diff --git a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiberHooks.js b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiberHooks.js
index 3ba251b620713..87551125b8104 100644
--- a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiberHooks.js
+++ b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiberHooks.js
@@ -1232,13 +1232,20 @@ function useMemoCache(size: number): Array<any> {
       data[i] = REACT_MEMO_CACHE_SENTINEL;
     }
   } else if (data.length !== size) {
-    // TODO: consider warning or throwing here
     if (__DEV__) {
-      console.error(
+      // reset cache for FastRefresh
+      data = memoCache.data[memoCache.index] = new Array(size);
+      for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        data[i] = REACT_MEMO_CACHE_SENTINEL;
+      }
+    } else {
+      throw new Error(
         'Expected a constant size argument for each invocation of useMemoCache. ' +
-          'The previous cache was allocated with size %s but size %s was requested.',
-        data.length,
-        size,
+          'The previous cache was allocated with size ' +
+          data.length +
+          ' but size ' +
+          size +
+          ' was requested.',
       );
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/useMemoCache-test.js b/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/useMemoCache-test.js
index a3dbeeb38ce1c..fb4248cac6e14 100644
--- a/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/useMemoCache-test.js
+++ b/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/useMemoCache-test.js
@@ -621,4 +621,36 @@ describe('useMemoCache()', () => {
       </>,
     );
   });
+
+  // @gate enableUseMemoCacheHook
+  it('throws when cache size varies between renders in non-dev', async () => {
+    function Component(props) {
+      const cache = useMemoCache(props.cacheSize);
+      expect(Array.isArray(cache)).toBe(true);
+      expect(cache.length).toBe(props.cacheSize);
+      expect(cache[0]).toBe(MemoCacheSentinel);
+      return cache.length;
+    }
+    const root = ReactNoop.createRoot();
+    await act(() => {
+      root.render(<Component key="comp" cacheSize={1} />);
+    });
+    expect(root).toMatchRenderedOutput('1');
+
+    if (__DEV__) {
+      await act(() => {
+        root.render(<Component key="comp" cacheSize={2} />);
+      });
+      expect(root).toMatchRenderedOutput('2');
+    } else {
+      await expect(async () => {
+        await act(() => {
+          root.render(<Component key="comp" cacheSize={2} />);
+        });
+      }).rejects.toThrow(
+        'Expected a constant size argument for each invocation of useMemoCache. ' +
+          'The previous cache was allocated with size %s but size %s was requested.',
+      );
+    }
+  });
 });
diff --git a/scripts/error-codes/codes.json b/scripts/error-codes/codes.json
index ba4fb4fa28428..af3d3296a4d45 100644
--- a/scripts/error-codes/codes.json
+++ b/scripts/error-codes/codes.json
@@ -526,5 +526,6 @@
   "538": "Cannot use state or effect Hooks in renderToMarkup because this component will never be hydrated.",
   "539": "Binary RSC chunks cannot be encoded as strings. This is a bug in the wiring of the React streams.",
   "540": "String chunks need to be passed in their original shape. Not split into smaller string chunks. This is a bug in the wiring of the React streams.",
-  "541": "Compared context values must be arrays"
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  "541": "Compared context values must be arrays",
+  "542": "Expected a constant size argument for each invocation of useMemoCache. The previous cache was allocated with size %s but size %s was requested."
+}