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Basic Operators.md

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Basic Operators

Table of Contents

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform mathematical operations on numbers (integers, floats).

Operator Symbol Description Example
Addition + Adds two operands 3 + 2 = 5
Subtraction - Subtracts second operand from first 5 - 2 = 3
Multiplication * Multiplies two operands 3 * 2 = 6
Division / Divides first operand by second, returns float 5 / 2 = 2.5
Modulus % Returns remainder of division 5 % 2 = 1
Floor Division // Divides first operand by second, returns integer (floor) 5 // 2 = 2
Exponentiation ** Raises first operand to the power of second 3 ** 2 = 9

Example:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)   # 13
print(a - b)   # 7
print(a * b)   # 30
print(a / b)   # 3.3333333333333335
print(a % b)   # 1
print(a // b)  # 3
print(a ** b)  # 1000

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values. They return either True or False.

Operator Symbol Description Example
Equal to == Checks if two values are equal 3 == 3 → True
Not equal to != Checks if two values are not equal 3 != 2 → True
Greater than > Checks if left operand is greater 5 > 3 → True
Less than < Checks if left operand is smaller 2 < 5 → True
Greater than or equal to >= Checks if left operand is greater or equal 5 >= 5 → True
Less than or equal to <= Checks if left operand is smaller or equal 3 <= 5 → True

Example:

x = 5
y = 3
print(x == y)   # False
print(x != y)   # True
print(x > y)    # True
print(x < y)    # False
print(x >= y)   # True
print(x <= y)   # False

Logical Operators

Logical operators combine multiple conditions to return a single boolean result. They’re often used with comparison operators.

Operator Symbol Description Example
AND and True if both conditions are true True and False → False
OR or True if at least one condition is true True or False → True
NOT not Negates the condition (True to False, vice versa) not True → False

Example:

a = 5
b = 3
c = 8
print(a > b and c > a)   # True, both conditions are True
print(a > b or b > c)    # True, one condition is True
print(not (a > b))       # False, as a > b is True, but `not` negates it

Operator Precedence

Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated first. If operators have the same precedence, they are evaluated from left to right.

Highest to Lowest Precendence:

  1. Exponentiation: **
  2. Unary Operators: +, - (positive, negative)
  3. Multiplication, Division, Modulus, Floor Division: *, /, %, //
  4. Addition, Subtraction: +, -
  5. Comparison Operators: <, <=, >, >=
  6. Equality Operators: ==, !=
  7. Logical NOT: not
  8. Logical AND: and
  9. Logical OR: or

Example of operator precendence:

result = 5 + 3 * 2 ** 2 - 4 / 2
# Step-by-step evaluation:
# 1. 2 ** 2 = 4
# 2. 3 * 4 = 12
# 3. 4 / 2 = 2
# 4. 5 + 12 = 17
# 5. 17 - 2 = 15
print(result)  # Output: 15
  • Using parentheses to override precedence: Parentheses () can be used to explicitly control the order of evaluation.
result = (5 + 3) * (2 ** 2) - (4 / 2) 
print(result)  # Output: 30.0