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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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<title>Linux Doc (UBUNTU distribution) — myhome 1.0.0 documentation</title>
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<div class="body">
<div class="section" id="linux-doc-ubuntu-distribution">
<h1>Linux Doc (UBUNTU distribution)<a class="headerlink" href="#linux-doc-ubuntu-distribution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="linux_commands.html">Linux 常用命令</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">author:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:conderls%40sina.com">conderls</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h2>常用软件<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">System setting:</th><td class="field-body"><table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>byobu</li>
<li>filezilla</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>stardict</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>apt-file</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>convmv</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Multimedia:</th><td class="field-body"><table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>smplayer</li>
<li>gimp</li>
<li>sweep</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>audacity</li>
<li>librecad</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>mypaint</li>
<li>inkscape</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>blender 3D</li>
<li>imagemagic</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Doc:</th><td class="field-body"><table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>vim</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>texlive</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>chmsee</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>xchem</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Programming:</th><td class="field-body"><table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>codeblocks</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>mpich2</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">compiler:</th><td class="field-body"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>g++</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>gcc</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>gfortran</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Mathtools:</th><td class="field-body"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>Octave</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>Maxima</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>matlab-support</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">python:</th><td class="field-body"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="hlist"><tr><td><ul class="simple">
<li>spyder</li>
<li>anaconda</li>
<li>ranger</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>sphinx</li>
<li>python-wxgtk2.8</li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul class="simple">
<li>python-wxtools</li>
<li>wx2.8-i18n</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>编译 & 安装<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="apt-file">
<h3>apt-file<a class="headerlink" href="#apt-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<div><p>安装apt-file并更新缓存：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install apt-file
sudo apt-file update
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>现在你可以使用apt-file搜索缺失的文件了，比如编译过程中提示缺少XTest.h, 找出所在包，并安装。</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>apt-file search XTest.h
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="convmv">
<h3>convmv<a class="headerlink" href="#convmv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<div><p>convmv能帮助我们很容易地对一个文件，一个目录下所有文件进行编码转换，比如gbk转为utf8等。
语法:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>convmv [options] FILE(S) ... DIRECTORY(S)
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>主要选项：</dt>
<dd><div class="first last line-block">
<div class="line">-f ENCODING</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">指定目前文件名的编码，如-f gbk</div>
</div>
<div class="line">-t ENCODING</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">指定将要转换成的编码，如-f utf-8</div>
</div>
<div class="line">-r</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">递归转换目录下所有文件名</div>
</div>
<div class="line">–list</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">列出所有支持的编码</div>
</div>
<div class="line">–notest</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">默认是只打印转换后的效果，加这个选项才真正执行转换操作。</div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>更多选项请man convmv。</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>例子：</dt>
<dd><p class="first">递归转换centos目录下的目前文件名编码gbk为utf-8:</p>
<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>convmv -f gbk -t utf-8 --notest -r centos
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="flash-player">
<h3>flash player<a class="headerlink" href="#flash-player" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>cp libflashplayer.so ~/.mozilla/plugins
cp libflashplayer.so /opt/google/chrome/plugins
<span class="c">#或者</span>
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="grub">
<h3>grub<a class="headerlink" href="#grub" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>更改grub启动界面背景图片</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo gedit /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>找到：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if </span>set_background_image <span class="s2">"/usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png"</span>; <span class="k">then</span>
<span class="k"> </span><span class="nb">exit </span>0
<span class="k">fi</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>将图片地址修改，一般将想要替换的壁纸保存为/boot/grub/**.jpg(JPG, jpeg, JPEG, png, PNG, tga, TGA), 保存、退出，并更新:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo update-grub
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li>修改启动项(grub2引导的系统)</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><dl class="docutils">
<dt>a、在Ubuntu终端下输入：</dt>
<dd><div class="first highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo mv /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober /etc/grub.d/08_os-prober
sudo update-grub
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>该命令是将etc文件夹下的grub.d文件夹下的30_os-prober文件改名为08_os-prober(08可以改为06~09都可以）。</p>
<p>Ubuntu的启动项相关文件名为“10_”这样就可以将Windows的启动项放在Ubuntu前面，即启动项列表的第一个。</p>
<p>由于引导程序默认 启动第一个启动项，所以这样就可以先启动Windows了。改完后更新grub</p>
<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo update-grub
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>b、在Ubuntu终端下输入:</dt>
<dd><div class="first highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo gedit /etc/default/grub
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>“GRUB_DEFAULT=0”</p>
<p>比如Win7在启动项列表中为第5项，则将0改为4。就是win7在启动项列表中的项数减1。</p>
<p>“GRUB_TIMEOUT=所要等待的秒数”</p>
<p class="last">修改完后更新grub，这种方法在更新内核后可能失效。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="matlab">
<h3>matlab<a class="headerlink" href="#matlab" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>安装matlab-support，这样就可以在unity中找到matlab图标。</li>
<li>不启动界面运行</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>matlab -nodisplay
matlab -nojvm -nosplash
<span class="c">#matlab程序也可以在命令行里直接运行，只需要使用 -r 选项。</span>
<span class="c">#可用以下三种命令运行当前目录下的example.m</span>
matlab -nodesktop -nosplash -r example
matlab -nojvm -nosplash -r example
matlab -nodisplay -r example
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>可以将如下命令加到~/.bashrc文件</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>alias mrun='matlab -nodesktop -nosplash -r'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这样下次（或者执行source ~/.bashrc）之后就可以直接用下列命令来运行matlab文件。</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>mrun example
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>使用如下命令运行（也可写成脚本/usr/bin/matlab, 并chmod +x matlab）</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/usr/local/MATLAB/R2010b/bin/matlab -desktop
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>则可终端运行：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>matlab <span class="c">#这样启动的话，该终端无法再输入其他命令，可改用如下命令：</span>
nohup matlab &
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>如果使用 -nodisplay -r 选项运行，当程序中有figure()命令时会出错，可以使用如下选项抑制图形的显示：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>figure<span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'visible'</span>,<span class="s1">'off'</span><span class="o">)</span>;
<span class="c">#并使用如下命令将图形输出到文件：</span>
print<span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'-deps'</span>,<span class="s1">'example.eps'</span><span class="o">)</span>;
<span class="c">#或者</span>
hgsave<span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'example.fig'</span><span class="o">)</span>;
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
<li>解决lib.so.6：not found</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>For 64 bit：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo ln -s /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.13.so /lib64/libc.so.6
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For 32 bit：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo ln -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.13.so /lib/libc.so.6
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="mendeley">
<h3>Mendeley<a class="headerlink" href="#mendeley" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Uninstall the actual program. If you used the Ubuntu package you can do this with ‘Software Center’ or ‘apt-get remove mendeleydesktop’ from a terminal. If you used the ‘generic’ package this just involves deleting the folder where you unpacked the files.</li>
<li>If you don’t want your local Mendeley data any more, you can remove ~/.local/share/mendeleydesktop and the Mendeley Ltd. directory from ~/.local/share/data. There are also a few config files under ~/.config (all with ‘Mendeley’ in the name).</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="octave">
<h3>Octave<a class="headerlink" href="#octave" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>修改默认编辑器</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>octave默认编辑器为Emacs，将其改为vim或gedit</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>touch ~/.octaverc
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在该文件中加入下列命令：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>EDITOR<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">"vim %s"</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#使用gvim作为编辑器</span>
EDITOR<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">"gnome-terminal -e \"vim %s\""</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#在gnome-terminal中打开vim作为编辑器</span>
<span class="c">#或</span>
EDITOR<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">"gedit %s"</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#使用gedit作为编辑器</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pack-unpack">
<h3>pack & unpack<a class="headerlink" href="#pack-unpack" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install p7zip p7zip-full p7zip-rar rar unrar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
<span class="c">#这样，以后只要在命令行输入unrar，就可以解压或者压缩文件了</span>
<span class="c">#安装完成后，归档管理器也同时集成了rar组件。</span>
sudo apt-get install unra <span class="c">#一些压缩包解压后会中文乱码，用该命令</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="stardict">
<h3>stardict<a class="headerlink" href="#stardict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<div><p>stardict离线词典安装：将下载的字典解压得到dic文件夹</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>chmod a+rx -R dic <span class="c">#修改权限，否则程序无法读取字典</span>
sudo mv dic /usr/share/stardict/
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="sublime-text-2">
<h3>sublime_text_2<a class="headerlink" href="#sublime-text-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>中文输入：</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ol class="arabic simple">
<li>使用小小输入法：</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>小小输入法新版本已经支持再Sublime Text 下输入中文
关于小小输入法的安装以及简介：</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://blog.ubuntusoft.com/small-input.html">http://blog.ubuntusoft.com/small-input.html</a>
<a class="reference external" href="http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn/viewtopic.php?t=226677">http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn/viewtopic.php?t=226677</a></p>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li>通过打补丁的方式，让Sublime Text 2 支持Fcitx 输入法</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>首先我们需要通过PPA 安装ST2（非官方下载的免安装包）：</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/sublime-text-2
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install sublime-text
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>然后打补丁：
将下面代码复制下来，并保存为 <tt class="xref download docutils literal"><span class="pre">sublime-imfix.c</span></tt> （存放于/home/username，即你的主目录）：</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cm">/*</span>
<span class="cm">sublime-imfix.c</span>
<span class="cm">Use LD_PRELOAD to interpose some function to fix sublime input method support for linux.</span>
<span class="cm">By Cjacker Huang <jianzhong.huang at i-soft.com.cn></span>
<span class="cm">gcc -shared -o libsublime-imfix.so sublime_imfix.c `pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0` -fPIC</span>
<span class="cm">LD_PRELOAD=./libsublime-imfix.so sublime_text</span>
<span class="cm">*/</span>
<span class="cp">#include <gtk/gtk.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <gdk/gdkx.h></span>
<span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="n">GdkSegment</span> <span class="n">GdkRegionBox</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_GdkRegion</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">long</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">long</span> <span class="n">numRects</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">GdkRegionBox</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rects</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">GdkRegionBox</span> <span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="n">GtkIMContext</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">local_context</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">void</span>
<span class="nf">gdk_region_get_clipbox</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">GdkRegion</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">GdkRectangle</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">g_return_if_fail</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">g_return_if_fail</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rectangle</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">width</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x2</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">height</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y2</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">extents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">GdkRectangle</span> <span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">width</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">height</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">height</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">//The caret width is 2;</span>
<span class="c1">//Maybe sometimes we will make a mistake, but for most of the time, it should be the caret.</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">width</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">GTK_IS_IM_CONTEXT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">local_context</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">gtk_im_context_set_cursor_location</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">local_context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">//this is needed, for example, if you input something in file dialog and return back the edit area</span>
<span class="c1">//context will lost, so here we set it again.</span>
<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">GdkFilterReturn</span> <span class="nf">event_filter</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GdkXEvent</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">xevent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GdkEvent</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gpointer</span> <span class="n">im_context</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">XEvent</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">xev</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">XEvent</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">xevent</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xev</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">type</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">KeyRelease</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">GTK_IS_IM_CONTEXT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">im_context</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">GdkWindow</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">win</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">g_object_get_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">G_OBJECT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">im_context</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="s">"window"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GDK_IS_WINDOW</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">win</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">gtk_im_context_set_client_window</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">im_context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">win</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">GDK_FILTER_CONTINUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">gtk_im_context_set_client_window</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GtkIMContext</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">GdkWindow</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">GtkIMContextClass</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">klass</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">g_return_if_fail</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GTK_IS_IM_CONTEXT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="n">klass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GTK_IM_CONTEXT_GET_CLASS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">klass</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">set_client_window</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">klass</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">set_client_window</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">window</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">GDK_IS_WINDOW</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">g_object_set_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">G_OBJECT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="s">"window"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">width</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gdk_window_get_width</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">height</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gdk_window_get_height</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">height</span> <span class="o">!=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">gtk_im_context_focus_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">local_context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">gdk_window_add_filter</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event_filter</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>安装编译时所需环境，并编译：</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev
gcc -shared -o libsublime-imfix.so sublime_imfix.c <span class="sb">`</span>pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0<span class="sb">`</span> -fPIC
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>编译后会得到libsublime-imfix.so ，我建议你直接把libsublime-imfix.so 留在你的主目录即可。
然后修改ST2的启动配置：</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/sublime-text-2.desktop
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>找到</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">Exec</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/sublime-text-2 %F
<span class="c">#及</span>
<span class="nv">Exec</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/sublime-text-2 --new-window
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>分别修改为：</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">Exec</span><span class="o">=</span>bash -c <span class="s1">'LD_PRELOAD=/home/username/libsublime-imfix.so /usr/bin/sublime-text-2'</span> %F
<span class="c">#及</span>
<span class="nv">Exec</span><span class="o">=</span>bash -c <span class="s1">'LD_PRELOAD=/home/username/libsublime-imfix.so /usr/bin/sublime-text-2'</span> --new-window
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div></blockquote>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">注意:</th><td class="field-body">其中/home/username/libsublime-imfix.so 修改为你编译生成的libsublime-imfix.so 的所在路径。</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">注意:</th><td class="field-body">新版本的ST2 的启动命令改为subl (上面教程中是旧版本的sublime-text-2)，因此修改的时候，把sublime-text-2 改为 subl,然后保存，重启ST2 即可。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="terminal">
<h3>Terminal<a class="headerlink" href="#terminal" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<div><p>右键中添加open in terminal选项</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2>环境变量<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>/etc/profile, /etc/bashrc, .bash_profile, .bashrc</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p><em>/etc/profile</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>其设定的变量可以作用于所有用户。此文件为系统的每个用户设置环境信息,当用户第一次登录时,该文件被执行. 并从/etc/profile.d目录的配置文件中搜集shell的设置。</div></blockquote>
<p><em>/etc/bashrc</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>为每一个运行bash shell的用户执行此文件.当bash shell被打开时,该文件被读取.Ubuntu没有此文件，与之对应的是/ect/bash.bashrc它也是全局（公有）的 bash执行时，不管是何种方式，都会读取此文件。</div></blockquote>
<p><em>~/.bash_profile</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>是交互式、login 方式进入 bash 运行的 每个用户都可使用该文件输入专用于自己使用的shell信息,当用户登录时,该文件仅仅执行一次! 默认情况下, 他设置一些环境变量,执行用户的.bashrc文件. Unbutu默认没有此文件，可新建。只有bash是以login形式执行时，才会读取此文件。通常该配置文件还会配置成去读取~/.bashrc。</div></blockquote>
<p><em>~/.bashrc</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>是交互式 non-login 方式进入 bash 运行的。设定的变量(局部)只能继承/etc/profile中的变量,他们是”父子”关系. 该文件包含专用于你的bash shell的bash信息,当登录时以及每次打开新的shell时,该文件被读取. 当bash是以non-login形式执行时，读取此文件。若是以login形式执行，则不会读取此文件</div></blockquote>
<p><em>~/.profile</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>若bash是以login方式执行时，读取~/.bash_profile，若它不存在.bash_login，若前两者不存在，读取~/.profile。 另外，图形模式登录时，此文件将被读取，即使存在~/.bash_profile和~/.bash_login。</div></blockquote>
<p><em>~/.bash_login</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>若bash是以login方式执行时，读取~/.bash_profile，若它不存在.bash_login，若前两者不存在，读取~/.profile。</div></blockquote>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><em>~/.bash_logout</em></dt>
<dd>当每次退出系统(退出bash shell)时,执行该文件.注销时，且是longin形式，此文件才会读取。也就是说，在文本模式注销时，此文件会被读取，图形模式注不会被读取。</dd>
</dl>
<p>通常二者设置大致相同，所以通常前者会调用后者。</p>
<p>下面是几个例子：</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>图形模式登录时，顺序读取：/etc/profile和~/.profile</li>
<li>图形模式登录后，打开终端时，顺序读取：/etc/bash.bashrc和~/.bashrc</li>
<li>文本模式登录时，顺序读取：/etc/bash.bashrc，/etc/profile和~/.bash_profile</li>
<li>从其它用户su到该用户，则分两种情况：</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li>如果带-l参数（或-参数，–login参数），如：su -l username，则bash是lonin的，它将顺序读取以下配置文件：/etc/bash.bashrc，/etc/profile和~/. bash_profile。</li>
<li>如果没有带-l参数，则bash是non-login的，它将顺序读取：/etc/bash.bashrc和~/.bashrc</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="5">
<li>注销时，或退出su登录的用户，如果是longin方式，那么bash会读取：~/.bash_logout</li>
<li>执行自定义的shell文件时，若使用“bash -l a.sh”的方式，则bash会读取行：/etc/profile和~/.bash_profile，若使用其它方式，如：bash a.sh， ./a.sh，sh a.sh（这个不属于bash shell），则不会读取上面的任何文件。</li>
<li>上面的例子凡是读取到~/.bash_profile的，若该文件不存在，则读取~/.bash_login，若前两者不存在，读取~/.profile。</li>
</ol>
</div></blockquote>
<p>2、 修改变量：</p>
<blockquote>
<div><blockquote>
<div><ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li>在终端修改，但只对当前终端有效：</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>export PATH=$PATH:/etc/apache/bin
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="loweralpha simple" start="2">
<li>在 <cite>/etc/profile</cite> 中添加（注意：等号两边不能由空格），这种方法最好，除非手动强制修改，否则不会被改变</li>
<li>在 <cite>~/.bashrc</cite> 中修改，只对当前用户管用。</li>
<li>在 <cite>~/.bashr_profile</cite> 中修改，也只对当前用户有效。比如在root权限下操作，则对root用户有效。</li>
</ol>
</div></blockquote>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">注意:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">要使修改的变量生效，必须重新登录，或编辑结束后对所编辑的文件使用source命令：</p>
<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>source filename
</pre></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>双系统时间差<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>1、Windows与Linux（Ubuntu）双系统时间不一致 (相差8小时) 的解决方法：</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul>
<li><p class="first">Ubuntu下修改:(推荐)</p>
<p>Ubuntu中不使用UTC时间，而启用本地时间，需要修改 /etc/default/rcS ，修改动作如下：
# 注释掉原来的设定：UTC=yes
# 变更为下面的内容...
UTC=no</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">windows下修改：</p>
<p>下中添加一项数据类型为REG_DWORD，名称为RealTimeIsUniversal，值设为1 的键值。
在 注册表项：HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\TimeZoneInformation\
或者直接使用下如下批处理进行修改：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>@echo off
color 0a
Reg add HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\TimeZoneInformation /v RealTimeIsUniversal /t REG_DWORD /d 1
echo.
echo 已让Windows识别存贮在主板CMOS内的时间为格林威治标准时间（GMT）,即系统根据CMOS时间和设置的时区来确定当前系统的时间。
echo.
pause
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id5">
<h2>输入密码后出现闪屏又回到登录界面<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><em>原因</em></dt>
<dd>手贱在自己账户下 命令行 <cite>sudo startX</cite></dd>
<dt><em>结果</em></dt>
<dd>只能访问 <cite>guest session</cite></dd>
<dt><em>解决</em></dt>
<dd>由于 <cite>sudo startX</cite> 操作后，将 <cite>~/.Xauthority</cite> 文件所有者改为了root，
因此只要tty命令行下登录用户，<cite>sudo chown acount:acount ~/.Xauthority</cite> 。
ctrl + alt + F7</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="linuxu">
<h2>Linux制作U盘启动盘<a class="headerlink" href="#linuxu" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">cat</p>
<p>使用方法： cat 镜像目录 > 设备（可以使用fdisk -l 查看）。</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>cat ubuntu-13.10-desktop-i386.iso >/dev/sdb1
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">注意:</th><td class="field-body">后面重定向的是设备而不是设备挂载后的目录，还有就是，使用 root 权限运行。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><p class="first">dd</p>
<p>使用方法： dd [选项] (最好自己看一下 dd 的 manpage)。</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">功能:</th><td class="field-body">把指定的输入文件拷贝到指定的输出文件中，并且在拷贝过程中可以进行格式转换。
可以用该命令实现DOS下的diskcopy命令的作用。先用dd命令把软盘上的数据写成硬盘的一个寄存文件，
再把这个寄存文件写入第二张软盘上，完成diskcopy的功能。
需要注意的是，应该将硬盘上的寄存文件用rm命令删除掉。系统默认使用标准输入文件和标准输出文件。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>那么，我们可以看到 dd 主要的功能就是拷贝文件，并且在拷贝时可以格式转换，所以 dd 也是平时使用比较多的进行制作 U 盘（或者 cdrom）的工具。我看道网上说甚至可以使用 dd 将 CD 上的文件拷贝到本地并放在一个镜像中（我们可以使用这个来实现将 CD/DVD上的系统拷贝到本地作为镜像文件）。</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#使用 dd 制作 U 盘启动盘：</span>
dd <span class="k">if</span><span class="o">=</span>ubuntu-13.10-desktop-i386.iso <span class="nv">of</span><span class="o">=</span>/dev/sdb1 <span class="nv">bs</span><span class="o">=</span>4M
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>我们可以看到，使用 dd 只是和使用 cat 带入参数方法不一样，镜像目录使用 if= 来指定，U盘设备的地址使用 of= 来指定，最后的 bs=4M 上面也可以看到是指定一次写入字节数</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#使用 dd 制作 CD/DVD 系统盘：</span>
dd <span class="k">if</span><span class="o">=</span>ubuntu-13.10-desktop-i386.iso <span class="nv">of</span><span class="o">=</span>/dev/cdrom <span class="nv">bs</span><span class="o">=</span>4M
<span class="c">#使用 dd 制作镜像：</span>
dd <span class="k">if</span><span class="o">=</span>/dev/cdrom <span class="nv">of</span><span class="o">=</span>/home/username/cd.iso <span class="nv">bs</span><span class="o">=</span>4M
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">注:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li>bs 带的参数是一次写入字节数，可以自己替换更高的数来得到更高的速度.但是真正使用时，速度的上限还是限于硬件的读写速度（比如说，USB2.0 的U盘，你带入参数 bs=16M，但是真正得到的读写速度仍然是3M～4M的样子）</li>
<li>使用 root 权限运行</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id6">
<h2>乱码<a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Rhythmbox</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>编辑/etc/profile:
添加并保存：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>export GST_ID3_TAG_ENCODING=GBK:UTF-8:GB18030
export GST_ID3V2_TAG_ENCODING=GBK:UTF-8:GB18030
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li>gedit</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>gedit打开GB18030/GBK/GB2312 等类型的中文编码文本文件时，将会出现乱码。</p>
<p><em>原因</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div>gedit 使用一个编码匹配列表，只有在这个列表中的编码才会进行匹配，不在这个列表中的编码将显示为乱码。</div></blockquote>
<p><em>解决</em></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>要做的就是将GB18030 加入这个匹配列表</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>gsettings <span class="nb">set </span>org.gnome.gedit.preferences.encodings auto-detected <span class="s2">"['UTF-8','GB18030','GB2312','GBK','BIG5','CURRENT','UTF-16']"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>若出现如下错误：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>`** (gedit:3525): WARNING **:` Could not load Gedit repository: Typelib file for namespace 'GtkSource', version '3.0' not found
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>则：</p>
<div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install gir1.2-gtksource-3.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
<li>vim</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>在 <cite>~/.vimrc</cite> 中添加：</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>set encoding=utf-8 fileencodings=ucs-bom,utf-8,cp936
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这样，就可以让vim自动识别文件编码（可以自动识别UTF-8或者GBK编码的文件），其实就是依照 fileencodings提供的编码列表尝试，如果没有找到合适的编码，就用latin-1(ASCII)编码打开。</p>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id7">
<h2>查看文件编码及修改<a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>查看文件编码：</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li>vim中查看</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>:set fileencoding
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>即可显示。</p>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="loweralpha simple" start="2">
<li>enca命令查看</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>enca filename
enca -L zh_CN filename
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">注意:</th><td class="field-body">enca对某些GBK编码的文件识别的不是很好，识别时会出现： <strong>Unrecognized encoding</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div></blockquote>
<p>c. file命令</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>file filename
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li>文件内容编码转换：</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<div><p>a. vim中直接转换</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>:set fileencoding=utf-8
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>b. enconv转换</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>#将GBK编码文件转换成UTF-8编码
enconv -L zh_CN -x UTF-8 filename
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>c. iconv转换</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>iconv -f encoding -t encoding inputfile
#例如：将GBK编码文件转换为UTF-8编码
iconv -f GBK -t UTF-8 file1 -o file2
#或
iconv -f GBK -t UTF-8 file1 >> file2
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>d. enca命令</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>enca -L 当前语言 -x 目标编码 文件名
#若不想覆盖原文件
enca -L zh_CN -x UTF-8 < file1 > file2
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>3、文件名编码转换：</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>a. convmv命令</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>convmv -f GBK -t UTF-8 *.mp3
#该命令不会真正转换，要输出则须加参数--notest
convmv -f GBK -t UTF-8 --notest *.mp3
#-r参数表递归转换当前目录下的所有子目录
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Linux Doc (UBUNTU distribution)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">常用软件</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">编译 & 安装</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#apt-file">apt-file</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#convmv">convmv</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#terminal">Terminal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">环境变量</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">双系统时间差</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">输入密码后出现闪屏又回到登录界面</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#linuxu">Linux制作U盘启动盘</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id6">乱码</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id7">查看文件编码及修改</a></li>
</ul>
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