diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_stream_utils.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_stream_utils.h
index dc9b41793cf54..774d0df54b48e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_stream_utils.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_stream_utils.h
@@ -19,10 +19,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <string.h>
-
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
 
 #include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/bpacking.h"
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ class BitReader {
   /// 'num_bytes'. The value is assumed to be byte-aligned so the stream will
   /// be advanced to the start of the next byte before 'v' is read. Returns
   /// false if there are not enough bytes left.
-  /// Assume the v was stored in buffer_ as a litte-endian format
+  /// Assume the v was stored in buffer_ as a little-endian format
   template <typename T>
   bool GetAligned(int num_bytes, T* v);
 
@@ -318,7 +317,7 @@ inline bool BitReader::GetValue(int num_bits, T* v) {
 template <typename T>
 inline int BitReader::GetBatch(int num_bits, T* v, int batch_size) {
   DCHECK(buffer_ != NULL);
-  DCHECK_LE(num_bits, static_cast<int>(sizeof(T) * 8));
+  DCHECK_LE(num_bits, static_cast<int>(sizeof(T) * 8)) << "num_bits: " << num_bits;
 
   int bit_offset = bit_offset_;
   int byte_offset = byte_offset_;
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/encoding.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/encoding.cc
index b9e6619a17796..dc0edb1c8014d 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/encoding.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/encoding.cc
@@ -2377,8 +2377,8 @@ class DeltaBitPackDecoder : public DecoderImpl, virtual public TypedDecoder<DTyp
   }
 
   int ValidValuesCount() {
-    // total_value_count_ in header ignores of null values
-    return static_cast<int>(total_value_count_);
+    // total_values_remaining_ in header ignores of null values
+    return static_cast<int>(total_values_remaining_);
   }
 
   int Decode(T* buffer, int max_values) override {
@@ -2420,7 +2420,7 @@ class DeltaBitPackDecoder : public DecoderImpl, virtual public TypedDecoder<DTyp
         !decoder_->GetVlqInt(&mini_blocks_per_block_) ||
         !decoder_->GetVlqInt(&total_value_count_) ||
         !decoder_->GetZigZagVlqInt(&last_value_)) {
-      ParquetException::EofException();
+      ParquetException::EofException("InitHeader EOF");
     }
 
     if (values_per_block_ == 0) {
@@ -2444,42 +2444,52 @@ class DeltaBitPackDecoder : public DecoderImpl, virtual public TypedDecoder<DTyp
           std::to_string(values_per_mini_block_));
     }
 
+    total_values_remaining_ = total_value_count_;
     delta_bit_widths_ = AllocateBuffer(pool_, mini_blocks_per_block_);
-    block_initialized_ = false;
-    values_current_mini_block_ = 0;
+    first_block_initialized_ = false;
+    values_remaining_current_mini_block_ = 0;
   }
 
   void InitBlock() {
-    if (!decoder_->GetZigZagVlqInt(&min_delta_)) ParquetException::EofException();
+    DCHECK_GT(total_values_remaining_, 0) << "InitBlock called at EOF";
+
+    if (!decoder_->GetZigZagVlqInt(&min_delta_))
+      ParquetException::EofException("InitBlock EOF");
 
     // read the bitwidth of each miniblock
     uint8_t* bit_width_data = delta_bit_widths_->mutable_data();
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mini_blocks_per_block_; ++i) {
       if (!decoder_->GetAligned<uint8_t>(1, bit_width_data + i)) {
-        ParquetException::EofException();
-      }
-      if (bit_width_data[i] > kMaxDeltaBitWidth) {
-        throw ParquetException("delta bit width " + std::to_string(bit_width_data[i]) +
-                               " larger than integer bit width " +
-                               std::to_string(kMaxDeltaBitWidth));
+        ParquetException::EofException("Decode bit-width EOF");
       }
+      // Note that non-conformant bitwidth entries are allowed by the Parquet spec
+      // for extraneous miniblocks in the last block (GH-14923), so we check
+      // the bitwidths when actually using them (see InitMiniBlock()).
     }
+
     mini_block_idx_ = 0;
-    delta_bit_width_ = bit_width_data[0];
-    values_current_mini_block_ = values_per_mini_block_;
-    block_initialized_ = true;
+    first_block_initialized_ = true;
+    InitMiniBlock(bit_width_data[0]);
+  }
+
+  void InitMiniBlock(int bit_width) {
+    if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(bit_width > kMaxDeltaBitWidth)) {
+      throw ParquetException("delta bit width larger than integer bit width");
+    }
+    delta_bit_width_ = bit_width;
+    values_remaining_current_mini_block_ = values_per_mini_block_;
   }
 
   int GetInternal(T* buffer, int max_values) {
-    max_values = static_cast<int>(std::min<int64_t>(max_values, total_value_count_));
+    max_values = static_cast<int>(std::min<int64_t>(max_values, total_values_remaining_));
     if (max_values == 0) {
       return 0;
     }
 
     int i = 0;
     while (i < max_values) {
-      if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(values_current_mini_block_ == 0)) {
-        if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(!block_initialized_)) {
+      if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(values_remaining_current_mini_block_ == 0)) {
+        if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(!first_block_initialized_)) {
           buffer[i++] = last_value_;
           DCHECK_EQ(i, 1);  // we're at the beginning of the page
           if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(i == max_values)) {
@@ -2499,16 +2509,15 @@ class DeltaBitPackDecoder : public DecoderImpl, virtual public TypedDecoder<DTyp
         } else {
           ++mini_block_idx_;
           if (mini_block_idx_ < mini_blocks_per_block_) {
-            delta_bit_width_ = delta_bit_widths_->data()[mini_block_idx_];
-            values_current_mini_block_ = values_per_mini_block_;
+            InitMiniBlock(delta_bit_widths_->data()[mini_block_idx_]);
           } else {
             InitBlock();
           }
         }
       }
 
-      int values_decode =
-          std::min(values_current_mini_block_, static_cast<uint32_t>(max_values - i));
+      int values_decode = std::min(values_remaining_current_mini_block_,
+                                   static_cast<uint32_t>(max_values - i));
       if (decoder_->GetBatch(delta_bit_width_, buffer + i, values_decode) !=
           values_decode) {
         ParquetException::EofException();
@@ -2520,19 +2529,19 @@ class DeltaBitPackDecoder : public DecoderImpl, virtual public TypedDecoder<DTyp
                         static_cast<UT>(last_value_);
         last_value_ = buffer[i + j];
       }
-      values_current_mini_block_ -= values_decode;
+      values_remaining_current_mini_block_ -= values_decode;
       i += values_decode;
     }
-    total_value_count_ -= max_values;
+    total_values_remaining_ -= max_values;
     this->num_values_ -= max_values;
 
-    if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(total_value_count_ == 0)) {
-      uint32_t padding_bits = values_current_mini_block_ * delta_bit_width_;
+    if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(total_values_remaining_ == 0)) {
+      uint32_t padding_bits = values_remaining_current_mini_block_ * delta_bit_width_;
       // skip the padding bits
       if (!decoder_->Advance(padding_bits)) {
         ParquetException::EofException();
       }
-      values_current_mini_block_ = 0;
+      values_remaining_current_mini_block_ = 0;
     }
     return max_values;
   }
@@ -2542,10 +2551,16 @@ class DeltaBitPackDecoder : public DecoderImpl, virtual public TypedDecoder<DTyp
   uint32_t values_per_block_;
   uint32_t mini_blocks_per_block_;
   uint32_t values_per_mini_block_;
-  uint32_t values_current_mini_block_;
   uint32_t total_value_count_;
 
-  bool block_initialized_;
+  uint32_t total_values_remaining_;
+  // Remaining values in current mini block. If the current block is the last mini block,
+  // values_remaining_current_mini_block_ may greater than total_values_remaining_.
+  uint32_t values_remaining_current_mini_block_;
+
+  // If the page doesn't contain any block, `first_block_initialized_` will
+  // always be false. Otherwise, it will be true when first block initialized.
+  bool first_block_initialized_;
   T min_delta_;
   uint32_t mini_block_idx_;
   std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> delta_bit_widths_;
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/encoding_test.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/encoding_test.cc
index b8363d29cdb25..a0e3fe9545d7b 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/encoding_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/encoding_test.cc
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "arrow/util/bitmap_writer.h"
 #include "arrow/util/checked_cast.h"
 #include "arrow/util/endian.h"
+#include "arrow/util/string.h"
 
 #include "parquet/encoding.h"
 #include "parquet/platform.h"
@@ -1325,29 +1326,32 @@ class TestDeltaBitPackEncoding : public TestEncodingBase<Type> {
     CheckRoundtripSpaced(valid_bits, valid_bits_offset);
   }
 
-  void CheckRoundtrip() override {
-    auto encoder =
-        MakeTypedEncoder<Type>(Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED, false, descr_.get());
+  void CheckDecoding() {
     auto decoder = MakeTypedDecoder<Type>(Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED, descr_.get());
     auto read_batch_sizes = kReadBatchSizes;
     read_batch_sizes.push_back(num_values_);
+    // Exercise different batch sizes
+    for (const int read_batch_size : read_batch_sizes) {
+      decoder->SetData(num_values_, encode_buffer_->data(),
+                       static_cast<int>(encode_buffer_->size()));
+
+      int values_decoded = 0;
+      while (values_decoded < num_values_) {
+        values_decoded += decoder->Decode(decode_buf_ + values_decoded, read_batch_size);
+      }
+      ASSERT_EQ(num_values_, values_decoded);
+      ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyResults<c_type>(decode_buf_, draws_, num_values_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  void CheckRoundtrip() override {
+    auto encoder =
+        MakeTypedEncoder<Type>(Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED, false, descr_.get());
     // Encode a number of times to exercise the flush logic
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumRoundTrips; ++i) {
       encoder->Put(draws_, num_values_);
       encode_buffer_ = encoder->FlushValues();
-      // Exercise different batch sizes
-      for (const int read_batch_size : read_batch_sizes) {
-        decoder->SetData(num_values_, encode_buffer_->data(),
-                         static_cast<int>(encode_buffer_->size()));
-
-        int values_decoded = 0;
-        while (values_decoded < num_values_) {
-          values_decoded +=
-              decoder->Decode(decode_buf_ + values_decoded, read_batch_size);
-        }
-        ASSERT_EQ(num_values_, values_decoded);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyResults<c_type>(decode_buf_, draws_, num_values_));
-      }
+      CheckDecoding();
     }
   }
 
@@ -1398,6 +1402,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(TestDeltaBitPackEncoding, BasicRoundTrip) {
   ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
       this->Execute((values_per_mini_block * values_per_block) + 1, 10));
   ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(this->Execute(0, 0));
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(this->Execute(65, 1));
   ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(this->ExecuteSpaced(
       /*nvalues*/ 1234, /*repeats*/ 1, /*valid_bits_offset*/ 64,
       /*null_probability*/ 0.1));
@@ -1427,5 +1432,66 @@ TYPED_TEST(TestDeltaBitPackEncoding, BasicRoundTrip) {
   }
 }
 
+TYPED_TEST(TestDeltaBitPackEncoding, NonZeroPaddedMiniblockBitWidth) {
+  // GH-14923: depending on the number of encoded values, some of the miniblock
+  // bitwidths are actually padding bytes that may take non-conformant values
+  // according to the Parquet spec.
+
+  // Same values as in DeltaBitPackEncoder
+  constexpr int kValuesPerBlock = 128;
+  constexpr int kMiniBlocksPerBlock = 4;
+  constexpr int kValuesPerMiniBlock = kValuesPerBlock / kMiniBlocksPerBlock;
+
+  // num_values must be kept small enough for kHeaderLength below
+  for (const int num_values : {2, 62, 63, 64, 65, 95, 96, 97, 127}) {
+    ARROW_SCOPED_TRACE("num_values = ", num_values);
+
+    // Generate input data with a small half_range to make the header length
+    // deterministic (see kHeaderLength).
+    this->InitBoundData(num_values, /*repeats=*/1, /*half_range=*/31);
+    ASSERT_EQ(this->num_values_, num_values);
+
+    auto encoder = MakeTypedEncoder<TypeParam>(Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED, false,
+                                               this->descr_.get());
+    encoder->Put(this->draws_, this->num_values_);
+    auto encoded = encoder->FlushValues();
+    const auto encoded_size = encoded->size();
+
+    // Make mutable copy of encoded buffer
+    this->encode_buffer_ = AllocateBuffer(default_memory_pool(), encoded_size);
+    uint8_t* data = this->encode_buffer_->mutable_data();
+    memcpy(data, encoded->data(), encoded_size);
+
+    // The number of padding bytes at the end of the miniblock bitwidths array.
+    // We subtract 1 from num_values because the first data value is encoded
+    // in the header, thus does not participate in miniblock encoding.
+    const int num_padding_bytes =
+        (kValuesPerBlock - num_values + 1) / kValuesPerMiniBlock;
+    ARROW_SCOPED_TRACE("num_padding_bytes = ", num_padding_bytes);
+
+    // The header length is:
+    // - 2 bytes for ULEB128-encoded block size (== kValuesPerBlock)
+    // - 1 byte for ULEB128-encoded miniblocks per block (== kMiniBlocksPerBlock)
+    // - 1 byte for ULEB128-encoded num_values
+    // - 1 byte for ULEB128-encoded first value
+    // (this assumes that num_values and the first value are narrow enough)
+    constexpr int kHeaderLength = 5;
+    // After the header, there is a zigzag ULEB128-encoded min delta for the first block,
+    // then the miniblock bitwidths for the first block.
+    // Given a narrow enough range, the zigzag ULEB128-encoded min delta is 1 byte long.
+    uint8_t* mini_block_bitwidths = data + kHeaderLength + 1;
+
+    // Garble padding bytes; decoding should succeed.
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_padding_bytes; ++i) {
+      mini_block_bitwidths[kMiniBlocksPerBlock - i - 1] = 0xFFU;
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(this->CheckDecoding());
+
+    // Not a padding byte but an actual miniblock bitwidth; decoding should error out.
+    mini_block_bitwidths[kMiniBlocksPerBlock - num_padding_bytes - 1] = 0xFFU;
+    EXPECT_THROW(this->CheckDecoding(), ParquetException);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace parquet