diff --git a/storage/kv_test.go b/storage/kv_test.go
index 33a6bc46b35..7d29321ec2d 100644
--- a/storage/kv_test.go
+++ b/storage/kv_test.go
@@ -83,16 +83,9 @@ func testKVRange(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
-	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), 1)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), 2)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo2"), []byte("bar2"), 3)
-	kvs := []storagepb.KeyValue{
-		{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: 1, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
-		{Key: []byte("foo1"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 2, Version: 1, Lease: 2},
-		{Key: []byte("foo2"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 3, ModRevision: 3, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
-	}
+	kvs := put3TestKVs(s)
 
-	wrev := int64(3)
+	wrev := int64(4)
 	tests := []struct {
 		key, end []byte
 		wkvs     []storagepb.KeyValue
@@ -151,25 +144,18 @@ func testKVRangeRev(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
-	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), 1)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), 2)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo2"), []byte("bar2"), 3)
-	kvs := []storagepb.KeyValue{
-		{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: 1, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
-		{Key: []byte("foo1"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 2, Version: 1, Lease: 2},
-		{Key: []byte("foo2"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 3, ModRevision: 3, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
-	}
+	kvs := put3TestKVs(s)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		rev  int64
 		wrev int64
 		wkvs []storagepb.KeyValue
 	}{
-		{-1, 3, kvs},
-		{0, 3, kvs},
-		{1, 1, kvs[:1]},
-		{2, 2, kvs[:2]},
-		{3, 3, kvs},
+		{-1, 4, kvs},
+		{0, 4, kvs},
+		{2, 2, kvs[:1]},
+		{3, 3, kvs[:2]},
+		{4, 4, kvs},
 	}
 
 	for i, tt := range tests {
@@ -194,10 +180,8 @@ func testKVRangeBadRev(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
-	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), lease.NoLease)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo2"), []byte("bar2"), lease.NoLease)
-	if err := s.Compact(3); err != nil {
+	put3TestKVs(s)
+	if err := s.Compact(4); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("compact error (%v)", err)
 	}
 
@@ -206,9 +190,9 @@ func testKVRangeBadRev(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 		werr error
 	}{
 		{-1, ErrCompacted},
+		{1, ErrCompacted},
 		{2, ErrCompacted},
-		{3, ErrCompacted},
-		{4, ErrFutureRev},
+		{5, ErrFutureRev},
 		{100, ErrFutureRev},
 	}
 	for i, tt := range tests {
@@ -227,16 +211,9 @@ func testKVRangeLimit(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
-	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), 1)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), 2)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo2"), []byte("bar2"), 3)
-	kvs := []storagepb.KeyValue{
-		{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: 1, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
-		{Key: []byte("foo1"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 2, Version: 1, Lease: 2},
-		{Key: []byte("foo2"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 3, ModRevision: 3, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
-	}
+	kvs := put3TestKVs(s)
 
-	wrev := int64(3)
+	wrev := int64(4)
 	tests := []struct {
 		limit int64
 		wkvs  []storagepb.KeyValue
@@ -276,8 +253,8 @@ func testKVPutMultipleTimes(t *testing.T, f putFunc) {
 		base := int64(i + 1)
 
 		rev := f(s, []byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.LeaseID(base))
-		if rev != base {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: rev = %d, want %d", i, rev, base)
+		if rev != base+1 {
+			t.Errorf("#%d: rev = %d, want %d", i, rev, base+1)
 		}
 
 		kvs, _, err := s.Range([]byte("foo"), nil, 0, 0)
@@ -285,7 +262,7 @@ func testKVPutMultipleTimes(t *testing.T, f putFunc) {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 		wkvs := []storagepb.KeyValue{
-			{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: base, Version: base, Lease: base},
+			{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: base + 1, Version: base, Lease: base},
 		}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(kvs, wkvs) {
 			t.Errorf("#%d: kvs = %+v, want %+v", i, kvs, wkvs)
@@ -305,27 +282,27 @@ func testKVDeleteRange(t *testing.T, f deleteRangeFunc) {
 	}{
 		{
 			[]byte("foo"), nil,
-			4, 1,
+			5, 1,
 		},
 		{
 			[]byte("foo"), []byte("foo1"),
-			4, 1,
+			5, 1,
 		},
 		{
 			[]byte("foo"), []byte("foo2"),
-			4, 2,
+			5, 2,
 		},
 		{
 			[]byte("foo"), []byte("foo3"),
-			4, 3,
+			5, 3,
 		},
 		{
 			[]byte("foo3"), []byte("foo8"),
-			3, 0,
+			4, 0,
 		},
 		{
 			[]byte("foo3"), nil,
-			3, 0,
+			4, 0,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -357,14 +334,14 @@ func testKVDeleteMultipleTimes(t *testing.T, f deleteRangeFunc) {
 	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
 
 	n, rev := f(s, []byte("foo"), nil)
-	if n != 1 || rev != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("n = %d, rev = %d, want (%d, %d)", n, rev, 1, 2)
+	if n != 1 || rev != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("n = %d, rev = %d, want (%d, %d)", n, rev, 1, 3)
 	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		n, rev := f(s, []byte("foo"), nil)
-		if n != 0 || rev != 2 {
-			t.Fatalf("#%d: n = %d, rev = %d, want (%d, %d)", i, n, rev, 0, 2)
+		if n != 0 || rev != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d: n = %d, rev = %d, want (%d, %d)", i, n, rev, 0, 3)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -376,7 +353,7 @@ func TestKVOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		base := int64(i * 2)
+		base := int64(i*2 + 1)
 
 		// put foo
 		rev := s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -417,7 +394,7 @@ func TestKVOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestKVTxnBlockNonTnxOperations(t *testing.T) {
+func TestKVTxnBlockNonTxnOperations(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := backend.NewDefaultTmpBackend()
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 
@@ -488,14 +465,14 @@ func TestKVTxnWrongID(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // test that txn range, put, delete on single key in sequence repeatedly works correctly.
-func TestKVTnxOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
+func TestKVTxnOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := backend.NewDefaultTmpBackend()
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		id := s.TxnBegin()
-		base := int64(i)
+		base := int64(i + 1)
 
 		// put foo
 		rev, err := s.TxnPut(id, []byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -561,25 +538,25 @@ func TestKVCompactReserveLastValue(t *testing.T) {
 		wkvs []storagepb.KeyValue
 	}{
 		{
-			0,
+			1,
 			[]storagepb.KeyValue{
-				{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar0"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: 1, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
+				{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar0"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 2, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			1,
+			2,
 			[]storagepb.KeyValue{
-				{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: 2, Version: 2, Lease: 2},
+				{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 3, Version: 2, Lease: 2},
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			2,
+			3,
 			nil,
 		},
 		{
-			3,
+			4,
 			[]storagepb.KeyValue{
-				{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 4, ModRevision: 4, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
+				{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 5, ModRevision: 5, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -615,8 +592,8 @@ func TestKVCompactBad(t *testing.T) {
 		{0, nil},
 		{1, nil},
 		{1, ErrCompacted},
-		{3, nil},
-		{4, ErrFutureRev},
+		{4, nil},
+		{5, ErrFutureRev},
 		{100, ErrFutureRev},
 	}
 	for i, tt := range tests {
@@ -701,14 +678,7 @@ func TestKVSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
-	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), 1)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), 2)
-	s.Put([]byte("foo2"), []byte("bar2"), 3)
-	wkvs := []storagepb.KeyValue{
-		{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 1, ModRevision: 1, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
-		{Key: []byte("foo1"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 2, Version: 1, Lease: 2},
-		{Key: []byte("foo2"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 3, ModRevision: 3, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
-	}
+	wkvs := put3TestKVs(s)
 
 	newPath := "new_test"
 	f, err := os.Create(newPath)
@@ -734,8 +704,8 @@ func TestKVSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(kvs, wkvs) {
 		t.Errorf("kvs = %+v, want %+v", kvs, wkvs)
 	}
-	if rev != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("rev = %d, want %d", rev, 3)
+	if rev != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("rev = %d, want %d", rev, 4)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -757,8 +727,8 @@ func TestWatchableKVWatch(t *testing.T) {
 			Kv: &storagepb.KeyValue{
 				Key:            []byte("foo"),
 				Value:          []byte("bar"),
-				CreateRevision: 1,
-				ModRevision:    1,
+				CreateRevision: 2,
+				ModRevision:    2,
 				Version:        1,
 				Lease:          1,
 			},
@@ -783,8 +753,8 @@ func TestWatchableKVWatch(t *testing.T) {
 			Kv: &storagepb.KeyValue{
 				Key:            []byte("foo1"),
 				Value:          []byte("bar1"),
-				CreateRevision: 2,
-				ModRevision:    2,
+				CreateRevision: 3,
+				ModRevision:    3,
 				Version:        1,
 				Lease:          2,
 			},
@@ -810,8 +780,8 @@ func TestWatchableKVWatch(t *testing.T) {
 			Kv: &storagepb.KeyValue{
 				Key:            []byte("foo1"),
 				Value:          []byte("bar1"),
-				CreateRevision: 2,
-				ModRevision:    2,
+				CreateRevision: 3,
+				ModRevision:    3,
 				Version:        1,
 				Lease:          2,
 			},
@@ -835,8 +805,8 @@ func TestWatchableKVWatch(t *testing.T) {
 			Kv: &storagepb.KeyValue{
 				Key:            []byte("foo1"),
 				Value:          []byte("bar11"),
-				CreateRevision: 2,
-				ModRevision:    3,
+				CreateRevision: 3,
+				ModRevision:    4,
 				Version:        2,
 				Lease:          3,
 			},
@@ -858,3 +828,14 @@ func cleanup(s KV, b backend.Backend, path string) {
 	b.Close()
 	os.Remove(path)
 }
+
+func put3TestKVs(s KV) []storagepb.KeyValue {
+	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), 1)
+	s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), 2)
+	s.Put([]byte("foo2"), []byte("bar2"), 3)
+	return []storagepb.KeyValue{
+		{Key: []byte("foo"), Value: []byte("bar"), CreateRevision: 2, ModRevision: 2, Version: 1, Lease: 1},
+		{Key: []byte("foo1"), Value: []byte("bar1"), CreateRevision: 3, ModRevision: 3, Version: 1, Lease: 2},
+		{Key: []byte("foo2"), Value: []byte("bar2"), CreateRevision: 4, ModRevision: 4, Version: 1, Lease: 3},
+	}
+}
diff --git a/storage/kvstore.go b/storage/kvstore.go
index 8d2ae850bac..f1a11f35619 100644
--- a/storage/kvstore.go
+++ b/storage/kvstore.go
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func NewStore(b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor) *store {
 
 		le: le,
 
-		currentRev:     revision{},
+		currentRev:     revision{main: 1},
 		compactMainRev: -1,
 		stopc:          make(chan struct{}),
 	}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func (s *store) Restore(b backend.Backend) error {
 
 	s.b = b
 	s.kvindex = newTreeIndex()
-	s.currentRev = revision{}
+	s.currentRev = revision{main: 1}
 	s.compactMainRev = -1
 	s.tx = b.BatchTx()
 	s.txnID = -1
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func (s *store) Restore(b backend.Backend) error {
 
 func (s *store) restore() error {
 	min, max := newRevBytes(), newRevBytes()
-	revToBytes(revision{}, min)
+	revToBytes(revision{main: 1}, min)
 	revToBytes(revision{main: math.MaxInt64, sub: math.MaxInt64}, max)
 
 	// restore index
diff --git a/storage/kvstore_test.go b/storage/kvstore_test.go
index abc62f01a82..c425e81354d 100644
--- a/storage/kvstore_test.go
+++ b/storage/kvstore_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func TestStoreRev(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewStore(b, &lease.FakeLessor{})
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
 		s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
 		if r := s.Rev(); r != int64(i+1) {
 			t.Errorf("#%d: rev = %d, want %d", i, r, i+1)
@@ -312,15 +312,15 @@ func TestStoreRestore(t *testing.T) {
 	putkv := storagepb.KeyValue{
 		Key:            []byte("foo"),
 		Value:          []byte("bar"),
-		CreateRevision: 3,
-		ModRevision:    3,
+		CreateRevision: 4,
+		ModRevision:    4,
 		Version:        1,
 	}
 	putkvb, err := putkv.Marshal()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	delkey := newTestKeyBytes(revision{4, 0}, true)
+	delkey := newTestKeyBytes(revision{5, 0}, true)
 	delkv := storagepb.KeyValue{
 		Key: []byte("foo"),
 	}
@@ -328,30 +328,30 @@ func TestStoreRestore(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b.tx.rangeRespc <- rangeResp{[][]byte{finishedCompactKeyName}, [][]byte{newTestRevBytes(revision{2, 0})}}
+	b.tx.rangeRespc <- rangeResp{[][]byte{finishedCompactKeyName}, [][]byte{newTestRevBytes(revision{3, 0})}}
 	b.tx.rangeRespc <- rangeResp{[][]byte{putkey, delkey}, [][]byte{putkvb, delkvb}}
-	b.tx.rangeRespc <- rangeResp{[][]byte{scheduledCompactKeyName}, [][]byte{newTestRevBytes(revision{2, 0})}}
+	b.tx.rangeRespc <- rangeResp{[][]byte{scheduledCompactKeyName}, [][]byte{newTestRevBytes(revision{3, 0})}}
 
 	s.restore()
 
-	if s.compactMainRev != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("compact rev = %d, want 4", s.compactMainRev)
+	if s.compactMainRev != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("compact rev = %d, want 5", s.compactMainRev)
 	}
-	wrev := revision{4, 0}
+	wrev := revision{5, 0}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.currentRev, wrev) {
 		t.Errorf("current rev = %v, want %v", s.currentRev, wrev)
 	}
 	wact := []testutil.Action{
 		{"range", []interface{}{metaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, []byte(nil), int64(0)}},
-		{"range", []interface{}{keyBucketName, newTestRevBytes(revision{}), newTestRevBytes(revision{math.MaxInt64, math.MaxInt64}), int64(0)}},
+		{"range", []interface{}{keyBucketName, newTestRevBytes(revision{1, 0}), newTestRevBytes(revision{math.MaxInt64, math.MaxInt64}), int64(0)}},
 		{"range", []interface{}{metaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, []byte(nil), int64(0)}},
 	}
 	if g := b.tx.Action(); !reflect.DeepEqual(g, wact) {
 		t.Errorf("tx actions = %+v, want %+v", g, wact)
 	}
 	wact = []testutil.Action{
-		{"restore", []interface{}{[]byte("foo"), revision{3, 0}, revision{3, 0}, int64(1)}},
-		{"tombstone", []interface{}{[]byte("foo"), revision{4, 0}}},
+		{"restore", []interface{}{[]byte("foo"), revision{4, 0}, revision{3, 0}, int64(1)}},
+		{"tombstone", []interface{}{[]byte("foo"), revision{5, 0}}},
 	}
 	if g := fi.Action(); !reflect.DeepEqual(g, wact) {
 		t.Errorf("index action = %+v, want %+v", g, wact)
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ func TestTxnPut(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for i := 0; i < sliceN; i++ {
 		id := s.TxnBegin()
-		base := int64(i + 1)
+		base := int64(i + 2)
 
 		rev, err := s.TxnPut(id, keys[i], vals[i], lease.NoLease)
 		if err != nil {