +msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17 +msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19 #, fuzzy -msgid "`for` Loops" -msgstr "Βρόχοι «για»." +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and implement the " +"function." +msgstr "" +"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " +"εφαρμόστε το λειτουργίες:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21 msgid "" -"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " -"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " -"resulting iterator:" +"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " +"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." msgstr "" -"Τώρα που γνωρίζουμε και τα δύο \"Iterator\" και \"IntoIterator\", μπορούμε " -"να δημιουργήσουμε βρόχους \"for\". Καλούν «into_iter()» σε μια έκφραση και " -"επαναλαμβάνεται πάνω από το αποτέλεσμα επαναλήπτης:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 +#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" +"```rust\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" -" for word in &v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" +"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" for word in v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" +"\n" +"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" +"fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 -#, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" -msgstr "Ποιος είναι ο τύπος της λέξης σε κάθε βρόχο;" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " -"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) and [`impl " -"IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) to check your answers." -msgstr "" -"Πειραματιστείτε με τον παραπάνω κώδικα και, στη συνέχεια, συμβουλευτείτε την " -"τεκμηρίωση για [`impl IntoIterator για &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) " -"και [`impl IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) για να ελέγξετε τις " -"απαντήσεις σας." - #: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 2" @@ -5826,19 +5826,21 @@ msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" msgstr "Τώρα που είδαμε αρκετή ποσότητα Rust, θα συνεχίσουμε με:" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 -msgid "Structs, enums, methods." -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 -msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." +msgid "" +"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " +"memory management, and garbage collection." msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 msgid "" -"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " -"`continue`." +"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Structs and methods." +msgstr "Συμβολοσειρές και Επαναλήπτες" + #: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 msgid "" "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " @@ -5849,4122 +5851,4188 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:3 +#: src/memory-management.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" -msgstr "Όπως η C και η C++, η Rust υποστηρίζει προσαρμοσμένες δομές:" - -#: src/structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" peter.age = 28;\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" let jackie = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" -" ..peter\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +msgstr "Παραδοσιακά, οι γλώσσες χωρίζονται σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες:" -#: src/structs.md:32 -msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." +#: src/memory-management.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." msgstr "" +"Πλήρης έλεγχος μέσω χειροκίνητης διαχείρισης μνήμης: C, C++, Pascal, ..." -#: src/structs.md:33 -msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." +#: src/memory-management.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " +"Haskell, ..." msgstr "" +"Πλήρης ασφάλεια μέσω αυτόματης διαχείρισης μνήμης κατά την εκτέλεση: Java, " +"Python, Go, Haskell, ..." -#: src/structs.md:34 -msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" +msgstr "Η Rust προσφέρει ένα νέο μείγμα:" -#: src/structs.md:35 +#: src/memory-management.md:10 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " -"slides." +"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " +"management." msgstr "" +"Πλήρης έλεγχος _και_ ασφάλεια μέσω επιβολής χρόνου μεταγλώττισης της σωστής " +"μνήμης διαχείριση." -#: src/structs.md:36 -msgid "" -"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " -"structs. " +#: src/memory-management.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." +msgstr "Το κάνει αυτό με μια ρητή έννοια ιδιοκτησίας." + +#: src/memory-management.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +msgstr "Αρχικά, ας ανανεώσουμε τον τρόπο λειτουργίας της διαχείρισης μνήμης." + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" +msgstr "The Stack vs The Heap" + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." +msgstr "Στοίβα: Συνεχής περιοχή μνήμης για τοπικές μεταβλητές." + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." +msgstr "Οι τιμές έχουν σταθερά μεγέθη γνωστά κατά το χρόνο μεταγλώττισης." + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." +msgstr "Εξαιρετικά γρήγορο: απλώς μετακινήστε έναν δείκτη στοίβας." + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." +msgstr "Εύκολο στη διαχείριση: ακολουθεί κλήσεις λειτουργιών." + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Great memory locality." +msgstr "Μεγάλη τοποθεσία μνήμης." + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 +msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:37 -msgid "" -"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " -"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " -"value itself. " +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 +msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:38 -msgid "" -"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " -"not important." +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 +msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:39 -msgid "" -"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " -"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " -"the last element." +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 +msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" +msgid "Stack and Heap Example" +msgstr "Στοίβα και Σωρός" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " +"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" msgstr "" -"Εάν τα ονόματα των πεδίων δεν είναι σημαντικά, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε " -"μια δομή πλειάδας:" +"Η δημιουργία ενός \"String\" τοποθετεί δεδομένα σταθερού μεγέθους στη στοίβα " +"και δυναμικά μεγέθη δεδομένα για το σωρό:" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(17, 23);\n" -" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" +" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" +": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Αυτό χρησιμοποιείται συχνά για περιτυλίγματα ενός πεδίου (που ονομάζονται " -"νέοι τύποι):" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct PoundOfForce(f64);\n" -"struct Newtons(f64);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundOfForce {\n" -" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" -" // ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" +"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " +"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 +msgid "" +"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " +"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" +"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " +"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 +msgid "" +"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " +"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" -" set_thruster_force(force);\n" +" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" +" s1.push(' ');\n" +" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" +" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" +" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " +"to\n" +" // undefined behavior.\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" +"transmute(s1);\n" +" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" -"\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." +msgstr "Εκχωρείτε και εκχωρείτε τη μνήμη σωρού μόνοι σας." + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " -"a primitive type, for example:" +"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " +"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." msgstr "" -"Οι νέοι τύποι είναι ένας πολύ καλός τρόπος για να κωδικοποιήσετε πρόσθετες " -"πληροφορίες σχετικά με την τιμή σε έναν πρωτόγονο τύπο, για παράδειγμα:" +"Εάν δεν γίνει με προσοχή, αυτό μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε σφάλματα, σφάλματα, " +"ευπάθειες ασφαλείας και διαρροές μνήμης." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." -msgstr "" -"Ο αριθμός μετριέται σε ορισμένες μονάδες: «Newtons» στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα." +msgid "C Example" +msgstr "Γ Παράδειγμα" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 #, fuzzy +msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +msgstr "" +"Πρέπει να καλείτε \"δωρεάν\" σε κάθε δείκτη που εκχωρείτε με το \"malloc\":" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 msgid "" -"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " -"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." +"```c\n" +"void foo(size_t n) {\n" +" int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" +" //\n" +" // ... lots of code\n" +" //\n" +" free(int_array);\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Η τιμή πέρασε κάποια επικύρωση όταν δημιουργήθηκε, επομένως δεν χρειάζεται " -"πλέον να την επικυρώνετε ξανά σε κάθε χρήση: «PhoneNumber(String)» ή " -"«OddNumber(u32)»." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " -"single field in the newtype." +"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " +"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " +"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " +"vulnerabilities." msgstr "" +"Η μνήμη διαρρέει εάν η συνάρτηση επιστρέψει νωρίς μεταξύ \"malloc\" και " +"\"free\": το Ο δείκτης χάνεται και δεν μπορούμε να εκχωρήσουμε τη μνήμη." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " -"for instance using booleans as integers." +"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." msgstr "" +"Οι κατασκευαστές και οι καταστροφείς σάς επιτρέπουν να κολλήσετε στη " +"διάρκεια ζωής ενός αντικειμένου." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 -msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics). " +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " +"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " +"is raised." msgstr "" +"Τυλίγοντας έναν δείκτη σε ένα αντικείμενο, μπορείτε να ελευθερώσετε μνήμη " +"όταν το αντικείμενο βρίσκεται καταστράφηκε από. Ο μεταγλωττιστής εγγυάται " +"ότι αυτό συμβαίνει, ακόμα κι αν υπάρχει εξαίρεση ανυψώθηκε." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " -"struct using a shorthand:" +"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " +"gives you smart pointers." msgstr "" -"Εάν έχετε ήδη μεταβλητές με τα σωστά ονόματα, τότε μπορείτε να δημιουργήσετε " -"τις δόμηση χρησιμοποιώντας συντομογραφία:" +"Αυτό συχνά ονομάζεται _απόκτηση πόρων είναι αρχικοποίηση_ (RAII) και δίνει " +"έξυπνοι δείκτες." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Example" +msgstr "Παράδειγμα C++" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" -" Person { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" -" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" +"```c++\n" +"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" +" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " -"interchangeable with the struct type name" +"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " +"allocated on the heap." msgstr "" +"Το αντικείμενο `std::unique_ptr` εκχωρείται στη στοίβα και δείχνει σε μνήμη " +"που εκχωρείται στο σωρό." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n" -" Self { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." msgstr "" +"Στο τέλος του «say_hello», θα εκτελεστεί ο καταστροφέας «std::unique_ptr»." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." +msgstr "Ο καταστροφέας ελευθερώνει το αντικείμενο «Person» στο οποίο δείχνει." + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " -"default values for the other fields." +"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" msgstr "" +"Οι ειδικοί κατασκευαστές μετακίνησης χρησιμοποιούνται όταν μεταβιβάζεται η " +"ιδιοκτησία σε μια συνάρτηση:" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Default for Person {\n" -" fn default() -> Person {\n" -" Person {\n" -" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" -" age: 0,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"fn create_default() {\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" ..Default::default()\n" -" };\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" -" ..Default::default()\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" +"```c++\n" +"std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" +"say_hello(std::move(person));\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 -msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Automatic Memory Management" +msgstr "Αυτόματη διαχείριση μνήμης" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " -"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " +"memory management:" msgstr "" +"Μια εναλλακτική λύση στη χειροκίνητη διαχείριση μνήμης και τη διαχείριση " +"μνήμης βάσει εύρους είναι η αυτόματη μνήμη διαχείριση:" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 -msgid "" -"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." +msgstr "Ο προγραμματιστής ποτέ δεν εκχωρεί ή εκχωρεί μνήμη ρητά." -#: src/enums.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " -"variants:" +"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " +"programmer." msgstr "" -"Η λέξη-κλειδί «enum» επιτρέπει τη δημιουργία ενός τύπου που έχει λίγους " -"διαφορετικές παραλλαγές:" +"Ένας συλλέκτης σκουπιδιών βρίσκει αχρησιμοποίητη μνήμη και την εκχωρεί στον " +"προγραμματιστή." -#: src/enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" -" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum CoinFlip {\n" -" Heads,\n" -" Tails,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" -" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" -" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" -" } else {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:29 src/methods.md:30 -#: src/methods/example.md:46 src/pattern-matching.md:25 -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:42 +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 #, fuzzy -msgid "Key Points:" -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" +msgid "Java Example" +msgstr "Παράδειγμα Java" -#: src/enums.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 #, fuzzy -msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" +msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" msgstr "" -"Οι απαριθμήσεις σάς επιτρέπουν να συλλέγετε ένα σύνολο τιμών κάτω από έναν " -"τύπο" +"Το αντικείμενο \"person\" δεν εκχωρείται μετά την επιστροφή του \"sayHello\":" -#: src/enums.md:36 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 msgid "" -"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " -"`Tail`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +"```java\n" +"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" +" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Αυτή η σελίδα προσφέρει έναν τύπο \"CoinFlip\" με δύο παραλλαγές \"Heads\" " -"και \"Tail\". Μπορείτε να σημειώσετε τον χώρο ονομάτων όταν χρησιμοποιείτε " -"παραλλαγές." -#: src/enums.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" -msgstr "" -"Αυτή μπορεί να είναι μια καλή στιγμή για να συγκρίνετε Structs και Enums:" +msgid "Memory Management in Rust" +msgstr "Διαχείριση μνήμης σε Rust" -#: src/enums.md:38 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " -"with different types of fields (variant payloads). " -msgstr "" -"Και στα δύο, μπορείτε να έχετε μια απλή έκδοση χωρίς πεδία (μονάδα δομής) ή " -"μια με διαφορετικούς τύπους πεδίων (ωφέλιμα φορτία παραλλαγής)." +msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" +msgstr "Η διαχείριση μνήμης στο Rust είναι ένας συνδυασμός:" -#: src/enums.md:39 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." -msgstr "" -"Και στις δύο, οι συσχετισμένες συναρτήσεις ορίζονται μέσα σε ένα μπλοκ " -"«impl»." +msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." +msgstr "Ασφαλές και σωστό όπως η Java, αλλά χωρίς σκουπιδοσυλλέκτη." -#: src/enums.md:40 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " -"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " -"all defined in an enum. " +"Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, " +"can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference " +"counted." msgstr "" -"Θα μπορούσατε ακόμη και να εφαρμόσετε τις διαφορετικές παραλλαγές ενός enum " -"με ξεχωριστές δομές, αλλά τότε δεν θα ήταν του ίδιου τύπου όπως θα ήταν αν " -"είχαν οριστεί όλες σε ένα enum." +"Ανάλογα με το ποια αφαίρεση (ή συνδυασμό αφαιρέσεων) επιλέγετε, μπορεί να " +"είναι ένας μοναδικός δείκτης, να μετράται η αναφορά ή να μετράται ατομικά η " +"αναφορά." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " -"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" -msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να ορίσετε πλουσιότερους αριθμούς όπου οι παραλλαγές μεταφέρουν " -"δεδομένα. Στη συνέχεια, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το Δήλωση «ταιριάσματος» " -"για εξαγωγή των δεδομένων από κάθε παραλλαγή:" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum WebEvent {\n" -" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" -" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" -" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" -" match event {\n" -" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" -" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" -" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" -" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" -" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" -"\n" -" inspect(load);\n" -" inspect(press);\n" -" inspect(click);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." msgstr "" +"Βασίζεται στο πεδίο εφαρμογής όπως η C++, αλλά ο μεταγλωττιστής επιβάλλει " +"την πλήρη συμμόρφωση." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " -"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " -"after the `=>`." +"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " +"have no cost at runtime like C." msgstr "" -"Στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα, η πρόσβαση στο \"char\" στο \"KeyPress\" ή στο " -"\"x\" και \"y\" στο \"Click\" λειτουργεί μόνο μέσα σε μια δήλωση " -"\"ταιριάζουν\"." +"Ένας χρήστης του Rust μπορεί να επιλέξει τη σωστή αφαίρεση για την " +"κατάσταση, μερικοί μάλιστα δεν έχουν κόστος κατά τη διάρκεια εκτέλεσης όπως " +"το C." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " -"no fall-through like in C or C++." -msgstr "Το \"match\" επιθεωρεί ένα κρυφό πεδίο διάκρισης στο \"enum\"." +msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." +msgstr "Αυτό το επιτυγχάνει διαμορφώνοντας ρητά την _ownership_." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " -"match arm which was executed." -msgstr "" -"Το \"WebEvent::Click { ... }\" δεν είναι ακριβώς το ίδιο με το \"WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)\" με ένα ανώτερο επίπεδο \"struct Click { ... }\". Η " -"ενσωματωμένη έκδοση δεν μπορεί να εφαρμόσει χαρακτηριστικά, για παράδειγμα." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 -msgid "" -"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " -"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " +"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " +"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " +"errors in C." msgstr "" +"Εάν ρωτήσετε πώς σε αυτό το σημείο, μπορείτε να αναφέρετε ότι στο Rust αυτό " +"συνήθως αντιμετωπίζεται από τύπους περιτυλίγματος RAII όπως [Box](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct." +"Rc.html) ή [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Αυτά " +"ενσωματώνουν την ιδιοκτησία και την εκχώρηση μνήμης με διάφορα μέσα και " +"αποτρέπουν τα πιθανά σφάλματα στο C." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16 msgid "" -"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " -"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " +"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." msgstr "" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 -msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." +msgstr "Ακολουθεί μια πρόχειρη σύγκριση των τεχνικών διαχείρισης μνήμης." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 -msgid "" -"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" -"discriminant()`" -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" +msgstr "Πλεονεκτήματα Διαφορετικών Τεχνικών Διαχείρισης Μνήμης" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 -msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " -"comparing field values doesn't affect equality." -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Manual like C:" +msgstr "Εγχειρίδιο όπως C:" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 -msgid "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " -"cannot implement traits, for example." -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14 +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "No runtime overhead." +msgstr "Χωρίς επιβάρυνση χρόνου εκτέλεσης." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " -"account:" -msgstr "" -"Οι σκουριές συσκευάζονται σφιχτά, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τους περιορισμούς λόγω " -"ευθυγράμμισης:" +msgid "Automatic like Java:" +msgstr "Αυτόματο όπως Java:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n" -" ($t:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" -" stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"enum Foo {\n" -" A,\n" -" B,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" dbg_size!(Foo);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fully automatic." +msgstr "Εντελώς αυτόματο." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:25 +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11 +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." -msgstr "" -"Δείτε το [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." +msgid "Safe and correct." +msgstr "Ασφαλές και σωστό." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:31 -msgid "" -"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " -"variant." +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12 +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Scope-based like C++:" +msgstr "Βασισμένο σε πεδίο εφαρμογής όπως η C++:" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Partially automatic." +msgstr "Μερικώς αυτόματο." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" +msgstr "Βασισμένο σε εύρος με επιβολή μεταγλωττιστή όπως το Rust:" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enforced by compiler." +msgstr "Επιβάλλεται από τον μεταγλωττιστή." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" +msgstr "Μειονεκτήματα των διαφορετικών τεχνικών διαχείρισης μνήμης" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Use-after-free." +msgstr "Χρήση-μετά-δωρεάν." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Double-frees." +msgstr "Διπλό δωρεάν." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Memory leaks." +msgstr "Διαρροές μνήμης." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Garbage collection pauses." +msgstr "Παύσεις αποκομιδής σκουπιδιών." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Destructor delays." +msgstr "Καθυστερήσεις καταστροφέων." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer (on C++)." +msgstr "Σύνθετο, συμμετοχή από προγραμματιστή." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31 +msgid "Circular references can lead to memory leaks" msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:33 +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Potential runtime overhead" +msgstr "Χωρίς επιβάρυνση χρόνου εκτέλεσης." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" +msgstr "Επιβάλλεται από μεταγλωττιστή και βασίζεται σε εύρος όπως το Rust:" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Some upfront complexity." +msgstr "Κάποια εκ των προτέρων πολυπλοκότητα." + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Can reject valid programs." +msgstr "Μπορεί να απορρίψει έγκυρα προγράμματα." + +#: src/ownership.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" +"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " +"to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "" +"Όλες οι δεσμεύσεις μεταβλητών έχουν _scope_ όπου είναι έγκυρες και είναι " +"σφάλμα χρησιμοποιήστε μια μεταβλητή εκτός του πεδίου εφαρμογής της:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:35 +#: src/ownership.md:6 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(u32)]\n" -"enum Bar {\n" -" A, // 0\n" -" B = 10000,\n" -" C, // 10001\n" -"}\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" -" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" -" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" +" {\n" +" let p = Point(3, 4);\n" +" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:50 +#: src/ownership.md:18 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " -"bytes." +"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." msgstr "" +"Στο τέλος του εύρους, η μεταβλητή _αποτέθηκε_ και τα δεδομένα ελευθερώνονται." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:54 -msgid "Try out other types such as" -msgstr "" +#: src/ownership.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." +msgstr "Ένας καταστροφέας μπορεί να τρέξει εδώ για να ελευθερώσει πόρους." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:56 -msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," -msgstr "" +#: src/ownership.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." +msgstr "Λέμε ότι η μεταβλητή _κατέχει_ την τιμή." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:57 +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" +msgstr "Μια ανάθεση θα μεταβιβάσει την ιδιοκτησία μεταξύ μεταβλητών:" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " -"see below)," +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" +" let s2: String = s1;\n" +" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" +" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:58 -msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." +msgstr "Η εκχώρηση του `s1` στο `s2` μεταβιβάζει την ιδιοκτησία." + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." msgstr "" +"Όταν το `s1` βγαίνει εκτός πεδίου εφαρμογής, δεν συμβαίνει τίποτα: δεν έχει " +"ιδιοκτησία." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:59 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " -"optimization, see below)." +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "" +"Όταν το `s2` βγαίνει εκτός εύρους, τα δεδομένα συμβολοσειράς ελευθερώνονται." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:61 +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +msgstr "Υπάρχει πάντα _exactly_ μία δέσμευση μεταβλητής που κατέχει μια τιμή." + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Niche optimization: Rust will merge use unused bit patterns for the enum " -"discriminant." +"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " +"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" +"Αναφέρετε ότι αυτό είναι το αντίθετο από τις προεπιλογές της C++, η οποία " +"αντιγράφει με βάση την τιμή, εκτός και αν χρησιμοποιήσετε το `std::move` " +"(και ορίζεται ο κατασκευαστής κίνησης!)." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:64 +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 msgid "" -"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " -"`size_of::>()`." +"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " +"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " +"are aggressively optimized away." msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:68 +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 msgid "" -"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " -"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " -"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." +"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 +msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:71 +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" -" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " -"$bit_type>($e));\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" -" }\n" +" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" +" let s2: String = s1;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:106 +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." +msgstr "Τα δεδομένα σωρού από το `s1` επαναχρησιμοποιούνται για το `s2`." + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." +msgstr "" +"Όταν το `s1` βγαίνει εκτός πεδίου εφαρμογής, δεν συμβαίνει τίποτα (έχει " +"μετακινηθεί από)." + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Before move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Πριν μεταβείτε στο `s2`:" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 msgid "" -"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " -"than 256 `Option`s together." +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:108 +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "After move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Μετά τη μετάβαση στο `s2`:" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" -"\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" -" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " -"$bit_type>($e));\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " -"signs.\n" -"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" -"macro_rules! many_options {\n" -" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" -" ($value:expr, @) => {\n" -" Some(Some($value))\n" -" };\n" -" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" -" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " -"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" +": | len | 4 | :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:3 +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " -"an `impl` block:" -msgstr "" -"Το Rust σάς επιτρέπει να συσχετίζετε λειτουργίες με τους νέους τύπους σας. " -"Το κάνετε αυτό με ένα μπλοκ \"impl\":" - -#: src/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" peter.say_hello();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" +msgstr "Διπλές απελευθερώσεις μνήμης στη σύγχρονη C++" -#: src/methods.md:31 +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" +msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" +msgstr "Η σύγχρονη C++ το λύνει διαφορετικά:" -#: src/methods.md:32 -#, fuzzy +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 msgid "" -"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " -"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +"```c++\n" +"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" +"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμη η εισαγωγή μεθόδων συγκρίνοντάς τες με συναρτήσεις." -#: src/methods.md:33 +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " -"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " -"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "" -"Οι μέθοδοι καλούνται σε μια παρουσία ενός τύπου (όπως μια δομή ή ένα enum), " -"η πρώτη παράμετρος αντιπροσωπεύει την παρουσία ως \"self\"." +"Τα δεδομένα σωρού από το `s1` είναι διπλά και το `s2` αποκτά το δικό του " +"ανεξάρτητο αντίγραφο." -#: src/methods.md:34 +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 #, fuzzy -msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. " +msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." msgstr "" -"Οι προγραμματιστές μπορούν να επιλέξουν να χρησιμοποιήσουν μεθόδους για να " -"επωφεληθούν από τη σύνταξη του δέκτη μεθόδων και να τους βοηθήσουν να " -"διατηρηθούν πιο οργανωμένοι. Χρησιμοποιώντας μεθόδους μπορούμε να " -"διατηρήσουμε όλο τον κώδικα υλοποίησης σε ένα προβλέψιμο μέρος." +"Όταν τα «s1» και «s2» βγαίνουν εκτός πεδίου εφαρμογής, το καθένα " +"απελευθερώνει τη δική του μνήμη." -#: src/methods.md:35 +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 #, fuzzy +msgid "Before copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Πριν την αντιγραφή-ανάθεση:" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 msgid "" -"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how " -"the struct name could also be used. " -msgstr "Επισημάνετε τη χρήση της λέξης-κλειδιού «self», ενός δέκτη μεθόδου." +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:36 +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 #, fuzzy +msgid "After copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Μετά την αντιγραφή-ανάθεση:" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 msgid "" -"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " -"can be used elsewhere in the block." +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +": s2 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Δείξτε ότι είναι ένας συντομευμένος όρος για το \"self:&Self\" και ίσως " -"δείξετε πώς θα μπορούσε επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθεί το όνομα της δομής." -#: src/methods.md:37 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " -"refer to individual fields." +"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " +"parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" -"Εξηγήστε ότι το Self είναι ένα ψευδώνυμο τύπου για τον τύπο στον οποίο " -"βρίσκεται το μπλοκ «impl» και μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί αλλού στο μπλοκ." +"Όταν μεταβιβάζετε μια τιμή σε μια συνάρτηση, η τιμή εκχωρείται στη συνάρτηση " +"παράμετρος. Αυτό μεταβιβάζει την ιδιοκτησία:" -#: src/methods.md:38 -#, fuzzy +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 msgid "" -"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " -"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" +" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" +" say_hello(name);\n" +" // say_hello(name);\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Σημειώστε πώς χρησιμοποιείται ο εαυτός όπως και άλλες δομές και ο " -"συμβολισμός κουκκίδων μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για αναφορά σε μεμονωμένα " -"πεδία." -#: src/methods.md:39 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 #, fuzzy -msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." +msgid "" +"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " +"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" -"Αυτή μπορεί να είναι μια καλή στιγμή για να δείξετε πώς το \"&self\" " -"διαφέρει από το \"self\" τροποποιώντας τον κώδικα και προσπαθώντας να " -"εκτελέσετε το say_hello δύο φορές.\n" -"\n" -"Στη συνέχεια περιγράφουμε τη διάκριση μεταξύ των δεκτών μεθόδων." +"Με την πρώτη κλήση στο \"say_hello\", ο \"main\" παραιτείται από την " +"ιδιοκτησία του \"name\". Στη συνέχεια, το \"όνομα\" δεν μπορεί να " +"χρησιμοποιηθεί πλέον στο \"κύριο\"." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:3 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " -"There are other possible receivers for a method:" +"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " +"`say_hello` function." msgstr "" -"Το \"&self\" παραπάνω υποδεικνύει ότι η μέθοδος δανείζεται το αντικείμενο " -"αμετάβλητα. Εκεί είναι άλλοι πιθανοί δέκτες για μια μέθοδο:" +"Η μνήμη σωρού που έχει εκχωρηθεί για το \"όνομα\" θα ελευθερωθεί στο τέλος " +"της συνάρτησης \"say_hello\"." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:6 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " -"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." +"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " +"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." msgstr "" -"«&self»: δανείζεται το αντικείμενο από τον καλούντα χρησιμοποιώντας ένα " -"κοινόχρηστο και αμετάβλητο αναφορά. Το αντικείμενο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί " -"ξανά μετά." +"Το \"main\" μπορεί να διατηρήσει την ιδιοκτησία εάν μεταβιβάσει το \"name\" " +"ως αναφορά (\"&name\") και εάν το \"say_hello\" αποδεχτεί μια αναφορά ως " +"παράμετρο." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:8 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " -"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." +"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." +"clone()`)." msgstr "" -"\"&mut self\": δανείζεται το αντικείμενο από τον καλούντα χρησιμοποιώντας " -"ένα μοναδικό και ευμετάβλητο αναφορά. Το αντικείμενο μπορεί να " -"χρησιμοποιηθεί ξανά μετά." +"Εναλλακτικά, το \"main\" μπορεί να περάσει έναν κλώνο του \"name\" στην " +"πρώτη κλήση (\"name.clone()\")." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:10 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " -"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " -"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " -"transmitted." +"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " +"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." msgstr "" -"«self»: αναλαμβάνει την κυριότητα του αντικειμένου και το απομακρύνει από " -"τον καλούντα. ο μέθοδος γίνεται ο ιδιοκτήτης του αντικειμένου. Το " -"αντικείμενο θα απορριφθεί (κατανεμηθεί) όταν η μέθοδος επιστρέφει, εκτός εάν " -"η ιδιοκτησία της είναι ρητά μεταδόθηκε." +"Το Rust καθιστά δυσκολότερο από την C++ την ακούσια δημιουργία αντιγράφων " +"καθιστώντας τη σημασιολογία κίνησης ως προεπιλογή και αναγκάζοντας τους " +"προγραμματιστές να κάνουν τους κλώνους ξεκάθαρους." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:14 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`mut self`: same as above, but while the method owns the object, it can " -"mutate it too. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." +"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "" -"`mut self`: όπως παραπάνω, αλλά ενώ η μέθοδος κατέχει το αντικείμενο, μπορεί " -"μεταλλάξτε το και εσείς. Η πλήρης ιδιοκτησία δεν σημαίνει αυτόματα " -"μεταβλητότητα." +"Ενώ η σημασιολογία μετακίνησης είναι η προεπιλογή, ορισμένοι τύποι " +"αντιγράφονται από προεπιλογή:" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:16 -#, fuzzy +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 msgid "" -"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " -"create constructors which are called `new` by convention." +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = 42;\n" +" let y = x;\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Χωρίς δέκτη: αυτό γίνεται μια στατική μέθοδος στη δομή. Συνήθως " -"χρησιμοποιείται σε δημιουργήστε κατασκευαστές που ονομάζονται «νέοι» κατά " -"σύμβαση." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:19 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " -"receiver types, such as `Box`." -msgstr "" -"Πέρα από παραλλαγές στον «εαυτό», υπάρχουν επίσης [ειδικοί τύποι " -"περιτυλίγματος](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits." -"html) επιτρέπεται να είναι τύποι δεκτών, όπως \"Box\n" -"\n" -"\"." +msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." +msgstr "Αυτοί οι τύποι εφαρμόζουν το χαρακτηριστικό «Αντιγραφή»." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:25 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " -"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " -"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " -"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." +msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" -"\\<λεπτομέρειες>\n" -"\n" -"Εξετάστε το ενδεχόμενο να δώσετε έμφαση στο \"κοινόχρηστο και αμετάβλητο\" " -"και στο \"μοναδικό και μεταβλητό\". Αυτοί οι περιορισμοί έρχονται πάντα μαζί " -"στο Rust λόγω των κανόνων του ελεγκτή δανείου, και το \"self\" δεν αποτελεί " -"εξαίρεση. Δεν θα είναι δυνατόν Αναφέρετε μια δομή από πολλές τοποθεσίες και " -"καλέστε μια μέθοδο μεταλλάξεως (`&mut self`) σε αυτήν." +"Μπορείτε να επιλέξετε τους δικούς σας τύπους για χρήση σημασιολογίας " +"αντιγραφής:" -#: src/methods/example.md:3 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Race {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" laps: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Race {\n" -" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" -" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " -"access to self\n" -" self.laps.push(lap);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" -" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" -" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" -" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " -"total);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" -" race.add_lap(70);\n" -" race.add_lap(68);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.add_lap(71);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.finish();\n" -" // race.add_lap(42);\n" +" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" +" let p2 = p1;\n" +" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" +" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/methods/example.md:47 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 #, fuzzy -msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" +msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." +msgstr "" +"Μετά την ανάθεση, τόσο το «p1» και το «p2» έχουν τα δικά τους δεδομένα." -#: src/methods/example.md:48 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " -"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" +msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." +msgstr "" +"Μπορούμε επίσης να χρησιμοποιήσουμε το «p1.clone()» για να αντιγράψουμε ρητά " +"τα δεδομένα." -#: src/methods/example.md:49 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." -msgstr "Και οι τέσσερις μέθοδοι εδώ χρησιμοποιούν διαφορετικό δέκτη μεθόδου." +msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" +msgstr "Η αντιγραφή και η κλωνοποίηση δεν είναι το ίδιο πράγμα:" -#: src/methods/example.md:50 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " -"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " -"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " -"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." +"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " +"arbitrary objects." msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να επισημάνετε πώς αλλάζει αυτό που μπορεί να κάνει η συνάρτηση με " -"τις τιμές των μεταβλητών και εάν/πώς μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ξανά στο " -"\"main\"." +"Η αντιγραφή αναφέρεται σε αντίγραφα bitwise περιοχών μνήμης και δεν " +"λειτουργεί σε αυθαίρετα αντικείμενα." -#: src/methods/example.md:51 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " -"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να επιδείξετε το σφάλμα που εμφανίζεται όταν προσπαθείτε να " -"καλέσετε το \"finish\" δύο φορές.\n" -"\n" -"Σημειώστε ότι παρόλο που οι δέκτες της μεθόδου είναι διαφορετικοί, οι μη " -"στατικές συναρτήσεις ονομάζονται με τον ίδιο τρόπο στο κύριο σώμα. Το Rust " -"επιτρέπει την αυτόματη αναφορά και αποαναφορά κατά την κλήση μεθόδων. Το " -"Rust προσθέτει αυτόματα τα \"&\", \"\\*\", \"muts\", έτσι ώστε αυτό το " -"αντικείμενο να ταιριάζει με την υπογραφή της μεθόδου.\n" -"\n" -"Μπορείτε να επισημάνετε ότι το \"print_laps\" χρησιμοποιεί ένα διάνυσμα που " -"επαναλαμβάνεται. Περιγράφουμε διανύσματα με περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες το " -"απόγευμα." +"Η αντιγραφή δεν επιτρέπει προσαρμοσμένη λογική (σε αντίθεση με τους " +"κατασκευαστές αντιγραφής στη C++)." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " -"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." +"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " +"implementing the `Clone` trait." msgstr "" -"Η λέξη-κλειδί \"αντιστοιχία\" σάς επιτρέπει να αντιστοιχίσετε μια τιμή με " -"ένα ή περισσότερα _patterns_. ο Οι συγκρίσεις γίνονται από πάνω προς τα κάτω " -"και ο πρώτος αγώνας κερδίζει." +"Η κλωνοποίηση είναι μια πιο γενική λειτουργία και επιτρέπει επίσης " +"προσαρμοσμένη συμπεριφορά με την εφαρμογή του χαρακτηριστικού «Κλωνοποίηση»." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 #, fuzzy -msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" -msgstr "" -"Τα μοτίβα μπορεί να είναι απλές τιμές, παρόμοια με το «switch» σε C και C++:" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let input = 'x';\n" -"\n" -" match input {\n" -" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" -" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" -" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "" +"Η αντιγραφή δεν λειτουργεί σε τύπους που εφαρμόζουν το χαρακτηριστικό «Drop»." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." -msgstr "" -"Το μοτίβο `_` είναι ένα μοτίβο μπαλαντέρ που ταιριάζει με οποιαδήποτε τιμή." +msgid "In the above example, try the following:" +msgstr "Στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα, δοκιμάστε τα εξής:" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:26 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " -"pattern" -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`|` as an `or`" -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" +"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " +"is not a `Copy` type." +msgstr "" +"Προσθέστε ένα πεδίο «String» στο «struct Point». Δεν θα μεταγλωττιστεί " +"επειδή το \"String\" δεν είναι τύπος \"Αντιγραφή\"." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:28 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 #, fuzzy -msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" +msgid "" +"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " +"`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" -"Θα μπορούσατε να επισημάνετε πώς χρησιμοποιούνται ορισμένοι συγκεκριμένοι " -"χαρακτήρες όταν βρίσκονται σε ένα δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας" +"Καταργήστε το \"Copy\" από το χαρακτηριστικό \"derive\". Το σφάλμα " +"μεταγλωττιστή βρίσκεται τώρα στο «println!» για το «p1»." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:29 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 #, fuzzy -msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" -msgstr "«|» ως «ή»." +msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." +msgstr "Δείξτε ότι λειτουργεί εάν αντ' αυτού κλωνοποιήσετε το \"p1\"." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:30 +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 #, fuzzy -msgid "`_` is a wild card" -msgstr "Το «..» μπορεί να επεκταθεί όσο χρειάζεται" +msgid "" +"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " +"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " +"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +msgstr "" +"Εάν οι μαθητές ρωτήσουν για το «derive», αρκεί να πούμε ότι αυτός είναι ένας " +"τρόπος δημιουργίας κώδικα στο Rust την ώρα της μεταγλώττισης. Σε αυτήν την " +"περίπτωση δημιουργούνται οι προεπιλεγμένες υλοποιήσεις των χαρακτηριστικών " +"«Αντιγραφή» και «Κλωνοποίηση»." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:31 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " -"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." -msgstr "Το \"1..=5\" αντιπροσωπεύει ένα εύρος που περιλαμβάνει" +"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " +"function _borrow_ the value:" +msgstr "" +"Αντί να μεταβιβάζετε την ιδιοκτησία κατά την κλήση μιας συνάρτησης, μπορείτε " +"να αφήσετε α συνάρτηση _borrow_ την τιμή:" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." -msgstr "Το `_` είναι μπαλαντέρ" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " -"as the term can show up in error messages." -msgstr "" -"Μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο να δείξετε πώς λειτουργεί το δεσμευτικό, για " -"παράδειγμα αντικαθιστώντας έναν χαρακτήρα μπαλαντέρ με μια μεταβλητή ή " -"αφαιρώντας τα εισαγωγικά γύρω από το `q`.\n" -"\n" -"Μπορείτε να επιδείξετε την αντιστοίχιση σε μια αναφορά.\n" -"\n" -"Αυτή μπορεί να είναι μια καλή στιγμή για να αναδείξετε την έννοια των " -"αδιαμφισβήτητων προτύπων, καθώς ο όρος μπορεί να εμφανίζεται σε μηνύματα " -"λάθους." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " -"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " -"`enum` type:" -msgstr "" -"Τα μοτίβα μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν για τη σύνδεση μεταβλητών σε " -"μέρη των τιμών σας. Ετσι επιθεωρείτε τη δομή των τύπων σας. Ας ξεκινήσουμε " -"με έναν απλό τύπο «enum»:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"enum Result {\n" -" Ok(i32),\n" -" Err(String),\n" -"}\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" -"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" -" if n % 2 == 0 {\n" -" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" -" } else {\n" -" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" -" }\n" +"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" +" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let n = 100;\n" -" match divide_in_two(n) {\n" -" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" -" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" -" }\n" +" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" +" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" +" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" +" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " -"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " -"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." +msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "" -"Εδώ χρησιμοποιήσαμε τους βραχίονες για να _καταστρέψουμε_ την τιμή " -"\"Αποτέλεσμα\". Κατά την πρώτη βραχίονα, το \"μισό\" είναι δεσμευμένο στην " -"τιμή μέσα στην παραλλαγή \"Ok\". Στο δεύτερο χέρι, Το \"msg\" συνδέεται με " -"το μήνυμα σφάλματος." +"Η συνάρτηση «προσθήκη» _δανείζεται_ δύο σημεία και επιστρέφει ένα νέο σημείο." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " -"a `match`." -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" +msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." +msgstr "Ο καλών διατηρεί την κυριότητα των εισόδων." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 +msgid "Notes on stack returns:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 msgid "" -"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " -"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " -"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." +"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " +"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " +"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " +"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " +"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " +"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" -"Η έκφραση `if`/`else` επιστρέφει έναν αριθμό που αργότερα αποσυσκευάζεται με " -"ένα \"match\".\n" -"\n" -"Μπορείτε να δοκιμάσετε να προσθέσετε μια τρίτη παραλλαγή στον ορισμό enum " -"και να εμφανίσετε τα σφάλματα κατά την εκτέλεση του κώδικα. Επισημάνετε τα " -"σημεία όπου ο κώδικας σας είναι πλέον ανεξάντλητος και πώς ο μεταγλωττιστής " -"προσπαθεί να σας δώσει συμβουλές." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" -msgstr "Μπορείτε επίσης να καταστρέψετε «structs»:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"struct Foo {\n" -" x: (u32, u32),\n" -" y: u32,\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" +"\n" +"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" +" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" +" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" +" p\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" -" match foo {\n" -" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" -" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" -" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " -"ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" +"pub fn main() {\n" +" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" +" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" +" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" +" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" +" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ένας άλλος τρόπος να το εξηγήσετε:" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 -msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 +msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 -msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 +msgid "" +"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " +"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " +"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " +"copy." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" +msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να καταστρέψετε πίνακες, πλειάδες και φέτες ταιριάζοντας στα " -"στοιχεία τους:" +"Το Rust θέτει περιορισμούς στους τρόπους με τους οποίους μπορείτε να " +"δανειστείτε τιμές:" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" +msgstr "Μπορείτε να έχετε μία ή περισσότερες τιμές \"&T\" ανά πάσα στιγμή, _ή_" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." +msgstr "Μπορείτε να έχετε ακριβώς μία τιμή «&mut T»." + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" -" match triple {\n" -" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" +" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" +" let b: &i32 = &a;\n" +"\n" +" {\n" +" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" +" *c = 20;\n" " }\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" +" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " -"length." +"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " +"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" +"Ο παραπάνω κώδικας δεν μεταγλωττίζεται επειδή το «a» δανείζεται ταυτόχρονα " +"ως mutable (μέσω «c») και ως αμετάβλητο (μέσω «b»)." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" -" match slice {\n" -" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " +"to make the code compile." msgstr "" +"Μετακινήστε τη δήλωση «println!» για το «b» πριν από το εύρος που εισάγει το " +"«c» για να κάνετε μεταγλώττιση του κώδικα." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 -msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " +"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " +"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" +"Μετά από αυτήν την αλλαγή, ο μεταγλωττιστής συνειδητοποιεί ότι το \"b\" " +"χρησιμοποιείται μόνο πριν από το νέο μεταβλητό δάνειο του \"a\" έως το " +"\"c\". Αυτό είναι ένα χαρακτηριστικό του ελεγκτή δανεισμού που ονομάζεται " +"\"μη λεξιλογικές ζωές\"." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 -msgid "Add more values to the array." -msgstr "" +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" +msgstr "Μια δανεισμένη αξία έχει _διάρκεια ζωής_:" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 -msgid "" -"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " -"elements." +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 +msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 -msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 +msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " -"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " +"lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" -"Κατά την αντιστοίχιση, μπορείτε να προσθέσετε ένα _guard_ σε ένα μοτίβο. " -"Αυτό είναι ένα αυθαίρετο Boolean έκφραση που θα εκτελεστεί εάν το μοτίβο " -"ταιριάζει:" +"Διαβάστε το '&'a Point' ως \"ένα δανεικό \"Point\" που ισχύει τουλάχιστον " +"για το διάρκεια ζωής «α»»." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pair = (2, -2);\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" -" match pair {\n" -" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" -" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" -" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" -" }\n" +"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " +"yourself." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 +msgid "" +"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " +"a valid solution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " +"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " +"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " +"value:" +msgstr "" +"Εκτός από τον δανεισμό των ορισμάτων της, μια συνάρτηση μπορεί να επιστρέψει " +"μια δανεισμένη τιμή:" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" +"\n" +"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" +" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" +" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" +" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" +" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " -"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " -"allow." -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" +msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." +msgstr "Το `'a` είναι μια γενική παράμετρος, συνάγεται από τον μεταγλωττιστή." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " -"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " -"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " -"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." +msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." msgstr "" -"Οι προστατευτικοί αγώνες ως ξεχωριστό συντακτικό χαρακτηριστικό είναι " -"σημαντικοί και απαραίτητοι." +"Οι διάρκειες ζωής ξεκινούν με \"\"\" και το \"a\" είναι ένα τυπικό " +"προεπιλεγμένο όνομα." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." +msgid "" +"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." msgstr "" -"Δεν είναι ίδια με την ξεχωριστή έκφραση «αν» μέσα στο βραχίονα του αγώνα. " -"Μια έκφραση `if` μέσα στο μπλοκ διακλάδωσης (μετά από `=>`) εμφανίζεται μετά " -"την επιλογή του βραχίονα αντιστοίχισης. Η αποτυχία της συνθήκης \"αν\" μέσα " -"σε αυτό το μπλοκ δεν θα οδηγήσει σε άλλους βραχίονες της αρχικής έκφρασης " -"«ταιριάσματος» που εξετάζεται." +"Το τμήμα _τουλάχιστον_ είναι σημαντικό όταν οι παράμετροι βρίσκονται σε " +"διαφορετικά πεδία." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " -"with an `|`." +"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " +"resulting in the following code:" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε τις μεταβλητές που ορίζονται στο μοτίβο στην " -"έκφραση if σας.\n" +"Επαναφέρετε τον χώρο εργασίας και αλλάξτε την υπογραφή της συνάρτησης σε `fn " +"left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. Αυτό δεν θα " +"μεταγλωττιστεί επειδή η σχέση μεταξύ των χρόνων ζωής \"a\" και \"b\" είναι " +"ασαφής." + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" -"Η συνθήκη που ορίζεται στο προστατευτικό ισχύει για κάθε έκφραση σε μοτίβο " -"με ένα `|`." +"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" +" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" +" let p3: &Point;\n" +" {\n" +" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" +" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "Ένας άλλος τρόπος να το εξηγήσετε:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Ημέρα 2: Πρωινές ασκήσεις" +msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." +msgstr "" +"Δύο αναφορές σε δύο τιμές δανείζονται από μια συνάρτηση και η συνάρτηση " +"επιστρέφει άλλη αναφορά." -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 #, fuzzy -msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" -msgstr "Θα εξετάσουμε την εφαρμογή μεθόδων σε δύο πλαίσια:" +msgid "" +"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " +"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " +"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." +msgstr "" +"Πρέπει να προέρχεται από μία από αυτές τις δύο εισόδους (ή από μια καθολική " +"μεταβλητή)." -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 #, fuzzy -msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." -msgstr "Πολλαπλές δομές και αριθμοί για μια βιβλιοθήκη σχεδίων." +msgid "Another way to explain it:" +msgstr "" +"Ποιο είναι απ 'όλα? Ο μεταγλωττιστής πρέπει να γνωρίζει, επομένως στον " +"ιστότοπο κλήσης δεν χρησιμοποιείται η επιστρεφόμενη αναφορά για περισσότερο " +"από μια μεταβλητή από την οποία προήλθε η αναφορά." -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 -msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 +msgid "" +"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " +"returns another reference." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 msgid "" -"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " -"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." msgstr "" -"Εργάζεστε για την εφαρμογή ενός συστήματος παρακολούθησης της υγείας. Ως " -"μέρος αυτού, εσείς πρέπει να παρακολουθεί τα στατιστικά στοιχεία υγείας των " -"χρηστών." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 -#, fuzzy +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 msgid "" -"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " -"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " -"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " +"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " +"reference came from." msgstr "" -"Θα ξεκινήσετε με ορισμένες αποκομμένες συναρτήσεις σε ένα μπλοκ \"impl\" " -"καθώς και σε ένα \"User\". ορισμός κατασκευής. Ο στόχος σας είναι να " -"εφαρμόσετε τις αποκομμένες μεθόδους στο Η δομή \"User\" ορίζεται στο μπλοκ " -"\"impl\"." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"methods:" +"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" -"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " -"συμπληρώστε τον κωδικό που λείπει μέθοδοι:" +"Εάν ένας τύπος δεδομένων αποθηκεύει δανεισμένα δεδομένα, πρέπει να " +"σχολιάζεται με μια διάρκεια ζωής:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"struct User {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u32,\n" -" weight: f32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl User {\n" -" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" "\n" -" pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" +"fn erase(text: String) {\n" +" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_weight() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_set_age() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" -" bob.set_age(33);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" +" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." +"\");\n" +" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" +" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" +" // erase(text);\n" +" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" +" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 #, fuzzy -msgid "Polygon Struct" -msgstr "Πολυγωνική κατασκευή" +msgid "" +"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " +"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " +"`Highlight` that uses that data." +msgstr "" +"Στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα, ο σχολιασμός στο \"Highlight\" επιβάλλει ότι τα " +"δεδομένα που βρίσκονται κάτω από το περιεχόμενο \"&str\" ζουν τουλάχιστον " +"για όσο χρονικό διάστημα οποιοδήποτε στιγμιότυπο του \"Highlight\" που " +"χρησιμοποιεί αυτά τα δεδομένα." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " -"below to and fill in the missing methods to " -"make the tests pass:" +"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " +"the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" -"Θα δημιουργήσουμε μια δομή «Πολύγωνο» που περιέχει μερικά σημεία. Αντιγράψτε " -"τον παρακάτω κωδικό στο και συμπληρώστε τις " -"μεθόδους που λείπουν για να το κάνετε οι δοκιμές περνούν:" +"Εάν το «κείμενο» καταναλωθεί πριν από το τέλος της διάρκειας ζωής του " +"«αλεπού» (ή του «σκύλου»), ο ελεγκτής δανείου κάνει ένα σφάλμα." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" +"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " +"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " +"somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" +"Οι τύποι με δανεικά δεδομένα αναγκάζουν τους χρήστες να παραμείνουν στα " +"αρχικά δεδομένα. Αυτό μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο για τη δημιουργία ελαφριών " +"προβολών, αλλά γενικά τις καθιστά κάπως πιο δύσκολες στη χρήση." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " -"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " -"the tests." +msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "" -"Δεδομένου ότι οι υπογραφές της μεθόδου λείπουν από τις δηλώσεις προβλημάτων, " -"το βασικό μέρος της άσκησης είναι να τα προσδιορίσετε σωστά." +"Όταν είναι δυνατόν, κάντε τις δομές δεδομένων να κατέχουν απευθείας τα " +"δεδομένα τους." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120 -msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " +"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " +"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " +"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." msgstr "" +"Ορισμένες δομές με πολλαπλές αναφορές στο εσωτερικό μπορεί να έχουν " +"περισσότερους από έναν σχολιασμούς διάρκειας ζωής. Αυτό μπορεί να είναι " +"απαραίτητο εάν υπάρχει ανάγκη να περιγραφούν σχέσεις διάρκειας ζωής μεταξύ " +"των ίδιων των αναφορών, επιπλέον της διάρκειας ζωής της ίδιας της δομής. " +"Είναι πολύ προηγμένες περιπτώσεις χρήσης." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122 +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " -"don't borrow their arguments." -msgstr "Άλλα ενδιαφέροντα μέρη της άσκησης:" +msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" +msgstr "Ημέρα 2: Πρωινές ασκήσεις" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:123 +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " -"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." -msgstr "" -"Εξάγετε ένα χαρακτηριστικό «Αντιγραφή» για ορισμένες δομές, καθώς στις " -"δοκιμές οι μέθοδοι μερικές φορές δεν δανείζονται τα επιχειρήματά τους.\n" -"\n" -"Ανακαλύψτε ότι το χαρακτηριστικό «Προσθήκη» πρέπει να εφαρμοστεί για δύο " -"αντικείμενα που μπορούν να προστεθούν μέσω του «+»." +msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" +msgstr "Θα εξετάσουμε την εφαρμογή μεθόδων σε δύο πλαίσια:" -#: src/control-flow.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " -"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " -"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " -"work similarly in Rust." +msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." +msgstr "Πολλαπλές δομές και αριθμοί για μια βιβλιοθήκη σχεδίων." + +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 +msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." msgstr "" -"Όπως είδαμε, το «αν» είναι μια έκφραση στο Rust. Χρησιμοποιείται υπό όρους " -"αξιολογήστε ένα από τα δύο μπλοκ, αλλά τα μπλοκ μπορεί να έχουν μια τιμή που " -"στη συνέχεια γίνεται την τιμή της έκφρασης «αν». Άλλες εκφράσεις ροής " -"ελέγχου λειτουργούν παρόμοια στο Rust." -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of " -"the block:" +"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " +"now, you just need to know part of its API:" msgstr "" -"Ένα μπλοκ στο Rust έχει μια τιμή και έναν τύπο: η τιμή είναι η τελευταία " -"έκφραση του ΟΙΚΟΔΟΜΙΚΟ ΤΕΤΡΑΓΩΝΟ:" +"Θα μάθουμε πολλά περισσότερα για τις δομές και τον τύπο `Vec` αύριο. Προς " +"το παρόν, απλά πρέπει να γνωρίζετε μέρος του API του:" -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6 +#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let x = {\n" -" let y = 10;\n" -" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" -" let z = {\n" -" let w = {\n" -" 3 + 4\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" -" y * w\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" -" z - y\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" +" vec.push(30);\n" +" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" +" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" +" for item in &vec {\n" +" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25 +#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " -"return value:" +"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " +" and update the types to make it compile:" msgstr "" -"Ο ίδιος κανόνας χρησιμοποιείται για τις συναρτήσεις: η τιμή του σώματος " -"συνάρτησης είναι το επιστρεφόμενη τιμή:" +"Χρησιμοποιήστε αυτό για να δημιουργήσετε μια εφαρμογή βιβλιοθήκης. " +"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κωδικό στο και " +"ενημερώστε τους τύπους για να γίνει μεταγλώττιση:" -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 +#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" x + x\n" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"struct Library {\n" +" books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" +"struct Book {\n" +" title: String,\n" +" year: u16,\n" "}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:38 -msgid "" -"However if the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and " -"type is `()`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " -"Rust. " -msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " -"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." -msgstr "" -"Ο σκοπός αυτής της διαφάνειας είναι να δείξει ότι τα μπλοκ έχουν τύπο και " -"τιμή στο Rust.\n" "\n" -"Μπορείτε να δείξετε πώς αλλάζει η τιμή του μπλοκ αλλάζοντας την τελευταία " -"γραμμή στο μπλοκ. Για παράδειγμα, προσθέτοντας/αφαιρώντας ένα ερωτηματικό ή " -"χρησιμοποιώντας ένα «return»." - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`if` expressions" -msgstr "εκφράσεις \"αν\"." - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You use `if` very similarly to how you would in other languages:" -msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιείτε το \"if\" πολύ παρόμοια με αυτό που θα κάνατε σε άλλες " -"γλώσσες:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" +"impl Book {\n" +" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" +" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" +" Book {\n" +" title: String::from(title),\n" +" year,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" +"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" +"//\n" +"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" +"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" +"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" +"impl Library {\n" +" fn new() -> Library {\n" +" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" +" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" +" //}\n" +"\n" +" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" +" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" +" //}\n" +"\n" +" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" +" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" +" //}\n" +"\n" +" //fn print_books(self) {\n" +" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " +"year\")\n" +" //}\n" +"\n" +" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" +" //}\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" +"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" +"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" +"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let library = Library::new();\n" +"\n" +" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." +"is_empty());\n" +" //\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" //\n" +" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " +"library.is_empty());\n" +" //\n" +" //\n" +" //library.print_books();\n" +" //\n" +" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" +" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" +" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" +" //}\n" +" //\n" +" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" +" //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:16 +#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102 +#, fuzzy +msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" +msgstr "" +"\\<λεπτομέρειες>\n" +"\n" +"[Λύση](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"In addition, you can use it as an expression. This does the same as above:" +"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " +"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " +"traits." msgstr "" -"Επιπλέον, μπορείτε να το χρησιμοποιήσετε ως έκφραση. Αυτό κάνει το ίδιο όπως " -"παραπάνω:" +"Το μοντέλο ιδιοκτησίας του Rust επηρεάζει πολλά API. Ένα παράδειγμα αυτού " +"είναι το [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +"html) και [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." +"IntoIterator.html) χαρακτηριστικά." -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator`" +msgstr "«Iterator»." + +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " +"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " +"back:" msgstr "" +"Τα γνωρίσματα είναι σαν διεπαφές: περιγράφουν τη συμπεριφορά (μέθοδοι) για " +"έναν τύπο. ο Το χαρακτηριστικό «Iterator» λέει απλώς ότι μπορείτε να " +"καλέσετε «επόμενο» μέχρι να λάβετε πίσω το «Κανένα»:" -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:31 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 msgid "" -"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " -"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " -"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." +"```rust\n" +"pub trait Iterator {\n" +" type Item;\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 #, fuzzy -msgid "`if let` expressions" -msgstr "εκφράσεις \"αν ας\"." +msgid "You use this trait like this:" +msgstr "Χρησιμοποιείτε αυτό το χαρακτηριστικό ως εξής:" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 #, fuzzy -msgid "If you want to match a value against a pattern, you can use `if let`:" +msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" msgstr "" -"Εάν θέλετε να ταιριάξετε μια τιμή με ένα μοτίβο, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε " -"το «αν επιτρέπεται»:" +"Ποιος είναι ο τύπος που επιστρέφει ο επαναλήπτης; Δοκιμάστε την απάντησή σας " +"εδώ:" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" -" if let Some(value) = arg {\n" -" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" -" }\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" +"\n" +" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" +" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:16 -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:22 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Why is this type used?" +msgstr "Γιατί χρησιμοποιείται αυτός ο τύπος;" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`IntoIterator`" +msgstr "«IntoIterator»." + +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " -"in Rust." +"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " +"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " +"iterator:" msgstr "" -"Δείτε το [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) για περισσότερες " -"λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με τα μοτίβα στο Σκουριά." +"Το χαρακτηριστικό \"Iterator\" σάς λέει πώς να _επανάληψη_ αφού " +"δημιουργήσετε ένα επαναλήπτης. Το σχετικό χαρακτηριστικό «IntoIterator» σάς " +"λέει πώς να δημιουργήσετε τον επαναλήπτη:" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:21 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 msgid "" -"`if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is " -"interesting. In contrast, `match` requires all branches to be covered." +"```rust\n" +"pub trait IntoIterator {\n" +" type Item;\n" +" type IntoIter: Iterator;\n" +"\n" +" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Το «αν ας» μπορεί να είναι πιο συνοπτικό από το «ταίριασμα», π.χ., όταν μόνο " -"μία περίπτωση είναι ενδιαφέρουσα. Αντίθετα, το \"match\" απαιτεί να " -"καλύπτονται όλοι οι κλάδοι." -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:22 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"For the similar use case consider demonstrating a newly stabilized [`let " -"else`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/93628) feature." +"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " +"declare two types:" msgstr "" -"Για παρόμοια περίπτωση χρήσης, εξετάστε το ενδεχόμενο να επιδείξετε μια νέα " -"σταθεροποιημένη λειτουργία [`let else`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/" -"pull/93628)." +"Η σύνταξη εδώ σημαίνει ότι κάθε υλοποίηση του «IntoIterator» πρέπει Δηλώστε " +"δύο τύπους:" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 #, fuzzy -msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." -msgstr "" -"Μια κοινή χρήση είναι ο χειρισμός των τιμών \"Μερικών\" όταν εργάζεστε με το " -"\"Option\"." +msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," +msgstr "\"Στοιχείο\": ο τύπος που επαναλαμβάνουμε, όπως \"i8\"," -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." +msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." msgstr "" -"Σε αντίθεση με το \"match\", το \"if let\" δεν υποστηρίζει προστατευτικές " -"ρήτρες για την αντιστοίχιση μοτίβων." +"«IntoIter»: ο τύπος «Iterator» που επιστρέφεται με τη μέθοδο «into_iter»." -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 #, fuzzy -msgid "`while` expressions" -msgstr "εκφράσεις «ενώ»." +msgid "" +"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " +"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +msgstr "" +"Σημειώστε ότι το \"IntoIter\" και το \"Item\" είναι συνδεδεμένα: ο " +"επαναλήπτης πρέπει να έχει το ίδιο Τύπος «Στοιχείο», που σημαίνει ότι " +"επιστρέφει «Επιλογή\\<Στοιχείο>»." -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `while` keyword works very similar to other languages:" -msgstr "Η λέξη-κλειδί \"while\" λειτουργεί πολύ παρόμοια με άλλες γλώσσες:" +msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" +msgstr "Όπως και πριν, ποιος είναι ο τύπος που επιστρέφει ο επαναλήπτης;" -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" while x != 1 {\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" +"from(\"bar\")];\n" +" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" +"\n" +" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" +" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 #, fuzzy -msgid "`while let` expressions" -msgstr "εκφράσεις «ενώ ας»." +msgid "`for` Loops" +msgstr "Βρόχοι «για»." -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Like with `if`, there is a `while let` variant which repeatedly tests a " -"value against a pattern:" +"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " +"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " +"resulting iterator:" msgstr "" -"Όπως και με το \"if\", υπάρχει μια παραλλαγή \"while let\" που ελέγχει " -"επανειλημμένα μια τιμή σε σχέση με ένα μοτίβο:" +"Τώρα που γνωρίζουμε και τα δύο \"Iterator\" και \"IntoIterator\", μπορούμε " +"να δημιουργήσουμε βρόχους \"for\". Καλούν «into_iter()» σε μια έκφραση και " +"επαναλαμβάνεται πάνω από το αποτέλεσμα επαναλήπτης:" -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" +"from(\"bar\")];\n" "\n" -" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" for word in &v {\n" +" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" for word in v {\n" +" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option` on " -"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " -"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " -"items." -msgstr "" -"Εδώ ο επαναλήπτης που επιστρέφεται από το `v.iter()` θα επιστρέψει ένα " -"`Option` σε κάθε κλήση στο `επόμενο()`. Επιστρέφει \"Some(x)\" μέχρι να " -"ολοκληρωθεί, μετά από αυτό θα γίνει επιστροφή «Κανένα». Το \"while let\" μας " -"επιτρέπει να συνεχίσουμε να επαναλαμβάνουμε όλα τα στοιχεία." +msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" +msgstr "Ποιος είναι ο τύπος της λέξης σε κάθε βρόχο;" -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 +#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " -"matches the pattern." +"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " +"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " +"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" +"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." msgstr "" -"Επισημάνετε ότι ο βρόχος \"while let\" θα συνεχίσει να λειτουργεί όσο η τιμή " -"ταιριάζει με το μοτίβο." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " -"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " -"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." -msgstr "" -"Θα μπορούσατε να ξαναγράψετε τον βρόχο «while let» ως άπειρο βρόχο με μια " -"πρόταση if που διακόπτεται όταν δεν υπάρχει τιμή για ξετύλιγμα για το «iter." -"next()». Το \"while let\" παρέχει συντακτική ζάχαρη για το παραπάνω σενάριο." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`for` expressions" -msgstr "εκφράσεις «για»." +"Πειραματιστείτε με τον παραπάνω κώδικα και, στη συνέχεια, συμβουλευτείτε την " +"τεκμηρίωση για [`impl IntoIterator για &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) " +"και [`impl IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) για να ελέγξετε τις " +"απαντήσεις σας." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 +#: src/structs.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `for` expression is closely related to the `while let` expression. It " -"will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate " -"over it:" -msgstr "" -"Η έκφραση \"for\" σχετίζεται στενά με την έκφραση \"while let\". Θα καλεί " -"αυτόματα το «into_iter()» στην έκφραση και, στη συνέχεια, επαναλαμβάνει πάνω " -"από αυτήν:" +msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" +msgstr "Όπως η C και η C++, η Rust υποστηρίζει προσαρμοσμένες δομές:" -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:6 +#: src/structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" for x in v {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" }\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut peter = Person {\n" +" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" +" age: 27,\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" -" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" -" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" -" }\n" +" peter.age = 28;\n" +" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" +" \n" +" let jackie = Person {\n" +" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" +" ..peter\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." +#: src/structs.md:33 +msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το «διάλειμμα» και το «συνέχεια» εδώ ως συνήθως." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" +#: src/structs.md:34 +msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." +msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " +#: src/structs.md:35 +msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "" -"Η επανάληψη ευρετηρίου δεν είναι ειδική σύνταξη στο Rust για αυτήν την " -"περίπτωση." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 -#, fuzzy +#: src/structs.md:36 msgid "" -"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " -"element. " +"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " +"slides." msgstr "" -"Το \"(0..10)\" είναι μια περιοχή που υλοποιεί ένα χαρακτηριστικό " -"\"Iterator\"." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 -#, fuzzy +#: src/structs.md:37 msgid "" -"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " -"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " +"structs. " msgstr "" -"Το \"step_by\" είναι μια μέθοδος που επιστρέφει έναν άλλο \"Iterator\" που " -"παραλείπει κάθε άλλο στοιχείο." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`loop` expressions" -msgstr "εκφράσεις «βρόχου»." -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/structs.md:38 msgid "" -"Finally, there is a `loop` keyword which creates an endless loop. Here you " -"must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " +"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " +"value itself. " msgstr "" -"Τέλος, υπάρχει μια λέξη-κλειδί «βρόχος» που δημιουργεί έναν ατελείωτο βρόχο. " -"Εδώ πρέπει είτε \"break\" είτε \"return\" για να σταματήσει ο βρόχος:" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 +#: src/structs.md:39 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" loop {\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -" if x == 1 {\n" -" break;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " +"not important." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:25 -msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." +#: src/structs.md:40 +msgid "" +"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " +"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " +"the last element." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`match` expressions" -msgstr "«ταιριάζουν» εκφράσεις" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `match` keyword is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " -"In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" -"Η λέξη-κλειδί \"αντιστοιχία\" χρησιμοποιείται για την αντιστοίχιση μιας " -"τιμής με ένα ή περισσότερα μοτίβα. Σε Με αυτή την έννοια, λειτουργεί σαν μια " -"σειρά από εκφράσεις «αν ας»:" +"Εάν τα ονόματα των πεδίων δεν είναι σημαντικά, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε " +"μια δομή πλειάδας:" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:6 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" +"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" -" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" -" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" -" }\n" +" let p = Point(17, 23);\n" +" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:19 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 #, fuzzy +msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +msgstr "" +"Αυτό χρησιμοποιείται συχνά για περιτυλίγματα ενός πεδίου (που ονομάζονται " +"νέοι τύποι):" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 msgid "" -"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " -"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" +"struct Newtons(f64);\n" +"\n" +"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" +" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" +" // ...\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" +" set_thruster_force(force);\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Όπως το \"αν ας\", κάθε βραχίονας αγώνα πρέπει να έχει τον ίδιο τύπο. Ο " -"τύπος είναι ο τελευταίος έκφραση του μπλοκ, εάν υπάρχει. Στο παραπάνω " -"παράδειγμα, ο τύπος είναι `()`." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:27 -msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " +"a primitive type, for example:" msgstr "" +"Οι νέοι τύποι είναι ένας πολύ καλός τρόπος για να κωδικοποιήσετε πρόσθετες " +"πληροφορίες σχετικά με την τιμή σε έναν πρωτόγονο τύπο, για παράδειγμα:" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 -msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" +"Ο αριθμός μετριέται σε ορισμένες μονάδες: «Newtons» στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " -"against `String`." +"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " +"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." msgstr "" +"Η τιμή πέρασε κάποια επικύρωση όταν δημιουργήθηκε, επομένως δεν χρειάζεται " +"πλέον να την επικυρώνετε ξανά σε κάθε χρήση: «PhoneNumber(String)» ή " +"«OddNumber(u32)»." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 msgid "" -"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " -"this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." +"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " +"single field in the newtype." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 msgid "" -"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." +"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " +"for instance using booleans as integers." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`break` and `continue`" -msgstr "«διάλειμμα» και «συνέχεια»." - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you want to exit a loop early, use `break`, if you want to immediately " -"start the next iteration use `continue`. Both `continue` and `break` can " -"optionally take a label argument which is used to break out of nested loops:" +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 +msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "" -"Εάν θέλετε να βγείτε νωρίς από έναν βρόχο, χρησιμοποιήστε το «διάλειμμα», " -"εάν θέλετε να ξεκινήσετε αμέσως την επόμενη επανάληψη χρησιμοποιήστε " -"«continue». Τόσο το \"continue\" και το \"break\" μπορούν προαιρετικά πάρτε " -"ένα όρισμα ετικέτας που χρησιμοποιείται για να ξεφύγει από ένθετους βρόχους:" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" let mut i = 0;\n" -" while i < x {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" -" i += 1;\n" -" if i == 3 {\n" -" break 'outer;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:25 +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " +"struct using a shorthand:" msgstr "" -"Σε αυτή την περίπτωση σπάμε τον εξωτερικό βρόχο μετά από 3 επαναλήψεις του " -"εσωτερικού βρόχου." +"Εάν έχετε ήδη μεταβλητές με τα σωστά ονόματα, τότε μπορείτε να δημιουργήσετε " +"τις δόμηση χρησιμοποιώντας συντομογραφία:" -#: src/std.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 msgid "" -"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " -"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " -"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Person {\n" +" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" +" Person { name, age }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" +" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Το Rust συνοδεύεται από μια τυπική βιβλιοθήκη που βοηθά στη δημιουργία ενός " -"συνόλου κοινών τύπων χρησιμοποιείται από τη βιβλιοθήκη και τα προγράμματα " -"της Rust. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, δύο βιβλιοθήκες μπορούν να συνεργαστούν ομαλά " -"γιατί και οι δύο χρησιμοποιούν τον ίδιο τύπο «String»." - -#: src/std.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" -msgstr "Οι συνήθεις τύποι λεξιλογίου περιλαμβάνουν:" -#: src/std.md:9 +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 msgid "" -"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " -"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." +"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " +"interchangeable with the struct type name" msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:12 -msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}\n" +"impl Person {\n" +" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n" +" Self { name, age }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:14 -msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 +msgid "" +"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " +"default values for the other fields." msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:16 +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 msgid "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " -"algorithm." +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}\n" +"impl Default for Person {\n" +" fn default() -> Person {\n" +" Person {\n" +" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" +" age: 0,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"fn create_default() {\n" +" let tmp = Person {\n" +" ..Person::default()\n" +" };\n" +" let tmp = Person {\n" +" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" +" ..Person::default()\n" +" };\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:19 -msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 +msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:21 +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 msgid "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " -"data." +"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " +"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " -"`alloc` and `std`. " -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" - -#: src/std.md:26 -#, fuzzy +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 msgid "" -"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " -"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " +"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." msgstr "" -"Στην πραγματικότητα, το Rust περιέχει πολλά επίπεδα της τυπικής βιβλιοθήκης: " -"«core», «alloc» και «std»." -#: src/std.md:28 +#: src/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " -"`Box` and `Arc`." +"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " +"an `impl` block:" msgstr "" -"Ο «πυρήνας» περιλαμβάνει τους πιο βασικούς τύπους και λειτουργίες που δεν " -"εξαρτώνται από το «libc», τον εκχωρητή ή ακόμη και η παρουσία ενός " -"λειτουργικού συστήματος." +"Το Rust σάς επιτρέπει να συσχετίζετε λειτουργίες με τους νέους τύπους σας. " +"Το κάνετε αυτό με ένα μπλοκ \"impl\":" -#: src/std.md:29 -#, fuzzy +#: src/methods.md:6 msgid "" -"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." -msgstr "" -"Το \"alloc\" περιλαμβάνει τύπους που απαιτούν καθολικό εκχωρητή σωρού, όπως " -"\"Vec\", \"Box\" και \"Arc\".\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -"Οι εφαρμογές Embedded Rust χρησιμοποιούν συχνά μόνο «core» και μερικές φορές " -"«alloc»." +"impl Person {\n" +" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" +" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let peter = Person {\n" +" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" +" age: 27,\n" +" };\n" +" peter.say_hello();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/option-result.md:1 +#: src/methods.md:31 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Option` and `Result`" -msgstr "«Επιλογή» και «Αποτέλεσμα»." +msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" -#: src/std/option-result.md:3 +#: src/methods.md:32 #, fuzzy -msgid "The types represent optional data:" -msgstr "Οι τύποι αντιπροσωπεύουν προαιρετικά δεδομένα:" +msgid "" +"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " +"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +msgstr "" +"Μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμη η εισαγωγή μεθόδων συγκρίνοντάς τες με συναρτήσεις." -#: src/std/option-result.md:5 +#: src/methods.md:33 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" -" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" -" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " +"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " +"all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" +"Οι μέθοδοι καλούνται σε μια παρουσία ενός τύπου (όπως μια δομή ή ένα enum), " +"η πρώτη παράμετρος αντιπροσωπεύει την παρουσία ως \"self\"." -#: src/std/option-result.md:18 +#: src/methods.md:34 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." +msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." msgstr "" -"Η επιλογή «Επιλογή» και «Αποτέλεσμα» χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως όχι μόνο στην " -"τυπική βιβλιοθήκη." +"Οι προγραμματιστές μπορούν να επιλέξουν να χρησιμοποιήσουν μεθόδους για να " +"επωφεληθούν από τη σύνταξη του δέκτη μεθόδων και να τους βοηθήσουν να " +"διατηρηθούν πιο οργανωμένοι. Χρησιμοποιώντας μεθόδους μπορούμε να " +"διατηρήσουμε όλο τον κώδικα υλοποίησης σε ένα προβλέψιμο μέρος." -#: src/std/option-result.md:19 +#: src/methods.md:35 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." -msgstr "Το \"Option\\<&T>\" έχει μηδενικό χώρο σε σύγκριση με το \"&T\"." +msgid "" +"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " +"the struct name could also be used." +msgstr "Επισημάνετε τη χρήση της λέξης-κλειδιού «self», ενός δέκτη μεθόδου." -#: src/std/option-result.md:20 +#: src/methods.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " -"Day 3." +"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " +"can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "" -"Το \"Αποτέλεσμα\" είναι ο τυπικός τύπος για την υλοποίηση του χειρισμού " -"σφαλμάτων, όπως θα δούμε την Ημέρα 3." +"Δείξτε ότι είναι ένας συντομευμένος όρος για το \"self:&Self\" και ίσως " +"δείξετε πώς θα μπορούσε επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθεί το όνομα της δομής." -#: src/std/option-result.md:21 +#: src/methods.md:37 #, fuzzy -msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." -msgstr "Η \"δυαδική_αναζήτηση\" επιστρέφει \"Αποτέλεσμα\\<χρήση, χρήση>\"." +msgid "" +"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " +"refer to individual fields." +msgstr "" +"Εξηγήστε ότι το Self είναι ένα ψευδώνυμο τύπου για τον τύπο στον οποίο " +"βρίσκεται το μπλοκ «impl» και μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί αλλού στο μπλοκ." -#: src/std/option-result.md:22 +#: src/methods.md:38 #, fuzzy -msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." +msgid "" +"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " +"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." msgstr "" -"Εάν βρεθεί, το «Αποτέλεσμα::Οκ» διατηρεί το ευρετήριο όπου βρίσκεται το " -"στοιχείο." +"Σημειώστε πώς χρησιμοποιείται ο εαυτός όπως και άλλες δομές και ο " +"συμβολισμός κουκκίδων μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για αναφορά σε μεμονωμένα " +"πεδία." -#: src/std/option-result.md:23 +#: src/methods.md:39 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " -"inserted." +msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." msgstr "" -"Διαφορετικά, το \"Αποτέλεσμα::Σφάλμα\" περιέχει το ευρετήριο όπου θα πρέπει " -"να εισαχθεί ένα τέτοιο στοιχείο." +"Αυτή μπορεί να είναι μια καλή στιγμή για να δείξετε πώς το \"&self\" " +"διαφέρει από το \"self\" τροποποιώντας τον κώδικα και προσπαθώντας να " +"εκτελέσετε το say_hello δύο φορές.\n" +"\n" +"Στη συνέχεια περιγράφουμε τη διάκριση μεταξύ των δεκτών μεθόδων." -#: src/std/string.md:3 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " -"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" +"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " +"There are other possible receivers for a method:" msgstr "" -"Το [`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) είναι " -"το τυπικό buffer συμβολοσειρών UTF-8 που εκχωρείται σε σωρό:" +"Το \"&self\" παραπάνω υποδεικνύει ότι η μέθοδος δανείζεται το αντικείμενο " +"αμετάβλητα. Εκεί είναι άλλοι πιθανοί δέκτες για μια μέθοδο:" -#: src/std/string.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::new();\n" -" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" -" s2.push_str(&s1);\n" -" s2.push('!');\n" -" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" -" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" -" s3.chars().count());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:22 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " -"all `str` methods on a `String`." -msgstr "" -"Το `String` υλοποιεί [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), που σημαίνει ότι μπορείτε να " -"καλέσετε όλα Μέθοδοι `str` σε μια συμβολοσειρά." - -#: src/std/string.md:30 -msgid "" -"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " -"you know how much data you want to push to the string." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:31 -msgid "" -"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " -"different from its length in characters)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:32 -msgid "" -"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " -"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " -"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" -"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:33 -msgid "" -"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " -"`String`." +"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " +"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" +"«&self»: δανείζεται το αντικείμενο από τον καλούντα χρησιμοποιώντας ένα " +"κοινόχρηστο και αμετάβλητο αναφορά. Το αντικείμενο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί " +"ξανά μετά." -#: src/std/string.md:34 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " -"transparently call methods from `T`." +"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " +"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" +"\"&mut self\": δανείζεται το αντικείμενο από τον καλούντα χρησιμοποιώντας " +"ένα μοναδικό και ευμετάβλητο αναφορά. Το αντικείμενο μπορεί να " +"χρησιμοποιηθεί ξανά μετά." -#: src/std/string.md:35 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:10 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " -"access to `str`'s methods." +"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " +"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " +"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " +"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" +"«self»: αναλαμβάνει την κυριότητα του αντικειμένου και το απομακρύνει από " +"τον καλούντα. ο μέθοδος γίνεται ο ιδιοκτήτης του αντικειμένου. Το " +"αντικείμενο θα απορριφθεί (κατανεμηθεί) όταν η μέθοδος επιστρέφει, εκτός εάν " +"η ιδιοκτησία της είναι ρητά μεταδόθηκε." -#: src/std/string.md:36 -msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." +#: src/methods/receiver.md:14 +msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:37 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:15 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " -"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " -"with some extra guarantees." +"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " +"create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" +"Χωρίς δέκτη: αυτό γίνεται μια στατική μέθοδος στη δομή. Συνήθως " +"χρησιμοποιείται σε δημιουργήστε κατασκευαστές που ονομάζονται «νέοι» κατά " +"σύμβαση." -#: src/std/string.md:38 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:18 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Compare the different ways to index a `String` by using `s3[i]` and `s3." -"chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, out-of-bounds, and \"on\" " -"the flag Unicode character." +"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " +"receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" +"Πέρα από παραλλαγές στον «εαυτό», υπάρχουν επίσης [ειδικοί τύποι " +"περιτυλίγματος](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits." +"html) επιτρέπεται να είναι τύποι δεκτών, όπως \"Box\n" +"\n" +"\"." -#: src/std/vec.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Vec`" -msgstr "«Vec»." - -#: src/std/vec.md:3 +#: src/methods/receiver.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " -"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " +"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " +"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " +"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." msgstr "" -"Το [`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) είναι το " -"τυπικό buffer με δυνατότητα αλλαγής μεγέθους που εκχωρείται σε σωρό:" +"\\<λεπτομέρειες>\n" +"\n" +"Εξετάστε το ενδεχόμενο να δώσετε έμφαση στο \"κοινόχρηστο και αμετάβλητο\" " +"και στο \"μοναδικό και μεταβλητό\". Αυτοί οι περιορισμοί έρχονται πάντα μαζί " +"στο Rust λόγω των κανόνων του ελεγκτή δανείου, και το \"self\" δεν αποτελεί " +"εξαίρεση. Δεν θα είναι δυνατόν Αναφέρετε μια δομή από πολλές τοποθεσίες και " +"καλέστε μια μέθοδο μεταλλάξεως (`&mut self`) σε αυτήν." -#: src/std/vec.md:5 +#: src/methods/example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" -" v1.push(42);\n" -" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Race {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" laps: Vec,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" -" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" -" v2.push(9999);\n" -" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" +"impl Race {\n" +" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" +" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" -" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" +" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " +"access to self\n" +" self.laps.push(lap);\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" // Retain only the even elements.\n" -" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" +" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" +" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" +" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" +" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" -" v3.dedup();\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" +" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" +" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" +" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " +"total);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" +" race.add_lap(70);\n" +" race.add_lap(68);\n" +" race.print_laps();\n" +" race.add_lap(71);\n" +" race.print_laps();\n" +" race.finish();\n" +" // race.add_lap(42);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/vec.md:29 +#: src/methods/example.md:47 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " -"methods on a `Vec`." -msgstr "" -"Το `Vec` υλοποιεί το [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"vec/struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), που σημαίνει ότι μπορείτε να " -"καλέσετε το slice μεθόδους σε ένα «Vec»." - -#: src/std/vec.md:37 -msgid "" -"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " -"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " -"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." -msgstr "" +msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" -#: src/std/vec.md:40 +#: src/methods/example.md:48 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " -"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " -"during the first `push` call." -msgstr "" +"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " +"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +msgstr "Βασικά σημεία:" -#: src/std/vec.md:42 +#: src/methods/example.md:49 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " -"supports adding initial elements to the vector." -msgstr "" +"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." +msgstr "Και οι τέσσερις μέθοδοι εδώ χρησιμοποιούν διαφορετικό δέκτη μεθόδου." -#: src/std/vec.md:44 +#: src/methods/example.md:50 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " -"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " -"remove the last element." +"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " +"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " +"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " +"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να επισημάνετε πώς αλλάζει αυτό που μπορεί να κάνει η συνάρτηση με " +"τις τιμές των μεταβλητών και εάν/πώς μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ξανά στο " +"\"main\"." -#: src/std/vec.md:46 +#: src/methods/example.md:51 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " -"+= 50; }`" +"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " +"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να επιδείξετε το σφάλμα που εμφανίζεται όταν προσπαθείτε να " +"καλέσετε το \"finish\" δύο φορές.\n" +"\n" +"Σημειώστε ότι παρόλο που οι δέκτες της μεθόδου είναι διαφορετικοί, οι μη " +"στατικές συναρτήσεις ονομάζονται με τον ίδιο τρόπο στο κύριο σώμα. Το Rust " +"επιτρέπει την αυτόματη αναφορά και αποαναφορά κατά την κλήση μεθόδων. Το " +"Rust προσθέτει αυτόματα τα \"&\", \"\\*\", \"muts\", έτσι ώστε αυτό το " +"αντικείμενο να ταιριάζει με την υπογραφή της μεθόδου.\n" +"\n" +"Μπορείτε να επισημάνετε ότι το \"print_laps\" χρησιμοποιεί ένα διάνυσμα που " +"επαναλαμβάνεται. Περιγράφουμε διανύσματα με περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες το " +"απόγευμα." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 +#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`HashMap`" -msgstr "`HashMap`" +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "Ημέρα 2: Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +msgstr "" +"Οι ασκήσεις για σήμερα το απόγευμα θα επικεντρωθούν σε έγχορδα και " +"επαναλήπτες." + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" -msgstr "Τυπικός χάρτης κατακερματισμού με προστασία από επιθέσεις HashDoS:" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" +"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " +"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +msgstr "" +"Εργάζεστε για την εφαρμογή ενός συστήματος παρακολούθησης της υγείας. Ως " +"μέρος αυτού, εσείς πρέπει να παρακολουθεί τα στατιστικά στοιχεία υγείας των " +"χρηστών." + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " +"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " +"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +msgstr "" +"Θα ξεκινήσετε με ορισμένες αποκομμένες συναρτήσεις σε ένα μπλοκ \"impl\" " +"καθώς και σε ένα \"User\". ορισμός κατασκευής. Ο στόχος σας είναι να " +"εφαρμόσετε τις αποκομμένες μεθόδους στο Η δομή \"User\" ορίζεται στο μπλοκ " +"\"impl\"." + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"methods:" +msgstr "" +"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " +"συμπληρώστε τον κωδικό που λείπει μέθοδοι:" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 +msgid "" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " -"207);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" +"pub struct User {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u32,\n" +" height: f32,\n" +" visit_count: usize,\n" +" last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" -" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" -" page_counts.len());\n" +"pub struct Measurements {\n" +" height: f32,\n" +" blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" +" patient_name: &'a str,\n" +" visit_count: u32,\n" +" height_change: f32,\n" +" blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl User {\n" +" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" match page_counts.get(book) {\n" -" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" -" }\n" +" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" -" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." -"or_insert(0);\n" -" *page_count += 1;\n" +" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" -" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" +" pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " +"HealthReport {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_height() {\n" +" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_set_age() {\n" +" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" +" bob.set_age(33);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_visit() {\n" +" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" +" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" +" height: 156.1,\n" +" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" +" });\n" +" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" +" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" +" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" +"\n" +" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" +" height: 156.1,\n" +" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" +" });\n" +"\n" +" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" +" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:38 +#: src/std.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." +"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " +"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " +"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" +"Το Rust συνοδεύεται από μια τυπική βιβλιοθήκη που βοηθά στη δημιουργία ενός " +"συνόλου κοινών τύπων χρησιμοποιείται από τη βιβλιοθήκη και τα προγράμματα " +"της Rust. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, δύο βιβλιοθήκες μπορούν να συνεργαστούν ομαλά " +"γιατί και οι δύο χρησιμοποιούν τον ίδιο τύπο «String»." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:39 +#: src/std.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" +msgstr "Οι συνήθεις τύποι λεξιλογίου περιλαμβάνουν:" + +#: src/std.md:9 msgid "" -"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " -"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " -"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." +"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " +"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:41 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let pc1 = page_counts\n" -" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" -" .unwrap_or(&336);\n" -" let pc2 = page_counts\n" -" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" -" .or_insert(374);\n" -"```" +#: src/std.md:12 +msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:49 -msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." +#: src/std.md:14 +msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:50 +#: src/std.md:16 msgid "" -"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" -"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " -"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" +"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " +"algorithm." msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" -" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" -" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" -" ]);\n" -"```" +#: src/std.md:19 +msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:59 +#: src/std.md:21 msgid "" -"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" -"value tuples." +"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " +"data." msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:60 +#: src/std.md:25 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " -"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " -"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." -msgstr "" +"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " +"`alloc` and `std`. " +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:62 +#: src/std.md:26 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " -"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" +"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " +"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " msgstr "" +"Στην πραγματικότητα, το Rust περιέχει πολλά επίπεδα της τυπικής βιβλιοθήκης: " +"«core», «alloc» και «std»." -#: src/std/box.md:1 +#: src/std.md:28 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Box`" -msgstr "«Κουτί»." +msgid "" +"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " +"`Box` and `Arc`." +msgstr "" +"Ο «πυρήνας» περιλαμβάνει τους πιο βασικούς τύπους και λειτουργίες που δεν " +"εξαρτώνται από το «libc», τον εκχωρητή ή ακόμη και η παρουσία ενός " +"λειτουργικού συστήματος." -#: src/std/box.md:3 +#: src/std.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " -"pointer to data on the heap:" +"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" -"Το [`Πλαίσιο`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) είναι " -"ένας ιδιόκτητος δείκτης σε δεδομένα στο σωρό:" +"Το \"alloc\" περιλαμβάνει τύπους που απαιτούν καθολικό εκχωρητή σωρού, όπως " +"\"Vec\", \"Box\" και \"Arc\".\n" +"\n" +"Οι εφαρμογές Embedded Rust χρησιμοποιούν συχνά μόνο «core» και μερικές φορές " +"«alloc»." -#: src/std/box.md:5 +#: src/std/option-result.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option` and `Result`" +msgstr "«Επιλογή» και «Αποτέλεσμα»." + +#: src/std/option-result.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The types represent optional data:" +msgstr "Οι τύποι αντιπροσωπεύουν προαιρετικά δεδομένα:" + +#: src/std/option-result.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let five = Box::new(5);\n" -" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" +" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" +" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" +"\n" +" let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" +" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:13 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": five : : :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +#: src/std/option-result.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." msgstr "" +"Η επιλογή «Επιλογή» και «Αποτέλεσμα» χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως όχι μόνο στην " +"τυπική βιβλιοθήκη." -#: src/std/box.md:26 +#: src/std/option-result.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." +msgstr "Το \"Option\\<&T>\" έχει μηδενικό χώρο σε σύγκριση με το \"&T\"." + +#: src/std/option-result.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " -"methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." +"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " +"Day 3." msgstr "" -"Το \"Box\n" -"\n" -"\" υλοποιεί το \"Deref\\\", που σημαίνει ότι μπορείτε [μεθόδους " -"κλήσης από το \"T\" απευθείας σε ένα \"Box\n" -"\n" -"\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-" -"coercion)." +"Το \"Αποτέλεσμα\" είναι ο τυπικός τύπος για την υλοποίηση του χειρισμού " +"σφαλμάτων, όπως θα δούμε την Ημέρα 3." -#: src/std/box.md:34 -msgid "" -"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " -"not null. " +#: src/std/option-result.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." +msgstr "Η \"δυαδική_αναζήτηση\" επιστρέφει \"Αποτέλεσμα\\<χρήση, χρήση>\"." + +#: src/std/option-result.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." msgstr "" +"Εάν βρεθεί, το «Αποτέλεσμα::Οκ» διατηρεί το ευρετήριο όπου βρίσκεται το " +"στοιχείο." -#: src/std/box.md:35 +#: src/std/option-result.md:23 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " -"statement thanks to `Deref`. " +"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " +"inserted." msgstr "" +"Διαφορετικά, το \"Αποτέλεσμα::Σφάλμα\" περιέχει το ευρετήριο όπου θα πρέπει " +"να εισαχθεί ένα τέτοιο στοιχείο." -#: src/std/box.md:36 -msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" +#: src/std/string.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " +"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" msgstr "" +"Το [`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) είναι " +"το τυπικό buffer συμβολοσειρών UTF-8 που εκχωρείται σε σωρό:" -#: src/std/box.md:37 +#: src/std/string.md:5 msgid "" -"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " -"compiler wants to know an exact size." +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut s1 = String::new();\n" +" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" +" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" +"\n" +" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" +" s2.push_str(&s1);\n" +" s2.push('!');\n" +" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" +"\n" +" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" +" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" +" s3.chars().count());\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:38 +#: src/std/string.md:22 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " -"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " -"so only the pointer is moved." +"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " +"all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" +"Το `String` υλοποιεί [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), που σημαίνει ότι μπορείτε να " +"καλέσετε όλα Μέθοδοι `str` σε μια συμβολοσειρά." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" -msgstr "Πλαίσιο με αναδρομικές δομές δεδομένων" +#: src/std/string.md:30 +msgid "" +"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " +"you know how much data you want to push to the string." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/string.md:31 msgid "" -"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" +"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " +"different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" -"Οι αναδρομικοί τύποι δεδομένων ή οι τύποι δεδομένων με δυναμικά μεγέθη " -"πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούν ένα «Πλαίσιο»:" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 +#: src/std/string.md:32 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum List {\n" -" Cons(T, Box>),\n" -" Nil,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" -"new(List::Nil))));\n" -" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " +"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " +"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" +"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 +#: src/std/string.md:33 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"```" +"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " +"`String`." msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 +#: src/std/string.md:34 msgid "" -"If the `Box` was not used here and we attempted to embed a `List` directly " -"into the `List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct " -"in memory, it would look infinite." +"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " +"transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 +#: src/std/string.md:35 msgid "" -"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " -"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." +"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " +"access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 +#: src/std/string.md:36 +msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:37 msgid "" -"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " -"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " -"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." +"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " +"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " +"with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/string.md:38 +msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:39 msgid "" -"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " -"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" +"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " +"out-of-bounds." msgstr "" -"Ένα «Πλαίσιο» δεν μπορεί να είναι κενό, επομένως ο δείκτης είναι πάντα " -"έγκυρος και μη «μηδενικός». Αυτό επιτρέπει στον μεταγλωττιστή να " -"βελτιστοποιήσει τη διάταξη της μνήμης:" -#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 +#: src/std/string.md:40 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " -"| :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" -"```" +"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " +"boundaries or not." msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:1 +#: src/std/vec.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Rc`" -msgstr "«Rc»." +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "«Vec»." -#: src/std/rc.md:3 +#: src/std/vec.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" -"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " -"from multiple places:" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " +"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" -"Το [`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) είναι ένας " -"κοινόχρηστος δείκτης με μέτρηση αναφοράς. Χρησιμοποιήστε το όταν πρέπει να " -"ανατρέξετε στα ίδια δεδομένα από πολλά μέρη:" +"Το [`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) είναι το " +"τυπικό buffer με δυνατότητα αλλαγής μεγέθους που εκχωρείται σε σωρό:" -#: src/std/rc.md:6 +#: src/std/vec.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" -" let mut b = a.clone();\n" +" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" +" v1.push(42);\n" +" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" "\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" +" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" +" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" +" v2.push(9999);\n" +" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" +"\n" +" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" +" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" +"\n" +" // Retain only the even elements.\n" +" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" +" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" +"\n" +" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" +" v3.dedup();\n" +" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:18 +#: src/std/vec.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the " -"data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc." -"md)." +"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " +"methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" -"Εάν πρέπει να μεταλλάξετε τα δεδομένα μέσα σε ένα \"Rc\", θα πρέπει να " -"τυλίξετε τα δεδομένα μέσα έναν τύπο όπως [`Cell` ή `RefCell`](../concurrency/" -"shared_state/arc.md). Ανατρέξτε στο [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"sync/struct.Mutex.html) εάν βρίσκεστε σε ένα multi-threaded συμφραζόμενα." +"Το `Vec` υλοποιεί το [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"vec/struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), που σημαίνει ότι μπορείτε να " +"καλέσετε το slice μεθόδους σε ένα «Vec»." -#: src/std/rc.md:20 +#: src/std/vec.md:37 msgid "" -"See [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are " -"in a multi-threaded context." +"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " +"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " +"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:21 +#: src/std/vec.md:40 msgid "" -"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." +"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " +"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " +"during the first `push` call." msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:31 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/vec.md:42 msgid "" -"`Rc`'s Count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " -"are references." -msgstr "Όπως το `std::shared_ptr` της C++." - -#: src/std/rc.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`." +"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " +"supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" -"Το \"clone\" είναι φθηνό: δημιουργεί έναν δείκτη στην ίδια κατανομή και " -"αυξάνει το πλήθος αναφοράς." -#: src/std/rc.md:33 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/vec.md:44 msgid "" -"`clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and increases " -"the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally be ignored " -"when looking for performance issues in code." +"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " +"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " +"remove the last element." msgstr "" -"Το `make_mut` στην πραγματικότητα κλωνοποιεί την εσωτερική τιμή εάν είναι " -"απαραίτητο (\"clone-on-write\") και επιστρέφει μια μεταβλητή αναφορά." -#: src/std/rc.md:34 +#: src/std/vec.md:46 msgid "" -"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " -"and returns a mutable reference." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/rc.md:35 -msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." +"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " +"+= 50; }`" msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:36 -msgid "" -"Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable borrows " -"that are enforced at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable borrows " -"that are enforced at run time and will panic if it fails at runtime." -msgstr "" +#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`HashMap`" +msgstr "`HashMap`" -#: src/std/rc.md:37 -msgid "" -"You can `downgrade()` a `Rc` into a _weakly reference-counted_ object to " -"create cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with " -"`RefCell`)." -msgstr "" +#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" +msgstr "Τυπικός χάρτης κατακερματισμού με προστασία από επιθέσεις HashDoS:" -#: src/std/rc.md:41 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n" -"use std::cell::RefCell;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Node {\n" -" value: i64,\n" -" parent: Option>>,\n" -" children: Vec>>,\n" -"}\n" +"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n" -" value: 42,\n" -" parent: None,\n" -" children: vec![],\n" -" }));\n" -" let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n" -" value: 43,\n" -" children: vec![],\n" -" parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n" -" }));\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);\n" +" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" +" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " +"207);\n" +" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" +" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" "\n" -" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." -msgstr "" -"Είδαμε πώς τα μπλοκ «impl» μας επιτρέπουν να λειτουργεί ο χώρος ονομάτων σε " -"έναν τύπο." - -#: src/modules.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" -msgstr "Ομοίως, το «mod» μας επιτρέπει τύπους και συναρτήσεις ονομάτων:" - -#: src/modules.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod foo {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" +" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" +" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" +" page_counts.len());\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"mod bar {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" +" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " +"Wonderland\"] {\n" +" match page_counts.get(book) {\n" +" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" +" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" +" }\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo::do_something();\n" -" bar::do_something();\n" +" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" +" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " +"Wonderland\"] {\n" +" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." +"or_insert(0);\n" +" *page_count += 1;\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md:28 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:38 msgid "" -"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " -"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." +"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md:29 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:39 msgid "" -"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " -"a library crate compiles to a library." +"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " +"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " +"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md:30 -msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." +#: src/std/hashmap.md:41 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +" let pc1 = page_counts\n" +" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" +" .unwrap_or(&336);\n" +" let pc2 = page_counts\n" +" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" +" .or_insert(374);\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" -msgstr "Οι ενότητες αποτελούν όριο απορρήτου:" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." +#: src/std/hashmap.md:49 +msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" -"Τα στοιχεία της μονάδας είναι ιδιωτικά από προεπιλογή (αποκρύπτει τις " -"λεπτομέρειες υλοποίησης)." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." -msgstr "Τα στοιχεία γονέα και αδελφών είναι πάντα ορατά." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:50 msgid "" -"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " -"the descendants of `foo`." +"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" +"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " +"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:10 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:52 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod outer {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::public\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" mod inner {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" -" super::private();\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" outer::public();\n" -"}\n" +"```rust,ignore\n" +" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" +" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" +" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" +" ]);\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:39 -msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:41 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:59 msgid "" -"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " -"of public visibility." +"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" +"value tuples." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:43 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:60 msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" -"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:44 -msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." +"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " +"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " +"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 -msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." +#: src/std/hashmap.md:62 +msgid "" +"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " +"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:46 +#: src/std/hashmap.md:64 msgid "" -"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " -"its descendants)." +"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" +"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " +"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " +"to the `keys` method." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" -msgstr "Οι διαδρομές επιλύονται ως εξής:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:5 +#: src/std/box.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "As a relative path:" -msgstr "Ως απόλυτη διαδρομή:" +msgid "`Box`" +msgstr "«Κουτί»." -#: src/modules/paths.md:6 +#: src/std/box.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," +msgid "" +"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " +"pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" -"Το \"crate::foo\" αναφέρεται στο \"foo\" στη ρίζα του τρέχοντος κιβωτίου," - -#: src/modules/paths.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." -msgstr "Το «bar::foo» αναφέρεται στο «foo» στο κιβώτιο «bar»." +"Το [`Πλαίσιο`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) είναι " +"ένας ιδιόκτητος δείκτης σε δεδομένα στο σωρό:" -#: src/modules/paths.md:9 -msgid "As an absolute path:" +#: src/std/box.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let five = Box::new(5);\n" +" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:10 -msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:11 -msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +#: src/std/box.md:13 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": five : : :\n" +": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" +": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 +#: src/std/box.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "The module content can be omitted:" -msgstr "Το περιεχόμενο της ενότητας μπορεί να παραλειφθεί:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"mod garden;\n" -"```" +"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " +"methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" +"Το \"Box\n" +"\n" +"\" υλοποιεί το \"Deref\\\", που σημαίνει ότι μπορείτε [μεθόδους " +"κλήσης από το \"T\" απευθείας σε ένα \"Box\n" +"\n" +"\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-" +"coercion)." -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:" -msgstr "Το περιεχόμενο της ενότητας «garden» βρίσκεται στη διεύθυνση:" +#: src/std/box.md:34 +msgid "" +"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " +"not null. " +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" -msgstr "`src/garden.rs` (μοντέρνο στυλ Rust 2018)" +#: src/std/box.md:35 +msgid "" +"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " +"statement thanks to `Deref`. " +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" -msgstr "`src/garden/mod.rs` (παλαιότερο στυλ Rust 2015)" +#: src/std/box.md:36 +msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:" +#: src/std/box.md:37 +msgid "" +"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " +"compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" -"Ομοίως, μια ενότητα «garden:: λαχανικά» μπορεί να βρεθεί στη διεύθυνση:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" -msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (μοντέρνο στυλ Rust 2018)" +#: src/std/box.md:38 +msgid "" +"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " +"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " +"so only the pointer is moved." +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" -msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (παλαιότερο στυλ Rust 2015)" +msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" +msgstr "Πλαίσιο με αναδρομικές δομές δεδομένων" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19 +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `crate` root is in:" -msgstr "Η ρίζα «κλουβί» βρίσκεται σε:" +msgid "" +"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" +msgstr "" +"Οι αναδρομικοί τύποι δεδομένων ή οι τύποι δεδομένων με δυναμικά μεγέθη " +"πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούν ένα «Πλαίσιο»:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" -msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (για κλουβί βιβλιοθήκης)" +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"enum List {\n" +" Cons(T, Box>),\n" +" Nil,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" +"new(List::Nil))));\n" +" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" -msgstr "`src/main.rs` (για δυαδικό κιβώτιο)" +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " +"| :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24 +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 msgid "" -"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " -"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " -"module." +"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " +"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " +"(`List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27 +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " -"germination\n" -"//! implementation.\n" -"\n" -"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" -"fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" -"\n" -"// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" -"fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" -"```" +"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " +"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:40 +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 msgid "" -"The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of " -"submodules in Rust 2018. (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)" +"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " +"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " +"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:43 -msgid "The following is valid:" +#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " +"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" msgstr "" +"Ένα «Πλαίσιο» δεν μπορεί να είναι κενό, επομένως ο δείκτης είναι πάντα " +"έγκυρος και μη «μηδενικός». Αυτό επιτρέπει στον μεταγλωττιστή να " +"βελτιστοποιήσει τη διάταξη της μνήμης:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:45 +#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 msgid "" -"```ignore\n" -"src/\n" -"├── main.rs\n" -"├── top_module.rs\n" -"└── top_module/\n" -" └── sub_module.rs\n" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" +"+ :\n" +": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " +"| :\n" +": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:53 +#: src/std/rc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Rc`" +msgstr "«Rc»." + +#: src/std/rc.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, " -"which can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." +"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" +"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " +"from multiple places:" msgstr "" +"Το [`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) είναι ένας " +"κοινόχρηστος δείκτης με μέτρηση αναφοράς. Χρησιμοποιήστε το όταν πρέπει να " +"ανατρέξετε στα ίδια δεδομένα από πολλά μέρη:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:56 +#: src/std/rc.md:6 msgid "" -"Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but " -"this can be changed with a compiler directive:" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::rc::Rc;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" +" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" +" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 +#: src/std/rc.md:18 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" -"mod some_module { }\n" -"```" +"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " +"context." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:64 +#: src/std/rc.md:19 msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " -"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." +"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 +#: src/std/rc.md:29 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Ημέρα 2: Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" +msgid "" +"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " +"are references." +msgstr "Όπως το `std::shared_ptr` της C++." -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +#: src/std/rc.md:30 +msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "" -"Οι ασκήσεις για σήμερα το απόγευμα θα επικεντρωθούν σε έγχορδα και " -"επαναλήπτες." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3 +#: src/std/rc.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " -"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " -"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " +"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " +"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" -"Ο [αλγόριθμος Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) " -"χρησιμοποιείται για επικύρωση αριθμών πιστωτικών καρτών. Ο αλγόριθμος " -"παίρνει μια συμβολοσειρά ως είσοδο και κάνει το παρακάτω για να επικυρώσετε " -"τον αριθμό της πιστωτικής κάρτας:" +"Το `make_mut` στην πραγματικότητα κλωνοποιεί την εσωτερική τιμή εάν είναι " +"απαραίτητο (\"clone-on-write\") και επιστρέφει μια μεταβλητή αναφορά." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7 -msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +#: src/std/rc.md:32 +msgid "" +"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " +"and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9 -msgid "" -"Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`, " -"we double `3` and `1`." +#: src/std/rc.md:33 +msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12 +#: src/std/rc.md:34 msgid "" -"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which " -"becomes `5`." +"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " +"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " +"on the next slide)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:15 -msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +#: src/std/cell.md:1 +msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:17 -msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." +#: src/std/cell.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " +"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." msgstr "" +"Χρησιμοποιώντας το \"Read\" και το \"BufRead\", μπορείτε να αφαιρέσετε τις " +"πηγές \"u8\":" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/cell.md:8 msgid "" -"Copy the following code to and implement the " -"function:" +"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " +"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " +"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." msgstr "" -"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " -"εφαρμόστε το λειτουργία:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23 +#: src/std/cell.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::cell::RefCell;\n" +"use std::rc::Rc;\n" "\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" +"struct Node {\n" +" value: i64,\n" +" children: Vec>>,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" +"impl Node {\n" +" fn new(value: i64) -> Rc> {\n" +" Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n" +" }\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" +" fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n" +" self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::" +"()\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let root = Node::new(1);\n" +" root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n" +" let subtree = Node::new(10);\n" +" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n" +" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n" +" root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" +" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" +" println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n" "}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/cell.md:47 msgid "" -"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " -"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " -"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " -"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " +"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " +"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " +"but it's not ergonomic." msgstr "" -"Σε αυτήν την άσκηση, υλοποιείτε ένα στοιχείο δρομολόγησης ενός διακομιστή " -"web. ο Ο διακομιστής έχει ρυθμιστεί με έναν αριθμό προθεμάτων _διαδρομών_ με " -"τα οποία αντιστοιχίζονται _αίτημα μονοπατιών_. Τα προθέματα διαδρομής " -"μπορούν να περιέχουν έναν χαρακτήρα μπαλαντέρ που αντιστοιχεί σε ένα πλήρες " -"τμήμα. Δείτε τις δοκιμές μονάδας παρακάτω." -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std/cell.md:48 msgid "" -"Copy the following code to and make the tests " -"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" +"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " +"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." msgstr "" -"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και κάντε " -"τις δοκιμές πέρασμα. Προσπαθήστε να αποφύγετε να εκχωρήσετε ένα «Vec» για τα " -"ενδιάμεσα αποτελέσματά σας:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 +#: src/std/cell.md:49 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" +"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." +"children` (don't try to print it!)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/cell.md:50 +msgid "" +"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " +"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " +"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " +"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." +msgstr "" +"Είδαμε πώς τα μπλοκ «impl» μας επιτρέπουν να λειτουργεί ο χώρος ονομάτων σε " +"έναν τύπο." + +#: src/modules.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" +msgstr "Ομοίως, το «mod» μας επιτρέπει τύπους και συναρτήσεις ονομάτων:" + +#: src/modules.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"mod foo {\n" +" pub fn do_something() {\n" +" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" +"mod bar {\n" +" pub fn do_something() {\n" +" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" foo::do_something();\n" +" bar::do_something();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome to Day 3" -msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Ημέρα 3" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" -msgstr "Σήμερα, θα καλύψουμε μερικά πιο προχωρημένα θέματα του Rust:" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 +#: src/modules.md:28 msgid "" -"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " -"traits." +"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " +"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 +#: src/modules.md:29 msgid "" -"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " -"objects." +"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " +"a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 -msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +#: src/modules.md:30 +msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 -msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." -msgstr "" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" +msgstr "Οι ενότητες αποτελούν όριο απορρήτου:" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " -"functions." +#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." msgstr "" +"Τα στοιχεία της μονάδας είναι ιδιωτικά από προεπιλογή (αποκρύπτει τις " +"λεπτομέρειες υλοποίησης)." -#: src/traits.md:3 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 #, fuzzy +msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." +msgstr "Τα στοιχεία γονέα και αδελφών είναι πάντα ορατά." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 msgid "" -"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" +"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " +"the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "" -"Το Rust σάς επιτρέπει να αφηρείτε τους τύπους με χαρακτηριστικά. Είναι " -"παρόμοια με τις διεπαφές:" -#: src/traits.md:5 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Dog {\n" -" name: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Cat;\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" self.name.clone()\n" +"mod outer {\n" +" fn private() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::private\");\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " -"anyway.\n" +" pub fn public() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::public\");\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"fn greet(pet: &impl Pet) {\n" -" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" +" mod inner {\n" +" fn private() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" pub fn public() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" +" super::private();\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" -" greet(&fido);\n" -"\n" -" let captain_floof = Cat;\n" -" greet(&captain_floof);\n" +" outer::public();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits.md:43 -msgid "" -"Later sections will get into more detail on generic functions like `greet`. " -"For now, students only need to know that `greet` will operate on a reference " -"to anything that implements `Pet`." +#: src/modules/visibility.md:39 +msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:41 +msgid "" +"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " +"of public visibility." msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να αφήσετε τον μεταγλωττιστή να αντλήσει έναν αριθμό " -"χαρακτηριστικών:" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:43 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" -"struct Player {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" strength: u8,\n" -" hit_points: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Player::default();\n" -" let p2 = p1.clone();\n" -" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" -" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" +"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:44 +msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "" -"Τα χαρακτηριστικά μπορούν να εφαρμόσουν τη συμπεριφορά σε σχέση με άλλες " -"μεθόδους χαρακτηριστικών:" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Equals {\n" -" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" -" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equal(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Centimeter(i16);\n" -"\n" -"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" -" fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" -" self.0 == other.0\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Centimeter(10);\n" -" let b = Centimeter(20);\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 +msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/visibility.md:46 msgid "" -"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " -"library:" +"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " +"its descendants)." msgstr "" -"Θα δούμε τώρα μερικά από τα πιο κοινά χαρακτηριστικά της βασικής βιβλιοθήκης " -"Rust:" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 +#: src/modules/paths.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"used in `for` loops," -msgstr "«Iterator» και «IntoIterator» που χρησιμοποιούνται σε βρόχους «for»," +msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" +msgstr "Οι διαδρομές επιλύονται ως εξής:" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 +#: src/modules/paths.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " -"values," -msgstr "Τα \"From\" και \"Into\" χρησιμοποιούνται για τη μετατροπή τιμών," +msgid "As a relative path:" +msgstr "Ως απόλυτη διαδρομή:" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 +#: src/modules/paths.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," -msgstr "«Read» και «Write» που χρησιμοποιούνται για IO," +msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," +msgstr "" +"Το \"crate::foo\" αναφέρεται στο \"foo\" στη ρίζα του τρέχοντος κιβωτίου," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 +#: src/modules/paths.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " -"overloading, and" -msgstr "«Προσθήκη», «Mul», ... χρησιμοποιείται για υπερφόρτωση χειριστή και" +msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." +msgstr "Το «bar::foo» αναφέρεται στο «foo» στο κιβώτιο «bar»." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " -"defining destructors." -msgstr "«Drop» που χρησιμοποιείται για τον ορισμό των καταστροφέων." +#: src/modules/paths.md:9 +msgid "As an absolute path:" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " -"to construct a default instance of a type." +#: src/modules/paths.md:10 +msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Iterators" -msgstr "Επαναληπτικοί" +#: src/modules/paths.md:11 +msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/paths.md:13 msgid "" -"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" +"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " +"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να εφαρμόσετε το χαρακτηριστικό «Iterator» στους δικούς σας τύπους:" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:5 +#: src/modules/paths.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"struct Fibonacci {\n" -" curr: u32,\n" -" next: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" -" type Item = u32;\n" -"\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" -" self.curr = self.next;\n" -" self.next = new_next;\n" -" Some(self.curr)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" -" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" -" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"use std::collections::HashSet;\n" +"use std::mem::transmute;\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " -"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " -"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " -"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " -"implementations." +"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:37 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 msgid "" -"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " -"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " -"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " -"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"mod garden;\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +msgid "" +"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." +"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" +"vegetables.rs`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 #, fuzzy +msgid "The `crate` root is in:" +msgstr "Η ρίζα «κλουβί» βρίσκεται σε:" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" +msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (για κλουβί βιβλιοθήκης)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` (για δυαδικό κιβώτιο)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 msgid "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " +"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " +"module." msgstr "" -"Το \"FromIterator\" σάς επιτρέπει να δημιουργήσετε μια συλλογή από ένα " -"\"Iterator\"." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:20 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" -" let prime_squares = primes\n" -" .into_iter()\n" -" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -"}\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " +"germination\n" +"//! implementation.\n" +"\n" +"// Re-export types from this module.\n" +"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" +"pub use garden::Garden;\n" +"\n" +"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" +"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" +"\n" +"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" +"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 msgid "" -"`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " +"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." msgstr "" -"Το «Iterator» υλοποιεί `fn collect(self) -> B που Β: FromIterator, Self: Μέγεθος`" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 msgid "" -"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " -"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." +"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." msgstr "" -"Υπάρχουν επίσης υλοποιήσεις που σας επιτρέπουν να κάνετε καταπληκτικά " -"πράγματα όπως η μετατροπή ενός \"Iterator\\>\" σε " -"ένα \"Result\\\"." - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`From` and `Into`" -msgstr "«Από» και «Μέσα»." -#: src/traits/from-into.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." -"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " -"facilitate type conversions:" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 +msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" msgstr "" -"Οι τύποι εφαρμόζουν τα «Από» και «Μέσα» για να διευκολύνουν τις μετατροπές " -"τύπων:" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:5 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" -" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" -" let one = i16::from(true);\n" -" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" +"```ignore\n" +"src/\n" +"├── main.rs\n" +"├── top_module.rs\n" +"└── top_module/\n" +" └── sub_module.rs\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:15 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 msgid "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " -"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" -msgstr "Το \"Into\" υλοποιείται αυτόματα όταν υλοποιείται το \"From\":" +"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " +"directive:" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:17 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:54 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" -" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" -" let one: i16 = true.into();\n" -" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" +"mod some_module;\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:29 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 msgid "" -"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " -"`Into` implementation too." -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" +"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " +"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:30 +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " -"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " -"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " -"implement `Into`." +"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " +"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " +"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " +"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." msgstr "" -"Αυτός είναι ο λόγος για τον οποίο είναι σύνηθες να εφαρμόζετε μόνο το " -"\"From\", καθώς ο τύπος σας θα λάβει επίσης την εφαρμογή \"Into\".\n" -"\n" -"Όταν δηλώνετε έναν τύπο εισόδου ορίσματος συνάρτησης όπως \"οτιδήποτε μπορεί " -"να μετατραπεί σε \"Συμβολοσειρά\", ο κανόνας είναι αντίθετος, θα πρέπει να " -"χρησιμοποιήσετε το \"Into\". Η συνάρτησή σας θα δέχεται τύπους που υλοποιούν " -"το \"From\" και εκείνους που _only_ υλοποιούν το \"Into\"." - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Read` and `Write`" -msgstr "«Διαβάστε» και «Γράψτε»." +"Σε αυτήν την άσκηση, υλοποιείτε ένα στοιχείο δρομολόγησης ενός διακομιστή " +"web. ο Ο διακομιστής έχει ρυθμιστεί με έναν αριθμό προθεμάτων _διαδρομών_ με " +"τα οποία αντιστοιχίζονται _αίτημα μονοπατιών_. Τα προθέματα διαδρομής " +"μπορούν να περιέχουν έναν χαρακτήρα μπαλαντέρ που αντιστοιχεί σε ένα πλήρες " +"τμήμα. Δείτε τις δοκιμές μονάδας παρακάτω." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " -"abstract over `u8` sources:" +"Copy the following code to and make the tests " +"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιώντας το \"Read\" και το \"BufRead\", μπορείτε να αφαιρέσετε τις " -"πηγές \"u8\":" +"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και κάντε " +"τις δοκιμές πέρασμα. Προσπαθήστε να αποφύγετε να εκχωρήσετε ένα «Vec» για τα " +"ενδιάμεσα αποτελέσματά σας:" -#: src/traits/read-write.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" +"```rust\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" -"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" -" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" -" buf_reader.lines().count()\n" +"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" -" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" +"abc-123\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" +"books\"));\n" "\n" -" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" -" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" -" Ok(())\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" +"publishers\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" +" ));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" +" ));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" +" ));\n" +"\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" +"publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" +" ));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Day 3" +msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Ημέρα 3" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 #, fuzzy +msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" +msgstr "Σήμερα, θα καλύψουμε μερικά πιο προχωρημένα θέματα του Rust:" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 msgid "" -"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " -"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " +"traits." msgstr "" -"Παρομοίως, το «Write» σάς επιτρέπει να κάνετε αφηρήσεις πάνω από τα νεροχύτα " -"«u8»:" -#: src/traits/read-write.md:25 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 +msgid "" +"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " +"objects." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 +msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 +msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " +"functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " +"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." +msgstr "" +"Γενικά υποστήριξη σκουριάς, που σας επιτρέπει να αφαιρέσετε έναν αλγόριθμο " +"(όπως ταξινόμηση) πάνω από τους τύπους που χρησιμοποιούνται στον αλγόριθμο." + +#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" +msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε γενικά για να αφαιρέσετε τον συγκεκριμένο τύπο " +"πεδίου:" + +#: src/generics/data-types.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" -"\n" -"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" -" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" -" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point {\n" +" x: T,\n" +" y: T,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" -" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" -" Ok(())\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" +" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" +" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/operators.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." -msgstr "\"Προσθήκη\", \"Mul\", ..." +#: src/generics/data-types.md:21 +msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/operators.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +#: src/generics/data-types.md:23 +msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." msgstr "" -"Η υπερφόρτωση χειριστή υλοποιείται μέσω χαρακτηριστικών στο `std::ops`:" -#: src/traits/operators.md:5 +#: src/generics/methods.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" +msgstr "Μπορείτε να δηλώσετε έναν γενικό τύπο στο μπλοκ `impl`:" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" -"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(T, T);\n" "\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" -" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" +"impl Point {\n" +" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" +" &self.0 // + 10\n" " }\n" +"\n" +" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" -" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" -" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" +" let p = Point(5, 10);\n" +" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/operators.md:26 src/traits/drop.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Discussion points:" -msgstr "Σημεία συζήτησης:" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:28 +#: src/generics/methods.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " +"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " +"redundant?" msgstr "" -"Θα μπορούσατε να εφαρμόσετε το \"Add\" για το \"&Point\". Σε ποιες " -"περιπτώσεις είναι χρήσιμο;" +"_Ε:_ Γιατί το `T` καθορίζεται δύο φορές στο `impl Point {}`; Δεν είναι " +"περιττό;" -#: src/traits/operators.md:29 +#: src/generics/methods.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " -"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " -"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." +"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " +"They are independently generic." msgstr "" -"Απάντηση: Το «Προσθήκη: Προσθήκη» καταναλώνει τον «εαυτό». Αν πληκτρολογήστε " -"`T` για το οποίο είστε Η υπερφόρτωση του χειριστή δεν είναι «Αντιγραφή», θα " -"πρέπει να εξετάσετε την υπερφόρτωση ο χειριστής για το «&T» επίσης. Αυτό " -"αποφεύγει την περιττή κλωνοποίηση στο τοποθεσία κλήσης." +"Αυτό συμβαίνει επειδή είναι μια γενική ενότητα υλοποίησης για γενικό τύπο. " +"Είναι ανεξάρτητα γενικά." -#: src/traits/operators.md:33 +#: src/generics/methods.md:27 #, fuzzy -msgid "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter?" -msgstr "" -"Γιατί το \"Έξοδος\" είναι συσχετισμένος τύπος; Θα μπορούσε να γίνει " -"παράμετρος τύπου;" +msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." +msgstr "Σημαίνει ότι αυτές οι μέθοδοι ορίζονται για οποιοδήποτε «T»." -#: src/traits/operators.md:34 +#: src/generics/methods.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " +msgstr "Είναι δυνατό να γράψετε `impl Point { .. }`." + +#: src/generics/methods.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Short answer: Type parameters are controlled by the caller, but associated " -"types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a trait." +"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " +"block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" -"Σύντομη απάντηση: Οι παράμετροι τύπου ελέγχονται από τον καλούντα, αλλά οι " -"συσχετισμένοι τύποι (όπως \"Έξοδος\") ελέγχονται από τον υλοποιητή του a " -"χαρακτηριστικό." +"Το \"Point\" εξακολουθεί να είναι γενικό και μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το " +"\"Point\n" +"\n" +"\", αλλά οι μέθοδοι σε αυτό το μπλοκ θα είναι διαθέσιμες μόνο για το " +"\"Point\n" +"\n" +"\"." -#: src/traits/drop.md:1 +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `Drop` Trait" -msgstr "Το χαρακτηριστικό «Drop»." +msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +msgstr "" +"Ο γενικός κώδικας μετατρέπεται σε μη γενικό κώδικα βάσει των τοποθεσιών " +"κλήσεων:" -#: src/traits/drop.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 msgid "" -"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." -"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let integer = Some(5);\n" +" let float = Some(5.0);\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Οι τιμές που εφαρμόζουν το \"Drop\" μπορούν να καθορίσουν τον κώδικα που θα " -"εκτελείται όταν εξέρχονται από το πεδίο εφαρμογής:" -#: src/traits/drop.md:5 +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "behaves as if you wrote" +msgstr "συμπεριφέρεται σαν να έγραψες" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"struct Droppable {\n" -" name: &'static str,\n" +"enum Option_i32 {\n" +" Some(i32),\n" +" None,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"impl Drop for Droppable {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" +"enum Option_f64 {\n" +" Some(f64),\n" +" None,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" -" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" -" }\n" -" drop(a);\n" -" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" +" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" +" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/drop.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" -msgstr "Γιατί το «Drop::drop» δεν σημαίνει «self»;" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:37 +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " -"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" +"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " +"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" -"Σύντομη απάντηση: Εάν συνέβαινε, το `std::mem::drop` θα καλούνταν στο τέλος " -"του το μπλοκ, με αποτέλεσμα μια άλλη κλήση στο «Drop::drop» και μια στοίβα " -"ξεχείλισμα!" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." -msgstr "Δοκιμάστε να αντικαταστήσετε το «drop(a)» με το «a.drop()»." +"Αυτή είναι μια αφαίρεση μηδενικού κόστους: παίρνετε ακριβώς το ίδιο " +"αποτέλεσμα όπως αν είχατε κωδικοποίησαν τις δομές δεδομένων χωρίς την " +"αφαίρεση." -#: src/traits/default.md:1 +#: src/traits.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `Default` Trait" -msgstr "Το χαρακτηριστικό «Drop»." - -#: src/traits/default.md:3 msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " -"provides a default implementation of a trait." +"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" +"Το Rust σάς επιτρέπει να αφηρείτε τους τύπους με χαρακτηριστικά. Είναι " +"παρόμοια με τις διεπαφές:" -#: src/traits/default.md:5 +#: src/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Derived {\n" -" x: u32,\n" -" y: String,\n" -" z: Implemented,\n" +"trait Pet {\n" +" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Implemented(String);\n" +"struct Dog {\n" +" name: String,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -"impl Default for Implemented {\n" -" fn default() -> Self {\n" -" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" +"struct Cat;\n" +"\n" +"impl Pet for Dog {\n" +" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" +" self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n" -" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" -" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" -" ..Default::default()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" +"impl Pet for Cat {\n" +" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" +" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " +"anyway.\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" let nothing: Option = None;\n" -" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" +"fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" +" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" "}\n" "\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" +" greet(&fido);\n" +"\n" +" let captain_floof = Cat;\n" +" greet(&captain_floof);\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:40 +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." +"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " +"collection:" msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να το σκεφτείτε ως «κενό» που μπορεί να σας είναι οικείο από άλλους " +"γλώσσες προγραμματισμού." -#: src/traits/default.md:41 +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 msgid "" -"Derived implementation will produce an instance where all fields are set to " -"their default values." +"```rust,editable\n" +"trait Pet {\n" +" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"struct Dog {\n" +" name: String,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"struct Cat;\n" +"\n" +"impl Pet for Dog {\n" +" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" +" self.name.clone()\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Pet for Cat {\n" +" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" +" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " +"anyway.\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" +" Box::new(Cat),\n" +" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" +" ];\n" +" for pet in pets {\n" +" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:42 -msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" +msgstr "Διάταξη μνήμης μετά την εκχώρηση «xs»:" + +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"pets : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" +"+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " +"| :\n" +": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" +"+ :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | +---------------" +"+ :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | +----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " +"| :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : | " +"| : \n" +" : | | +-" +"+ : \n" +" : | '-->|" +"\\| : \n" +" : | +-" +"+ : \n" +" : " +"| : \n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : '---->| \"::name\" " +"| : \n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:43 +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " -"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " +"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" +"Τα χαρακτηριστικά μπορεί να προσδιορίζουν προ-εφαρμοσμένες (προεπιλεγμένες) " +"μεθόδους και μεθόδους που απαιτείται από τους χρήστες να εφαρμόσουν οι " +"ίδιοι. Οι μέθοδοι με προεπιλεγμένες υλοποιήσεις μπορούν να βασίζονται στις " +"απαιτούμενες μεθόδους." -#: src/traits/default.md:44 -msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " +"implements `Pet`." msgstr "" +"Οι τύποι που εφαρμόζουν ένα δεδομένο χαρακτηριστικό μπορεί να είναι " +"διαφορετικών μεγεθών. Αυτό καθιστά αδύνατο να υπάρχουν πράγματα όπως το \"Vec" -#: src/traits/default.md:45 +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " -"provides convenience methods that use it." +"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " +"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " +"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " +"that particular object." +msgstr "\" στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα." + +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "" +"Το \"dyn Greet\" είναι ένας τρόπος να πείτε στον μεταγλωττιστή έναν τύπο " +"δυναμικού μεγέθους που υλοποιεί το \"Greet\"." -#: src/generics.md:3 +#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract an algorithm (such as " -"sorting) over the types used in the algorithm." +"```rust,ignore\n" +" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" +"());\n" +" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" +"<&Cat>());\n" +" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" +" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Γενικά υποστήριξη σκουριάς, που σας επιτρέπει να αφαιρέσετε έναν αλγόριθμο " -"(όπως ταξινόμηση) πάνω από τους τύπους που χρησιμοποιούνται στον αλγόριθμο." +"Στο παράδειγμα, τα «κατοικίδια» κρατούν δείκτες λίπους σε αντικείμενα που " +"υλοποιούν το «Χαιρετισμός». Ο δείκτης λίπους αποτελείται από δύο στοιχεία, " +"έναν δείκτη προς το πραγματικό αντικείμενο και έναν δείκτη στον πίνακα " +"εικονικής μεθόδου για την υλοποίηση «Greet» του συγκεκριμένου αντικειμένου." -#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " +"specified traits for a data structure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" +msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε γενικά για να αφαιρέσετε τον συγκεκριμένο τύπο " -"πεδίου:" +"Μπορείτε να αφήσετε τον μεταγλωττιστή να αντλήσει έναν αριθμό " +"χαρακτηριστικών:" -#: src/generics/data-types.md:5 +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point {\n" -" x: T,\n" -" y: T,\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" +"struct Player {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" strength: u8,\n" +" hit_points: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" -" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" -" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" +" let p1 = Player::default();\n" +" let p2 = p1.clone();\n" +" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" +" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:3 +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" -msgstr "Μπορείτε να δηλώσετε έναν γενικό τύπο στο μπλοκ `impl`:" +msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +msgstr "" +"Τα χαρακτηριστικά μπορούν να εφαρμόσουν τη συμπεριφορά σε σχέση με άλλες " +"μεθόδους χαρακτηριστικών:" -#: src/generics/methods.md:5 +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(T, T);\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" -" &self.0 // + 10\n" +"trait Equals {\n" +" fn equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" +" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +" !self.equals(other)\n" " }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Centimeter(i16);\n" +"\n" +"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" +" fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" +" self.0 == other.0\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(5, 10);\n" -" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" +" let a = Centimeter(10);\n" +" let b = Centimeter(20);\n" +" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n" +" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:25 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 msgid "" -"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " -"redundant?" +"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " +"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " +"can rely on required methods." msgstr "" -"_Ε:_ Γιατί το `T` καθορίζεται δύο φορές στο `impl Point {}`; Δεν είναι " -"περιττό;" -#: src/generics/methods.md:26 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 +msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 +msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:38 msgid "" -"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " -"They are independently generic." +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" +" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +" !self.equals(other)\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Αυτό συμβαίνει επειδή είναι μια γενική ενότητα υλοποίησης για γενικό τύπο. " -"Είναι ανεξάρτητα γενικά." -#: src/generics/methods.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." -msgstr "Σημαίνει ότι αυτές οι μέθοδοι ορίζονται για οποιοδήποτε «T»." +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 +msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." +msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " -msgstr "Είναι δυνατό να γράψετε `impl Point { .. }`." +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:47 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"trait NotEquals {\n" +" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl NotEquals for T where T: Equals {\n" +" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +" !self.equals(other)\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:29 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 msgid "" -"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " -"block will only be available for `Point`." +"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " +"trait for `NotEqual`." msgstr "" -"Το \"Point\" εξακολουθεί να είναι γενικό και μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το " -"\"Point\n" -"\n" -"\", αλλά οι μέθοδοι σε αυτό το μπλοκ θα είναι διαθέσιμες μόνο για το " -"\"Point\n" -"\n" -"\"." -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " @@ -9973,11 +10041,11 @@ msgstr "" "Όταν εργάζεστε με γενόσημα, συχνά θέλετε να περιορίσετε τους τύπους. " "Μπορείτε να το κάνετε αυτό με \"T: Trait\" ή \"immpl Trait\":" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:8 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" @@ -10005,11 +10073,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:35 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:37 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" @@ -10021,17 +10089,17 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:46 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "Καταργεί την υπογραφή της συνάρτησης εάν έχετε πολλές παραμέτρους." -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:47 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "Διαθέτει πρόσθετα χαρακτηριστικά που το κάνουν πιο ισχυρό." -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:48 +#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " @@ -10042,12 +10110,12 @@ msgstr "" "\n" "\"." -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "`impl Trait`" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " @@ -10056,7 +10124,7 @@ msgstr "" "Παρόμοια με τα όρια χαρακτηριστικών, μια σύνταξη «impl Trait» μπορεί να " "χρησιμοποιηθεί στη συνάρτηση ορίσματα και τιμές επιστροφής:" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:6 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fmt::Display;\n" @@ -10072,7 +10140,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." msgstr "" @@ -10082,14 +10150,14 @@ msgstr "" "Το \"impl Trait\" σάς επιτρέπει να εργάζεστε με τύπους που δεν μπορείτε να " "ονομάσετε." -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:23 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "" "Η έννοια του «impl Trait» είναι λίγο διαφορετική στις διαφορετικές θέσεις." -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:25 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " @@ -10098,7 +10166,7 @@ msgstr "" "Για μια παράμετρο, το \"impl Trait\" είναι σαν μια ανώνυμη γενική παράμετρος " "με δεσμευμένο χαρακτηριστικό." -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:27 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " @@ -10110,7 +10178,7 @@ msgstr "" "τύπο. Αυτό μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο όταν δεν θέλετε να εκθέσετε τον τύπο " "σκυροδέματος στο α δημόσιο API." -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:31 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " "the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " @@ -10120,7 +10188,7 @@ msgid "" ">()`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:37 +#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " @@ -10140,3147 +10208,2636 @@ msgstr "" "«μορφή!» επιστρέφει. Αν θέλαμε να κάνουμε το ίδιο μέσω της σύνταξης `: " "Display`, θα χρειαζόμασταν δύο ανεξάρτητες γενικές παραμέτρους." -#: src/generics/closures.md:3 +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " -"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." -"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " -"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " +"library:" msgstr "" -"Τα κλεισίματα ή οι εκφράσεις λάμδα έχουν τύπους που δεν μπορούν να " -"ονομαστούν. Ωστόσο, αυτοί εφαρμογή ειδικού [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"FnMut.html) και [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce." -"html) χαρακτηριστικά:" +"Θα δούμε τώρα μερικά από τα πιο κοινά χαρακτηριστικά της βασικής βιβλιοθήκης " +"Rust:" -#: src/generics/closures.md:8 +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" -" func(input)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" -" let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" -" println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " +"used in `for` loops," +msgstr "«Iterator» και «IntoIterator» που χρησιμοποιούνται σε βρόχους «for»," -#: src/generics/closures.md:25 +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume " -"captured values." -msgstr "" -"Εάν έχετε ένα \"FnOnce\", μπορείτε να το καλέσετε μόνο μία φορά. Μπορεί να " -"καταναλώσει καταγεγραμμένες τιμές." +"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " +"values," +msgstr "Τα \"From\" και \"Into\" χρησιμοποιούνται για τη μετατροπή τιμών," -#: src/generics/closures.md:27 +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times " -"but not concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Ένα \"FnMut\" μπορεί να μεταλλάξει τις καταγεγραμμένες τιμές, ώστε να " -"μπορείτε να το καλέσετε πολλές φορές αλλά όχι ταυτόχρονα." +"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," +msgstr "«Read» και «Write» που χρησιμοποιούνται για IO," -#: src/generics/closures.md:29 +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures " -"nothing at all, so it can be called multiple times concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Ένα \"Fn\" ούτε καταναλώνει ούτε μεταλλάσσει τις καταγεγραμμένες τιμές ή " -"ίσως δεν καταγράφει τίποτα απολύτως, επομένως μπορεί καλείται πολλές φορές " -"ταυτόχρονα." +"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " +"overloading, and" +msgstr "«Προσθήκη», «Mul», ... χρησιμοποιείται για υπερφόρτωση χειριστή και" -#: src/generics/closures.md:32 +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " -"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " -"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " +"defining destructors." +msgstr "«Drop» που χρησιμοποιείται για τον ορισμό των καταστροφέων." + +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 +msgid "" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " +"to construct a default instance of a type." msgstr "" -"Το \"FnMut\" είναι ένας υποτύπος του \"FnOnce\". Το \"Fn\" είναι ένας " -"υποτύπος των \"FnMut\" και \"FnOnce\". Δηλ. μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα " -"«FnMut» όπου ζητείται ένα «FnOnce» και μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα «Fn» " -"όπου ένα «FnMut» ή «FnOnce» καλείται." -#: src/generics/closures.md:36 +#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`." -msgstr "Τα κλεισίματα «μετακίνησης» εφαρμόζουν μόνο το «FnOnce»." +msgid "Iterators" +msgstr "Επαναληπτικοί" -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 +#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" -msgstr "" -"Ο γενικός κώδικας μετατρέπεται σε μη γενικό κώδικα βάσει των τοποθεσιών " -"κλήσεων:" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Some(5);\n" -" let float = Some(5.0);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." +"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να εφαρμόσετε το χαρακτηριστικό «Iterator» στους δικούς σας τύπους:" -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "behaves as if you wrote" -msgstr "συμπεριφέρεται σαν να έγραψες" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 +#: src/traits/iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"enum Option_i32 {\n" -" Some(i32),\n" -" None,\n" +"struct Fibonacci {\n" +" curr: u32,\n" +" next: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"enum Option_f64 {\n" -" Some(f64),\n" -" None,\n" +"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" +" type Item = u32;\n" +"\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" +" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" +" self.curr = self.next;\n" +" self.next = new_next;\n" +" Some(self.curr)\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" -" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" +" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" +" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" +" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 msgid "" -"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " -"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." +"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " +"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " +"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " +"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " +"implementations." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:37 +msgid "" +"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " +"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " +"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " +"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" -"Αυτή είναι μια αφαίρεση μηδενικού κόστους: παίρνετε ακριβώς το ίδιο " -"αποτέλεσμα όπως αν είχατε κωδικοποίησαν τις δομές δεδομένων χωρίς την " -"αφαίρεση." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:3 +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "We've seen how a function can take arguments which implement a trait:" +msgid "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" -"Είδαμε πώς μια συνάρτηση μπορεί να λάβει ορίσματα που υλοποιούν ένα " -"χαρακτηριστικό:" +"Το \"FromIterator\" σάς επιτρέπει να δημιουργήσετε μια συλλογή από ένα " +"\"Iterator\"." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:5 +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fmt::Display;\n" -"\n" -"fn print(x: T) {\n" -" println!(\"Your value: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" print(123);\n" -" print(\"Hello\");\n" +" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" +" let prime_squares = primes\n" +" .into_iter()\n" +" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" +" .collect::>();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:18 +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"However, how can we store a collection of mixed types which implement " -"`Display`?" +"`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" msgstr "" -"Ωστόσο, πώς μπορούμε να αποθηκεύσουμε μια συλλογή μικτών τύπων που υλοποιούν " -"το \"Display\";" +"Το «Iterator» υλοποιεί `fn collect(self) -> B που Β: FromIterator, Self: Μέγεθος`" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:20 +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let displayables = vec![123, \"Hello\"];\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " +"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" +"Υπάρχουν επίσης υλοποιήσεις που σας επιτρέπουν να κάνετε καταπληκτικά " +"πράγματα όπως η μετατροπή ενός \"Iterator\\>\" σε " +"ένα \"Result\\\"." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:26 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "For this, we need _trait objects_:" -msgstr "Για αυτό, χρειαζόμαστε _trait αντικείμενα_:" +msgid "`From` and `Into`" +msgstr "«Από» και «Μέσα»." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:28 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fmt::Display;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let displayables: Vec> = vec![Box::new(123), Box::" -"new(\"Hello\")];\n" -" for x in displayables {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." +"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " +"facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" +"Οι τύποι εφαρμόζουν τα «Από» και «Μέσα» για να διευκολύνουν τις μετατροπές " +"τύπων:" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory layout after allocating `displayables`:" -msgstr "Διάταξη μνήμης μετά την εκχώρηση «xs»:" - -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:41 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:5 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"displayables : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +----+----+----+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| H | e | l | l | o " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +----+----+----+----+----" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | " -"+-------------------------+ :\n" -" : | | '---->| \"::" -"fmt\" | :\n" -" : | | " -"+-------------------------+ :\n" -" : | " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----+----+----+----" -"+ :\n" -" : | '-->| 7b | 00 | 00 | 00 " -"| :\n" -" : | +----+----+----+----" -"+ :\n" -" : " -"| :\n" -" : | +-------------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : '---->| \"::fmt\" " -"| :\n" -" : +-------------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- - -'\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" +" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" +" let one = i16::from(true);\n" +" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" +" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:69 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Similarly, you need a trait object if you want to return different types " -"implementing a trait:" -msgstr "" -"Ομοίως, χρειάζεστε ένα αντικείμενο χαρακτηριστικών εάν θέλετε να επιστρέψετε " -"διαφορετικές τιμές υλοποίηση ενός χαρακτηριστικού:" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " +"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" +msgstr "Το \"Into\" υλοποιείται αυτόματα όταν υλοποιείται το \"From\":" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:72 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:17 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn numbers(n: i32) -> Box> {\n" -" if n > 0 {\n" -" Box::new(0..n)\n" -" } else {\n" -" Box::new((n..0).rev())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(-5).collect::>());\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(5).collect::>());\n" +" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" +" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" +" let one: i16 = true.into();\n" +" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" +" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" -"\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:90 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " -"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." -msgstr "" -"Τα χαρακτηριστικά μπορεί να προσδιορίζουν προ-εφαρμοσμένες (προεπιλεγμένες) " -"μεθόδους και μεθόδους που απαιτείται από τους χρήστες να εφαρμόσουν οι " -"ίδιοι. Οι μέθοδοι με προεπιλεγμένες υλοποιήσεις μπορούν να βασίζονται στις " -"απαιτούμενες μεθόδους." +"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " +"`Into` implementation too." +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:91 +#: src/traits/from-into.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`dyn Display` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type " -"that implements `Display`." +"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " +"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " +"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " +"implement `Into`." msgstr "" -"Οι τύποι που εφαρμόζουν ένα δεδομένο χαρακτηριστικό μπορεί να είναι " -"διαφορετικών μεγεθών. Αυτό καθιστά αδύνατο να υπάρχουν πράγματα όπως το \"Vec" +"Αυτός είναι ο λόγος για τον οποίο είναι σύνηθες να εφαρμόζετε μόνο το " +"\"From\", καθώς ο τύπος σας θα λάβει επίσης την εφαρμογή \"Into\".\n" +"\n" +"Όταν δηλώνετε έναν τύπο εισόδου ορίσματος συνάρτησης όπως \"οτιδήποτε μπορεί " +"να μετατραπεί σε \"Συμβολοσειρά\", ο κανόνας είναι αντίθετος, θα πρέπει να " +"χρησιμοποιήσετε το \"Into\". Η συνάρτησή σας θα δέχεται τύπους που υλοποιούν " +"το \"From\" και εκείνους που _only_ υλοποιούν το \"Into\"." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:92 +#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In the example, `displayables` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that " -"implement `Display`. The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer " -"to the actual object and a pointer to the virtual method table for the " -"`Display` implementation of that particular object." -msgstr "\" στο παραπάνω παράδειγμα." +msgid "`Read` and `Write`" +msgstr "«Διαβάστε» και «Γράψτε»." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:93 +#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" +msgid "" +"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " +"abstract over `u8` sources:" +msgstr "" +"Χρησιμοποιώντας το \"Read\" και το \"BufRead\", μπορείτε να αφαιρέσετε τις " +"πηγές \"u8\":" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" +"\n" +"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" +" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" +" buf_reader.lines().count()\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" +" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" +" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" +"\n" +" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" +" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Το \"dyn Greet\" είναι ένας τρόπος να πείτε στον μεταγλωττιστή έναν τύπο " -"δυναμικού μεγέθους που υλοποιεί το \"Greet\"." -#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:94 +#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" use std::fmt::Display;\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&u32>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Display>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" +"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " +"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +msgstr "" +"Παρομοίως, το «Write» σάς επιτρέπει να κάνετε αφηρήσεις πάνω από τα νεροχύτα " +"«u8»:" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:25 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" +"\n" +"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" +" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" +" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" +" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" +" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" +" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" +" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -"Στο παράδειγμα, τα «κατοικίδια» κρατούν δείκτες λίπους σε αντικείμενα που " -"υλοποιούν το «Χαιρετισμός». Ο δείκτης λίπους αποτελείται από δύο στοιχεία, " -"έναν δείκτη προς το πραγματικό αντικείμενο και έναν δείκτη στον πίνακα " -"εικονικής μεθόδου για την υλοποίηση «Greet» του συγκεκριμένου αντικειμένου." -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 +#: src/traits/drop.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Ημέρα 3: Πρωινές ασκήσεις" +msgid "The `Drop` Trait" +msgstr "Το χαρακτηριστικό «Drop»." -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 +#: src/traits/drop.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects." +msgid "" +"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." +"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" -"Θα σχεδιάσουμε μια κλασική βιβλιοθήκη GUI χαρακτηριστικά και αντικείμενα " -"χαρακτηριστικών." +"Οι τιμές που εφαρμόζουν το \"Drop\" μπορούν να καθορίσουν τον κώδικα που θα " +"εκτελείται όταν εξέρχονται από το πεδίο εφαρμογής:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/drop.md:5 msgid "" -"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " -"trait objects." +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Droppable {\n" +" name: &'static str,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Drop for Droppable {\n" +" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" +" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" +" {\n" +" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" +" {\n" +" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" +" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" +" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" +" }\n" +" drop(a);\n" +" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Ας σχεδιάσουμε μια κλασική βιβλιοθήκη GUI χρησιμοποιώντας τις νέες μας " -"γνώσεις για τα χαρακτηριστικά και γνωρίσματα αντικειμένων." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 +#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" -msgstr "Θα έχουμε έναν αριθμό γραφικών στοιχείων στη βιβλιοθήκη μας:" +msgid "Discussion points:" +msgstr "Σημεία συζήτησης:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 +#: src/traits/drop.md:36 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." -msgstr "«Παράθυρο»: έχει «τίτλο» και περιέχει άλλα γραφικά στοιχεία." +msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" +msgstr "Γιατί το «Drop::drop» δεν σημαίνει «self»;" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 +#: src/traits/drop.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " -"button is pressed." +"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " +"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" -"«Κουμπί»: έχει μια «ετικέτα» και μια λειτουργία επανάκλησης που καλείται " -"όταν το πατιέται το κουμπί." +"Σύντομη απάντηση: Εάν συνέβαινε, το `std::mem::drop` θα καλούνταν στο τέλος " +"του το μπλοκ, με αποτέλεσμα μια άλλη κλήση στο «Drop::drop» και μια στοίβα " +"ξεχείλισμα!" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 +#: src/traits/drop.md:40 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." -msgstr "\"Ετικέτα\": έχει \"ετικέτα\"." +msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." +msgstr "Δοκιμάστε να αντικαταστήσετε το «drop(a)» με το «a.drop()»." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 +#: src/traits/default.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." -msgstr "" -"Τα γραφικά στοιχεία θα εφαρμόσουν ένα χαρακτηριστικό «Γραφικό στοιχείο», " -"δείτε παρακάτω." +msgid "The `Default` Trait" +msgstr "Το χαρακτηριστικό «Drop»." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 +#: src/traits/default.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " -"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " +"produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" -"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο , " -"συμπληρώστε τον κωδικό που λείπει Μέθοδοι \"draw_into\", ώστε να εφαρμόσετε " -"το χαρακτηριστικό \"Widget\":" +"Μπορείτε να εφαρμόσετε το χαρακτηριστικό «Iterator» στους δικούς σας τύπους:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 +#: src/traits/default.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" +"struct Derived {\n" +" x: u32,\n" +" y: String,\n" +" z: Implemented,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Implemented(String);\n" "\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" +"impl Default for Implemented {\n" +" fn default() -> Self {\n" +" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -" callback: Box,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" callback,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Label {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Button {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let default_struct = Derived::default();\n" +" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" +" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" +" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" +" ..Derived::default()\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" +" let nothing: Option = None;\n" +" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\",\n" -" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:123 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" -msgstr "" -"Η έξοδος του παραπάνω προγράμματος μπορεί να είναι κάτι απλό όπως αυτό:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:125 +#: src/traits/default.md:40 msgid "" -"```text\n" -"========\n" -"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" -"========\n" -"\n" -"This is a small text GUI demo.\n" -"\n" -"| Click me! |\n" -"```" +"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:135 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/default.md:41 msgid "" -"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " -"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " -"and how you can control alignment:" +"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " +"their default values." msgstr "" -"Εάν θέλετε να σχεδιάσετε στοιχισμένο κείμενο, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το " -"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) " -"τελεστές μορφοποίησης. Ειδικότερα, παρατηρήστε πώς μπορείτε να γεμίσετε " -"διαφορετικά χαρακτήρες (εδώ ένα `'/'`) και πώς μπορείτε να ελέγξετε τη " -"στοίχιση:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:140 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let width = 10;\n" -" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/traits/default.md:42 +msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:149 -#, fuzzy +#: src/traits/default.md:43 msgid "" -"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" +"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " +"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιώντας τέτοια κόλπα ευθυγράμμισης, μπορείτε για παράδειγμα να " -"παράγετε έξοδο όπως αυτό:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"+--------------------------------+\n" -"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" -"+================================+\n" -"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" -"| +-----------+ |\n" -"| | Click me! | |\n" -"| +-----------+ |\n" -"+--------------------------------+\n" -"```" +#: src/traits/default.md:44 +msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +#: src/traits/default.md:45 +msgid "" +"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " +"provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" -"Ο χειρισμός σφαλμάτων στο Rust γίνεται χρησιμοποιώντας ρητή ροή ελέγχου:" -#: src/error-handling.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," +#: src/traits/default.md:46 +msgid "" +"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" +"with-struct-update-syntax)" msgstr "" -"Οι συναρτήσεις που μπορεί να έχουν σφάλματα το αναφέρουν στον τύπο " -"επιστροφής τους," -#: src/error-handling.md:6 +#: src/traits/operators.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "There are no exceptions." -msgstr "Δεν υπάρχουν εξαιρέσεις." +msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." +msgstr "\"Προσθήκη\", \"Mul\", ..." -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +#: src/traits/operators.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgid "" +"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" -"Το Rust θα προκαλέσει πανικό εάν συμβεί ένα μοιραίο σφάλμα κατά τη διάρκεια " -"της εκτέλεσης:" +"Η υπερφόρτωση χειριστή υλοποιείται μέσω χαρακτηριστικών στο `std::ops`:" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +#: src/traits/operators.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,should_panic\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" +"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" +"\n" +"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" +" type Output = Self;\n" +"\n" +" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" +" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" +" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" +" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" +" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." -msgstr "Οι πανικοί αφορούν μη αναστρέψιμα και απροσδόκητα σφάλματα." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 +#: src/traits/operators.md:28 #, fuzzy -msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." -msgstr "Οι πανικοί είναι συμπτώματα σφαλμάτων στο πρόγραμμα." +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " +msgstr "" +"Θα μπορούσατε να εφαρμόσετε το \"Add\" για το \"&Point\". Σε ποιες " +"περιπτώσεις είναι χρήσιμο;" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +#: src/traits/operators.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " +"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " +"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιήστε API που δεν προκαλούν πανικό (όπως \"Vec::get\") εάν το " -"σφάλμα δεν είναι αποδεκτό." +"Απάντηση: Το «Προσθήκη: Προσθήκη» καταναλώνει τον «εαυτό». Αν πληκτρολογήστε " +"`T` για το οποίο είστε Η υπερφόρτωση του χειριστή δεν είναι «Αντιγραφή», θα " +"πρέπει να εξετάσετε την υπερφόρτωση ο χειριστής για το «&T» επίσης. Αυτό " +"αποφεύγει την περιττή κλωνοποίηση στο τοποθεσία κλήσης." -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 +#: src/traits/operators.md:33 #, fuzzy -msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Αλίευση της στοίβας Ξετύλιγμα" +msgid "" +"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " +"method?" +msgstr "" +"Γιατί το \"Έξοδος\" είναι συσχετισμένος τύπος; Θα μπορούσε να γίνει " +"παράμετρος τύπου;" -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 +#: src/traits/operators.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " -"caught:" +"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " +"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " +"trait." msgstr "" -"Από προεπιλογή, ένας πανικός θα προκαλέσει το ξετύλιγμα της στοίβας. Το " -"ξετύλιγμα μπορεί να πιαστεί:" +"Σύντομη απάντηση: Οι παράμετροι τύπου ελέγχονται από τον καλούντα, αλλά οι " +"συσχετισμένοι τύποι (όπως \"Έξοδος\") ελέγχονται από τον υλοποιητή του a " +"χαρακτηριστικό." -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 +#: src/traits/operators.md:37 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::panic;\n" -"\n" -"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" println!(\"hello!\");\n" -"});\n" -"assert!(result.is_ok());\n" -"\n" -"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" -"});\n" -"assert!(result.is_err());\n" -"```" +"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " +"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:19 +#: src/traits/closures.md:1 +msgid "Closures" +msgstr "Κλεισίματα" + +#: src/traits/closures.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " -"request crashes." -msgstr "" -"Αυτό μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο σε διακομιστές που θα πρέπει να συνεχίσουν να " -"εκτελούνται ακόμα και αν είναι μόνοι κολλάει το αίτημα." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." -msgstr "" -"Αυτό δεν λειτουργεί εάν το \"panic = \"abort\" έχει οριστεί στο \"Cargo." -"toml\"." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" -msgstr "Χειρισμός δομημένου σφάλματος με «Αποτέλεσμα»." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " -"are expected as part of normal operation:" +"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " +"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." +"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " +"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" -"Έχουμε ήδη δει τον αριθμό «Αποτέλεσμα». Αυτό χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως όταν " -"υπάρχουν σφάλματα αναμένεται ως μέρος της κανονικής λειτουργίας:" +"Τα κλεισίματα ή οι εκφράσεις λάμδα έχουν τύπους που δεν μπορούν να " +"ονομαστούν. Ωστόσο, αυτοί εφαρμογή ειδικού [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"FnMut.html) και [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce." +"html) χαρακτηριστικά:" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:6 +#: src/traits/closures.md:8 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::fs::File;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" +" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" +" func(input)\n" +"}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" -" match file {\n" -" Ok(mut file) => {\n" -" let mut contents = String::new();\n" -" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" -" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" -" },\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" +" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" +" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" +" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" +"\n" +" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" +" let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" +" v.push(x);\n" +" v.iter().sum::()\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" +" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" +"\n" +" let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" +" println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:27 +#: src/traits/closures.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " -"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " -"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " -"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." +"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " +"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " +"concurrently." msgstr "" -"Όπως και με την \"Επιλογή\", η επιτυχημένη τιμή βρίσκεται μέσα στο " -"\"Αποτέλεσμα\", αναγκάζοντας τον προγραμματιστή να το κάνει το εξάγετε ρητά. " -"Αυτό ενθαρρύνει τον έλεγχο σφαλμάτων. Στην περίπτωση που δεν πρέπει να " -"συμβεί ποτέ λάθος, Το \"unwrap()\" ή το \"expect()\" μπορεί να κληθεί, και " -"αυτό είναι επίσης ένα σήμα της πρόθεσης του προγραμματιστή." +"Ένα \"Fn\" ούτε καταναλώνει ούτε μεταλλάσσει τις καταγεγραμμένες τιμές ή " +"ίσως δεν καταγράφει τίποτα απολύτως, επομένως μπορεί καλείται πολλές φορές " +"ταυτόχρονα." -#: src/error-handling/result.md:30 +#: src/traits/closures.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " -"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " -"that help functional-style programming. " +"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " +"multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" -"Η τεκμηρίωση «Αποτελέσματος» συνιστάται για ανάγνωση. Όχι κατά τη διάρκεια " -"του μαθήματος, αλλά αξίζει να αναφερθεί. Περιέχει πολλές πρακτικές μεθόδους " -"και λειτουργίες που βοηθούν τον προγραμματισμό λειτουργικού στυλ." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" -msgstr "Σφάλματα διάδοσης με το \"?\"." +"Ένα \"FnMut\" μπορεί να μεταλλάξει τις καταγεγραμμένες τιμές, ώστε να " +"μπορείτε να το καλέσετε πολλές φορές αλλά όχι ταυτόχρονα." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 +#: src/traits/closures.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " -"turn the common" +"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " +"might consume captured values." msgstr "" -"Ο τελεστής δοκιμής `?` χρησιμοποιείται για την επιστροφή σφαλμάτων στον " -"καλούντα. Σας αφήνει να στρίψετε το κοινό" +"Εάν έχετε ένα \"FnOnce\", μπορείτε να το καλέσετε μόνο μία φορά. Μπορεί να " +"καταναλώσει καταγεγραμμένες τιμές." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 +#: src/traits/closures.md:43 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"match some_expression {\n" -" Ok(value) => value,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " +"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " +"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" +"Το \"FnMut\" είναι ένας υποτύπος του \"FnOnce\". Το \"Fn\" είναι ένας " +"υποτύπος των \"FnMut\" και \"FnOnce\". Δηλ. μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα " +"«FnMut» όπου ζητείται ένα «FnOnce» και μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα «Fn» " +"όπου ένα «FnMut» ή «FnOnce» καλείται." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "into the much simpler" -msgstr "στο πολύ πιο απλό" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 +#: src/traits/closures.md:47 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"some_expression?\n" -"```" +"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " +"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handing code:" +#: src/traits/closures.md:50 +msgid "" +"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " +"keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" -"Μπορούμε να το χρησιμοποιήσουμε για να απλοποιήσουμε τον κωδικό παράδοσης " -"σφαλμάτων:" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 +#: src/traits/closures.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::{self, Read};\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" -"\n" -" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" -" Ok(file) => file,\n" -" Err(e) => return Err(e),\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -"\n" -" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" -" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" -" Err(e) => Err(e),\n" -" }\n" +"fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" +" return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" +" let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" +" hi(\"there\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." -msgstr "" -"Η μεταβλητή \"username\" μπορεί να είναι είτε \"Ok(string)\" είτε " -"\"Err(error)\"." +msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" +msgstr "Ημέρα 3: Πρωινές ασκήσεις" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:53 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy +msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." +msgstr "" +"Θα σχεδιάσουμε μια κλασική βιβλιοθήκη GUI χαρακτηριστικά και αντικείμενα " +"χαρακτηριστικών." + +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 msgid "" -"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " -"file, file with username." +"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " +"polygons." msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιήστε την κλήση `fs::write` για να δοκιμάσετε τα διαφορετικά " -"σενάρια: κανένα αρχείο, κενό αρχείο, αρχείο με όνομα χρήστη." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " -"indicated:" +"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " +"trait objects." msgstr "" -"Η αποτελεσματική επέκταση του «?» είναι λίγο πιο περίπλοκη από ό,τι " -"αναφέρθηκε προηγουμένως:" +"Ας σχεδιάσουμε μια κλασική βιβλιοθήκη GUI χρησιμοποιώντας τις νέες μας " +"γνώσεις για τα χαρακτηριστικά και γνωρίσματα αντικειμένων." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" +msgstr "Θα έχουμε έναν αριθμό γραφικών στοιχείων στη βιβλιοθήκη μας:" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." +msgstr "«Παράθυρο»: έχει «τίτλο» και περιέχει άλλα γραφικά στοιχεία." + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"expression?\n" -"```" +"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " +"button is pressed." msgstr "" +"«Κουμπί»: έχει μια «ετικέτα» και μια λειτουργία επανάκλησης που καλείται " +"όταν το πατιέται το κουμπί." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 #, fuzzy -msgid "works the same as" -msgstr "λειτουργεί το ίδιο με" +msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." +msgstr "\"Ετικέτα\": έχει \"ετικέτα\"." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"match expression {\n" -" Ok(value) => value,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." msgstr "" +"Τα γραφικά στοιχεία θα εφαρμόσουν ένα χαρακτηριστικό «Γραφικό στοιχείο», " +"δείτε παρακάτω." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " -"type returned by the function:" +"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " +"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" msgstr "" -"Η κλήση \"From::from\" εδώ σημαίνει ότι προσπαθούμε να μετατρέψουμε τον τύπο " -"σφάλματος στο τύπος που επιστρέφεται από τη συνάρτηση:" +"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο , " +"συμπληρώστε τον κωδικό που λείπει Μέθοδοι \"draw_into\", ώστε να εφαρμόσετε " +"το χαρακτηριστικό \"Widget\":" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" -"use std::fs::{self, File};\n" -"use std::io::{self, Read};\n" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" IoError(io::Error),\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" +"pub trait Widget {\n" +" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" -"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" +" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" -"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {}\", e),\n" -" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " -"in {}\", filename),\n" -" }\n" +" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" +" fn draw(&self) {\n" +" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" +" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" +" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" -" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" -" }\n" +"pub struct Label {\n" +" label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" +"impl Label {\n" +" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" +" Label {\n" +" label: label.to_owned(),\n" +" }\n" " }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" +"pub struct Button {\n" +" label: Label,\n" +" callback: Box,\n" "}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, " -"which requires `Debug` and `Display`. It's generally helpful for them to " -"implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to make life easier for tests " -"and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because " -"`io::Error` doesn't implement them." -msgstr "" -"Είναι καλή πρακτική για όλους τους τύπους σφαλμάτων να εφαρμόζουν το \"std::" -"error::Error\", το οποίο απαιτεί \"Debug\" και 'Εμφάνιση'. Είναι γενικά " -"χρήσιμο γι 'αυτούς να εφαρμόσουν το \"Clone\" και το \"Eq\" όπου είναι " -"δυνατόν ευκολότερη ζωή για τα τεστ και τους καταναλωτές της βιβλιοθήκης σας. " -"Σε αυτή την περίπτωση δεν μπορούμε εύκολα να το κάνουμε, γιατί Το `io::" -"Error` δεν τα υλοποιεί." - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " -"an error enum like we did on the previous page:" -msgstr "" -"Το κιβώτιο [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) είναι ένας δημοφιλής " -"τρόπος δημιουργίας enum σφαλμάτων όπως κάναμε στην προηγούμενη σελίδα:" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" -" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" +"impl Button {\n" +" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" +" Button {\n" +" label: Label::new(label),\n" +" callback,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" +"pub struct Window {\n" +" title: String,\n" +" widgets: Vec>,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Window {\n" +" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" +" Window {\n" +" title: title.to_owned(),\n" +" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" +" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" std::cmp::max(\n" +" self.title.chars().count(),\n" +" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" +" )\n" " }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" +"\n" +"impl Widget for Label {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " -"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " -"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." -msgstr "" -"Η μακροεντολή εξαγωγής \"thiserror\" εφαρμόζει αυτόματα το \"std::error::" -"Error\" και προαιρετικά το \"Display\" (εάν παρέχονται τα χαρακτηριστικά " -"\"#\\[σφάλμα(...)\\]\") και \"Από\" (αν προστεθεί το χαρακτηριστικό " -"\"#\\[από\\]\". Λειτουργεί επίσης για δομές." - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." -msgstr "" -"Δεν επηρεάζει το δημόσιο API σας, κάτι που το κάνει καλό για βιβλιοθήκες." - -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " -"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " -"makes this easy." -msgstr "" -"Μερικές φορές θέλουμε να επιτρέψουμε την επιστροφή οποιουδήποτε τύπου " -"σφάλματος χωρίς να γράψουμε το δικό μας κάλυμμα enum όλες τις διαφορετικές " -"δυνατότητες. Το `std::error::Error` το καθιστά εύκολο." - -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::fs::{self, File};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" -"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" +"impl Widget for Button {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" "\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" +"impl Widget for Window {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." +"\")));\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" +" \"Click me!\",\n" +" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" +" )));\n" +" window.draw();\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " -"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " -"idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " -"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " -"somewhere." +msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" msgstr "" -"Αυτό εξοικονομεί κώδικα, αλλά παραιτείται από τη δυνατότητα καθαρής " -"διαχείρισης διαφορετικών περιπτώσεων σφαλμάτων με διαφορετικό τρόπο το " -"πρόγραμμα. Ως εκ τούτου, γενικά δεν είναι καλή ιδέα να χρησιμοποιήσετε το " -"\"Box\n" +"Η έξοδος του παραπάνω προγράμματος μπορεί να είναι κάτι απλό όπως αυτό:" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132 +msgid "" +"```text\n" +"========\n" +"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" +"========\n" "\n" -"\" στο δημόσιο API ενός βιβλιοθήκη, αλλά μπορεί να είναι μια καλή επιλογή σε " -"ένα πρόγραμμα όπου θέλετε απλώς να εμφανίσετε το μήνυμα σφάλματος κάπου." +"This is a small text GUI demo.\n" +"\n" +"| Click me! |\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " -"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " -"error types:" +"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " +"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " +"and how you can control alignment:" msgstr "" -"Το ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενο κιβώτιο [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) μπορεί " -"να σας βοηθήσει να προσθέσετε πληροφορίες για τα λάθη σας και σας επιτρέπει " -"να έχετε λιγότερα προσαρμοσμένοι τύποι σφαλμάτων:" +"Εάν θέλετε να σχεδιάσετε στοιχισμένο κείμενο, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το " +"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) " +"τελεστές μορφοποίησης. Ειδικότερα, παρατηρήστε πώς μπορείτε να γεμίσετε " +"διαφορετικά χαρακτήρες (εδώ ένα `'/'`) και πώς μπορείτε να ελέγξετε τη " +"στοίχιση:" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" fs::File::open(path)\n" -" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" -" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" -" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" +"```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" -" }\n" +" let width = 10;\n" +" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 #, fuzzy -msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +msgid "" +"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" msgstr "" -"Το `ούτως ή άλλως::Αποτέλεσμα` είναι ένα ψευδώνυμο τύπου για το " -"\"Αποτέλεσμα\\\"." +"Χρησιμοποιώντας τέτοια κόλπα ευθυγράμμισης, μπορείτε για παράδειγμα να " +"παράγετε έξοδο όπως αυτό:" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158 msgid "" -"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " -"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " -"is widely used in applications." +"```text\n" +"+--------------------------------+\n" +"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" +"+================================+\n" +"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" +"| +-----------+ |\n" +"| | Click me! | |\n" +"| +-----------+ |\n" +"+--------------------------------+\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Το \"anyhow::Error\" είναι ουσιαστικά ένα περιτύλιγμα γύρω από το \"Box" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." -msgstr "" -"\". Ως τέτοιο και πάλι γενικά δεν είναι μια καλή επιλογή για το δημόσιο API " -"μιας βιβλιοθήκης, αλλά χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε εφαρμογές." +msgid "Polygon Struct" +msgstr "Πολυγωνική κατασκευή" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " -"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " -"error)` from Go." -msgstr "" -"Ο πραγματικός τύπος σφάλματος στο εσωτερικό του μπορεί να εξαχθεί για " -"εξέταση εάν είναι απαραίτητο.\n" -"\n" -"Η λειτουργικότητα που παρέχεται από το \"anyhow::Result\n" -"\n" -"\" μπορεί να είναι οικεία στους προγραμματιστές της Go, καθώς παρέχει " -"παρόμοια μοτίβα χρήσης και εργονομία με το «(T, error)» από το Go." - -#: src/testing.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" -msgstr "Το Rust and Cargo συνοδεύεται από ένα απλό πλαίσιο δοκιμής μονάδας:" - -#: src/testing.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." -msgstr "Οι δοκιμές ενσωμάτωσης υποστηρίζονται μέσω του καταλόγου «tests/»." - -#: src/testing.md:7 -msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." +"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " +"below to and fill in the missing methods to " +"make the tests pass:" msgstr "" +"Θα δημιουργήσουμε μια δομή «Πολύγωνο» που περιέχει μερικά σημεία. Αντιγράψτε " +"τον παρακάτω κωδικό στο και συμπληρώστε τις " +"μεθόδους που λείπουν για να το κάνετε οι δοκιμές περνούν:" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" -msgstr "Επισημάνετε τις δοκιμές μονάδας με «#\\[test\\]»:" - -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" -" match text.find(' ') {\n" -" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" -" None => &text,\n" -" }\n" +"```rust\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" +"\n" +"pub struct Point {\n" +" // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" +"impl Point {\n" +" // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_word() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" +"pub struct Polygon {\n" +" // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_multiple_words() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" +"impl Polygon {\n" +" // add methods\n" "}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." -msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιήστε τη «δοκιμή φορτίου» για να βρείτε και να εκτελέσετε τις " -"δοκιμές μονάδας." - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" -msgstr "" -"Οι δοκιμές μονάδας τοποθετούνται συχνά σε μια ένθετη ενότητα (εκτελέστε " -"δοκιμές στο [Παιδική χαρά](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" +"\n" +"pub struct Circle {\n" +" // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" -"pub fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" +"impl Circle {\n" +" // add methods\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"pub enum Shape {\n" +" Polygon(Polygon),\n" +" Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" +" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" +" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" +" }\n" +"\n" " #[test]\n" -" fn test_helper() {\n" -" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" +" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" +" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_point_dist() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" +" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" +" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_point_add() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" +" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" +" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" +" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" +"\n" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(p1);\n" +" poly.add_point(p2);\n" +" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" +" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" +"\n" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(p1);\n" +" poly.add_point(p2);\n" +"\n" +" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" +" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" +" let shapes = vec![\n" +" Shape::from(poly),\n" +" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" +" ];\n" +" let perimeters = shapes\n" +" .iter()\n" +" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" +" .map(round_two_digits)\n" +" .collect::>();\n" +" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" +"\n" +"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" +"fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117 #, fuzzy -msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." -msgstr "Αυτό σας επιτρέπει να δοκιμάσετε ιδιωτικούς βοηθούς μονάδας." +msgid "" +"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " +"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " +"the tests." +msgstr "" +"Δεδομένου ότι οι υπογραφές της μεθόδου λείπουν από τις δηλώσεις προβλημάτων, " +"το βασικό μέρος της άσκησης είναι να τα προσδιορίσετε σωστά." -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120 +msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" msgstr "" -"Το χαρακτηριστικό «#\\[cfg(test)\\]» είναι ενεργό μόνο όταν εκτελείτε " -"«δοκιμή φορτίου»." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" -msgstr "Το Rust έχει ενσωματωμένη υποστήριξη για δοκιμές τεκμηρίωσης:" - -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" -"///\n" -"/// ```\n" -"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" -"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" -"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" -"/// ```\n" -"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" -" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " +"don't borrow their arguments." +msgstr "Άλλα ενδιαφέροντα μέρη της άσκησης:" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 +#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123 #, fuzzy -msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." +msgid "" +"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " +"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." msgstr "" -"Τα μπλοκ κώδικα στα σχόλια `///` εμφανίζονται αυτόματα ως κώδικας Rust." +"Εξάγετε ένα χαρακτηριστικό «Αντιγραφή» για ορισμένες δομές, καθώς στις " +"δοκιμές οι μέθοδοι μερικές φορές δεν δανείζονται τα επιχειρήματά τους.\n" +"\n" +"Ανακαλύψτε ότι το χαρακτηριστικό «Προσθήκη» πρέπει να εφαρμοστεί για δύο " +"αντικείμενα που μπορούν να προστεθούν μέσω του «+»." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 +#: src/error-handling.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." +msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" msgstr "" -"Ο κώδικας θα μεταγλωττιστεί και θα εκτελεστεί ως μέρος της «δοκιμής φορτίου»." +"Ο χειρισμός σφαλμάτων στο Rust γίνεται χρησιμοποιώντας ρητή ροή ελέγχου:" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 +#: src/error-handling.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" -"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." +msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," msgstr "" -"Δοκιμάστε τον παραπάνω κώδικα στο [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang." -"org/?" -"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." +"Οι συναρτήσεις που μπορεί να έχουν σφάλματα το αναφέρουν στον τύπο " +"επιστροφής τους," -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 +#: src/error-handling.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." -msgstr "" -"Εάν θέλετε να δοκιμάσετε τη βιβλιοθήκη σας ως πελάτη, χρησιμοποιήστε μια " -"δοκιμή ενοποίησης." +msgid "There are no exceptions." +msgstr "Δεν υπάρχουν εξαιρέσεις." -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" -msgstr "Δημιουργήστε ένα αρχείο «.rs» κάτω από το «tests/»:" +msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgstr "" +"Το Rust θα προκαλέσει πανικό εάν συμβεί ένα μοιραίο σφάλμα κατά τη διάρκεια " +"της εκτέλεσης:" -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"use my_library::init;\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_init() {\n" -" assert!(init().is_ok());\n" +"```rust,editable,should_panic\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 #, fuzzy -msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." -msgstr "Αυτές οι δοκιμές έχουν πρόσβαση μόνο στο δημόσιο API του κλουβιού σας." +msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." +msgstr "Οι πανικοί αφορούν μη αναστρέψιμα και απροσδόκητα σφάλματα." -#: src/unsafe.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 #, fuzzy -msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" -msgstr "Η γλώσσα Rust έχει δύο μέρη:" +msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." +msgstr "Οι πανικοί είναι συμπτώματα σφαλμάτων στο πρόγραμμα." -#: src/unsafe.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 #, fuzzy -msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." +msgid "" +"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." msgstr "" -"**Safe Rust:** ασφαλής μνήμη, δεν είναι δυνατή η απροσδιόριστη συμπεριφορά." +"Χρησιμοποιήστε API που δεν προκαλούν πανικό (όπως \"Vec::get\") εάν το " +"σφάλμα δεν είναι αποδεκτό." -#: src/unsafe.md:6 +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " -"violated." -msgstr "" -"**Μη ασφαλής σκουριά:** μπορεί να προκαλέσει απροσδιόριστη συμπεριφορά εάν " -"παραβιάζονται προϋποθέσεις." +msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" +msgstr "Αλίευση της στοίβας Ξετύλιγμα" -#: src/unsafe.md:8 +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " -"know what Unsafe Rust is." +"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " +"caught:" msgstr "" -"Θα δούμε κυρίως ασφαλή Rust σε αυτό το μάθημα, αλλά είναι σημαντικό να το " -"γνωρίζουμε τι είναι το Unsafe Rust." +"Από προεπιλογή, ένας πανικός θα προκαλέσει το ξετύλιγμα της στοίβας. Το " +"ξετύλιγμα μπορεί να πιαστεί:" -#: src/unsafe.md:11 -#, fuzzy +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 msgid "" -"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " -"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::panic;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" +" println!(\"hello!\");\n" +" });\n" +" assert!(result.is_ok());\n" +" \n" +" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" +" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" +" });\n" +" assert!(result.is_err());\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Ο μη ασφαλής κώδικας είναι συνήθως μικρός και απομονωμένος και η ορθότητά " -"του θα πρέπει να γίνεται προσεκτικά τεκμηριωμένη. Συνήθως είναι τυλιγμένο σε " -"ένα ασφαλές στρώμα αφαίρεσης." - -#: src/unsafe.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" -msgstr "Το Unsafe Rust σάς δίνει πρόσβαση σε πέντε νέες δυνατότητες:" - -#: src/unsafe.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Dereference raw pointers." -msgstr "Αναφορά ακατέργαστων δεικτών." - -#: src/unsafe.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." -msgstr "Πρόσβαση ή τροποποίηση μεταβλητών στατικών μεταβλητών." - -#: src/unsafe.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Access `union` fields." -msgstr "Πρόσβαση στα πεδία «ένωση»." -#: src/unsafe.md:19 +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." +msgid "" +"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " +"request crashes." msgstr "" -"Καλέστε «μη ασφαλείς» συναρτήσεις, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των «εξωτερικών» " -"συναρτήσεων." - -#: src/unsafe.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." -msgstr "Εφαρμόστε «μη ασφαλή» χαρακτηριστικά." +"Αυτό μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμο σε διακομιστές που θα πρέπει να συνεχίσουν να " +"εκτελούνται ακόμα και αν είναι μόνοι κολλάει το αίτημα." -#: src/unsafe.md:22 +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " -"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" -"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." +msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "" -"Θα καλύψουμε εν συντομία τις μη ασφαλείς δυνατότητες στη συνέχεια. Για " -"πλήρεις λεπτομέρειες, δείτε [Κεφάλαιο 19.1 στο βιβλίο της σκουριάς](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) και το [Rustonomicon]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." +"Αυτό δεν λειτουργεί εάν το \"panic = \"abort\" έχει οριστεί στο \"Cargo." +"toml\"." -#: src/unsafe.md:28 +#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " -"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " -"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " -"rules." -msgstr "" -"Το Unsafe Rust δεν σημαίνει ότι ο κωδικός είναι εσφαλμένος. Σημαίνει ότι οι " -"προγραμματιστές έχουν απενεργοποίησε τις δυνατότητες ασφαλείας του " -"μεταγλωττιστή και πρέπει να γράψει τον σωστό κώδικα από τους εαυτούς τους. " -"Σημαίνει ότι ο μεταγλωττιστής δεν επιβάλλει πλέον τους κανόνες ασφαλείας της " -"μνήμης του Rust." +msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" +msgstr "Χειρισμός δομημένου σφάλματος με «Αποτέλεσμα»." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" +msgid "" +"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " +"are expected as part of normal operation:" msgstr "" -"Η δημιουργία δεικτών είναι ασφαλής, αλλά η αποσύνδεσή τους απαιτεί \"μη " -"ασφαλή\":" +"Έχουμε ήδη δει τον αριθμό «Αποτέλεσμα». Αυτό χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως όταν " +"υπάρχουν σφάλματα αναμένεται ως μέρος της κανονικής λειτουργίας:" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/result.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut num = 5;\n" -"\n" -" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" -" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" +"use std::fs;\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" -" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are " -"guaranteed to be non-null and\n" -" // properly aligned, the objects underlying the references from which " -"they were obtained are\n" -" // live throughout the whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed " -"either through the\n" -" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" -" *r1 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" +" match file {\n" +" Ok(mut file) => {\n" +" let mut contents = String::new();\n" +" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" +" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" +" },\n" +" Err(err) => {\n" +" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" +" }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:26 +#: src/error-handling/result.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " -"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " -"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." +"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " +"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " +"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " +"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" -"Είναι καλή πρακτική (και απαιτείται από τον οδηγό στυλ Android Rust) να " -"γράψετε ένα σχόλιο για το καθένα Μπλοκ \"μη ασφαλής\" που εξηγεί πώς ο " -"κωδικός μέσα σε αυτό ικανοποιεί τις απαιτήσεις ασφαλείας του μη ασφαλούς " -"λειτουργίες που κάνει." +"Όπως και με την \"Επιλογή\", η επιτυχημένη τιμή βρίσκεται μέσα στο " +"\"Αποτέλεσμα\", αναγκάζοντας τον προγραμματιστή να το κάνει το εξάγετε ρητά. " +"Αυτό ενθαρρύνει τον έλεγχο σφαλμάτων. Στην περίπτωση που δεν πρέπει να " +"συμβεί ποτέ λάθος, Το \"unwrap()\" ή το \"expect()\" μπορεί να κληθεί, και " +"αυτό είναι επίσης ένα σήμα της πρόθεσης του προγραμματιστή." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:30 +#: src/error-handling/result.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " -"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" +"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " +"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " +"that help functional-style programming. " msgstr "" -"Στην περίπτωση των αποαναφορών δείκτη, αυτό σημαίνει ότι οι δείκτες πρέπει " -"να είναι [_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), π." -"χ.:" +"Η τεκμηρίωση «Αποτελέσματος» συνιστάται για ανάγνωση. Όχι κατά τη διάρκεια " +"του μαθήματος, αλλά αξίζει να αναφερθεί. Περιέχει πολλές πρακτικές μεθόδους " +"και λειτουργίες που βοηθούν τον προγραμματισμό λειτουργικού στυλ." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:33 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "The pointer must be non-null." -msgstr "Ο δείκτης δεν πρέπει να είναι μηδενικός." +msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" +msgstr "Σφάλματα διάδοσης με το \"?\"." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " -"allocated object)." +"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +"turn the common" msgstr "" -"Ο δείκτης πρέπει να είναι _dereferenceable_ (εντός των ορίων ενός " -"μεμονωμένου αντικειμένου)." +"Ο τελεστής δοκιμής `?` χρησιμοποιείται για την επιστροφή σφαλμάτων στον " +"καλούντα. Σας αφήνει να στρίψετε το κοινό" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." -msgstr "Το αντικείμενο δεν πρέπει να έχει εκχωρηθεί." +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"match some_expression {\n" +" Ok(value) => value,\n" +" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 #, fuzzy -msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." -msgstr "Δεν πρέπει να υπάρχουν ταυτόχρονες προσβάσεις στην ίδια τοποθεσία." +msgid "into the much simpler" +msgstr "στο πολύ πιο απλό" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 msgid "" -"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " -"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." +"```rust,ignore\n" +"some_expression?\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Εάν ο δείκτης λήφθηκε με τη μετάδοση μιας αναφοράς, το υποκείμενο " -"αντικείμενο πρέπει να είναι ζωντανό και όχι μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί αναφορά " -"για πρόσβαση στη μνήμη." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:40 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 #, fuzzy -msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." +msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" msgstr "" -"Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις ο δείκτης πρέπει επίσης να είναι σωστά " -"ευθυγραμμισμένος." - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" -msgstr "Είναι ασφαλές να διαβάσετε μια αμετάβλητη στατική μεταβλητή:" +"Μπορούμε να το χρησιμοποιήσουμε για να απλοποιήσουμε τον κωδικό παράδοσης " +"σφαλμάτων:" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" +"use std::{fs, io};\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " -"static variables:" -msgstr "" -"Ωστόσο, δεδομένου ότι μπορεί να προκύψουν αγώνες δεδομένων, δεν είναι " -"ασφαλές να διαβάζετε και να γράφετε μεταβλητά στατικές μεταβλητές:" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" +" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" +" Ok(file) => file,\n" +" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" +" };\n" "\n" -"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" -" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" +" let mut username = String::new();\n" +" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" +" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" +" Err(err) => Err(err),\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" add_to_counter(42);\n" -"\n" -" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" +" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" +" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " -"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " -"heap allocator or working with some C APIs." +msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." msgstr "" -"Η χρήση ενός μεταβλητού στατικού είναι γενικά κακή ιδέα, αλλά υπάρχουν " -"ορισμένες περιπτώσεις όπου μπορεί να έχει νόημα σε κώδικα «no_std» χαμηλού " -"επιπέδου, όπως η εφαρμογή ενός κατανεμητή σωρού ή η εργασία με ορισμένα C " -"API." +"Η μεταβλητή \"username\" μπορεί να είναι είτε \"Ok(string)\" είτε " +"\"Err(error)\"." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 #, fuzzy -msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" +msgid "" +"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " +"file, file with username." msgstr "" -"Τα συνδικάτα είναι σαν τα enums, αλλά πρέπει να παρακολουθείτε μόνοι σας το " -"ενεργό πεδίο:" +"Χρησιμοποιήστε την κλήση `fs::write` για να δοκιμάσετε τα διαφορετικά " +"σενάρια: κανένα αρχείο, κενό αρχείο, αρχείο με όνομα χρήστη." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(C)]\n" -"union MyUnion {\n" -" i: u8,\n" -" b: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" -" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" -" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " +"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " +"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " +"`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " +"`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " +"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 -#, fuzzy +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 msgid "" -"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " -"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." +"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " +"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " +"`Result::err`." msgstr "" -"Οι ενώσεις χρειάζονται πολύ σπάνια στο Rust καθώς συνήθως μπορείτε να " -"χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα enum. Περιστασιακά χρειάζονται για αλληλεπίδραση με API " -"βιβλιοθήκης C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " -"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." -"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" -"crates/zerocopy) crate." +"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " +"indicated:" msgstr "" -"Εάν θέλετε απλώς να ερμηνεύσετε ξανά τα byte ως διαφορετικού τύπου, μάλλον " -"θέλετε [`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." -"transmute.html) ή χρηματοκιβώτιο περιτύλιγμα όπως το κιβώτιο [`zerocopy`]" -"(https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." +"Η αποτελεσματική επέκταση του «?» είναι λίγο πιο περίπλοκη από ό,τι " +"αναφέρθηκε προηγουμένως:" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 msgid "" -"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " -"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"expression?\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Μια συνάρτηση ή μια μέθοδος μπορεί να επισημανθεί ως «μη ασφαλής» εάν έχει " -"επιπλέον προϋποθέσεις πρέπει να τηρεί για την αποφυγή απροσδιόριστης " -"συμπεριφοράς:" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "works the same as" +msgstr "λειτουργεί το ίδιο με" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " -"of\n" -" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" -"\n" -" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" -" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" -" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" -" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"match expression {\n" +" Ok(value) => value,\n" +" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " -"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." +"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " +"type returned by the function:" msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να επισημάνετε τις δικές σας λειτουργίες ως \"μη ασφαλείς\" εάν " -"απαιτούν συγκεκριμένες συνθήκες για να αποφευχθούν απροσδιόριστες η " -"ΣΥΜΠΕΡΙΦΟΡΑ." +"Η κλήση \"From::from\" εδώ σημαίνει ότι προσπαθούμε να μετατρέψουμε τον τύπο " +"σφάλματος στο τύπος που επιστρέφεται από τη συνάρτηση:" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" -"///\n" -"/// # Safety\n" -"///\n" -"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" -"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" -" let temp = *a;\n" -" *a = *b;\n" -" *b = temp;\n" +"use std::error::Error;\n" +"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" +"use std::fs::{self, File};\n" +"use std::io::{self, Read};\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" +" IoError(io::Error),\n" +" EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = 42;\n" -" let mut b = 66;\n" +"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" "\n" -" // Safe because ...\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" +"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" +" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" +" match self {\n" +" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" +" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " +"in {filename}\"),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" +" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" +" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" " }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" +" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" +" if username.is_empty() {\n" +" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(username)\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" +" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 -#, fuzzy +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 msgid "" -"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " -"with references." +"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " +"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " +"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" +"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." msgstr "" -"Στην πραγματικότητα δεν θα χρησιμοποιούσαμε δείκτες για αυτό, επειδή μπορεί " -"να γίνει με ασφάλεια με αναφορές." -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " -"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " -"Try adding it and see what happens." +"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " +"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " +"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." msgstr "" -"Σημειώστε ότι ο μη ασφαλής κωδικός επιτρέπεται σε μια μη ασφαλή συνάρτηση " -"χωρίς μπλοκ \"μη ασφαλής\". Μπορούμε απαγορεύστε αυτό με " -"\"#\\[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)\\]\". Δοκιμάστε να το προσθέσετε και " -"δείτε τι θα συμβεί." - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Calling External Code" -msgstr "Κλήση εξωτερικού κωδικού" +"Είναι καλή πρακτική για όλους τους τύπους σφαλμάτων να εφαρμόζουν το \"std::" +"error::Error\", το οποίο απαιτεί \"Debug\" και 'Εμφάνιση'. Είναι γενικά " +"χρήσιμο γι 'αυτούς να εφαρμόσουν το \"Clone\" και το \"Eq\" όπου είναι " +"δυνατόν ευκολότερη ζωή για τα τεστ και τους καταναλωτές της βιβλιοθήκης σας. " +"Σε αυτή την περίπτωση δεν μπορούμε εύκολα να το κάνουμε, γιατί Το `io::" +"Error` δεν τα υλοποιεί." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " -"them is thus unsafe:" +"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " +"an error enum like we did on the previous page:" msgstr "" -"Λειτουργίες από άλλες γλώσσες ενδέχεται να παραβιάζουν τις εγγυήσεις του " -"Rust. Κλήση είναι επομένως ανασφαλείς:" +"Το κιβώτιο [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) είναι ένας δημοφιλής " +"τρόπος δημιουργίας enum σφαλμάτων όπως κάναμε στην προηγούμενη σελίδα:" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::{fs, io};\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" +"use thiserror::Error;\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" +"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" +" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" +" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" +" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" +" EmptyUsername(String),\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let mut username = String::new();\n" +" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" +" if username.is_empty() {\n" +" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" -" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" +" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " -"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " -"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." -msgstr "" -"Αυτό είναι συνήθως ένα πρόβλημα μόνο για εξωτερικές συναρτήσεις που κάνουν " -"πράγματα με δείκτες που μπορεί παραβιάζουν το μοντέλο μνήμης του Rust, αλλά " -"γενικά οποιαδήποτε συνάρτηση C μπορεί να έχει απροσδιόριστη συμπεριφορά κάτω " -"από οποιαδήποτε αυθαίρετες περιστάσεις." - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 -msgid "" -"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." +"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " +"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " +"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." msgstr "" +"Η μακροεντολή εξαγωγής \"thiserror\" εφαρμόζει αυτόματα το \"std::error::" +"Error\" και προαιρετικά το \"Display\" (εάν παρέχονται τα χαρακτηριστικά " +"\"#\\[σφάλμα(...)\\]\") και \"Από\" (αν προστεθεί το χαρακτηριστικό " +"\"#\\[από\\]\". Λειτουργεί επίσης για δομές." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " -"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." +msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." msgstr "" -"Όπως και με τις συναρτήσεις, μπορείτε να επισημάνετε ένα χαρακτηριστικό ως " -"\"μη ασφαλές\", εάν η υλοποίηση πρέπει να είναι εγγυημένη συγκεκριμένες " -"συνθήκες για την αποφυγή απροσδιόριστης συμπεριφοράς." +"Δεν επηρεάζει το δημόσιο API σας, κάτι που το κάνει καλό για βιβλιοθήκες." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 +#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " -"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" +"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " +"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " +"makes this easy." msgstr "" -"Για παράδειγμα, το κιβώτιο «zerocopy» έχει ένα μη ασφαλές χαρακτηριστικό που " -"φαίνεται [κάτι σαν αυτό](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait." -"AsBytes.html):" +"Μερικές φορές θέλουμε να επιτρέψουμε την επιστροφή οποιουδήποτε τύπου " +"σφάλματος χωρίς να γράψουμε το δικό μας κάλυμμα enum όλες τις διαφορετικές " +"δυνατότητες. Το `std::error::Error` το καθιστά εύκολο." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 -#, fuzzy +#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" -"use std::slice;\n" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::fs;\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" +"use thiserror::Error;\n" +"use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" -"/// ...\n" -"/// # Safety\n" -"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" -" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " -"size_of_val(self))\n" -" }\n" +"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" +"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" +"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" +"\n" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" +" let mut username = String::new();\n" +" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" +" if username.is_empty() {\n" +" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" " }\n" +" Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" +" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -"///... /// # Ασφάλεια /// Ο τύπος πρέπει να έχει καθορισμένη αναπαράσταση " -"και χωρίς γέμιση. μη ασφαλές χαρακτηριστικό παμπ AsBytes { fn " -"as_bytes(&self) -> &\\[u8\\] { μη ασφαλές { slice::from_raw_parts(self as " -"\\*const Self as \\*const u8, size_of_val(self)) } } }" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 +#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " -"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." +"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " +"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " +"idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " +"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " +"somewhere." msgstr "" -"Θα πρέπει να υπάρχει μια ενότητα «# Ασφάλεια» στο Rustdoc για το " -"χαρακτηριστικό που εξηγεί τις απαιτήσεις για το χαρακτηριστικό που πρέπει να " -"εφαρμοστεί με ασφάλεια." +"Αυτό εξοικονομεί κώδικα, αλλά παραιτείται από τη δυνατότητα καθαρής " +"διαχείρισης διαφορετικών περιπτώσεων σφαλμάτων με διαφορετικό τρόπο το " +"πρόγραμμα. Ως εκ τούτου, γενικά δεν είναι καλή ιδέα να χρησιμοποιήσετε το " +"\"Box\n" +"\n" +"\" στο δημόσιο API ενός βιβλιοθήκη, αλλά μπορεί να είναι μια καλή επιλογή σε " +"ένα πρόγραμμα όπου θέλετε απλώς να εμφανίσετε το μήνυμα σφάλματος κάπου." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " -"complicated." +"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " +"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " +"error types:" msgstr "" -"Η πραγματική ενότητα ασφάλειας για τα \"AsBytes\" είναι μάλλον μεγαλύτερη " -"και πιο περίπλοκη." +"Το ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενο κιβώτιο [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) μπορεί " +"να σας βοηθήσει να προσθέσετε πληροφορίες για τα λάθη σας και σας επιτρέπει " +"να έχετε λιγότερα προσαρμοσμένοι τύποι σφαλμάτων:" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::{fs, io};\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" +"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" +"\n" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" +" fs::File::open(path)\n" +" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" +" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" +" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" +" if username.is_empty() {\n" +" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(username)\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" +" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Τα ενσωματωμένα χαρακτηριστικά «Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός» δεν είναι " -"ασφαλή." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Ημέρα 3: Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" +msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +msgstr "" +"Το `ούτως ή άλλως::Αποτέλεσμα` είναι ένα ψευδώνυμο τύπου για το " +"\"Αποτέλεσμα\\\"." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 #, fuzzy -msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " +"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " +"is widely used in applications." msgstr "" -"Ας δημιουργήσουμε ένα ασφαλές περιτύλιγμα για την ανάγνωση περιεχομένου " -"καταλόγου!" +"Το \"anyhow::Error\" είναι ουσιαστικά ένα περιτύλιγμα γύρω από το \"Box" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." -msgstr "Αφού δείτε την άσκηση, μπορείτε να δείτε τη \\[λύση\\] που παρέχεται." +"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +msgstr "" +"\". Ως τέτοιο και πάλι γενικά δεν είναι μια καλή επιλογή για το δημόσιο API " +"μιας βιβλιοθήκης, αλλά χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε εφαρμογές." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " -"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " -"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." +"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " +"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " +"error)` from Go." msgstr "" -"Το Rust έχει μεγάλη υποστήριξη για την κλήση συναρτήσεων μέσω μιας " -"συνάρτησης _foreign διεπαφή_ (FFI). Θα το χρησιμοποιήσουμε για να " -"δημιουργήσουμε ένα ασφαλές περιτύλιγμα για το `libc` συναρτήσεις που θα " -"χρησιμοποιούσατε από το C για να διαβάσετε τα ονόματα αρχείων ενός καταλόγου." +"Ο πραγματικός τύπος σφάλματος στο εσωτερικό του μπορεί να εξαχθεί για " +"εξέταση εάν είναι απαραίτητο.\n" +"\n" +"Η λειτουργικότητα που παρέχεται από το \"anyhow::Result\n" +"\n" +"\" μπορεί να είναι οικεία στους προγραμματιστές της Go, καθώς παρέχει " +"παρόμοια μοτίβα χρήσης και εργονομία με το «(T, error)» από το Go." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 +#: src/testing.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" -msgstr "Θα θελήσετε να συμβουλευτείτε τις σελίδες του εγχειριδίου:" +msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" +msgstr "Το Rust and Cargo συνοδεύεται από ένα απλό πλαίσιο δοκιμής μονάδας:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 +#: src/testing.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" +msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." +msgstr "Οι δοκιμές ενσωμάτωσης υποστηρίζονται μέσω του καταλόγου «tests/»." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" +#: src/testing.md:7 +msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" +msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" +msgstr "Επισημάνετε τις δοκιμές μονάδας με «#\\[test\\]»:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 -#, fuzzy +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 msgid "" -"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"ffi/) module, particular for [`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/" -"struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct." -"CString.html) types which are used to hold NUL-terminated strings coming " -"from C. The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a " -"very useful chapter about FFI." -msgstr "" -"Θα θέλετε επίσης να περιηγηθείτε στη λειτουργική μονάδα [`std::ffi`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/), ειδικά για το [`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) και τύπους [`CString`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html) που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη διατήρηση " -"συμβολοσειρών με τερματισμό NUL που προέρχονται από Γ. Το [Nomicon](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) έχει επίσης ένα πολύ χρήσιμο κεφάλαιο " -"για το FFI." +"```rust,editable,ignore\n" +"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" +" match text.find(' ') {\n" +" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" +" None => &text,\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_empty() {\n" +" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_single_word() {\n" +" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_multiple_words() {\n" +" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." +msgstr "" +"Χρησιμοποιήστε τη «δοκιμή φορτίου» για να βρείτε και να εκτελέσετε τις " +"δοκιμές μονάδας." + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"functions and methods:" +"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" +"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" msgstr "" -"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " -"συμπληρώστε τον κωδικό που λείπει λειτουργίες και μέθοδοι:" +"Οι δοκιμές μονάδας τοποθετούνται συχνά σε μια ένθετη ενότητα (εκτελέστε " +"δοκιμές στο [Παιδική χαρά](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-" -"gnu.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_long,\n" -" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_char,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" +" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" -" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" +"pub fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"#[cfg(test)]\n" +"mod tests {\n" +" use super::*;\n" "\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_helper() {\n" +" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1 +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome to Day 4" -msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Ημέρα 4" +msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." +msgstr "Αυτό σας επιτρέπει να δοκιμάσετε ιδιωτικούς βοηθούς μονάδας." -#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3 -msgid "" -"This morning, we will focus on Concurrency: threads, channels, shared state, " -"`Send` and `Sync`. In the afternoon, we will have a chance to see Rust in " -"action." +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" +"Το χαρακτηριστικό «#\\[cfg(test)\\]» είναι ενεργό μόνο όταν εκτελείτε " +"«δοκιμή φορτίου»." -#: src/welcome-day-4.md:8 +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" +msgstr "Το Rust έχει ενσωματωμένη υποστήριξη για δοκιμές τεκμηρίωσης:" + +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 msgid "" -"This is a good time to give an outline of what you will cover in the " -"afternoon section, as announced in the course offering." +"```rust\n" +"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" +"///\n" +"/// ```\n" +"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" +"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" +"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" +"/// ```\n" +"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" +" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency.md:1 +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 #, fuzzy -msgid "Fearless Concurrency" -msgstr "Ατρόμητος Συγχρονισμός" +msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." +msgstr "" +"Τα μπλοκ κώδικα στα σχόλια `///` εμφανίζονται αυτόματα ως κώδικας Rust." -#: src/concurrency.md:3 +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " -"channels." +msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "" -"Το Rust έχει πλήρη υποστήριξη για ταυτόχρονη χρήση νημάτων λειτουργικού " -"συστήματος με mutexes και καναλιών." +"Ο κώδικας θα μεταγλωττιστεί και θα εκτελεστεί ως μέρος της «δοκιμής φορτίου»." -#: src/concurrency.md:6 +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " -"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " -"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." +"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." msgstr "" -"Το σύστημα τύπου Rust παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη δημιουργία πολλών σφαλμάτων " -"συγχρονισμού μεταγλώττιση χρονικών σφαλμάτων. Αυτό αναφέρεται συχνά ως " -"_ατρόμητος συγχρονισμός_ αφού εσείς μπορεί να βασιστεί στον μεταγλωττιστή " -"για να διασφαλίσει την ορθότητα κατά το χρόνο εκτέλεσης." +"Δοκιμάστε τον παραπάνω κώδικα στο [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang." +"org/?" +"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" -msgstr "Τα νήματα σκουριάς λειτουργούν παρόμοια με τα νήματα σε άλλες γλώσσες:" +msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." +msgstr "" +"Εάν θέλετε να δοκιμάσετε τη βιβλιοθήκη σας ως πελάτη, χρησιμοποιήστε μια " +"δοκιμή ενοποίησης." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" +msgstr "Δημιουργήστε ένα αρχείο «.rs» κάτω από το «tests/»:" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"use my_library::init;\n" "\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_init() {\n" +" assert!(init().is_ok());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 #, fuzzy -msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." -msgstr "Τα νήματα είναι όλα νήματα δαίμονα, το κύριο νήμα δεν τα περιμένει." +msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." +msgstr "Αυτές οι δοκιμές έχουν πρόσβαση μόνο στο δημόσιο API του κλουβιού σας." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." -msgstr "Οι πανικοί των νημάτων είναι ανεξάρτητοι ο ένας από τον άλλο." +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." -msgstr "" -"Οι πανικοί μπορούν να μεταφέρουν ένα ωφέλιμο φορτίο, το οποίο μπορεί να " -"αποσυμπιεστεί με το «downcast_ref»." +msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." +msgstr "Το Rust έχει ενσωματωμένη υποστήριξη για δοκιμές τεκμηρίωσης:" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 -msgid "" -"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " -"not waiting." +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5 +msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7 msgid "" -"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " -"the thread to finish." +"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " +"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 -msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 +msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 msgid "" -"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " -"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/any/index.html)." +"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " +"tests." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 +#: src/unsafe.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" -msgstr "Τα κανονικά νήματα δεν μπορούν να δανειστούν από το περιβάλλον τους:" +msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" +msgstr "Η γλώσσα Rust έχει δύο μέρη:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" +"**Safe Rust:** ασφαλής μνήμη, δεν είναι δυνατή η απροσδιόριστη συμπεριφορά." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17 +#: src/unsafe.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" -"fn.scope.html) for this:" +"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " +"violated." msgstr "" -"Ωστόσο, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα [νήμα εμβέλειας](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) για αυτό:" +"**Μη ασφαλής σκουριά:** μπορεί να προκαλέσει απροσδιόριστη συμπεριφορά εάν " +"παραβιάζονται προϋποθέσεις." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19 +#: src/unsafe.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"\n" -" thread::scope(|scope| {\n" -" scope.spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " +"know what Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" +"Θα δούμε κυρίως ασφαλή Rust σε αυτό το μάθημα, αλλά είναι σημαντικό να το " +"γνωρίζουμε τι είναι το Unsafe Rust." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37 +#: src/unsafe.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " -"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" +"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " +"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." +msgstr "" +"Ο μη ασφαλής κώδικας είναι συνήθως μικρός και απομονωμένος και η ορθότητά " +"του θα πρέπει να γίνεται προσεκτικά τεκμηριωμένη. Συνήθως είναι τυλιγμένο σε " +"ένα ασφαλές στρώμα αφαίρεσης." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:38 +#: src/unsafe.md:14 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " -"thread, or immutably by any number of threads." -msgstr "" -"Ο λόγος για αυτό είναι ότι όταν ολοκληρωθεί η συνάρτηση `thread::scope`, όλα " -"τα νήματα είναι εγγυημένα ότι θα ενωθούν, ώστε να μπορούν να επιστρέψουν τα " -"δεδομένα που έχουν δανειστεί.\n" -"\n" -"Ισχύουν οι κανονικοί κανόνες δανεισμού Rust: μπορείτε είτε να δανειστείτε " -"μεταλλάξιμα με ένα νήμα ή αμετάβλητα με οποιονδήποτε αριθμό νημάτων." +msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" +msgstr "Το Unsafe Rust σάς δίνει πρόσβαση σε πέντε νέες δυνατότητες:" -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 +#: src/unsafe.md:16 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " -"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." -msgstr "" -"Τα κανάλια Rust έχουν δύο μέρη: ένα \"Αποστολέας\n" -"\n" -"\" και ένα \"Δέκτης\n" -"\n" -"\". Τα δύο μέρη συνδέονται μέσω του καναλιού, αλλά βλέπετε μόνο τα τελικά " -"σημεία." +msgid "Dereference raw pointers." +msgstr "Αναφορά ακατέργαστων δεικτών." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" -" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"\n" -" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" -" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." +msgstr "Πρόσβαση ή τροποποίηση μεταβλητών στατικών μεταβλητών." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 +#: src/unsafe.md:18 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " -"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " -"not." +msgid "Access `union` fields." +msgstr "Πρόσβαση στα πεδία «ένωση»." + +#: src/unsafe.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "" -"Το «mpsc» σημαίνει Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. Το \"Sender\" και το " -"\"SyncSender\" υλοποιούν το \"Clone\" (έτσι μπορείτε να δημιουργήσετε " -"πολλούς παραγωγούς) αλλά ο «Δέκτης» όχι." +"Καλέστε «μη ασφαλείς» συναρτήσεις, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των «εξωτερικών» " +"συναρτήσεων." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 +#: src/unsafe.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." +msgstr "Εφαρμόστε «μη ασφαλή» χαρακτηριστικά." + +#: src/unsafe.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " -"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." +"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " +"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" +"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" -"Το \"send()\" και το \"recv()\" επιστρέφουν \"Αποτέλεσμα\". Εάν επιστρέψουν " -"\"Err\", σημαίνει το αντίστοιχο \"Αποστολέας\" ή Ο \"δέκτης\" πέφτει και το " -"κανάλι είναι κλειστό." +"Θα καλύψουμε εν συντομία τις μη ασφαλείς δυνατότητες στη συνέχεια. Για " +"πλήρεις λεπτομέρειες, δείτε [Κεφάλαιο 19.1 στο βιβλίο της σκουριάς](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) και το [Rustonomicon]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 +#: src/unsafe.md:28 #, fuzzy -msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" -msgstr "Λαμβάνετε ένα απεριόριστο και ασύγχρονο κανάλι με `mpsc::channel()`:" - -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {}\", msg);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " +"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " +"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " +"rules." msgstr "" +"Το Unsafe Rust δεν σημαίνει ότι ο κωδικός είναι εσφαλμένος. Σημαίνει ότι οι " +"προγραμματιστές έχουν απενεργοποίησε τις δυνατότητες ασφαλείας του " +"μεταγλωττιστή και πρέπει να γράψει τον σωστό κώδικα από τους εαυτούς τους. " +"Σημαίνει ότι ο μεταγλωττιστής δεν επιβάλλει πλέον τους κανόνες ασφαλείας της " +"μνήμης του Rust." -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:" +msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" -"Τα περιορισμένα και τα σύγχρονα κανάλια κάνουν το \"send\" να μπλοκάρει το " -"τρέχον νήμα:" +"Η δημιουργία δεικτών είναι ασφαλής, αλλά η αποσύνδεσή τους απαιτεί \"μη " +"ασφαλή\":" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" +" let mut num = 5;\n" "\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" +" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" +" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" "\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" +" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" +" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " +"underlying\n" +" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" +" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" +" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" +" *r1 = 10;\n" +" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " -"primarily done via two types:" +"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " +"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " +"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" -"Το Rust χρησιμοποιεί το σύστημα τύπων για να επιβάλει το συγχρονισμό των " -"κοινόχρηστων δεδομένων. Αυτό είναι γίνεται κυρίως μέσω δύο τύπων:" +"Είναι καλή πρακτική (και απαιτείται από τον οδηγό στυλ Android Rust) να " +"γράψετε ένα σχόλιο για το καθένα Μπλοκ \"μη ασφαλής\" που εξηγεί πώς ο " +"κωδικός μέσα σε αυτό ικανοποιεί τις απαιτήσεις ασφαλείας του μη ασφαλούς " +"λειτουργίες που κάνει." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " -"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " -"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," +"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " +"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), η ατομική " -"αναφορά μετράται ως \"T\": χειρίζεται την κοινή χρήση μεταξύ νημάτων και " -"φροντίζει να κατανείμει το \"T\" όταν απορριφθεί η τελευταία αναφορά," +"Στην περίπτωση των αποαναφορών δείκτη, αυτό σημαίνει ότι οι δείκτες πρέπει " +"να είναι [_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), π." +"χ.:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The pointer must be non-null." +msgstr "Ο δείκτης δεν πρέπει να είναι μηδενικός." + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " -"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." +"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " +"allocated object)." msgstr "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): " -"εξασφαλίζει αμοιβαία αποκλειστική πρόσβαση στην τιμή \"T\"." +"Ο δείκτης πρέπει να είναι _dereferenceable_ (εντός των ορίων ενός " +"μεμονωμένου αντικειμένου)." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Arc`" -msgstr "«Τόξο»." +msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." +msgstr "Το αντικείμενο δεν πρέπει να έχει εκχωρηθεί." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." +msgstr "Δεν πρέπει να υπάρχουν ταυτόχρονες προσβάσεις στην ίδια τοποθεσία." + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " -"read-only access via its `clone` method:" +"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " +"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." msgstr "" -"Το [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) επιτρέπει " -"την κοινόχρηστη πρόσβαση μόνο για ανάγνωση μέσω της μεθόδου \"clone\" του:" +"Εάν ο δείκτης λήφθηκε με τη μετάδοση μιας αναφοράς, το υποκείμενο " +"αντικείμενο πρέπει να είναι ζωντανό και όχι μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί αναφορά " +"για πρόσβαση στη μνήμη." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." +msgstr "" +"Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις ο δείκτης πρέπει επίσης να είναι σωστά " +"ευθυγραμμισμένος." + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" +msgstr "Είναι ασφαλές να διαβάσετε μια αμετάβλητη στατική μεταβλητή:" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" -" for _ in 1..5 {\n" -" let v = v.clone();\n" -" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" -" }));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " -"that uses atomic operations." +"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " +"static variables:" msgstr "" -"Το \"Arc\" σημαίνει \"Atomic Reference Counted\", μια ασφαλής έκδοση νημάτων " -"του \"Rc\" που χρησιμοποιεί ατομική επιχειρήσεις." +"Ωστόσο, δεδομένου ότι μπορεί να προκύψουν αγώνες δεδομένων, δεν είναι " +"ασφαλές να διαβάζετε και να γράφετε μεταβλητά στατικές μεταβλητές:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 -#, fuzzy +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 msgid "" -"`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " -"and `Sync` iff `T` implements them both." -msgstr "Το \"Arc" +"```rust,editable\n" +"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" +"\n" +"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" +" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" add_to_counter(42);\n" +"\n" +" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " -"after that the use of the `T` is free." +"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " +"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " +"heap allocator or working with some C APIs." msgstr "" -"\" υλοποιεί το \"Clone\" είτε το κάνει το \"T\" είτε όχι. Εφαρμόζει " -"«Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός» αν «T». τα εφαρμόζει και τα δύο." +"Η χρήση ενός μεταβλητού στατικού είναι γενικά κακή ιδέα, αλλά υπάρχουν " +"ορισμένες περιπτώσεις όπου μπορεί να έχει νόημα σε κώδικα «no_std» χαμηλού " +"επιπέδου, όπως η εφαρμογή ενός κατανεμητή σωρού ή η εργασία με ορισμένα C " +"API." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 #, fuzzy +msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" +msgstr "" +"Τα συνδικάτα είναι σαν τα enums, αλλά πρέπει να παρακολουθείτε μόνοι σας το " +"ενεργό πεδίο:" + +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 msgid "" -"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " -"them." +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[repr(C)]\n" +"union MyUnion {\n" +" i: u8,\n" +" b: bool,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" +" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" +" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Το \"Arc::clone()\" έχει το κόστος των ατομικών λειτουργιών που εκτελούνται, " -"αλλά μετά από αυτό η χρήση του Το \"T\" είναι δωρεάν." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." +msgid "" +"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " +"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" -"Προσοχή στους κύκλους αναφοράς, το «Arc» δεν χρησιμοποιεί συλλέκτη " -"σκουπιδιών για να τους εντοπίσει.\n" -"\n" -"Το `std::sync::Weak` μπορεί να βοηθήσει." +"Οι ενώσεις χρειάζονται πολύ σπάνια στο Rust καθώς συνήθως μπορείτε να " +"χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα enum. Περιστασιακά χρειάζονται για αλληλεπίδραση με API " +"βιβλιοθήκης C." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Mutex`" -msgstr "«Mutex»." +msgid "" +"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " +"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." +"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" +"crates/zerocopy) crate." +msgstr "" +"Εάν θέλετε απλώς να ερμηνεύσετε ξανά τα byte ως διαφορετικού τύπου, μάλλον " +"θέλετε [`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." +"transmute.html) ή χρηματοκιβώτιο περιτύλιγμα όπως το κιβώτιο [`zerocopy`]" +"(https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 +#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " -"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " -"interface:" +"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " +"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) " -"διασφαλίζει την αμοιβαία εξαίρεση _και_ επιτρέπει τη μεταβλητή πρόσβαση στο " -"\"T\" πίσω από μια διεπαφή μόνο για ανάγνωση:" +"Μια συνάρτηση ή μια μέθοδος μπορεί να επισημανθεί ως «μη ασφαλής» εάν έχει " +"επιπλέον προϋποθέσεις πρέπει να τηρεί για την αποφυγή απροσδιόριστης " +"συμπεριφοράς:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 +#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" +" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" "\n" -" {\n" -" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" guard.push(40);\n" +" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " +"of\n" +" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" +" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" +" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" " }\n" "\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" +" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." +"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" +"\n" +" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" +" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" +" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." +"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" +" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 +#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " -"implementation." +"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " +"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" -"Παρατηρήστε πώς έχουμε μια κουβέρτα [`impl Sync for Mutex`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-" -"Mutex%3CT%3E) εκτέλεση." +"Μπορείτε να επισημάνετε τις δικές σας λειτουργίες ως \"μη ασφαλείς\" εάν " +"απαιτούν συγκεκριμένες συνθήκες για να αποφευχθούν απροσδιόριστες η " +"ΣΥΜΠΕΡΙΦΟΡΑ." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 -#, fuzzy +#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" -"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " -"protected data." -msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" +"```rust,editable\n" +"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" +"///\n" +"/// # Safety\n" +"///\n" +"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" +"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" +" let temp = *a;\n" +" *a = *b;\n" +" *b = temp;\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut a = 42;\n" +" let mut b = 66;\n" +"\n" +" // Safe because ...\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 +#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " -"protected data." +"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " +"with references." msgstr "" -"Το \"Mutex\" στο Rust μοιάζει με μια συλλογή με ένα μόνο στοιχείο - τα " -"προστατευμένα δεδομένα." +"Στην πραγματικότητα δεν θα χρησιμοποιούσαμε δείκτες για αυτό, επειδή μπορεί " +"να γίνει με ασφάλεια με αναφορές." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 +#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " -"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." +"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " +"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " +"Try adding it and see what happens." msgstr "" -"Δεν είναι δυνατό να ξεχάσετε να αποκτήσετε το mutex πριν αποκτήσετε πρόσβαση " -"στα προστατευμένα δεδομένα." +"Σημειώστε ότι ο μη ασφαλής κωδικός επιτρέπεται σε μια μη ασφαλή συνάρτηση " +"χωρίς μπλοκ \"μη ασφαλής\". Μπορούμε απαγορεύστε αυτό με " +"\"#\\[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)\\]\". Δοκιμάστε να το προσθέσετε και " +"δείτε τι θα συμβεί." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff `T` implements `Send`." -msgstr "Μπορείτε να πάρετε ένα «&mut T» από ένα «&Mutex" +msgid "Calling External Code" +msgstr "Κλήση εξωτερικού κωδικού" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." +msgid "" +"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " +"them is thus unsafe:" msgstr "" -"» παίρνοντας την κλειδαριά. Το «MutexGuard» διασφαλίζει ότι το Το \"&mut T\" " -"δεν ξεπερνά την κλειδαριά που κρατιέται." - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " -msgstr "Το \"Mutex" +"Λειτουργίες από άλλες γλώσσες ενδέχεται να παραβιάζουν τις εγγυήσεις του " +"Rust. Κλήση είναι επομένως ανασφαλείς:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " -"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " -"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " -"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " -"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." -msgstr "" -"\" υλοποιεί και το \"Send\" και το \"Sync\" εάν το \"T\" υλοποιεί το " -"\"Send\".\n" -"\n" -"Ένα αντίστοιχο κλείδωμα ανάγνωσης-εγγραφής - «RwLock».\n" -"\n" -"Γιατί το «lock()» επιστρέφει ένα «Αποτέλεσμα»;\n" -"\n" -"Εάν το νήμα που συγκρατούσε το \"Mutex\" πανικοβλήθηκε, το \"Mutex\" γίνεται " -"\"δηλητηριασμένο\" για να σηματοδοτήσει ότι τα δεδομένα που προστατεύει " -"ενδέχεται να είναι σε ασυνεπή κατάσταση. Κλήση «lock()» σε ένα " -"δηλητηριασμένο mutex αποτυγχάνει με ένα [`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). Μπορείτε να καλέσετε το " -"«into_inner()» στο σφάλμα για να ανακτήσετε τα δεδομένα Ανεξάρτητα." - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" -msgstr "Ας δούμε τα \"Arc\" και \"Mutex\" σε δράση:" - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" v.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 -msgid "Possible solution:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" +"extern \"C\" {\n" +" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" +"}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" -"\n" -" let v2 = v.clone();\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v2.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" " }\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 -msgid "Notable parts:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " -"orthogonal." +"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " +"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " +"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" -"Το \"v\" είναι τυλιγμένο και σε \"Arc\" και \"Mutex\", επειδή οι ανησυχίες " -"τους είναι ορθογώνιες." +"Αυτό είναι συνήθως ένα πρόβλημα μόνο για εξωτερικές συναρτήσεις που κάνουν " +"πράγματα με δείκτες που μπορεί παραβιάζουν το μοντέλο μνήμης του Rust, αλλά " +"γενικά οποιαδήποτε συνάρτηση C μπορεί να έχει απροσδιόριστη συμπεριφορά κάτω " +"από οποιαδήποτε αυθαίρετες περιστάσεις." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 -#, fuzzy +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 msgid "" -"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " -"between threads." +"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" -"Το τύλιγμα ενός \"Mutex\" σε ένα \"Arc\" είναι ένα συνηθισμένο μοτίβο για " -"κοινή χρήση μεταβλητής κατάστασης μεταξύ των νημάτων." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " -"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." +"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " +"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" -"Το `v: Το Arc<_>` πρέπει να κλωνοποιηθεί ως `v2` για να μπορέσει να " -"μετακινηθεί σε άλλο νήμα. Η σημείωση \"move\" προστέθηκε στην υπογραφή λάμδα." +"Όπως και με τις συναρτήσεις, μπορείτε να επισημάνετε ένα χαρακτηριστικό ως " +"\"μη ασφαλές\", εάν η υλοποίηση πρέπει να είναι εγγυημένη συγκεκριμένες " +"συνθήκες για την αποφυγή απροσδιόριστης συμπεριφοράς." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " -"possible." +"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " +"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" -"Τα μπλοκ εισάγονται για να περιορίσουν όσο το δυνατόν περισσότερο το πεδίο " -"εφαρμογής του \"LockGuard\".\n" -"\n" -"Πρέπει ακόμα να αποκτήσουμε το «Mutex» για να εκτυπώσουμε το «Vec» μας." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" -msgstr "«Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός»." +"Για παράδειγμα, το κιβώτιο «zerocopy» έχει ένα μη ασφαλές χαρακτηριστικό που " +"φαίνεται [κάτι σαν αυτό](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait." +"AsBytes.html):" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " -"two traits:" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" +"use std::slice;\n" +"\n" +"/// ...\n" +"/// # Safety\n" +"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" +"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" +" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " +"size_of_val(self))\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" +"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Πώς γνωρίζει η Rust ότι απαγορεύει την κοινόχρηστη πρόσβαση σε όλα τα " -"νήματα; Η απάντηση είναι σε δύο χαρακτηριστικά:" +"///... /// # Ασφάλεια /// Ο τύπος πρέπει να έχει καθορισμένη αναπαράσταση " +"και χωρίς γέμιση. μη ασφαλές χαρακτηριστικό παμπ AsBytes { fn " +"as_bytes(&self) -> &\\[u8\\] { μη ασφαλές { slice::from_raw_parts(self as " +"\\*const Self as \\*const u8, size_of_val(self)) } } }" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " -"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." +"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " +"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" -"[\"Αποστολή\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): ένας " -"τύπος \"T\" είναι \"Αποστολή\" εάν είναι ασφαλές να μετακινήσετε ένα \"T\" " -"σε ένα νήμα Όριο." +"Θα πρέπει να υπάρχει μια ενότητα «# Ασφάλεια» στο Rustdoc για το " +"χαρακτηριστικό που εξηγεί τις απαιτήσεις για το χαρακτηριστικό που πρέπει να " +"εφαρμοστεί με ασφάλεια." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " -"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." +"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " +"complicated." msgstr "" -"[\"Συγχρονισμός\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): " -"ένας τύπος \"T\" είναι \"Συγχρονισμός\" εάν είναι ασφαλές να μετακινήσετε " -"ένα \"&T\" σε ένα νήμα Όριο." +"Η πραγματική ενότητα ασφάλειας για τα \"AsBytes\" είναι μάλλον μεγαλύτερη " +"και πιο περίπλοκη." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " -"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " -"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " -"you know it is valid." +msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "" -"Η \"Αποστολή\" και η \"Συγχρονισμός\" είναι [μη ασφαλή χαρακτηριστικά](../" -"unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). Ο μεταγλωττιστής θα τα παράγει αυτόματα για τους " -"τύπους σας εφόσον περιέχουν μόνο τύπους «Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός». " -"Μπορείτε επίσης να τα εφαρμόσετε χειροκίνητα όταν το κάνετε να ξέρεις ότι " -"ισχύει." +"Τα ενσωματωμένα χαρακτηριστικά «Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός» δεν είναι " +"ασφαλή." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" -"safety properties." -msgstr "" -"Κάποιος μπορεί να σκεφτεί αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά ως δείκτες ότι ο τύπος έχει " -"ορισμένες ιδιότητες ασφαλείας νήματος." +msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "Ημέρα 3: Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." +msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" msgstr "" -"Μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν στους γενικούς περιορισμούς ως φυσιολογικά " -"χαρακτηριστικά." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Send`" -msgstr "«Αποστολή»." +"Ας δημιουργήσουμε ένα ασφαλές περιτύλιγμα για την ανάγνωση περιεχομένου " +"καταλόγου!" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" -"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " -"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." +"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " +"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." msgstr "" -"Ένας τύπος `T` είναι [`Αποστολή`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait." -"Send.html) εάν είναι ασφαλές να μετακινήσετε μια τιμή `T` σε άλλο νήμα." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" -"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " -"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " -"thread and deallocate it in another." +"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " +"instructions." msgstr "" -"Το αποτέλεσμα της μετακίνησης ιδιοκτησίας σε άλλο νήμα είναι ότι οι " -"_destructors_ θα εκτελεστούν σε αυτό το νήμα. Το ερώτημα λοιπόν είναι πότε " -"μπορείτε να εκχωρήσετε μια τιμή σε ένα νήμα και να το διαθέσει σε άλλο." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Sync`" -msgstr "`Συγχρονισμός`" +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." +msgstr "Αφού δείτε την άσκηση, μπορείτε να δείτε τη \\[λύση\\] που παρέχεται." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " -"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." +"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " +"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " +"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." msgstr "" -"Ένας τύπος `T` είναι [`Συγχρονισμός`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/" -"trait.Sync.html) εάν είναι ασφαλής η πρόσβαση σε μια τιμή `T` από πολλαπλές " -"νήματα ταυτόχρονα." +"Το Rust έχει μεγάλη υποστήριξη για την κλήση συναρτήσεων μέσω μιας " +"συνάρτησης _foreign διεπαφή_ (FFI). Θα το χρησιμοποιήσουμε για να " +"δημιουργήσουμε ένα ασφαλές περιτύλιγμα για το `libc` συναρτήσεις που θα " +"χρησιμοποιούσατε από το C για να διαβάσετε τα ονόματα αρχείων ενός καταλόγου." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" -msgstr "Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ο ορισμός είναι:" +msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" +msgstr "Θα θελήσετε να συμβουλευτείτε τις σελίδες του εγχειριδίου:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" -msgstr "" -"Το \"T\" είναι \"Συγχρονισμός\" εάν και μόνο εάν το \"&T\" είναι " -"\"Αποστολή\"." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " -"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " -"across threads." -msgstr "" -"Αυτή η δήλωση είναι ουσιαστικά ένας συνοπτικός τρόπος για να πούμε ότι εάν " -"ένας τύπος είναι ασφαλής ως προς το νήμα για κοινόχρηστη χρήση, είναι επίσης " -"ασφαλές για το νήμα να μεταβιβάζονται οι αναφορές του στα νήματα." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " -"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " -"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " -"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " -"be accessed from any thread safely." -msgstr "" -"Αυτό συμβαίνει επειδή εάν ένας τύπος είναι Sync σημαίνει ότι μπορεί να " -"κοινοποιηθεί σε πολλά νήματα χωρίς τον κίνδυνο φυλών δεδομένων ή άλλων " -"προβλημάτων συγχρονισμού, επομένως είναι ασφαλές να τον μετακινήσετε σε άλλο " -"νήμα. Μια αναφορά στον τύπο είναι επίσης ασφαλής να μετακινηθεί σε άλλο " -"νήμα, επειδή τα δεδομένα που παραπέμπει είναι προσβάσιμα από οποιοδήποτε " -"νήμα με ασφάλεια." +msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" +msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Send + Sync`" -msgstr "«Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός»." +msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" +msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 #, fuzzy -msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" -msgstr "Οι περισσότεροι τύποι που συναντάτε είναι «Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός»:" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 -msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 -msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 -msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." -msgstr "" +msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" +msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 -msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 +msgid "" +"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " +"exercise:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 -msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +msgid "Encoding" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 -msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +msgid "Use" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " -"`Send + Sync`." +"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" +msgstr "«Read» και «Write» που χρησιμοποιούνται για IO," + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "" -"Οι γενικοί τύποι είναι συνήθως «Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός» όταν οι παράμετροι " -"τύπου είναι «Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός»." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Send + !Sync`" -msgstr "`Αποστολή + !Συγχρονισμός`" +msgid "Text processing in Rust" +msgstr "Μετακινημένες συμβολοσειρές στη Rust" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " -"Typically because of interior mutability:" -msgstr "" -"Αυτοί οι τύποι μπορούν να μετακινηθούν σε άλλα νήματα, αλλά δεν είναι " -"ασφαλείς για νήματα. Τυπικά λόγω της εσωτερικής μεταβλητότητας:" +"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" +msgstr "«Read» και «Write» που χρησιμοποιούνται για IO," -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" -msgstr "`mpsc::Αποστολέας`" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +msgid "NUL-terminated" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" -msgstr "`mpsc::Δέκτης`" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +msgid "Communicating with C functions" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Cell`" -msgstr "`Κελλί`" +msgid "" +"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " +"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" +msgstr "«Read» και «Write» που χρησιμοποιούνται για IO," -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`RefCell`" -msgstr "`RefCell`" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +msgid "OS-specific" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`!Send + Sync`" -msgstr "`!Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός`" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +msgid "Communicating with the OS" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 +msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "" -"Αυτοί οι τύποι είναι ασφαλείς για νήμα, αλλά δεν μπορούν να μετακινηθούν σε " -"άλλο νήμα:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 msgid "" -"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " -"thread which created them." +"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " +"character," msgstr "" -"`MutexGuard`: Χρησιμοποιεί πρωτόγονα επιπέδου λειτουργικού συστήματος που " -"πρέπει να κατανεμηθούν στο νήμα που τα δημιούργησε." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" -msgstr "`!Αποστολή + !Συγχρονισμός`" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 +msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" -"Αυτοί οι τύποι δεν είναι ασφαλείς για νήμα και δεν μπορούν να μετακινηθούν " -"σε άλλα νήματα:" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" -"atomic reference count." -msgstr "`Rc`: κάθε «Rc" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 msgid "" -"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " -"considerations." +"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " +"character," msgstr "" -"» έχει μια αναφορά σε ένα «RcBox\n" -"\n" -"», το οποίο περιέχει ένα μη ατομική μέτρηση αναφοράς.\n" -"\n" -"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Το Rust υποθέτει ότι οι ακατέργαστοι δείκτες μπορεί να " -"έχουν ειδικούς ζητήματα ταυτόχρονης ύπαρξης." -#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" -msgstr "Ας εξασκήσουμε τις νέες μας δεξιότητες συγχρονισμού με" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 +msgid "" +"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " +"unknow data\"," msgstr "" -"Έλεγχος συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων: ένα μεγαλύτερο έργο στο οποίο θα " -"χρησιμοποιήσετε το Cargo κατεβάστε τις εξαρτήσεις και, στη συνέχεια, ελέγξτε " -"τους συνδέσμους παράλληλα." -#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 msgid "" -"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " -"download dependencies and then check links in parallel." +"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 +msgid "" +"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " +"return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" -"Το πρόβλημα των φιλοσόφων τραπεζαρίας είναι ένα κλασικό πρόβλημα ταυτόχρονα:" -#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:5 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 msgid "" -"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " -"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " -"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " -"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " -"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " -"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " -"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " -"down both forks." +"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " +"useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" -"Πέντε φιλόσοφοι δειπνούν μαζί στο ίδιο τραπέζι. Κάθε φιλόσοφος έχει το δικό " -"του δική σου θέση στο τραπέζι. Ανάμεσα σε κάθε πιάτο υπάρχει ένα πιρούνι. Το " -"πιάτο που σερβίρεται είναι ένα είδος σπαγγέτι που τρώγεται με δύο πιρούνια. " -"Κάθε φιλόσοφος μπορεί μόνο εναλλάξ σκεφτείτε και τρώτε. Επιπλέον, ένας " -"φιλόσοφος μπορεί να φάει μόνο τους μακαρόνια όταν έχουν και αριστερό και " -"δεξί πιρούνι. Έτσι θα μόνο δύο πιρούνια να είναι διαθέσιμοι όταν οι δύο " -"κοντινότεροι γείτονές τους σκέφτονται και δεν τρώνε. Μετά ένας μεμονωμένος " -"φιλόσοφος τελειώνει το φαγητό, θα βάλει κάτω και τα δύο πιρούνια." -#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:13 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"for this exercise. Copy the code below to `src/main.rs` file, fill out the " -"blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"functions and methods:" msgstr "" -"Θα χρειαστείτε μια τοπική [Εγκατάσταση φορτίου](../../cargo/running-locally." -"md) για αυτή η άσκηση. Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο αρχείο \\`src/main." -"rs, συμπληρώστε τα κενά, και ελέγξτε ότι το «cargo run» δεν είναι αδιέξοδο:" +"Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " +"συμπληρώστε τον κωδικό που λείπει λειτουργίες και μέθοδοι:" -#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:17 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" -"struct Fork;\n" +"mod ffi {\n" +" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" +" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" +" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" +" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct DIR {\n" +" _data: [u8; 0],\n" +" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" +"PhantomPinned)>,\n" +" }\n" "\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" +" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " +"and\n" +" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" +" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" +" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct dirent {\n" +" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" +" pub d_off: c_long,\n" +" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" +" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" +" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" +" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" +" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct dirent {\n" +" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" +" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" +" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" +" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" +" pub d_type: u8,\n" +" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" +" extern \"C\" {\n" +" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" +" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" +" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" +" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " +"on\n" +" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" +" //\n" +" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " +"refers\n" +" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " +"PowerPC.\n" +" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" +" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" +" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" +" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" +"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" +"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" +" path: CString,\n" +" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " -"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " -"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " -"until all pages have been validated." -msgstr "" -"Ας χρησιμοποιήσουμε τις νέες γνώσεις μας για να δημιουργήσουμε έναν έλεγχο " -"συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων. Θα έπρεπε ξεκινήστε από μια ιστοσελίδα και " -"ελέγξτε ότι οι σύνδεσμοι στη σελίδα είναι έγκυροι. Θα έπρεπε ελέγξτε " -"αναδρομικά άλλες σελίδες στον ίδιο τομέα και συνεχίστε να το κάνετε αυτό " -"μέχρι να τελειώσει οι σελίδες έχουν επικυρωθεί." - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as \\[`reqwest`\\]\\[1\\]. " -"Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" -msgstr "" -"Για αυτό, θα χρειαστείτε ένα πρόγραμμα-πελάτη HTTP όπως το " -"\\[`reqwest`\\]\\[1\\]. Δημιούργησε ένα νέο Έργο φορτίου και το «ζήτησε» ως " -"εξάρτηση με:" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:11 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo new link-checker\n" -"$ cd link-checker\n" -"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " -"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." -msgstr "" -"Εάν η «προσθήκη φορτίου» αποτύχει με «σφάλμα: δεν υπάρχει τέτοια υποεντολή», " -"τότε επεξεργαστείτε το Αρχείο «Cargo.toml» με το χέρι. Προσθέστε τις " -"εξαρτήσεις που αναφέρονται παρακάτω." - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You will also need a way to find links. We can use \\[`scraper`\\]\\[2\\] " -"for that:" -msgstr "" -"Θα χρειαστείτε επίσης έναν τρόπο να βρείτε συνδέσμους. Μπορούμε να " -"χρησιμοποιήσουμε το \\[`scraper`\\]\\[2\\] για αυτό:" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:22 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo add scraper\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use " -"\\[`thiserror`\\]\\[3\\] for that:" -msgstr "" -"Τέλος, θα χρειαστούμε κάποιο τρόπο χειρισμού των σφαλμάτων. Χρησιμοποιούμε " -"\\[`αυτό το σφάλμα`\\]\\[3\\] για ότι:" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:29 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo add thiserror\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" -msgstr "" -"Οι κλήσεις \"cargo add\" θα ενημερώσουν το αρχείο \"Cargo.toml\" ώστε να " -"έχει την εξής μορφή:" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:35 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" -"tls\"] }\n" -"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" -"www.google.org/`." -msgstr "" -"Τώρα μπορείτε να κάνετε λήψη της αρχικής σελίδας. Δοκιμάστε με ένα μικρό " -"site όπως π.χ `https://www.google.org/`." - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" -msgstr "Το αρχείο `src/main.rs` θα πρέπει να μοιάζει κάπως έτσι:" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:47 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n" -"use reqwest::Url;\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" +"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result, Error> {\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let document = response.text()?;\n" -" let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" for element in html.select(&selector) {\n" -" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: " -"{err} (ignored)\",);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" +"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" type Item = OsString;\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" +" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" -"\n" -" Ok(valid_urls)\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" -" let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n" -" match extract_links(response) {\n" -" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" +"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" +" // Call closedir as needed.\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" +" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:90 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" -msgstr "Εκτελέστε τον κώδικα στο `src/main.rs` με" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:92 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:96 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Tasks" -msgstr "Καθήκοντα" - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:98 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " -"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." -msgstr "" -"Χρησιμοποιήστε νήματα για να ελέγξετε τους συνδέσμους παράλληλα: στείλτε τις " -"διευθύνσεις URL που θα ελεγχθούν στο a κανάλι και αφήστε μερικά νήματα να " -"ελέγξουν τις διευθύνσεις URL παράλληλα." - -#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:100 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." -"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " -"being blocked by the site." +#: src/android.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" msgstr "" -"Επεκτείνετε αυτό για να εξαγάγετε αναδρομικά συνδέσμους από όλες τις σελίδες " -"του τομέας `www.google.org`. Βάλτε ένα ανώτατο όριο 100 σελίδων περίπου έτσι " -"ώστε να μην καταλήξετε να αποκλειστείτε από τον ιστότοπο." #: src/android.md:3 #, fuzzy @@ -13319,9 +12876,9 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/setup.md:6 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n" -"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" -"$ acloud create\n" +"source build/envsetup.sh\n" +"lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" +"acloud create\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -13498,9 +13055,15 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m hello_rust\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" +"m hello_rust\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:35 +msgid "" +"```text\n" "Hello from Rust!\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -13599,10 +13162,16 @@ msgstr "Δημιουργείτε, πιέζετε και τρέχετε το δυ #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:67 +msgid "" +"```text\n" "Hello Bob, it is very\n" "nice to meet you!\n" "```" @@ -13817,9 +13386,10 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m birthday_server\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" +"m birthday_server\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -13831,20 +13401,32 @@ msgstr "Σε άλλο τερματικό, ελέγξτε ότι η υπηρεσ #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" +"adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:17 +msgid "" +"```text\n" "Service birthdayservice: found\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "Μπορείτε επίσης να καλέσετε την υπηρεσία με «κλήση υπηρεσίας»:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:23 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" +"adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:27 +msgid "" +"```text\n" "Result: Parcel(\n" " 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n" " 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n" @@ -13938,9 +13520,16 @@ msgstr "Δημιουργήστε, προωθήστε και εκτελέστε #: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m birthday_client\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" +"m birthday_client\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:62 +msgid "" +"```text\n" "Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14034,9 +13623,10 @@ msgstr "Δημιουργήστε, σπρώξτε και εκτελέστε το #: src/android/logging.md:44 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m hello_rust_logs\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" +"m hello_rust_logs\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14048,7 +13638,13 @@ msgstr "Τα αρχεία καταγραφής εμφανίζονται στο ` #: src/android/logging.md:52 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ adb logcat -s rust\n" +"adb logcat -s rust\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:56 +msgid "" +"```text\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going " "fine.\n" @@ -14305,10 +13901,10 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m print_birthday_card\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" +"m print_birthday_card\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14337,7 +13933,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" +"atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14454,9 +14050,10 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m analyze_numbers\n" -"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/tmp\n" -"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"m analyze_numbers\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14495,6 +14092,42 @@ msgstr "" "Δείτε το [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) για ένα πλήρες " "παράδειγμα χρήσης αυτού." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 +msgid "" +"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" +"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 +msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 +msgid "" +"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " +"languages_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 +msgid "" +"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." +"html):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 +msgid "" +"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " +"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " +"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" +"string`, making it very ergonomic to use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 +msgid "" +"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " +"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with Java" @@ -14614,31 +14247,31 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" -"$ m helloworld_jni\n" -"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" -"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" +"m helloworld_jni\n" +"adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" +"adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-4/android.md:3 +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"For the last exercise, we will look at one of the projects you work with. " -"Let us group up and do this together. Some suggestions:" +"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " +"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" "Για την τελευταία άσκηση, θα δούμε ένα από τα έργα με τα οποία εργάζεστε. " "Αφήστε μας ομαδοποιήστε και κάντε αυτό μαζί. Μερικές προτάσεις:" -#: src/exercises/day-4/android.md:6 +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." msgstr "Μετακινήστε μια συνάρτηση από το έργο σας στο Rust και καλέστε την." -#: src/exercises/day-4/android.md:8 +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8 msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-4/android.md:12 +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " @@ -14648,464 +14281,170 @@ msgstr "" "κάποιον μέσα η τάξη έχει ένα κομμάτι κώδικα που μπορείτε να μεταφέρετε στο " "Rust on the fly." -#: src/thanks.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal.md:1 #, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" +msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Comprehensive Rust 🦀" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:3 msgid "" -"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " -"that it was useful." +"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " +"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " +"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" +"metal programming in some other language such as C." msgstr "" -"_Σας ευχαριστούμε που πήρατε το Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ Ελπίζουμε να σας " -"άρεσε και να ήταν χρήσιμο." -#: src/thanks.md:6 -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal.md:7 msgid "" -"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " -"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " -"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" -"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." +"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " +"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" msgstr "" -"Διασκεδάσαμε πολύ όταν συνδυάσαμε το μάθημα. Το μάθημα δεν είναι τέλειο, " -"οπότε αν εντοπίσατε λάθη ή έχετε ιδέες για βελτιώσεις, παρακαλούμε μπείτε " -"[επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας στο GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" -"rust/discussions). Θα αγαπούσαμε να ακούσω από σένα." -#: src/other-resources.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Other Rust Resources" -msgstr "Άλλοι πόροι σκουριάς" +#: src/bare-metal.md:10 +msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" +msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " -"online." +#: src/bare-metal.md:11 +msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "" -"Η κοινότητα του Rust έχει δημιουργήσει έναν πλούτο υψηλής ποιότητας και " -"δωρεάν πόρων Σε σύνδεση." -#: src/other-resources.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Official Documentation" -msgstr "Επίσημη Τεκμηρίωση" +#: src/bare-metal.md:12 +msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." +msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" -msgstr "Το έργο Rust φιλοξενεί πολλούς πόρους. Αυτά καλύπτουν το Rust γενικά:" +#: src/bare-metal.md:13 +msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." +msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:10 -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal.md:15 msgid "" -"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " -"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " -"few projects for people to build." +"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" +"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" +"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " +"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " +"an on-board SWD debugger." msgstr "" -"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): το " -"κανονικό δωρεάν βιβλίο για το Rust. Καλύπτει αναλυτικά τη γλώσσα και " -"περιλαμβάνει α λίγα έργα για να κατασκευάσουν οι άνθρωποι." -#: src/other-resources.md:13 -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal.md:20 msgid "" -"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " -"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " -"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " -"in the examples." +"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" -"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): καλύπτει τη " -"σκουριά σύνταξη μέσω μιας σειράς παραδειγμάτων που παρουσιάζουν διαφορετικές " -"κατασκευές. Ωρες ωρες περιλαμβάνει μικρές ασκήσεις όπου σας ζητείται να " -"αναπτύξετε τον κώδικα στο παραδείγματα." -#: src/other-resources.md:17 -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal.md:22 msgid "" -"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " -"of the standard library for Rust." +"```bash\n" +"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-" +"config qemu-system-arm\n" +"rustup update\n" +"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" +"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" +"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): πλήρης τεκμηρίωση " -"του η τυπική βιβλιοθήκη για το Rust." -#: src/other-resources.md:19 -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal.md:30 msgid "" -"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " -"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." +"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" -"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): ένα ημιτελές " -"βιβλίο που περιγράφει το μοντέλο της γραμματικής και της μνήμης Rust." -#: src/other-resources.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" +#: src/bare-metal.md:32 +msgid "" +"```bash\n" +"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " +"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" +" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" +"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Περισσότεροι εξειδικευμένοι οδηγοί που φιλοξενούνται στον επίσημο ιστότοπο " -"της Rust:" -#: src/other-resources.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " -"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " -"(FFI)." +#: src/bare-metal.md:38 +msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "" -"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): καλύπτει το μη " -"ασφαλές Rust, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της εργασίας με ακατέργαστους δείκτες και " -"της διεπαφής με άλλες γλώσσες (FFI)." -#: src/other-resources.md:27 -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal.md:40 msgid "" -"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " -"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " -"Rust Book was written." +"```bash\n" +"xcode-select --install\n" +"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" +"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" +"rustup update\n" +"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" +"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" +"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " -"καλύπτει το νέο μοντέλο ασύγχρονου προγραμματισμού που εισήχθη μετά το Το " -"Rust Book γράφτηκε." -#: src/other-resources.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " -"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " -"system." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 +msgid "`no_std`" msgstr "" -"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " -"εισαγωγή στη χρήση του Rust σε ενσωματωμένες συσκευές χωρίς λειτουργικό " -"σύστημα." -#: src/other-resources.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" -msgstr "Ανεπίσημο Εκπαιδευτικό Υλικό" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 +msgid "`core`" +msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" -msgstr "Μια μικρή επιλογή άλλων οδηγών και οδηγών για το Rust:" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 +msgid "`alloc`" +msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " -"from the perspective of low-level C programmers." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 +msgid "`std`" msgstr "" -"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): καλύπτει το " -"Rust από την οπτική γωνία των προγραμματιστών χαμηλού επιπέδου C." -#: src/other-resources.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" -"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " -"firmware in C." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 +msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" msgstr "" -"[Rust for Embedded C Προγραμματιστές](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" -"rust_for_c/): καλύπτει το Rust από η προοπτική των προγραμματιστών που " -"γράφουν υλικολογισμικό σε C." -#: src/other-resources.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " -"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " -"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 +msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." msgstr "" -"[Rust για επαγγελματίες](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " -"καλύπτει τη σύνταξη του Rust χρησιμοποιώντας συγκρίσεις δίπλα-δίπλα με άλλες " -"γλώσσες όπως C, C++, Java, JavaScript και Python." -#: src/other-resources.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " -"you learn Rust." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 +msgid "`Option`, `Result`" msgstr "" -"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ ασκήσεις για " -"βοήθεια μαθαίνεις Rust." -#: src/other-resources.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" -"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " -"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " -"and async/await are also covered." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 +msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." msgstr "" -"[Σιδήρου Διδασκαλία Υλικό](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" -"material/index.html): α σειρά μικρών παρουσιάσεων που καλύπτουν τόσο βασικό " -"όσο και προχωρημένο μέρος του Γλώσσα σκουριάς. Άλλα θέματα όπως το " -"WebAssembly και το async/wait είναι επίσης σκεπαστός." -#: src/other-resources.md:52 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" -"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." -"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " -"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " -"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 +msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." msgstr "" -"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" -"series-to-rust/) και [Κάντε τα πρώτα σας βήματα με Rust](https://docs." -"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): δύο Οδηγοί Rust που " -"απευθύνονται σε νέους προγραμματιστές. Το πρώτο είναι ένα σύνολο 35 βίντεο " -"και το Το δεύτερο είναι ένα σύνολο 11 ενοτήτων που καλύπτει τη σύνταξη του " -"Rust και τις βασικές δομές." -#: src/other-resources.md:58 -msgid "" -"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." -"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " -"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 +msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:63 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " -"for even more Rust books." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 +msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" msgstr "" -"Δείτε το [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) για " -"ακόμα περισσότερα βιβλία Rust." -#: src/credits.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " -"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " -"full list of useful resources." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 +msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." msgstr "" -"Το υλικό εδώ βασίζεται στις πολλές σπουδαίες πηγές τεκμηρίωσης του Rust. " -"Δείτε τη σελίδα στο [other resources](other-resources.md) για μια πλήρη " -"λίστα χρήσιμων πόροι." -#: src/credits.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " -"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) for details." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 +msgid "`Duration`" msgstr "" -"Το υλικό του Comprehensive Rust έχει άδεια χρήσης σύμφωνα με τους όρους του " -"Apache 2.0 άδεια, ανατρέξτε στην ενότητα [`ΑΔΕΙΑ`](../LICENSE) για " -"λεπτομέρειες." -#: src/credits.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust by Example" -msgstr "Σκουριά από Παράδειγμα" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 +msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" +msgstr "" -#: src/credits.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " -"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " -"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " -"terms." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 +msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" msgstr "" -"Ορισμένα παραδείγματα και ασκήσεις έχουν αντιγραφεί και προσαρμοστεί από το " -"[Rust by Παράδειγμα](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Παρακαλώ " -"δείτε το Κατάλογος `third_party/rust-by-example/` για λεπτομέρειες, " -"συμπεριλαμβανομένης της άδειας χρήσης όροι." -#: src/credits.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust on Exercism" -msgstr "Σκουριά στην άσκηση" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 +msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" +msgstr "" -#: src/credits.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" -"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " -"directory for details, including the license terms." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 +msgid "`Error`" msgstr "" -"Ορισμένες ασκήσεις έχουν αντιγραφεί και προσαρμοστεί από το [Rust on Άσκηση]" -"(https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Παρακαλώ δείτε το Κατάλογος `third_party/" -"rust-on-exercism/` για λεπτομέρειες, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της άδειας όροι." -#: src/credits.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "CXX" -msgstr "CXX" - -#: src/credits.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " -"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " -"directory for details, including the license terms." -msgstr "" -"Η ενότητα [Διαλειτουργικότητα με C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) " -"χρησιμοποιεί ένα εικόνα από [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Δείτε τον κατάλογο " -"`third_party/cxx/` για λεπτομέρειες, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των όρων άδειας." - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" -msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Comprehensive Rust 🦀" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:3 -msgid "" -"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " -"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " -"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" -"metal programming in some other language such as C." -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:7 -msgid "" -"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " -"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:10 -msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:11 -msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:12 -msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:13 -msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:15 -msgid "" -"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" -"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" -"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " -"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " -"an on-board SWD debugger." -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:20 -msgid "" -"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:22 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom " -"qemu-system-arm\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:30 -msgid "" -"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:32 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " -"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" -" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" -"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:38 -msgid "On MacOS:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-bare-metal.md:40 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"xcode-select --install\n" -"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" -"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 -msgid "`no_std`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 -msgid "`core`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 -msgid "`alloc`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 -msgid "`std`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 -msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 -msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 -msgid "`Option`, `Result`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 -msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 -msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 -msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 -msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 -msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 -msgid "`Duration`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 -msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 -msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 -msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 -msgid "`Error`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 -msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" -msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 +msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" +msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48 msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" @@ -15202,7 +14541,8 @@ msgid "" "extern crate alloc;\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" -"use alloc::{string::ToString, vec::Vec};\n" +"use alloc::string::ToString;\n" +"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" "\n" "#[global_allocator]\n" @@ -15227,32 +14567,36 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:38 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:42 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " "the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 msgid "" "`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " "crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 +msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3 msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " @@ -15615,9 +14959,9 @@ msgid "" " if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" -" let mut pin_output: P0_01> =\n" -" pin_input.into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::" -"Disconnect0Standard1, Level::Low);\n" +" let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" +" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " +"Level::Low);\n" " pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" " // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" "\n" @@ -15718,7 +15062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 -msgid "probe-rs, `cargo-embed`" +msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 @@ -16003,12 +15347,18 @@ msgid "" "this exercise." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:7 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 +msgid "" +"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " +"look in the `compass` directory for the following files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/main.rs`:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:25 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" @@ -16045,11 +15395,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:59 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:344 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:61 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" @@ -16069,11 +15419,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:78 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:80 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" @@ -16087,11 +15437,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:91 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:922 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:93 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" @@ -16102,30 +15452,30 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:101 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:103 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114 msgid "" "```sh\n" "picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:107 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:109 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120 msgid "" "```sh\n" "picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:113 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "" @@ -16155,6 +15505,154 @@ msgid "" "hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 +msgid "" +"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 +msgid "" +"```armasm\n" +".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +".global entry\n" +"entry:\n" +" /*\n" +" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " +"MMU and\n" +" * caches.\n" +" */\n" +" adrp x30, idmap\n" +" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +" msr mair_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +"\n" +" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " +"any\n" +" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +" */\n" +" isb\n" +" tlbi vmalle1\n" +" ic iallu\n" +" dsb nsh\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +"this\n" +" * has completed.\n" +" */\n" +" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" +"0: cmp x29, x30\n" +" b.hs 1f\n" +" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +" b 0b\n" +"\n" +"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" +" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +" mov sp, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" +" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" +" bl main\n" +"\n" +" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +"2: wfi\n" +" b 2b\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 +msgid "" +"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " +"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 +msgid "" +"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " +"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " +"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " +"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 +msgid "" +"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " +"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 +msgid "" +"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " +"we don't:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 +msgid "" +"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" +"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " +"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " +"is not necessarily the case in general." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 +msgid "" +"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " +"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " +"while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " +"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " +"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " +"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " +"not VA or IPA.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 +msgid "" +"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " +"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " +"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " +"memory layout that QEMU uses." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 +msgid "" +"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " +"later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 +msgid "" +"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " +"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " +"modify `entry.S` accordingly." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "" @@ -16211,7 +15709,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 msgid "" -"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`psci`](https://crates.io/crates/" +"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" @@ -16232,6 +15730,22 @@ msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 msgid "" +"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " +"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 +msgid "" +"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " +"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " +"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " +"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " +"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " +"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 +msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" @@ -16345,6 +15859,30 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 +msgid "" +"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " +"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " +"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " +"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " +"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " +"necessary preconditions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 +msgid "" +"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " +"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " +"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 +msgid "" +"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " +"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " +"number of places." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "More traits" @@ -16759,12 +16297,14 @@ msgid "" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::{fmt::Write, panic::PanicInfo};\n" +"use core::fmt::Write;\n" +"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::error;\n" -"use psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"pub const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" +"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" @@ -16773,13 +16313,12 @@ msgid "" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" "\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3)." -"unwrap();\n" +" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" -" if let Some(b) = uart.read_byte() {\n" -" uart.write_byte(b);\n" -" match b {\n" +" if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n" +" uart.write_byte(byte);\n" +" match byte {\n" " b'\\r' => {\n" " uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" " }\n" @@ -16790,12 +16329,19 @@ msgid "" " }\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:49 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 +msgid "" +"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " +"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " +"notes there for details." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" @@ -16876,10 +16422,11 @@ msgid "" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" -"use psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"pub const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" +"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" @@ -16889,77 +16436,192 @@ msgid "" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" +" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" "\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{}\", info);\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" error!(\"{info}\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:45 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 -msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 -msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 -msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 -msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 -msgid "" -"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" -"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 msgid "" -"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " -"exception handling, page tables" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:9 -msgid "Not all very well written, so beware." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 -msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:11 -msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." +"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " +"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " +"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " +"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " +"calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use log::error;\n" +"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::Hvc;\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"irq_current\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"serr_current\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" +" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 +msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 +msgid "" +"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " +"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 +msgid "" +"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " +"expect any of them to actually happen." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 +msgid "" +"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " +"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." +"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " +"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " +"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " +"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 +msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 +msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 +msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 +msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" +"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 +msgid "" +"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " +"exception handling, page tables" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 +msgid "" +"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " +"necessarily a good example to copy for production code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 +msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 +msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 +msgid "" +"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " +"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 +msgid "" +"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " +"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " +"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " +"necessarily the case in general." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 +msgid "" +"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " +"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " +"while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " +"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " +"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " +"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " +"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 msgid "" "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " "programming." @@ -17038,6 +16700,13 @@ msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 +msgid "" +"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " +"dependency.)" +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "" @@ -17085,6 +16754,12 @@ msgid "" "pvmfw/)." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 +msgid "" +"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " +"or under QEMU." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "" @@ -17124,6 +16799,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 +msgid "" +"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " +"dependency.)" +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "" @@ -17159,6 +16841,11 @@ msgid "" "initialisation." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 +msgid "" +"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`spin`" @@ -17209,6 +16896,11 @@ msgid "" "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 +msgid "" +"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/android.md:3 msgid "" "To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " @@ -17308,13 +17000,47 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " -"you should write a driver for it and use it to print the current time to the " -"serial console. You can use the [`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) " -"crate for date/time formatting." +"you should write a driver for it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 +msgid "" +"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " +"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 msgid "" +"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " +"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 +msgid "" +"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " +"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" +"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 +msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 +msgid "" +"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" +"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 +msgid "" +"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " +"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 +msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" @@ -17324,12 +17050,18 @@ msgid "" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" +"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" -"use psci::system_off;\n" +"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" +"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::Hvc;\n" +"\n" +"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" +"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" +"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"pub const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" +"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" @@ -17341,25 +17073,37 @@ msgid "" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" -" // TODO: Initialise RTC and print value.\n" +" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " +"base\n" +" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " +"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" +" gic.setup();\n" +"\n" +" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" "\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" +"\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{}\", info);\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" error!(\"{info}\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:46 -msgid "`src/exceptions.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 +msgid "" +"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " +"the exercise):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:47 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" @@ -17376,64 +17120,68 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"use log::error;\n" -"use psci::system_off;\n" +"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" +"use log::{error, info, trace};\n" +"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_current\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" +" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " +"interrupt\");\n" +" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:115 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" @@ -17494,11 +17242,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:172 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:173 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" @@ -17515,10 +17263,10 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"use core::{\n" -" fmt::{self, Write},\n" -" ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut},\n" -"};\n" +"#![allow(unused)]\n" +"\n" +"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" +"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" @@ -17677,7 +17425,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:345 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" @@ -17689,22 +17437,23 @@ msgid "" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" +"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" "bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" "chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" "log = \"0.4.17\"\n" -"psci = \"0.1.1\"\n" -"spin = \"0.9.4\"\n" +"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" +"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" "\n" "[build-dependencies]\n" "cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:365 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:366 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" @@ -17739,11 +17488,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:398 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:399 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -17905,11 +17654,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:544 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:545 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -18103,11 +17852,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:726 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:727 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -18156,11 +17905,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:772 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:773 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 msgid "" "```ld\n" "/*\n" @@ -18271,11 +18020,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:880 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:881 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 msgid "" "```makefile\n" "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" @@ -18311,8 +18060,8 @@ msgid "" "\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" "\n" "qemu: rtc.bin\n" -"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt -cpu max -serial mon:stdio -display none " -"-kernel $< -s\n" +"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " +"-display none -kernel $< -s\n" "\n" "clean:\n" "\tcargo clean\n" @@ -18320,7 +18069,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:923 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" @@ -18329,48 +18078,3532 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:929 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 +#: src/concurrency.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." -msgstr "Θα βρείτε λύσεις στις ασκήσεις στις επόμενες σελίδες." +msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" +msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Comprehensive Rust 🦀" -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 +#: src/concurrency.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " -"different or better solution than what is presented here." +"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " +"channels." msgstr "" -"Μη διστάσετε να κάνετε ερωτήσεις σχετικά με τις λύσεις [on GitHub](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Ενημέρωσέ μας εάν έχετε " -"διαφορετική ή καλύτερη λύση από αυτή που παρουσιάζεται εδώ." +"Το Rust έχει πλήρη υποστήριξη για ταυτόχρονη χρήση νημάτων λειτουργικού " +"συστήματος με mutexes και καναλιών." -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 +#: src/concurrency.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " -"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" -"use parts of the solutions as the exercises." +"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " +"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " +"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" -"**Σημείωση:** Αγνοήστε τα \"// ANCHOR: label\" και \"// ANCHOR_END: label\" " -"σχόλια που βλέπετε στις λύσεις. Είναι εκεί για να το κάνουν δυνατό " -"επαναχρησιμοποιήστε μέρη των λύσεων ως ασκήσεις." +"Το σύστημα τύπου Rust παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη δημιουργία πολλών σφαλμάτων " +"συγχρονισμού μεταγλώττιση χρονικών σφαλμάτων. Αυτό αναφέρεται συχνά ως " +"_ατρόμητος συγχρονισμός_ αφού εσείς μπορεί να βασιστεί στον μεταγλωττιστή " +"για να διασφαλίσει την ορθότητα κατά το χρόνο εκτέλεσης." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Πρωινές ασκήσεις 1ης ημέρας" +msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" +msgstr "Τα νήματα σκουριάς λειτουργούν παρόμοια με τα νήματα σε άλλες γλώσσες:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" thread::spawn(|| {\n" +" for i in 1..10 {\n" +" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" +" }\n" +" });\n" +"\n" +" for i in 1..5 {\n" +" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](for-loops.md))" +msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." +msgstr "Τα νήματα είναι όλα νήματα δαίμονα, το κύριο νήμα δεν τα περιμένει." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." +msgstr "Οι πανικοί των νημάτων είναι ανεξάρτητοι ο ένας από τον άλλο." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." +msgstr "" +"Οι πανικοί μπορούν να μεταφέρουν ένα ωφέλιμο φορτίο, το οποίο μπορεί να " +"αποσυμπιεστεί με το «downcast_ref»." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 +msgid "" +"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " +"not waiting." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 +msgid "" +"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " +"the thread to finish." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 +msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 +msgid "" +"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " +"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/any/index.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" +msgstr "Τα κανονικά νήματα δεν μπορούν να δανειστούν από το περιβάλλον τους:" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"\n" +"fn foo() {\n" +" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" +" thread::spawn(|| {\n" +" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" +" });\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" foo();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" +"fn.scope.html) for this:" +msgstr "" +"Ωστόσο, μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε ένα [νήμα εμβέλειας](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) για αυτό:" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" +"\n" +" thread::scope(|scope| {\n" +" scope.spawn(|| {\n" +" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" +" });\n" +" });\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " +"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " +"thread, or immutably by any number of threads." +msgstr "" +"Ο λόγος για αυτό είναι ότι όταν ολοκληρωθεί η συνάρτηση `thread::scope`, όλα " +"τα νήματα είναι εγγυημένα ότι θα ενωθούν, ώστε να μπορούν να επιστρέψουν τα " +"δεδομένα που έχουν δανειστεί.\n" +"\n" +"Ισχύουν οι κανονικοί κανόνες δανεισμού Rust: μπορείτε είτε να δανειστείτε " +"μεταλλάξιμα με ένα νήμα ή αμετάβλητα με οποιονδήποτε αριθμό νημάτων." + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " +"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." +msgstr "" +"Τα κανάλια Rust έχουν δύο μέρη: ένα \"Αποστολέας\n" +"\n" +"\" και ένα \"Δέκτης\n" +"\n" +"\". Τα δύο μέρη συνδέονται μέσω του καναλιού, αλλά βλέπετε μόνο τα τελικά " +"σημεία." + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" +"\n" +" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" +" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" +" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" +"\n" +" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" +" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " +"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " +"not." +msgstr "" +"Το «mpsc» σημαίνει Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. Το \"Sender\" και το " +"\"SyncSender\" υλοποιούν το \"Clone\" (έτσι μπορείτε να δημιουργήσετε " +"πολλούς παραγωγούς) αλλά ο «Δέκτης» όχι." + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " +"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." +msgstr "" +"Το \"send()\" και το \"recv()\" επιστρέφουν \"Αποτέλεσμα\". Εάν επιστρέψουν " +"\"Err\", σημαίνει το αντίστοιχο \"Αποστολέας\" ή Ο \"δέκτης\" πέφτει και το " +"κανάλι είναι κλειστό." + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" +msgstr "Λαμβάνετε ένα απεριόριστο και ασύγχρονο κανάλι με `mpsc::channel()`:" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" +"\n" +" thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" +" for i in 1..10 {\n" +" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" +" });\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" +"\n" +" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" +" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" +msgstr "" +"Τα περιορισμένα και τα σύγχρονα κανάλια κάνουν το \"send\" να μπλοκάρει το " +"τρέχον νήμα:" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" +"\n" +" thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" +" for i in 1..10 {\n" +" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" +" });\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" +"\n" +" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" +" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 +msgid "" +"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " +"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " +"is nobody who reads from the channel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 +msgid "" +"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " +"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 +msgid "" +"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " +"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" +msgstr "«Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός»." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " +"two traits:" +msgstr "" +"Πώς γνωρίζει η Rust ότι απαγορεύει την κοινόχρηστη πρόσβαση σε όλα τα " +"νήματα; Η απάντηση είναι σε δύο χαρακτηριστικά:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " +"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." +msgstr "" +"[\"Αποστολή\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): ένας " +"τύπος \"T\" είναι \"Αποστολή\" εάν είναι ασφαλές να μετακινήσετε ένα \"T\" " +"σε ένα νήμα Όριο." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " +"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." +msgstr "" +"[\"Συγχρονισμός\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): " +"ένας τύπος \"T\" είναι \"Συγχρονισμός\" εάν είναι ασφαλές να μετακινήσετε " +"ένα \"&T\" σε ένα νήμα Όριο." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " +"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " +"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " +"you know it is valid." +msgstr "" +"Η \"Αποστολή\" και η \"Συγχρονισμός\" είναι [μη ασφαλή χαρακτηριστικά](../" +"unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). Ο μεταγλωττιστής θα τα παράγει αυτόματα για τους " +"τύπους σας εφόσον περιέχουν μόνο τύπους «Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός». " +"Μπορείτε επίσης να τα εφαρμόσετε χειροκίνητα όταν το κάνετε να ξέρεις ότι " +"ισχύει." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" +"safety properties." +msgstr "" +"Κάποιος μπορεί να σκεφτεί αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά ως δείκτες ότι ο τύπος έχει " +"ορισμένες ιδιότητες ασφαλείας νήματος." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." +msgstr "" +"Μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν στους γενικούς περιορισμούς ως φυσιολογικά " +"χαρακτηριστικά." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send`" +msgstr "«Αποστολή»." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " +"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." +msgstr "" +"Ένας τύπος `T` είναι [`Αποστολή`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait." +"Send.html) εάν είναι ασφαλές να μετακινήσετε μια τιμή `T` σε άλλο νήμα." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " +"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " +"thread and deallocate it in another." +msgstr "" +"Το αποτέλεσμα της μετακίνησης ιδιοκτησίας σε άλλο νήμα είναι ότι οι " +"_destructors_ θα εκτελεστούν σε αυτό το νήμα. Το ερώτημα λοιπόν είναι πότε " +"μπορείτε να εκχωρήσετε μια τιμή σε ένα νήμα και να το διαθέσει σε άλλο." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 +msgid "" +"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " +"a single thread." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Sync`" +msgstr "`Συγχρονισμός`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " +"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." +msgstr "" +"Ένας τύπος `T` είναι [`Συγχρονισμός`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/" +"trait.Sync.html) εάν είναι ασφαλής η πρόσβαση σε μια τιμή `T` από πολλαπλές " +"νήματα ταυτόχρονα." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" +msgstr "Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ο ορισμός είναι:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" +msgstr "" +"Το \"T\" είναι \"Συγχρονισμός\" εάν και μόνο εάν το \"&T\" είναι " +"\"Αποστολή\"." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " +"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " +"across threads." +msgstr "" +"Αυτή η δήλωση είναι ουσιαστικά ένας συνοπτικός τρόπος για να πούμε ότι εάν " +"ένας τύπος είναι ασφαλής ως προς το νήμα για κοινόχρηστη χρήση, είναι επίσης " +"ασφαλές για το νήμα να μεταβιβάζονται οι αναφορές του στα νήματα." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " +"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " +"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " +"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " +"be accessed from any thread safely." +msgstr "" +"Αυτό συμβαίνει επειδή εάν ένας τύπος είναι Sync σημαίνει ότι μπορεί να " +"κοινοποιηθεί σε πολλά νήματα χωρίς τον κίνδυνο φυλών δεδομένων ή άλλων " +"προβλημάτων συγχρονισμού, επομένως είναι ασφαλές να τον μετακινήσετε σε άλλο " +"νήμα. Μια αναφορά στον τύπο είναι επίσης ασφαλής να μετακινηθεί σε άλλο " +"νήμα, επειδή τα δεδομένα που παραπέμπει είναι προσβάσιμα από οποιοδήποτε " +"νήμα με ασφάλεια." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send + Sync`" +msgstr "«Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός»." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" +msgstr "Οι περισσότεροι τύποι που συναντάτε είναι «Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός»:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 +msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 +msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 +msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 +msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 +msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 +msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " +"`Send + Sync`." +msgstr "" +"Οι γενικοί τύποι είναι συνήθως «Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός» όταν οι παράμετροι " +"τύπου είναι «Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός»." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "`Αποστολή + !Συγχρονισμός`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " +"Typically because of interior mutability:" +msgstr "" +"Αυτοί οι τύποι μπορούν να μετακινηθούν σε άλλα νήματα, αλλά δεν είναι " +"ασφαλείς για νήματα. Τυπικά λόγω της εσωτερικής μεταβλητότητας:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Αποστολέας`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Δέκτης`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Cell`" +msgstr "`Κελλί`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`RefCell`" +msgstr "`RefCell`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`!Send + Sync`" +msgstr "`!Αποστολή + Συγχρονισμός`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" +msgstr "" +"Αυτοί οι τύποι είναι ασφαλείς για νήμα, αλλά δεν μπορούν να μετακινηθούν σε " +"άλλο νήμα:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " +"thread which created them." +msgstr "" +"`MutexGuard`: Χρησιμοποιεί πρωτόγονα επιπέδου λειτουργικού συστήματος που " +"πρέπει να κατανεμηθούν στο νήμα που τα δημιούργησε." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "`!Αποστολή + !Συγχρονισμός`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" +msgstr "" +"Αυτοί οι τύποι δεν είναι ασφαλείς για νήμα και δεν μπορούν να μετακινηθούν " +"σε άλλα νήματα:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" +"atomic reference count." +msgstr "`Rc`: κάθε «Rc" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " +"considerations." +msgstr "" +"» έχει μια αναφορά σε ένα «RcBox\n" +"\n" +"», το οποίο περιέχει ένα μη ατομική μέτρηση αναφοράς.\n" +"\n" +"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Το Rust υποθέτει ότι οι ακατέργαστοι δείκτες μπορεί να " +"έχουν ειδικούς ζητήματα ταυτόχρονης ύπαρξης." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " +"primarily done via two types:" +msgstr "" +"Το Rust χρησιμοποιεί το σύστημα τύπων για να επιβάλει το συγχρονισμό των " +"κοινόχρηστων δεδομένων. Αυτό είναι γίνεται κυρίως μέσω δύο τύπων:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " +"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " +"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," +msgstr "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), η ατομική " +"αναφορά μετράται ως \"T\": χειρίζεται την κοινή χρήση μεταξύ νημάτων και " +"φροντίζει να κατανείμει το \"T\" όταν απορριφθεί η τελευταία αναφορά," + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " +"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." +msgstr "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): " +"εξασφαλίζει αμοιβαία αποκλειστική πρόσβαση στην τιμή \"T\"." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Arc`" +msgstr "«Τόξο»." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " +"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" +msgstr "" +"Το [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) επιτρέπει " +"την κοινόχρηστη πρόσβαση μόνο για ανάγνωση μέσω της μεθόδου \"clone\" του:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::sync::Arc;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" +" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" +" for _ in 1..5 {\n" +" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" +" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" +" }));\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " +"that uses atomic operations." +msgstr "" +"Το \"Arc\" σημαίνει \"Atomic Reference Counted\", μια ασφαλής έκδοση νημάτων " +"του \"Rc\" που χρησιμοποιεί ατομική επιχειρήσεις." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " +"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." +msgstr "Το \"Arc" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " +"after that the use of the `T` is free." +msgstr "" +"\" υλοποιεί το \"Clone\" είτε το κάνει το \"T\" είτε όχι. Εφαρμόζει " +"«Αποστολή» και «Συγχρονισμός» αν «T». τα εφαρμόζει και τα δύο." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " +"them." +msgstr "" +"Το \"Arc::clone()\" έχει το κόστος των ατομικών λειτουργιών που εκτελούνται, " +"αλλά μετά από αυτό η χρήση του Το \"T\" είναι δωρεάν." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." +msgstr "" +"Προσοχή στους κύκλους αναφοράς, το «Arc» δεν χρησιμοποιεί συλλέκτη " +"σκουπιδιών για να τους εντοπίσει.\n" +"\n" +"Το `std::sync::Weak` μπορεί να βοηθήσει." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Mutex`" +msgstr "«Mutex»." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " +"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " +"interface:" +msgstr "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) " +"διασφαλίζει την αμοιβαία εξαίρεση _και_ επιτρέπει τη μεταβλητή πρόσβαση στο " +"\"T\" πίσω από μια διεπαφή μόνο για ανάγνωση:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::Mutex;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" +" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" +"\n" +" {\n" +" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" +" guard.push(40);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " +"implementation." +msgstr "" +"Παρατηρήστε πώς έχουμε μια κουβέρτα [`impl Sync for Mutex`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-" +"Mutex%3CT%3E) εκτέλεση." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " +"protected data." +msgstr "\\<λεπτομέρειες>" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " +"protected data." +msgstr "" +"Το \"Mutex\" στο Rust μοιάζει με μια συλλογή με ένα μόνο στοιχείο - τα " +"προστατευμένα δεδομένα." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " +"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." +msgstr "" +"Δεν είναι δυνατό να ξεχάσετε να αποκτήσετε το mutex πριν αποκτήσετε πρόσβαση " +"στα προστατευμένα δεδομένα." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " +"implements `Send`." +msgstr "Μπορείτε να πάρετε ένα «&mut T» από ένα «&Mutex" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." +msgstr "" +"» παίρνοντας την κλειδαριά. Το «MutexGuard» διασφαλίζει ότι το Το \"&mut T\" " +"δεν ξεπερνά την κλειδαριά που κρατιέται." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " +msgstr "Το \"Mutex" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " +"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " +"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " +"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " +"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." +msgstr "" +"\" υλοποιεί και το \"Send\" και το \"Sync\" εάν το \"T\" υλοποιεί το " +"\"Send\".\n" +"\n" +"Ένα αντίστοιχο κλείδωμα ανάγνωσης-εγγραφής - «RwLock».\n" +"\n" +"Γιατί το «lock()» επιστρέφει ένα «Αποτέλεσμα»;\n" +"\n" +"Εάν το νήμα που συγκρατούσε το \"Mutex\" πανικοβλήθηκε, το \"Mutex\" γίνεται " +"\"δηλητηριασμένο\" για να σηματοδοτήσει ότι τα δεδομένα που προστατεύει " +"ενδέχεται να είναι σε ασυνεπή κατάσταση. Κλήση «lock()» σε ένα " +"δηλητηριασμένο mutex αποτυγχάνει με ένα [`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). Μπορείτε να καλέσετε το " +"«into_inner()» στο σφάλμα για να ανακτήσετε τα δεδομένα Ανεξάρτητα." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" +msgstr "Ας δούμε τα \"Arc\" και \"Mutex\" σε δράση:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" +" v.push(10);\n" +" });\n" +" v.push(1000);\n" +"\n" +" handle.join().unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 +msgid "Possible solution:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" +"\n" +" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" +" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" +" v2.push(10);\n" +" });\n" +"\n" +" {\n" +" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" +" v.push(1000);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" handle.join().unwrap();\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 +msgid "Notable parts:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " +"orthogonal." +msgstr "" +"Το \"v\" είναι τυλιγμένο και σε \"Arc\" και \"Mutex\", επειδή οι ανησυχίες " +"τους είναι ορθογώνιες." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " +"between threads." +msgstr "" +"Το τύλιγμα ενός \"Mutex\" σε ένα \"Arc\" είναι ένα συνηθισμένο μοτίβο για " +"κοινή χρήση μεταβλητής κατάστασης μεταξύ των νημάτων." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " +"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." +msgstr "" +"Το `v: Το Arc<_>` πρέπει να κλωνοποιηθεί ως `v2` για να μπορέσει να " +"μετακινηθεί σε άλλο νήμα. Η σημείωση \"move\" προστέθηκε στην υπογραφή λάμδα." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"Τα μπλοκ εισάγονται για να περιορίσουν όσο το δυνατόν περισσότερο το πεδίο " +"εφαρμογής του \"LockGuard\".\n" +"\n" +"Πρέπει ακόμα να αποκτήσουμε το «Mutex» για να εκτυπώσουμε το «Vec» μας." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" +msgstr "Ας εξασκήσουμε τις νέες μας δεξιότητες συγχρονισμού με" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." +msgstr "" +"Έλεγχος συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων: ένα μεγαλύτερο έργο στο οποίο θα " +"χρησιμοποιήσετε το Cargo κατεβάστε τις εξαρτήσεις και, στη συνέχεια, ελέγξτε " +"τους συνδέσμους παράλληλα." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7 +msgid "" +"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " +"download dependencies and then check links in parallel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" +msgstr "" +"Το πρόβλημα των φιλοσόφων τραπεζαρίας είναι ένα κλασικό πρόβλημα ταυτόχρονα:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " +"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " +"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " +"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " +"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " +"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " +"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " +"down both forks." +msgstr "" +"Πέντε φιλόσοφοι δειπνούν μαζί στο ίδιο τραπέζι. Κάθε φιλόσοφος έχει το δικό " +"του δική σου θέση στο τραπέζι. Ανάμεσα σε κάθε πιάτο υπάρχει ένα πιρούνι. Το " +"πιάτο που σερβίρεται είναι ένα είδος σπαγγέτι που τρώγεται με δύο πιρούνια. " +"Κάθε φιλόσοφος μπορεί μόνο εναλλάξ σκεφτείτε και τρώτε. Επιπλέον, ένας " +"φιλόσοφος μπορεί να φάει μόνο τους μακαρόνια όταν έχουν και αριστερό και " +"δεξί πιρούνι. Έτσι θα μόνο δύο πιρούνια να είναι διαθέσιμοι όταν οι δύο " +"κοντινότεροι γείτονές τους σκέφτονται και δεν τρώνε. Μετά ένας μεμονωμένος " +"φιλόσοφος τελειώνει το φαγητό, θα βάλει κάτω και τα δύο πιρούνια." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " +"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " +"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +msgstr "" +"Θα χρειαστείτε μια τοπική [Εγκατάσταση φορτίου](../../cargo/running-locally." +"md) για αυτή η άσκηση. Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο αρχείο \\`src/main." +"rs, συμπληρώστε τα κενά, και ελέγξτε ότι το «cargo run» δεν είναι αδιέξοδο:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;\n" +"\n" +"struct Fork;\n" +"\n" +"struct Philosopher {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" // left_fork: ...\n" +" // right_fork: ...\n" +" // thoughts: ...\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Philosopher {\n" +" fn think(&self) {\n" +" self.thoughts\n" +" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" +" .unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" fn eat(&self) {\n" +" // Pick up forks...\n" +" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" +" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" // Create forks\n" +"\n" +" // Create philosophers\n" +"\n" +" // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" +"\n" +" // Output their thoughts\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 +msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " +"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " +"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " +"until all pages have been validated." +msgstr "" +"Ας χρησιμοποιήσουμε τις νέες γνώσεις μας για να δημιουργήσουμε έναν έλεγχο " +"συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων. Θα έπρεπε ξεκινήστε από μια ιστοσελίδα και " +"ελέγξτε ότι οι σύνδεσμοι στη σελίδα είναι έγκυροι. Θα έπρεπε ελέγξτε " +"αναδρομικά άλλες σελίδες στον ίδιο τομέα και συνεχίστε να το κάνετε αυτό " +"μέχρι να τελειώσει οι σελίδες έχουν επικυρωθεί." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" +"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" +msgstr "" +"Για αυτό, θα χρειαστείτε ένα πρόγραμμα-πελάτη HTTP όπως το " +"\\[`reqwest`\\]\\[1\\]. Δημιούργησε ένα νέο Έργο φορτίου και το «ζήτησε» ως " +"εξάρτηση με:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo new link-checker\n" +"cd link-checker\n" +"cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " +"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." +msgstr "" +"Εάν η «προσθήκη φορτίου» αποτύχει με «σφάλμα: δεν υπάρχει τέτοια υποεντολή», " +"τότε επεξεργαστείτε το Αρχείο «Cargo.toml» με το χέρι. Προσθέστε τις " +"εξαρτήσεις που αναφέρονται παρακάτω." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." +"rs/scraper/) for that:" +msgstr "" +"Θα χρειαστείτε επίσης έναν τρόπο να βρείτε συνδέσμους. Μπορούμε να " +"χρησιμοποιήσουμε το \\[`scraper`\\]\\[2\\] για αυτό:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo add scraper\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" +"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" +msgstr "" +"Τέλος, θα χρειαστούμε κάποιο τρόπο χειρισμού των σφαλμάτων. Χρησιμοποιούμε " +"\\[`αυτό το σφάλμα`\\]\\[3\\] για ότι:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo add thiserror\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" +msgstr "" +"Οι κλήσεις \"cargo add\" θα ενημερώσουν το αρχείο \"Cargo.toml\" ώστε να " +"έχει την εξής μορφή:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"link-checker\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"publish = false\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" +"www.google.org/`." +msgstr "" +"Τώρα μπορείτε να κάνετε λήψη της αρχικής σελίδας. Δοκιμάστε με ένα μικρό " +"site όπως π.χ `https://www.google.org/`." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" +msgstr "Το αρχείο `src/main.rs` θα πρέπει να μοιάζει κάπως έτσι:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" +"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" +"use thiserror::Error;\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +"enum Error {\n" +" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" +" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" +" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" +" BadResponse(String),\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct CrawlCommand {\n" +" url: Url,\n" +" extract_links: bool,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " +"Error> {\n" +" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" +" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" +" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" +" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" +" if !command.extract_links {\n" +" return Ok(link_urls);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" +" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" +" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" +"\n" +" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" +" let href_values = document\n" +" .select(&selector)\n" +" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" +" for href in href_values {\n" +" match base_url.join(href) {\n" +" Ok(link_url) => {\n" +" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" +" }\n" +" Err(err) => {\n" +" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " +"{err}\");\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(link_urls)\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let client = Client::new();\n" +" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" +" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " +"true };\n" +" match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" +" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" +msgstr "Εκτελέστε τον κώδικα στο `src/main.rs` με" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:122 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo run\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " +"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." +msgstr "" +"Χρησιμοποιήστε νήματα για να ελέγξετε τους συνδέσμους παράλληλα: στείλτε τις " +"διευθύνσεις URL που θα ελεγχθούν στο a κανάλι και αφήστε μερικά νήματα να " +"ελέγξουν τις διευθύνσεις URL παράλληλα." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." +"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " +"being blocked by the site." +msgstr "" +"Επεκτείνετε αυτό για να εξαγάγετε αναδρομικά συνδέσμους από όλες τις σελίδες " +"του τομέας `www.google.org`. Βάλτε ένα ανώτατο όριο 100 σελίδων περίπου έτσι " +"ώστε να μην καταλήξετε να αποκλειστείτε από τον ιστότοπο." + +#: src/async.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Async Rust" +msgstr "Γιατί Rust;" + +#: src/async.md:3 +msgid "" +"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " +"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " +"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " +"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " +"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " +"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async.md:10 +msgid "" +"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " +"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " +"signal that they are complete." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async.md:14 +msgid "" +"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " +"available." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Comparisons" +msgstr "Σύγκριση" + +#: src/async.md:19 +msgid "" +"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " +"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " +"similar to a runtime in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async.md:23 +msgid "" +"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " +"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " +"resolution are hidden." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:1 +msgid "`async`/`await`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:3 +msgid "" +"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " +"code:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use futures::executor::block_on;\n" +"\n" +"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" +" for i in 1..=count {\n" +" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" +" count_to(count).await;\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" block_on(async_main(10));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:27 +msgid "" +"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " +"running operation or any real concurrency in it!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" +msgstr "Ποιος είναι ο τύπος της λέξης σε κάθε βρόχο;" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:31 +msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:33 +msgid "" +"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " +"type with a future. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:36 +msgid "" +"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " +"compiler on how to use the returned future." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:39 +msgid "" +"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " +"until the provided future has run to completion. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:42 +msgid "" +"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " +"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/async-await.md:45 +msgid "" +"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " +"introduced later). " +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " +"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " +"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"use std::pin::Pin;\n" +"use std::task::Context;\n" +"\n" +"pub trait Future {\n" +" type Output;\n" +" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll;\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"pub enum Poll {\n" +" Ready(T),\n" +" Pending,\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:23 +msgid "" +"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " +"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " +"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " +"joining to it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:27 +msgid "" +"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " +"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:32 +msgid "" +"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " +"links to show the implementations in the docs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:35 +msgid "" +"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " +"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:38 +msgid "" +"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " +"event occurs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/futures.md:41 +msgid "" +"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " +"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " +"valid after an `.await`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:3 +msgid "" +"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " +"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " +"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " +"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" +"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:10 +msgid "" +"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " +"a basic runtime in `async::task`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:12 +msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:14 +msgid "" +"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" +"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" +"async/src/lib.rs) already has one." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:20 +msgid "" +"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " +"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " +"async things can't run in the playground." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:24 +msgid "" +"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " +"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " +"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " +"used." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 +msgid "Tokio provides: " +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 +msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 +msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 +msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use tokio::time;\n" +"\n" +"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" +" for i in 1..=count {\n" +" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" +" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" +"\n" +" for i in 1..5 {\n" +" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" +" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 +msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 +msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 +msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 +msgid "**Further exploration:**" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 +msgid "" +"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " +"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " +"until it finishes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 +msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 +msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:3 +msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:5 +msgid "" +"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " +"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " +"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " +"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " +"and an I/O operation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:10 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" +"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" +" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" +"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" +"\n" +" loop {\n" +" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" +"\n" +" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" +" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" +" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" +" return;\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" +" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" +" Ok(n) => {\n" +" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." +"trim();\n" +" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" +" }\n" +" Err(e) => {\n" +" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" +" return;\n" +" }\n" +" };\n" +"\n" +" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" +" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" +" }\n" +" });\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 +msgid "" +"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:54 +msgid "" +"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " +"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:57 +msgid "" +"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " +"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " +"similar to an `async fn`. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:61 +msgid "" +"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " +"using `?`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:3 +msgid "" +"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" +"\n" +"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" +" let mut count: usize = 0;\n" +"\n" +" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" +" count += 1;\n" +" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" +" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" +" for i in 0..10 {\n" +" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" +" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" drop(sender);\n" +" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " +"task.\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:35 +msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:37 +msgid "" +"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " +"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:40 +msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:42 +msgid "" +"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " +"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " +"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:46 +msgid "" +"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " +"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " +"flow." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Futures Control Flow" +msgstr "Ροή ελέγχου" + +#: src/async/control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " +"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " +"execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow.md:6 +msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow.md:7 +msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3 +msgid "" +"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " +"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " +"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use anyhow::Result;\n" +"use futures::future;\n" +"use reqwest;\n" +"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" +"\n" +"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" +" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" +" \"https://google.com\",\n" +" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" +" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" +" \"BAD_URL\",\n" +" ];\n" +" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" +" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" +" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" +" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 +msgid "" +"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " +"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " +"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 +msgid "" +"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " +"cause your program to stall. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45 +msgid "" +"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " +"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " +"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " +"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " +"demonstrates `join!`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3 +msgid "" +"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " +"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." +"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." +"FIRST_COMPLETED)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 +msgid "" +"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " +"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " +"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " +"the `future`'s result." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" +"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" +"enum Animal {\n" +" Cat { name: String },\n" +" Dog { name: String },\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" +" mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" +" mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" +") -> Option {\n" +" tokio::select! {\n" +" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" +" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" +" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" +" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" +" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" +" cat_sender\n" +" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" +" .await\n" +" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" +" });\n" +" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" +" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" +" dog_sender\n" +" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" +" .await\n" +" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" +" });\n" +"\n" +" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" +" .await\n" +" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 +msgid "" +"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " +"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " +"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " +"that take 500ms seconds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 +msgid "" +"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " +"to receive only one `send`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 +msgid "" +"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " +"of futures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 +msgid "" +"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " +"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 +msgid "" +"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " +"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1 +msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3 +msgid "" +"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " +"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " +"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " +"chapter:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 +msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 +msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 +msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 +msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 +msgid "Blocking the executor" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 +msgid "" +"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " +"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " +"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " +"possible." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use futures::future::join_all;\n" +"use std::time::Instant;\n" +"\n" +"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" +" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" +" println!(\n" +" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" +" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" +" );\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" let start = Instant::now();\n" +" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" +" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 +msgid "" +"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " +"concurrently." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32 +msgid "" +"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " +"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" +"threaded flavor." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36 +msgid "" +"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38 +msgid "" +"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " +"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41 +msgid "" +"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " +"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " +"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " +"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " +"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " +"situations." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47 +msgid "" +"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " +"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 +msgid "" +"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " +"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " +"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " +"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 +msgid "" +"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " +"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " +"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" +"use tokio::task::spawn;\n" +"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" +"\n" +"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" +"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Work {\n" +" input: u32,\n" +" respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" +"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" +" let mut iterations = 0;\n" +" loop {\n" +" tokio::select! {\n" +" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" +" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" +" work.respond_on\n" +" .send(work.input * 1000)\n" +" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" +" iterations += 1;\n" +" }\n" +" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" +"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" +" work_queue\n" +" .send(Work {\n" +" input,\n" +" respond_on: tx,\n" +" })\n" +" .await\n" +" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" +" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" +" spawn(worker(rx));\n" +" for i in 0..100 {\n" +" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" +" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 +msgid "" +"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " +"call `select!` in a loop." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 +msgid "" +"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " +"time with it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 +msgid "" +"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " +"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 +msgid "" +"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" +"loop {\n" +" select! {\n" +" ..,\n" +" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 +msgid "" +"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " +"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" +"pin`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n" +"loop {\n" +" select! {\n" +" ..,\n" +" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 +msgid "" +"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " +"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " +"`timeout_fut` every time it expires." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 +msgid "" +"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " +"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " +"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 +msgid "" +"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " +"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " +"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " +"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" +"nightly.html))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 +msgid "" +"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " +"provides a workaround through a macro:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use async_trait::async_trait;\n" +"use std::time::Instant;\n" +"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" +"\n" +"#[async_trait]\n" +"trait Sleeper {\n" +" async fn sleep(&self);\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"struct FixedSleeper {\n" +" sleep_ms: u64,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[async_trait]\n" +"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" +" async fn sleep(&self) {\n" +" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " +"n_times: usize) {\n" +" for _ in 0..n_times {\n" +" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" +" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" +" let start = Instant::now();\n" +" sleeper.sleep().await;\n" +" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" +" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" +" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" +" ];\n" +" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 +msgid "" +"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " +"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 +msgid "" +"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " +"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " +"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" +"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " +"digging deeper." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 +msgid "" +"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " +"time and adding it to the Vec." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 +msgid "" +"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " +"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " +"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " +"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" +"use std::time::Duration;\n" +"use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" +"\n" +"struct LinesReader {\n" +" stream: DuplexStream,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl LinesReader {\n" +" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" +" Self { stream }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" +" let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" +" let mut buf = [0];\n" +" while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" +" bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" +" if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" +" break;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" if bytes.is_empty() {\n" +" return Ok(None)\n" +" }\n" +" let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" +" .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " +"UTF-8\"))?;\n" +" Ok(Some(s))\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" +"Result<()> {\n" +" for b in source.bytes() {\n" +" dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" +" tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" +" let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" +" let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " +"client));\n" +"\n" +" let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" +" let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" +" loop {\n" +" tokio::select! {\n" +" _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" +" line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" +" print!(\"{}\", l)\n" +" } else {\n" +" break\n" +" },\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 +msgid "" +"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " +"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75 +msgid "" +"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " +"error-handling)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78 +msgid "The example loses parts of the string." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80 +msgid "" +"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " +"dropped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 +msgid "" +"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by makeing `buf` part of the " +"struct:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"struct LinesReader {\n" +" stream: DuplexStream,\n" +" bytes: Vec,\n" +" buf: [u8; 1],\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl LinesReader {\n" +" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" +" Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" +" }\n" +" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" +" // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" +" // ...\n" +" let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" +" let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" +" // ...\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 +msgid "" +"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." +"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " +"tick has been 'delivered'." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 +msgid "" +"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " +"returns or doesn't read data." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 +msgid "" +"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " +"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "" +"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5 +msgid "" +"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " +"you are going to implement it with Async Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8 +msgid "" +"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " +"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" +msgstr "Δείπνο με φιλόσοφους" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 +msgid "" +"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " +"problem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" +"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" +"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +msgstr "" +"Θα χρειαστείτε μια τοπική [Εγκατάσταση φορτίου](../../cargo/running-locally." +"md) για αυτή η άσκηση. Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο αρχείο \\`src/main." +"rs, συμπληρώστε τα κενά, και ελέγξτε ότι το «cargo run» δεν είναι αδιέξοδο:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use std::sync::Arc;\n" +"use tokio::time;\n" +"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" +"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" +"\n" +"struct Fork;\n" +"\n" +"struct Philosopher {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" // left_fork: ...\n" +" // right_fork: ...\n" +" // thoughts: ...\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Philosopher {\n" +" async fn think(&self) {\n" +" self.thoughts\n" +" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." +"await\n" +" .unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" async fn eat(&self) {\n" +" // Pick up forks...\n" +" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" +" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" +" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" // Create forks\n" +"\n" +" // Create philosophers\n" +"\n" +" // Make them think and eat\n" +"\n" +" // Output their thoughts\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 +msgid "" +"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " +"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " +"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 +msgid "" +"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " +"from the `tokio` crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 +msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " +"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " +"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " +"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " +"that it receives to all the clients." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9 +msgid "" +"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" +"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the " +"communication between the client and the server." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 +msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 +msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"chat-async\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n" +"http = \"0.2.9\"\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" +"tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 +msgid "The required APIs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 +msgid "" +"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " +"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" +"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " +"API. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 +msgid "" +"[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" +"tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for " +"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 +msgid "" +"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" +"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " +"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41 +msgid "" +"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." +"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " +"standard input." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43 +msgid "" +"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" +"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Two binaries" +msgstr "Rust Binaries" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 +msgid "" +"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." +"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " +"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " +"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " +"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " +"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" +"targets.html#binaries)). " +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 +msgid "" +"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" +"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " +"described below. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:123 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" +"use std::error::Error;\n" +"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" +"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" +"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" +"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" +"\n" +"async fn handle_connection(\n" +" addr: SocketAddr,\n" +" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" +" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" +") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" +"\n" +" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" +"\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" +" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" +"\n" +" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" +" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" +"\n" +" loop {\n" +" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" +" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" +" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" +" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" +" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" +"\n" +" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" +" });\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:208 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" +"use http::Uri;\n" +"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" +"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" +" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" +"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" +" .connect()\n" +" .await?;\n" +"\n" +" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" +" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" +"\n" +"\n" +" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" +"\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Running the binaries" +msgstr "Διεξαγωγή του μαθήματος" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128 +msgid "Run the server with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo run --bin server\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134 +msgid "and the client with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"cargo run --bin client\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142 +msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 +msgid "" +"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " +"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " +"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 +msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147 +msgid "" +"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " +"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " +"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " +"displaying them for the user." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151 +msgid "" +"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " +"clients, but the sender of the message." +msgstr "" + +#: src/thanks.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " +"that it was useful." +msgstr "" +"_Σας ευχαριστούμε που πήρατε το Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ Ελπίζουμε να σας " +"άρεσε και να ήταν χρήσιμο." + +#: src/thanks.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " +"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " +"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" +"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." +msgstr "" +"Διασκεδάσαμε πολύ όταν συνδυάσαμε το μάθημα. Το μάθημα δεν είναι τέλειο, " +"οπότε αν εντοπίσατε λάθη ή έχετε ιδέες για βελτιώσεις, παρακαλούμε μπείτε " +"[επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας στο GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" +"rust/discussions). Θα αγαπούσαμε να ακούσω από σένα." + +#: src/other-resources.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Other Rust Resources" +msgstr "Άλλοι πόροι σκουριάς" + +#: src/other-resources.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " +"online." +msgstr "" +"Η κοινότητα του Rust έχει δημιουργήσει έναν πλούτο υψηλής ποιότητας και " +"δωρεάν πόρων Σε σύνδεση." + +#: src/other-resources.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Official Documentation" +msgstr "Επίσημη Τεκμηρίωση" + +#: src/other-resources.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" +msgstr "Το έργο Rust φιλοξενεί πολλούς πόρους. Αυτά καλύπτουν το Rust γενικά:" + +#: src/other-resources.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " +"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " +"few projects for people to build." +msgstr "" +"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): το " +"κανονικό δωρεάν βιβλίο για το Rust. Καλύπτει αναλυτικά τη γλώσσα και " +"περιλαμβάνει α λίγα έργα για να κατασκευάσουν οι άνθρωποι." + +#: src/other-resources.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " +"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " +"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " +"in the examples." +msgstr "" +"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): καλύπτει τη " +"σκουριά σύνταξη μέσω μιας σειράς παραδειγμάτων που παρουσιάζουν διαφορετικές " +"κατασκευές. Ωρες ωρες περιλαμβάνει μικρές ασκήσεις όπου σας ζητείται να " +"αναπτύξετε τον κώδικα στο παραδείγματα." + +#: src/other-resources.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " +"of the standard library for Rust." +msgstr "" +"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): πλήρης τεκμηρίωση " +"του η τυπική βιβλιοθήκη για το Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " +"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." +msgstr "" +"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): ένα ημιτελές " +"βιβλίο που περιγράφει το μοντέλο της γραμματικής και της μνήμης Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" +msgstr "" +"Περισσότεροι εξειδικευμένοι οδηγοί που φιλοξενούνται στον επίσημο ιστότοπο " +"της Rust:" + +#: src/other-resources.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " +"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " +"(FFI)." +msgstr "" +"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): καλύπτει το μη " +"ασφαλές Rust, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της εργασίας με ακατέργαστους δείκτες και " +"της διεπαφής με άλλες γλώσσες (FFI)." + +#: src/other-resources.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " +"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " +"Rust Book was written." +msgstr "" +"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " +"καλύπτει το νέο μοντέλο ασύγχρονου προγραμματισμού που εισήχθη μετά το Το " +"Rust Book γράφτηκε." + +#: src/other-resources.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " +"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " +"system." +msgstr "" +"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " +"εισαγωγή στη χρήση του Rust σε ενσωματωμένες συσκευές χωρίς λειτουργικό " +"σύστημα." + +#: src/other-resources.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" +msgstr "Ανεπίσημο Εκπαιδευτικό Υλικό" + +#: src/other-resources.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" +msgstr "Μια μικρή επιλογή άλλων οδηγών και οδηγών για το Rust:" + +#: src/other-resources.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " +"from the perspective of low-level C programmers." +msgstr "" +"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): καλύπτει το " +"Rust από την οπτική γωνία των προγραμματιστών χαμηλού επιπέδου C." + +#: src/other-resources.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" +"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " +"firmware in C." +msgstr "" +"[Rust for Embedded C Προγραμματιστές](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" +"rust_for_c/): καλύπτει το Rust από η προοπτική των προγραμματιστών που " +"γράφουν υλικολογισμικό σε C." + +#: src/other-resources.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " +"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " +"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." +msgstr "" +"[Rust για επαγγελματίες](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " +"καλύπτει τη σύνταξη του Rust χρησιμοποιώντας συγκρίσεις δίπλα-δίπλα με άλλες " +"γλώσσες όπως C, C++, Java, JavaScript και Python." + +#: src/other-resources.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " +"you learn Rust." +msgstr "" +"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ ασκήσεις για " +"βοήθεια μαθαίνεις Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" +"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " +"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " +"and async/await are also covered." +msgstr "" +"[Σιδήρου Διδασκαλία Υλικό](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" +"material/index.html): α σειρά μικρών παρουσιάσεων που καλύπτουν τόσο βασικό " +"όσο και προχωρημένο μέρος του Γλώσσα σκουριάς. Άλλα θέματα όπως το " +"WebAssembly και το async/wait είναι επίσης σκεπαστός." + +#: src/other-resources.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" +"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." +"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " +"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " +"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." +msgstr "" +"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" +"series-to-rust/) και [Κάντε τα πρώτα σας βήματα με Rust](https://docs." +"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): δύο Οδηγοί Rust που " +"απευθύνονται σε νέους προγραμματιστές. Το πρώτο είναι ένα σύνολο 35 βίντεο " +"και το Το δεύτερο είναι ένα σύνολο 11 ενοτήτων που καλύπτει τη σύνταξη του " +"Rust και τις βασικές δομές." + +#: src/other-resources.md:58 +msgid "" +"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." +"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " +"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:63 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " +"for even more Rust books." +msgstr "" +"Δείτε το [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) για " +"ακόμα περισσότερα βιβλία Rust." + +#: src/credits.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " +"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " +"full list of useful resources." +msgstr "" +"Το υλικό εδώ βασίζεται στις πολλές σπουδαίες πηγές τεκμηρίωσης του Rust. " +"Δείτε τη σελίδα στο [other resources](other-resources.md) για μια πλήρη " +"λίστα χρήσιμων πόροι." + +#: src/credits.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " +"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" +"rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." +msgstr "" +"Το υλικό του Comprehensive Rust έχει άδεια χρήσης σύμφωνα με τους όρους του " +"Apache 2.0 άδεια, ανατρέξτε στην ενότητα [`ΑΔΕΙΑ`](../LICENSE) για " +"λεπτομέρειες." + +#: src/credits.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust by Example" +msgstr "Σκουριά από Παράδειγμα" + +#: src/credits.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " +"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " +"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " +"terms." +msgstr "" +"Ορισμένα παραδείγματα και ασκήσεις έχουν αντιγραφεί και προσαρμοστεί από το " +"[Rust by Παράδειγμα](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Παρακαλώ " +"δείτε το Κατάλογος `third_party/rust-by-example/` για λεπτομέρειες, " +"συμπεριλαμβανομένης της άδειας χρήσης όροι." + +#: src/credits.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust on Exercism" +msgstr "Σκουριά στην άσκηση" + +#: src/credits.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" +"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " +"directory for details, including the license terms." +msgstr "" +"Ορισμένες ασκήσεις έχουν αντιγραφεί και προσαρμοστεί από το [Rust on Άσκηση]" +"(https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Παρακαλώ δείτε το Κατάλογος `third_party/" +"rust-on-exercism/` για λεπτομέρειες, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της άδειας όροι." + +#: src/credits.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX" +msgstr "CXX" + +#: src/credits.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " +"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " +"directory for details, including the license terms." +msgstr "" +"Η ενότητα [Διαλειτουργικότητα με C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) " +"χρησιμοποιεί ένα εικόνα από [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Δείτε τον κατάλογο " +"`third_party/cxx/` για λεπτομέρειες, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των όρων άδειας." + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." +msgstr "Θα βρείτε λύσεις στις ασκήσεις στις επόμενες σελίδες." + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." +"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " +"different or better solution than what is presented here." +msgstr "" +"Μη διστάσετε να κάνετε ερωτήσεις σχετικά με τις λύσεις [on GitHub](https://" +"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Ενημέρωσέ μας εάν έχετε " +"διαφορετική ή καλύτερη λύση από αυτή που παρουσιάζεται εδώ." + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " +"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" +"use parts of the solutions as the exercises." +msgstr "" +"**Σημείωση:** Αγνοήστε τα \"// ANCHOR: label\" και \"// ANCHOR_END: label\" " +"σχόλια που βλέπετε στις λύσεις. Είναι εκεί για να το κάνουν δυνατό " +"επαναχρησιμοποιήστε μέρη των λύσεων ως ασκήσεις." + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" +msgstr "Πρωινές ασκήσεις 1ης ημέρας" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](for-loops.md))" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: transpose\n" +"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" +" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" +" for i in 0..3 {\n" +" for j in 0..3 {\n" +" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" return result;\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" +"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" +" for row in matrix {\n" +" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: tests\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_transpose() {\n" +" let matrix = [\n" +" [101, 102, 103], //\n" +" [201, 202, 203],\n" +" [301, 302, 303],\n" +" ];\n" +" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" +" assert_eq!(\n" +" transposed,\n" +" [\n" +" [101, 201, 301], //\n" +" [102, 202, 302],\n" +" [103, 203, 303],\n" +" ]\n" +" );\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let matrix = [\n" +" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +" [201, 202, 203],\n" +" [301, 302, 303],\n" +" ];\n" +"\n" +" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" +" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" +"\n" +" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" +" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" +" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bonus question" +msgstr "Ερώτηση μπόνους" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" +"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " +"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " +"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." +msgstr "" +"Ειλικρινά δεν λειτουργεί τόσο καλά. Μπορεί να φαίνεται ότι θα μπορούσαμε να " +"χρησιμοποιήσουμε ένα slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) ως τύπο εισόδου για να " +"μεταφέρουμε και έτσι να κάνουμε τη συνάρτησή μας να χειρίζεται οποιοδήποτε " +"μέγεθος πίνακα. Ωστόσο, αυτό αναλύεται γρήγορα: ο τύπος επιστροφής δεν " +"μπορεί να είναι \"&\\[&\\[i32\\]\\]\", καθώς πρέπει να είναι κάτοχος των " +"δεδομένων που επιστρέφετε." + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " +"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " +"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." +msgstr "" +"Μπορείτε να επιχειρήσετε να χρησιμοποιήσετε κάτι σαν `Vec>`, αλλά " +"ούτε αυτό λειτουργεί πολύ καλά: είναι δύσκολο να μετατρέψετε από " +"`Vec>` σε \\`&\\[&\\[i32\\]\\] Έτσι τώρα δεν μπορείτε να " +"χρησιμοποιήσετε εύκολα ούτε το \"pretty_print\"." + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 +msgid "" +"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" +"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " +"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"use std::convert::AsRef;\n" +"use std::fmt::Debug;\n" +"\n" +"fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" +"where\n" +" T: Debug,\n" +" // A line references a slice of items\n" +" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" +" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" +" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" +"{\n" +" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" // &[&[i32]]\n" +" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" +" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" +" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" +" // Vec>\n" +" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " +"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." +msgstr "" +"Επιπλέον, ο ίδιος ο τύπος δεν θα επιβάλλει ότι οι θυγατρικές φέτες έχουν το " +"ίδιο μήκος, επομένως μια τέτοια μεταβλητή θα μπορούσε να περιέχει έναν μη " +"έγκυρο πίνακα." + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "1η ημέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](luhn.md))" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: luhn\n" +"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" +" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" +" let mut sum = 0;\n" +" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." +"enumerate() {\n" +" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" +" Some(d) => {\n" +" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" +" let dd = d * 2;\n" +" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" +" } else {\n" +" d\n" +" };\n" +" digits_seen += 1;\n" +" }\n" +" None => return false,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" if digits_seen < 2 {\n" +" return false;\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" sum % 10 == 0\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" +" println!(\n" +" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" +" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" +" );\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pattern matching" +msgstr "Αντιστοίχιση προτύπων" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:99 +msgid "TBD." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" +msgstr "2η ημέρα Πρωινές ασκήσεις" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 +msgid "Designing a Library" +msgstr "Σχεδιασμός Βιβλιοθηκών" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](book-library.md))" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: setup\n" +"struct Library {\n" +" books: Vec,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"struct Book {\n" +" title: String,\n" +" year: u16,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Book {\n" +" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" +" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" +" Book {\n" +" title: String::from(title),\n" +" year,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" +"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" +"//\n" +"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" +"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" +"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" +"impl Library {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Library_new\n" +" fn new() -> Library {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" +" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" +" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" +" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" +" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" +" self.books.len()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" +" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" +" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" +" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" +" self.books.is_empty()\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" +" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" +" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" +" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" +" self.books.push(book)\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" +" //fn print_books(self) {\n" +" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " +"year\")\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" +" fn print_books(&self) {\n" +" for book in &self.books {\n" +" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" +" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" +" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" +" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" +"\n" +" // Longer hand-written solution:\n" +" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" +" for book in self.books.iter() {\n" +" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" +" oldest = Some(book);\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" oldest\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" +"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" +"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" +"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let library = Library::new();\n" +"\n" +" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." +"is_empty());\n" +" //\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" //\n" +" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " +"library.is_empty());\n" +" //\n" +" //\n" +" //library.print_books();\n" +" //\n" +" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" +" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" +" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" +" //}\n" +" //\n" +" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" +" //library.print_books();\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_len() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" +" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" +"\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" +" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" +"\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_print_books() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" +" // method to start with.\n" +" library.print_books();\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" +"\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" assert_eq!(\n" +" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" +" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" +" );\n" +"\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" assert_eq!(\n" +" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" +" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" +" );\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "2η μέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](strings-iterators.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" @@ -18387,154 +21620,89 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: transpose\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" -" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" for j in 0..3 {\n" -" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" +"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" +"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" +"\n" +" let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" +"\n" +" for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" +" let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" +" return false;\n" +" };\n" +" if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" +" return false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" -" return result;\n" -"}\n" +" true\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" -" for row in matrix {\n" -" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" -" }\n" +" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " +"prefix\n" +" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " +"of\n" +" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " +"request\n" +" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " +"chain()\n" +" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " +"segments,\n" +" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: tests\n" +"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[test]\n" -"fn test_transpose() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], //\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" transposed,\n" -" [\n" -" [101, 201, 301], //\n" -" [102, 202, 302],\n" -" [103, 203, 303],\n" -" ]\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" +"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" +"abc-123\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" +"books\"));\n" "\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" +"publishers\"));\n" "}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Bonus question" -msgstr "Ερώτηση μπόνους" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" -"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " -"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " -"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." -msgstr "" -"Ειλικρινά δεν λειτουργεί τόσο καλά. Μπορεί να φαίνεται ότι θα μπορούσαμε να " -"χρησιμοποιήσουμε ένα slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) ως τύπο εισόδου για να " -"μεταφέρουμε και έτσι να κάνουμε τη συνάρτησή μας να χειρίζεται οποιοδήποτε " -"μέγεθος πίνακα. Ωστόσο, αυτό αναλύεται γρήγορα: ο τύπος επιστροφής δεν " -"μπορεί να είναι \"&\\[&\\[i32\\]\\]\", καθώς πρέπει να είναι κάτοχος των " -"δεδομένων που επιστρέφετε." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " -"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " -"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." -msgstr "" -"Μπορείτε να επιχειρήσετε να χρησιμοποιήσετε κάτι σαν `Vec>`, αλλά " -"ούτε αυτό λειτουργεί πολύ καλά: είναι δύσκολο να μετατρέψετε από " -"`Vec>` σε \\`&\\[&\\[i32\\]\\] Έτσι τώρα δεν μπορείτε να " -"χρησιμοποιήσετε εύκολα ούτε το \"pretty_print\"." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 -msgid "" -"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" -"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " -"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::convert::AsRef;\n" -"use std::fmt::Debug;\n" "\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" -"where\n" -" T: Debug,\n" -" // A line references a slice of items\n" -" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" -" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" -" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" -"{\n" -" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" +" ));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" +" ));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" +" ));\n" "\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // &[&[i32]]\n" -" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" -" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" -" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" -" // Vec>\n" -" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" +"publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" +" ));\n" "}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" +"\n" +"fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " -"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." -msgstr "" -"Επιπλέον, ο ίδιος ο τύπος δεν θα επιβάλλει ότι οι θυγατρικές φέτες έχουν το " -"ίδιο μήκος, επομένως μια τέτοια μεταβλητή θα μπορούσε να περιέχει έναν μη " -"έγκυρο πίνακα." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "1η ημέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" +msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" +msgstr "3η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](book-library.md))" +msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](simple-gui.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" @@ -18552,184 +21720,166 @@ msgid "" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" +"pub trait Widget {\n" +" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" +"\n" +" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" +"\n" +" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" +" fn draw(&self) {\n" +" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" +" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" +" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" +"pub struct Label {\n" +" label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" +"impl Label {\n" +" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" +" Label {\n" +" label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}.\n" -"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n" -" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n" -" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n" -" }\n" +"pub struct Button {\n" +" label: Label,\n" +" callback: Box,\n" "}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Library_new\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" -" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" -" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" -" self.books.len()\n" +"impl Button {\n" +" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" +" Button {\n" +" label: Label::new(label),\n" +" callback,\n" +" }\n" " }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" -" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" -" self.books.is_empty()\n" -" }\n" +"pub struct Window {\n" +" title: String,\n" +" widgets: Vec>,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" -" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" -" self.books.push(book)\n" +"impl Window {\n" +" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" +" Window {\n" +" title: title.to_owned(),\n" +" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" +" }\n" " }\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" -" fn print_books(&self) {\n" -" for book in &self.books {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", book);\n" -" }\n" +" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" +" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // unimplemented!()\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" -" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" +" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" std::cmp::max(\n" +" self.title.chars().count(),\n" +" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" +" )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" //println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" -" let favorite_book = Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954);\n" -" println!(\"Our favorite book {favorite_book} should go in the " -"library\");\n" -" //library.add_book(favorite_book);\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n" -" // None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" for book in library.books {\n" -" println!(\"{book}\");\n" +"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" +"impl Widget for Window {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" +" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" +" self.inner_width() + 4\n" " }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_len() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" +" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" +" let mut inner = String::new();\n" +" for widget in &self.widgets {\n" +" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" +" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" +"\n" +" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" +" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" +" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" +" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" +" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" +" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" +" let width = self.width();\n" +" let mut label = String::new();\n" +" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_print_books() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" -" // method to start with.\n" -" library.print_books();\n" +" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" +" self.label\n" +" .lines()\n" +" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" +" .max()\n" +" .unwrap_or(0)\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" -" );\n" +" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" +" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" -" );\n" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." +"\")));\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" +" \"Click me!\",\n" +" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" +" )));\n" +" window.draw();\n" "}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "2η ημέρα Πρωινές ασκήσεις" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:177 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](points-polygons.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:179 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" @@ -18830,6 +21980,17 @@ msgid "" " }\n" " result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" " result\n" +" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as " +"pairs\n" +" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " +"point\n" +" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " +"one of \n" +" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " +"Iterator::cycle\n" +" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " +"using map \n" +" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" @@ -18961,17 +22122,17 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "2η μέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" +msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "3η ημέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](luhn.md))" +msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" @@ -18988,93 +22149,195 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: luhn\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" -" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" -" let mut sum = 0;\n" -" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." -"enumerate() {\n" -" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" -" Some(d) => {\n" -" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" -" let dd = d * 2;\n" -" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" -" } else {\n" -" d\n" -" };\n" -" digits_seen += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" None => return false,\n" +"// ANCHOR: ffi\n" +"mod ffi {\n" +" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" +" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" +" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" +"\n" +" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct DIR {\n" +" _data: [u8; 0],\n" +" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" +"PhantomPinned)>,\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " +"and\n" +" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" +" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" +" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct dirent {\n" +" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" +" pub d_off: c_long,\n" +" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" +" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" +" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" +" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct dirent {\n" +" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" +" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" +" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" +" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" +" pub d_type: u8,\n" +" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" extern \"C\" {\n" +" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" +"\n" +" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" +" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" +"\n" +" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " +"on\n" +" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" +" //\n" +" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " +"refers\n" +" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " +"PowerPC.\n" +" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" +" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" +" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" +"\n" +" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" +"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" +"\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" +" path: CString,\n" +" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" +"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" +" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " +"{err}\"))?;\n" +" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" +" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" +" if dir.is_null() {\n" +" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" +" } else {\n" +" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" " }\n" " }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" if digits_seen < 2 {\n" -" return false;\n" +"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" +"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" type Item = OsString;\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" +" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" +" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" +" if dirent.is_null() {\n" +" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" +" return None;\n" +" }\n" +" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" +" // terminated.\n" +" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" +" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" +" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" " }\n" -"\n" -" sum % 10 == 0\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"Is {} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" -" cc_number,\n" -" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" -" );\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" +"// ANCHOR: Drop\n" +"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" +" // Call closedir as needed.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" +" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" +" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" +" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" +" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" +" Ok(())\n" "}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" +"#[cfg(test)]\n" +"mod tests {\n" +" use super::*;\n" +" use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" +" assert!(iter.is_err());\n" +" }\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" +" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" +" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" +" )?;\n" +" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" +" entries.sort();\n" +" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" +" Ok(())\n" +" }\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" +" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" +" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " +"Diaries\\n\")?;\n" +" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" +" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" +" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" +" )?;\n" +" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" +" entries.sort();\n" +" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." +"txt\"]);\n" +" Ok(())\n" +" }\n" "}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:100 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](strings-iterators.md))" +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" +msgstr "3η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](for-loops.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:102 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" @@ -19088,85 +22351,169 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" -" let prefixes = prefix.split('/');\n" -" let request_paths = request_path\n" -" .split('/')\n" -" .map(|p| Some(p))\n" -" .chain(std::iter::once(None));\n" -"\n" -" for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n" -" match request_path {\n" -" Some(request_path) => {\n" -" if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" +"// ANCHOR: top\n" +"#![no_main]\n" +"#![no_std]\n" +"\n" +"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" +"\n" +"use core::fmt::Write;\n" +"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" +"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" +"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" +"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" +"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" +"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" +"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" +"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" +"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" +"use microbit::Board;\n" +"\n" +"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" +"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" +"\n" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"#[entry]\n" +"fn main() -> ! {\n" +" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" +"\n" +" // Configure serial port.\n" +" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" +" board.UARTE0,\n" +" board.uart.into(),\n" +" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" +" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" +" );\n" +"\n" +" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" +" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" +" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" +"K100);\n" +" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" +" imu.init().unwrap();\n" +" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" +" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" +" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" +"\n" +" // Set up display and timer.\n" +" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" +" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" +"\n" +" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" +" let mut button_pressed = false;\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: loop\n" +" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" +"\n" +" loop {\n" +" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" +" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" +" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" +" {}\n" +" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" +" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" +" writeln!(\n" +" serial,\n" +" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" +" compass_reading.x,\n" +" compass_reading.y,\n" +" compass_reading.z,\n" +" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" +" accelerometer_reading.y,\n" +" accelerometer_reading.z,\n" +" )\n" +" .unwrap();\n" +"\n" +" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" +" let (x, y) = match mode {\n" +" Mode::Compass => (\n" +" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " +"4) as usize,\n" +" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " +"4) as usize,\n" +" ),\n" +" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" +" scale(\n" +" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" +" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" +" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" +" 0,\n" +" 4,\n" +" ) as usize,\n" +" scale(\n" +" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" +" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" +" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" +" 0,\n" +" 4,\n" +" ) as usize,\n" +" ),\n" +" };\n" +" image[y][x] = 255;\n" +" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" +"\n" +" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " +"all LEDs on.\n" +" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" +" if !button_pressed {\n" +" mode = mode.next();\n" +" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" " }\n" -" None => return false,\n" +" button_pressed = true;\n" +" } else {\n" +" button_pressed = false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" -" true\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" +"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" +"enum Mode {\n" +" Compass,\n" +" Accelerometer,\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" +"impl Mode {\n" +" fn next(self) -> Self {\n" +" match self {\n" +" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" +" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" +"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" +"> i32 {\n" +" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" +" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" +" cap(\n" +" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" +" min_out,\n" +" max_out,\n" +" )\n" "}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "\n" -"fn main() {}\n" +"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" +" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" -msgstr "3η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση" +msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](luhn.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](simple-gui.md))" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "`main.rs`:" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" @@ -19180,170 +22527,144 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -" callback: Box,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" callback,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" +"// ANCHOR: top\n" +"#![no_main]\n" +"#![no_std]\n" "\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"mod exceptions;\n" +"mod logger;\n" +"mod pl011;\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" +"mod pl031;\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" +"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" +"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" +"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" +"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" +"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" +"// ANCHOR: imports\n" +"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" +"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" +"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" +"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" +"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" +"use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" +"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" +"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" +"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" -" let mut inner = String::new();\n" -" for widget in &self.widgets {\n" -" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" -" }\n" +"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" "\n" -" let window_width = self.width();\n" +"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" +"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" +"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" +"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" "\n" -" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" -" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" -" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" -" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" -" }\n" +" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" -" let width = self.width();\n" -" let mut label = String::new();\n" -" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" +" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " +"base\n" +" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " +"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" +" gic.setup();\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" -" self.label\n" -" .lines()\n" -" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" -" .max()\n" -" .unwrap_or(0)\n" +" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" +" let target = timestamp + 6;\n" +" info!(\n" +" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" +" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" +" );\n" +" rtc.set_match(target);\n" +" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" +" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" +" trace!(\n" +" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" +" rtc.matched(),\n" +" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" +" );\n" +" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" +" wfi();\n" " }\n" +" trace!(\n" +" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" +" rtc.matched(),\n" +" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" +" );\n" +" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" +" // ANCHOR: main_end\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\",\n" -" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" +"#[panic_handler]\n" +"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" +" error!(\"{info}\");\n" +" system_off::().unwrap();\n" +" loop {}\n" "}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "3η ημέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 +msgid "`pl031.rs`:" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151 msgid "" "```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" @@ -19357,119 +22678,134 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: ffi\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};\n" +"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" +"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" +"struct Registers {\n" +" /// Data register\n" +" dr: u32,\n" +" /// Match register\n" +" mr: u32,\n" +" /// Load register\n" +" lr: u32,\n" +" /// Control register\n" +" cr: u8,\n" +" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" +" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" +" imsc: u8,\n" +" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" +" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" +" ris: u8,\n" +" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" +" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" +" mis: u8,\n" +" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" +" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" +" icr: u8,\n" +" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"pub struct Rtc {\n" +" registers: *mut Registers,\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"impl Rtc {\n" +" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " +"the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" +" Self {\n" +" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" +" }\n" " }\n" "\n" -" // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-" -"gnu.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_long,\n" -" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_char,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" +" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" +" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" +" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" +" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " +"interrupt\n" +" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" +" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" " }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n" +" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " +"not\n" +" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" +" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" +" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." +"read_volatile() };\n" +" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" +" }\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" -" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" -" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " -"{err}\"))?;\n" -" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" -" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" -" if dir.is_null() {\n" -" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" -" } else {\n" -" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" -" }\n" +" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" +" /// interrupt is masked.\n" +" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" +" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." +"read_volatile() };\n" +" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" -" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" -" if dirent.is_null() {\n" -" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" -" return None;\n" -" }\n" -" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" -" // terminated.\n" -" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" -" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" -" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" +" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " +"the\n" +" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" +" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" +" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" +" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." +"write_volatile(imsc) }\n" " }\n" -"}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: Drop\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" -" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" -" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" -" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" +" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" +" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" +" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" +"// accessed from any context.\n" +"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 4 Morning Exercise" -msgstr "4η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση" +msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" +msgstr "3η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση" -#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:5 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](dining-philosophers.md))" -#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" @@ -19536,8 +22872,8 @@ msgid "" "\n" " for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" " let tx = tx.clone();\n" -" let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n" -" let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();\n" +" let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" +" let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n" "\n" " // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" @@ -19569,20 +22905,20 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104 #, fuzzy -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" -msgstr "3η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση" +msgid "Link Checker" +msgstr "Έλεγχος συνδέσμων πολλαπλών νημάτων" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](for-loops.md))" +msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](luhn.md))" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" @@ -19596,170 +22932,195 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: top\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" +"use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n" "\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" -"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" -"use microbit::{\n" -" display::blocking::Display,\n" -" hal::{\n" -" prelude::*,\n" -" twim::Twim,\n" -" uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte},\n" -" Timer,\n" -" },\n" -" pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A,\n" -" Board,\n" -"};\n" +"// ANCHOR: setup\n" +"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" +"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" +"use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" -"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" -"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" +"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +"enum Error {\n" +" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" +" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" +" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" +" BadResponse(String),\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" +"// ANCHOR: visit_page\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct CrawlCommand {\n" +" url: Url,\n" +" extract_links: bool,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" +"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " +"Error> {\n" +" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" +" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" +" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" +" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" -" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" -"K100);\n" -" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" -" imu.init().unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" +" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" +" if !command.extract_links {\n" +" return Ok(link_urls);\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" // Set up display and timer.\n" -" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" -" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" +" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" +" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" +" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" "\n" -" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" -" let mut button_pressed = false;\n" +" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" +" let href_values = document\n" +" .select(&selector)\n" +" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" +" for href in href_values {\n" +" match base_url.join(href) {\n" +" Ok(link_url) => {\n" +" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" +" }\n" +" Err(err) => {\n" +" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " +"{err}\");\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(link_urls)\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: visit_page\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: loop\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" +"struct CrawlState {\n" +" domain: String,\n" +" visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" -" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" -" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" -" {}\n" -" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" -" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" serial,\n" -" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" -" compass_reading.x,\n" -" compass_reading.y,\n" -" compass_reading.z,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.z,\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" +"impl CrawlState {\n" +" fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n" +" let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n" +" visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n" +" CrawlState {\n" +" domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n" +" visited_pages,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" -" let (x, y) = match mode {\n" -" Mode::Compass => (\n" -" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" -" scale(\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" scale(\n" -" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" +" /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" +" fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" +" let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n" +" return false;\n" " };\n" -" image[y][x] = 255;\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" +" url_domain == self.domain\n" +" }\n" "\n" -" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " -"all LEDs on.\n" -" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" -" if !button_pressed {\n" -" mode = mode.next();\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" -" }\n" -" button_pressed = true;\n" -" } else {\n" -" button_pressed = false;\n" -" }\n" +" /// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n" +" /// been visited.\n" +" fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" +" self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Mode {\n" -" Compass,\n" -" Accelerometer,\n" +"type CrawlResult = Result, (Url, Error)>;\n" +"fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n" +" command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" +" result_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" +" thread_count: u32,\n" +") {\n" +" let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n" +"\n" +" for _ in 0..thread_count {\n" +" let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n" +" let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n" +" thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let client = Client::new();\n" +" loop {\n" +" let command_result = {\n" +" let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n" +" receiver_guard.recv()\n" +" };\n" +" let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n" +" // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" +" break;\n" +" };\n" +" let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) " +"{\n" +" Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n" +" Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n" +" };\n" +" result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +" });\n" +" }\n" "}\n" "\n" -"impl Mode {\n" -" fn next(self) -> Self {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" -" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" +"fn control_crawl(\n" +" start_url: Url,\n" +" command_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" +" result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" +") -> Vec {\n" +" let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n" +" let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: " +"true };\n" +" command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n" +" let mut pending_urls = 1;\n" +"\n" +" let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n" +" while pending_urls > 0 {\n" +" let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n" +" pending_urls -= 1;\n" +"\n" +" match crawl_result {\n" +" Ok(link_urls) => {\n" +" for url in link_urls {\n" +" if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n" +" let extract_links = crawl_state." +"should_extract_links(&url);\n" +" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, " +"extract_links };\n" +" command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n" +" pending_urls += 1;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" Err((url, error)) => {\n" +" bad_urls.push(url);\n" +" println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n" +" continue;\n" +" }\n" " }\n" " }\n" +" bad_urls\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" -"> i32 {\n" -" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" -" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" -" cap(\n" -" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" -" min_out,\n" -" max_out,\n" -" )\n" +"fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec {\n" +" let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::();\n" +" let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::" +"();\n" +" spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n" +" control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n" "}\n" "\n" -"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")." +"unwrap();\n" +" let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n" +" println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" -msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](luhn.md))" +msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" +msgstr "1η ημέρα Απογευματινές Ασκήσεις" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "`main.rs`:" -msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](dining-philosophers.md))" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" @@ -19776,71 +23137,116 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: top\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" +"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" +"use std::sync::Arc;\n" +"use tokio::time;\n" +"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" +"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -"mod pl031;\n" +"struct Fork;\n" "\n" -"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" -"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" -"// ANCHOR: imports\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" -"use psci::system_off;\n" +"struct Philosopher {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" +" left_fork: Arc>,\n" +" right_fork: Arc>,\n" +" thoughts: Sender,\n" +"}\n" "\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"pub const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" +"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" +"impl Philosopher {\n" +" async fn think(&self) {\n" +" self.thoughts\n" +" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." +"await\n" +" .unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" "\n" -"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" -"pub const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" +" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" +" async fn eat(&self) {\n" +" // Pick up forks...\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" +" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" +" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " +"execution\n" +" // to transfer to another task\n" +" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" +" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n" +" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" +" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n" "\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" +" // The locks are dropped here\n" +" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" +" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" -" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(rtc.read().into(), 0).unwrap();\n" -" info!(\"RTC: {}\", time);\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" +" // Create forks\n" +" let mut forks = vec![];\n" +" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" +"new(Fork))));\n" "\n" -" // ANCHOR: main_end\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" +" // Create philosophers\n" +" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" +" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" +" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" +" let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" +" let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS." +"len()]);\n" +" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +" if i == 0 {\n" +" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" +" }\n" +" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" +" name: name.to_string(),\n" +" left_fork,\n" +" right_fork,\n" +" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" +" });\n" +" }\n" +" (philosophers, rx)\n" +" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" +" };\n" "\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{}\", info);\n" -" system_off().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" +" // Make them think and eat\n" +" for phil in philosophers {\n" +" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" +" for _ in 0..100 {\n" +" phil.think().await;\n" +" phil.eat().await;\n" +" }\n" +" });\n" +"\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" // Output their thoughts\n" +" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" +" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" +" }\n" "}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:79 -msgid "`pl031.rs`:" -msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" +msgstr "([επιστροφή στην άσκηση](luhn.md))" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:81 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:125 msgid "" -"```rust\n" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" @@ -19855,64 +23261,505 @@ msgid "" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"use core::ptr::addr_of;\n" +"// ANCHOR: setup\n" +"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" +"use std::error::Error;\n" +"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" +"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" +"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" +"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" /// Data register\n" -" dr: u32,\n" -" /// Match register\n" -" mr: u32,\n" -" /// Load register\n" -" lr: u32,\n" -" /// Control register\n" -" cr: u8,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" -" imsc: u8,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" -" ris: u8,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" -" mis: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" -" icr: u8,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" +"// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n" +"async fn handle_connection(\n" +" addr: SocketAddr,\n" +" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" +" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" +") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n" +"\n" +" ws_stream\n" +" .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" +" .await?;\n" +" let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" +"\n" +" // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " +"receiving\n" +" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" +" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" +" loop {\n" +" tokio::select! {\n" +" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" +" match incoming {\n" +" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" +" let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n" +" println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n" +" bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n" +" }\n" +" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" +" None => return Ok(()),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" +" ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" // ANCHOR: main\n" "}\n" "\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Rtc {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" +" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" -"impl Rtc {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" +" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" +" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" -" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" -" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" +" loop {\n" +" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" +" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" +" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" +" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" +" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" +"\n" +" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" +" });\n" " }\n" "}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:210 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" +"// ANCHOR: setup\n" +"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" +"use http::Uri;\n" +"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" +"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" +"\n" +"#[tokio::main]\n" +"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" +" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" +"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" +" .connect()\n" +" .await?;\n" +"\n" +" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" +" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" +"\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" +" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" +" loop {\n" +" tokio::select! {\n" +" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" +" match incoming {\n" +" Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg." +"as_text()?),\n" +" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" +" None => return Ok(()),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" +" match res {\n" +" Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" +" Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." +"to_string())).await?,\n" +" Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" + +#~ msgid "Day 4: Morning" +#~ msgstr "4η μέρα: Πρωί" + +#~ msgid "Day 4: Afternoon (Android)" +#~ msgstr "4η μέρα: Απόγευμα (Android)" + +#~ msgid "Day 4 Morning" +#~ msgstr "4η ημέρα Πρωί" + +#~ msgid "Build workflow" +#~ msgstr "Ροή εργασίας κατασκευής" + +#~ msgid "GitHub contributors" +#~ msgstr "Συνεργάτες GitHub" + +#~ msgid "GitHub stars" +#~ msgstr "Αστέρια GitHub" + +#~ msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Την 4η Ημέρα, θα καλύψουμε πράγματα που αφορούν συγκεκριμένα το Android, " +#~ "όπως:" + +#~ msgid "Building Android components in Rust." +#~ msgstr "Δημιουργία Android components με Rust." + +#~ msgid "AIDL servers and clients." +#~ msgstr "Εξυπηρετητές και πελάτες AIDL." + +#~ msgid "Interoperability with C, C++, and Java." +#~ msgstr "Διαλειτουργικότητα με C, C++ και Java." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is important to note that this course does not cover Android " +#~ "**application** development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts " +#~ "are specifically about writing code for Android itself, the operating " +#~ "system. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Είναι σημαντικό να σημειωθεί ότι αυτό το μάθημα δεν καλύπτει την " +#~ "ανάπτυξη**εφαρμογών** Android σε Rust. Το κομμάτι του μαθήματος που αφορά " +#~ "τοAndroid έχει να κάνει με ανάπτυξη κώδικα για το ίδιο το Android, ως " +#~ "λειτουργικό σύστημα." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when " +#~ "covering traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous " +#~ "Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead for " +#~ "details on this topic." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Χρήση async Rust --- θα αναφέρουμε στην async Rust μόνο όταν καλύψουμε τα " +#~ "παραδοσιακά δομικά στοιχεία συγχρονισμού. Δείτε και [Ασύγχρονος " +#~ "Προγραμματισμός σε Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) για " +#~ "λεπτομέρειες για αυτό το θέμα." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Select your topic for the afternoon of the fourth day. This may be based " +#~ "on the audience you expect, or on your own expertise." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Επιλέξτε το θέμα σας για το απόγευμα της τέταρτης ημέρας. Αυτό μπορεί να " +#~ "βασίζεται στο κοινό που περιμένετε ή στη δική σας εμπειρία." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Prepare anything you need to have available for the afternoon of day 4." +#~ msgstr "Ετοιμάστε οτιδήποτε χρειάζεστε για το απόγευμα της 4ης ημέρας." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." +#~ msgstr "Ημέρα 1: Βασική Rust, ιδιοκτησία και ο έλεγχος δανείων." + +#~ msgid "Day 4: Concurrency in Rust and seeing Rust in action." +#~ msgstr "Ημέρα 4: Συγχρονισμός στη Rust. Rust στην πράξη." + +#~ msgid "Day 4" +#~ msgstr "Ημέρα 4η" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The afternoon of the fourth day should cover a topic of your choice. " +#~ "Include the topic in the announcement of the course, so that participants " +#~ "know what to expect." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Το απόγευμα της τέταρτης ημέρας μπορεί να καλύψει ένα θέμα τηςαρεσκείας " +#~ "σας. Σημειώστε το θέμα που επιλέξατε στην ανακοίνωση του μαθήματος ώστε " +#~ "οισυμμετέχοντες να ξέρουν τι να περιμένουν." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This phase of the course is a chance for participants to see Rust in " +#~ "action on a codebase they might be familiar with. You can choose from the " +#~ "topics already defined here, or plan your own." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Αυτή η φάση του μαθήματος είναι μια ευκαιρία για τους συμμετέχοντες να " +#~ "δουν τη Rust στην πράξη, σε ένα πρότζεκτ με το οποίο μπορεί να είναι ήδη " +#~ "εξοικειωμένοι. Μπορείτε να διαλέξετε θέματα που έχουμε ήδη προετοιμάσει, " +#~ "ή κάτι δικό σας." + +#~ msgid "Some topics need additional preparation:" +#~ msgstr "Κάποια θέματα απαιτούν επιπλέον προετοιμασία." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" +#~ msgstr "Rustup (Συνιστάται)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " +#~ "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer." +#~ "github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Μπορείτε να ακολουθήσετε τις οδηγίες για την εγκατάσταση του " +#~ "μεταγλωττιστή φορτίου και σκουριάς, μεταξύ άλλων τυπικών εργαλείων " +#~ "οικοσυστήματος με το εργαλείο [rustup](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/), " +#~ "το οποίο διατηρείται από το Rust Foundation." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Package Managers" +#~ msgstr "Διαχειριστές πακέτων" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Debian" +#~ msgstr "Debian" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " fizzbuzz_to(20); // Defined below, no forward declaration needed\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" +#~ " if rhs == 0 {\n" +#~ " return false; // Corner case, early return\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " +#~ "value\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No return value means returning the unit " +#~ "type `()`\n" +#~ " match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) {\n" +#~ " (true, true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"),\n" +#~ " (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"),\n" +#~ " (false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"),\n" +#~ " (false, false) => println!(\"{n}\"),\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` is normally omitted\n" +#~ " for i in 1..=n {\n" +#~ " fizzbuzz(i);\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // Χωρίς επιστροφή τιμής σημαίνει επιστροφή " +#~ "του τύπου μονάδας `()` αντιστοίχιση (is_divisible_by(n, 3), " +#~ "is_divisible_by(n, 5)) { (αληθινό, αληθινό) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"), " +#~ "(αληθές, λάθος) => println!(\"fizz\"), (ψευδές, αληθές) => println!" +#~ "(\"buzz\"), (ψεύτικο, ψευδές) => println!(\"{n}\"), } }" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the \\[solutions\\] " +#~ "provided." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Αφού δείτε τις ασκήσεις, μπορείτε να δείτε τις \\[λύσεις\\] που " +#~ "παρέχονται." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the " +#~ "function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Σημειώστε ότι επειδή το \"println!\" είναι μακροεντολή, το \"x\" δεν " +#~ "μετακινείται, ακόμη και χρησιμοποιώντας τη συνάρτηση όπως η σύνταξη του " +#~ "\"println!(\"x: {}\", x)\"" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Η διαχείριση της παγκόσμιας κατάστασης γίνεται με στατικές και σταθερές " +#~ "μεταβλητές." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:" +#~ msgstr "Μπορείτε να δηλώσετε σταθερές χρόνου μεταγλώττισης:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can also declare static variables:" +#~ msgstr "Μπορείτε επίσης να δηλώσετε στατικές μεταβλητές:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../" +#~ "unsafe.md)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Θα εξετάσουμε τη μετάλλαξη στατικών δεδομένων στο \\[κεφάλαιο για την Μη " +#~ "ασφαλή σκουριά\\] (../unsafe.md)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Potential for use-after-free." +#~ msgstr "Δυνατότητα χρήσης-μετά-δωρεάν." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Τα δεδομένα _μετακινήθηκαν_ από το `s1` και το `s1` δεν είναι πλέον " +#~ "προσβάσιμο." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "A small book library," +#~ msgstr "Iterators και ιδιοκτησία (σκληρό)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`mut self`: same as above, but while the method owns the object, it can " +#~ "mutate it too. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`mut self`: όπως παραπάνω, αλλά ενώ η μέθοδος κατέχει το αντικείμενο, " +#~ "μπορεί μεταλλάξτε το και εσείς. Η πλήρης ιδιοκτησία δεν σημαίνει αυτόματα " +#~ "μεταβλητότητα." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You use `if` very similarly to how you would in other languages:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Χρησιμοποιείτε το \"if\" πολύ παρόμοια με αυτό που θα κάνατε σε άλλες " +#~ "γλώσσες:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you want to match a value against a pattern, you can use `if let`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Εάν θέλετε να ταιριάξετε μια τιμή με ένα μοτίβο, μπορείτε να " +#~ "χρησιμοποιήσετε το «αν επιτρέπεται»:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is " +#~ "interesting. In contrast, `match` requires all branches to be covered." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Το «αν ας» μπορεί να είναι πιο συνοπτικό από το «ταίριασμα», π.χ., όταν " +#~ "μόνο μία περίπτωση είναι ενδιαφέρουσα. Αντίθετα, το \"match\" απαιτεί να " +#~ "καλύπτονται όλοι οι κλάδοι." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For the similar use case consider demonstrating a newly stabilized [`let " +#~ "else`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/93628) feature." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Για παρόμοια περίπτωση χρήσης, εξετάστε το ενδεχόμενο να επιδείξετε μια " +#~ "νέα σταθεροποιημένη λειτουργία [`let else`](https://github.com/rust-lang/" +#~ "rust/pull/93628)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The `while` keyword works very similar to other languages:" +#~ msgstr "Η λέξη-κλειδί \"while\" λειτουργεί πολύ παρόμοια με άλλες γλώσσες:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`for` expressions" +#~ msgstr "εκφράσεις «για»." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the " +#~ "data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](../concurrency/shared_state/" +#~ "arc.md)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Εάν πρέπει να μεταλλάξετε τα δεδομένα μέσα σε ένα \"Rc\", θα πρέπει να " +#~ "τυλίξετε τα δεδομένα μέσα έναν τύπο όπως [`Cell` ή `RefCell`](../" +#~ "concurrency/shared_state/arc.md). Ανατρέξτε στο [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) εάν βρίσκεστε σε ένα multi-threaded " +#~ "συμφραζόμενα." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Το \"clone\" είναι φθηνό: δημιουργεί έναν δείκτη στην ίδια κατανομή και " +#~ "αυξάνει το πλήθος αναφοράς." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The module content can be omitted:" +#~ msgstr "Το περιεχόμενο της ενότητας μπορεί να παραλειφθεί:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:" +#~ msgstr "Το περιεχόμενο της ενότητας «garden» βρίσκεται στη διεύθυνση:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" +#~ msgstr "`src/garden.rs` (μοντέρνο στυλ Rust 2018)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" +#~ msgstr "`src/garden/mod.rs` (παλαιότερο στυλ Rust 2015)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ομοίως, μια ενότητα «garden:: λαχανικά» μπορεί να βρεθεί στη διεύθυνση:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" +#~ msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (μοντέρνο στυλ Rust 2018)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" +#~ msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (παλαιότερο στυλ Rust 2015)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the following code to and implement " +#~ "the function:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Αντιγράψτε τον παρακάτω κώδικα στο και " +#~ "εφαρμόστε το λειτουργία:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`." +#~ msgstr "Τα κλεισίματα «μετακίνησης» εφαρμόζουν μόνο το «FnOnce»." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We've seen how a function can take arguments which implement a trait:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Είδαμε πώς μια συνάρτηση μπορεί να λάβει ορίσματα που υλοποιούν ένα " +#~ "χαρακτηριστικό:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "However, how can we store a collection of mixed types which implement " +#~ "`Display`?" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ωστόσο, πώς μπορούμε να αποθηκεύσουμε μια συλλογή μικτών τύπων που " +#~ "υλοποιούν το \"Display\";" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "For this, we need _trait objects_:" +#~ msgstr "Για αυτό, χρειαζόμαστε _trait αντικείμενα_:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Similarly, you need a trait object if you want to return different types " +#~ "implementing a trait:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ομοίως, χρειάζεστε ένα αντικείμενο χαρακτηριστικών εάν θέλετε να " +#~ "επιστρέψετε διαφορετικές τιμές υλοποίηση ενός χαρακτηριστικού:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/ffi/) module, particular for [`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/" +#~ "struct.CString.html) types which are used to hold NUL-terminated strings " +#~ "coming from C. The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) " +#~ "also has a very useful chapter about FFI." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Θα θέλετε επίσης να περιηγηθείτε στη λειτουργική μονάδα [`std::ffi`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/), ειδικά για το [`CStr`](https://doc." +#~ "rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) και τύπους [`CString`](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html) που χρησιμοποιούνται για " +#~ "τη διατήρηση συμβολοσειρών με τερματισμό NUL που προέρχονται από Γ. Το " +#~ "[Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) έχει επίσης ένα " +#~ "πολύ χρήσιμο κεφάλαιο για το FFI." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Welcome to Day 4" +#~ msgstr "Καλώς ήρθατε στην Ημέρα 4" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Fearless Concurrency" +#~ msgstr "Ατρόμητος Συγχρονισμός" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 4 Morning Exercise" +#~ msgstr "4η ημέρα Πρωινή άσκηση"