49_collective_builder.cu

/***************************************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
 * list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
 * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
 * this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
 * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 **************************************************************************************************/

/*! \file
    \brief Hopper GEMM example leveraging collective operation builders.

    This example showcases the use of CUTLASS's CollectiveBuilder to easily construct performant kernels
    targeting the NVIDIA Hopper architecture.

    Background and motivation
    -------------------------
    CUTLASS kernels are highly parameterizable via template parameters. To ease the selection of template
    parameters, CUTLASS 2 leveraged DefaultGemmConfigurations. Given a small set of parameters, such as
    the data types of operands and the compute capability of the GPU, DefaultGemmConfigurations defined sensible
    defaults for the many other parameters to the kernel (e.g., warp shape, stage count).

    However, DefaultGemmConfigurations leave multiple opportunities for improvement, which are addressed
    in CUTLASS 3:
      (1) DefaultGemmConfigurations do not allow one to use a more-performant set of parameters without
          specifying every parameter. For example, the DefaultGemmConfigurations for GEMMs targeting
          Ampere specify that three pipeline stages should be used regardless of the sizes of operands.
          If one wished to increase this value, one would also need to specify all other template parameters.
          This leaves a gap between a high-level ease-of-use interface and a lower-level detailed interface.
      (2) A new DefaultGemmConfiguration was required for each combination of operand types, GPU architecture,
          and operation type (e.g., Tensor Core or SIMT). This led to increased code size to cover each unique
          configuration and a lack of extensibility from one DefaultGemmConfiguration to another.

    Alongside these opportunities for improvement, the Hopper architecture offers new features that increase
    the number of valid configurations of a kernel. In addition to the many template parameters already available
    in CUTLASS 2 kernels, CUTLASS 3 kernels targeting Hopper also have various scheduling modes to select from that control:
      (1) how data is to be loaded (e.g., using the Hopper TMA feature or Ampere cp.async)
      (2) how work is to be divided among warps in a thread block (e.g., whether to use "warp specialization")
      (3) whether persistent thread blocks should be used
    This increased configuration space further motivates rethinking DefaultGemmConfigurations.

    Introduction to the CollectiveBuilder
    -------------------------------------
    CUTLASS 3 introduces the CollectiveBuilder to further ease the process of selecting template parameters
    for kernels targeting Hopper. Similar to the DefaultGemmConfigurations used in CUTLASS 2, the CollectiveBuilder
    takes in a small set of template parameters (e.g., the data types of operands A and B). It then automatically
    determines the data loading strategy to use depending on whether the Hopper TMA feature can be used with the provided
    parameters. If one does not indicate a particular scheduling policy or stage count to use (by using `Auto` template
    parameters), the CollectiveBuilder will also automatically select these.

    Unlike DefaultGemmConfigurations a partial specialization of the CollectiveBuilder is not needed for many
    configurations of operand types. Instead the CollectiveBuilder "builds" a configuration based on generic
    properties of the specified operands, layouts, and other parameters. For example, when the stage count
    is set to `Auto`, the CollectiveBuilder may automatically calculate the maximum number of stages that
    will fit in shared memory given the types of operands and the thread block shape, rather than simply using
    a single default value.

    CUTLASS 3.x provides builders for both collective mainloops and epilogues. The particular implementation of
    the collective is specified via the schedule tags that corresond to the underlying collective's
    dispatch policy. `gemm::collective::KernelScheduleAuto` and `epilogue::collective::EpilogueScheduleAuto`
    are special cases of these schedules that allow the builder to also decide the dispatch policy for you,
    therefore letting the builder pick the collective specialization.

    CUTLASS builders make an attempt to pick the best schedule when `Auto` is provided such that the
    assembled collectives have the best performance, but this is not a guarantee. A user relying on `Auto`
    may get a free performance upgrade with newer CUTLASS releases in case we can provide more optimized
    implementations that the builder can transparently assemble for `Auto`. But a user should not rely on
    `Auto` if they require a specific scheduling policy and/or stage count to be used.

    If a user decides to let the builders pick the collective specialization via `Auto` schedules,
    they must be used for both mainloop and epilogue alike to ensure compatibility between the
    chosen collectives. Additionally, if a user chooses to opt in to a specific schedule, non-`Auto`
    schedules must be used for both mainloop and epilogue builder schedules, and these schedules
    must be compatible.

    One does not need to use the CollectiveBuilder to declare CUTLASS 3 kernels; one can still provide
    every template parameter to the `gemm::collective::CollectiveMma`. Specifying every template parameter
    in this manner remains the primary API for using CUTLASS 3 kernels. `CollectiveBuilder`s are
    simply meant to be a convenience interface.

    Details of this example
    -----------------------
    This example walks through the use of the CollectiveBuilder with various schedules and stage counts specified.
    This example also illustrates how CUTLASS 3 GEMMs targeting Hopper automatically support batched GEMMs by simply
    extending the problem size with an additional tensor rank.

    CUTLASS 3.2 provides initial support for epilogue visitor trees (EVT) for the TMA warp-specialized collective.
    EVTs allow users to define their own customized epilogue fusion patterns without having to write a new
    collective epilogue. This is done by representing the fusion as a compute graph, where each node is one of a
    fundamental set of load, store, or compute operations. These operations are either elementwise for tensor
    inputs/outputs, broadcasts for vector/scalar inputs, or reductions for vector/scalar outputs.
    This example shows how users can define their own custom EVT and use it with the CollectiveBuilder.

    Example usage:
      $ ./examples/49_hopper_with_collective_builder/49_collective_builder \
            --m=2048 --n=2048 --k=2048 --l=2
*/

#include <iostream>

#include "cute/tensor.hpp"

#include "cutlass/cutlass.h"
#include "cutlass/tensor_ref.h"
#include "cutlass/epilogue/collective/default_epilogue.hpp"
#include "cutlass/epilogue/thread/linear_combination.h"
#include "cutlass/gemm/dispatch_policy.hpp"
#include "cutlass/gemm/collective/collective_builder.hpp"
#include "cutlass/epilogue/collective/collective_builder.hpp"
#include "cutlass/gemm/device/gemm_universal_adapter.h"
#include "cutlass/gemm/kernel/gemm_universal.hpp"
#include "cutlass/gemm/kernel/tile_scheduler.hpp"

#include "cutlass/util/command_line.h"
#include "cutlass/util/distribution.h"
#include "cutlass/util/host_tensor.h"
#include "cutlass/util/packed_stride.hpp"
#include "cutlass/util/tensor_view_io.h"
#include "cutlass/util/reference/device/gemm_complex.h"
#include "cutlass/util/reference/device/tensor_compare.h"
#include "cutlass/util/reference/device/tensor_fill.h"

using namespace cute;

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// Command line options parsing
struct Options {

  bool help;
  bool error;

  int m, n, k, l;
  float alpha, beta;

  Options():
    help(false),
    error(false),
    m(2048), n(2048), k(2048), l(1),
    alpha(1.f), beta(0.f)
  { }

  // Parses the command line
  void parse(int argc, char const **args) {
    cutlass::CommandLine cmd(argc, args);

    if (cmd.check_cmd_line_flag("help")) {
      help = true;
      return;
    }

    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("m", m, 2048);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("n", n, 2048);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("k", k, 2048);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("l", l, 1);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("alpha", alpha, 1.f);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("beta", beta, 0.f);
  }

  /// Prints the usage statement.
  std::ostream & print_usage(std::ostream &out) const {

    out << "49_hopper_with_collective_builder\n\n"
      << "  This example showcases the use of CUTLASS's collective operation builders to easily construct\n"
      << "  performant kernels targeting NVIDIA's Hopper architecture.\n\n"
      << "Options:\n\n"
      << "  --help                      If specified, displays this usage statement\n\n"
      << "  --m=<int>                   Sets the M extent of the GEMM\n"
      << "  --n=<int>                   Sets the N extent of the GEMM\n"
      << "  --k=<int>                   Sets the K extent of the GEMM\n"
      << "  --l=<int>                   Sets the L extent (batch count) of the GEMM\n"
      << "  --alpha=<f32>               Epilogue scalar alpha\n"
      << "  --beta=<f32>                Epilogue scalar beta\n\n";

    return out;
  }
};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// Helper to initialize a block of device data
template <class Element>
bool initialize_block(
  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<Element>& block,
  uint64_t seed=2023) {

  Element scope_max, scope_min;
  int bits_input = cutlass::sizeof_bits<Element>::value;

  if (bits_input == 1) {
    scope_max = 2;
    scope_min = 0;
  } else if (bits_input <= 8) {
    scope_max = 2;
    scope_min = -2;
  } else {
    scope_max = 8;
    scope_min = -8;
  }

  cutlass::reference::device::BlockFillRandomUniform(
    block.get(), block.size(), seed, scope_max, scope_min, 0);

  return true;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#if defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM90_SUPPORTED)

// Wrapper to construct, run, and verify a GEMM. This example showcases CUTLASS's collective
// operation builders by specializing the GEMM only on the kernel schedule it will use and the
// number of pipeline stages.
//
// One can use a special `Auto` type that tells the CollectiveBuilder
// to select an appropriate value on its own. The CollectiveBuilder will attempt to select
// configurations that will result in the most-performant kernel, but this is not a guarantee.
//
// If relying on 'Auto' schedules, all builders must use the 'Auto' schedule to ensure compatiblity.
// For example, if `KernelScheduleAuto` is used for the mainloop builder, `EpilogueScheduleAuto` must
// be used for the epilogue builder.
//
// Furthermore, if an override schedule is selected, both epilogue and mainloop schedules must
// be specifically opt into a compatible selection.
//
// Behavior of the CollectiveBuilder with `Auto` types is subject to change in future releases
// -- do not rely on `Auto` if you require a specific scheduling policy.
template <
  // Type of kernel schedule to generate
  class MainloopScheduleType = cutlass::gemm::collective::KernelScheduleAuto,
  // Type of epilogue schedule to generate
  class EpilogueScheduleType = cutlass::epilogue::collective::EpilogueScheduleAuto,
  // Number of pipeline stages to use
  class StageCountType = cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto,
  // Type of tile scheduler to use
  class TileSchedulerType = cutlass::gemm::PersistentScheduler,
  // Do we use custom epilogue visitor tree (EVT) fusion
  bool UseCustomEVT = false
>
struct ExampleRunner {

  using LayoutA = cutlass::layout::RowMajor;
  using LayoutB = cutlass::layout::ColumnMajor;
  using LayoutC = cutlass::layout::ColumnMajor;
  using LayoutD = cutlass::layout::ColumnMajor;

  using ElementA = cutlass::half_t;
  using ElementB = cutlass::half_t;
  using ElementC = cutlass::half_t;
  using ElementD = cutlass::half_t;
  using ElementAccumulator = float;
  using ElementCompute = float;
  using ElementScalar = float;

  // 16B alignment lets us use TMA
  static constexpr int AlignmentA = 16 / sizeof(ElementA);
  static constexpr int AlignmentB = 16 / sizeof(ElementB);
  static constexpr int AlignmentC = 16 / sizeof(ElementC);
  static constexpr int AlignmentD = 16 / sizeof(ElementD);

  static_assert(not UseCustomEVT ||
    (cute::is_same_v<EpilogueScheduleType, cutlass::epilogue::TmaWarpSpecialized> ||
     cute::is_same_v<EpilogueScheduleType, cutlass::epilogue::TmaWarpSpecializedCooperative>),
    "Epilogue visitor trees are currently only supported by the TMA warp-specialized epilogue");
  static constexpr auto RoundStyle = cutlass::FloatRoundStyle::round_to_nearest;

  // EVTs can be constructed by composing the fundamental load/store/compute visitor operations defined in include/cutlass/epilogue/fusion
  // For more complex examples of EVT construction please refer to include/cutlass/epilogue/fusion/sm90_callbacks_tma_warpspecialized.hpp
  using CustomEVT =  // alpha * acc + beta * C
    cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90EVT<cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90Compute<cutlass::homogeneous_multiply_add, ElementD, ElementCompute, RoundStyle>, // beta * C + (alpha * acc)
      cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90ScalarBroadcast<ElementScalar>, // beta
      cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90SrcFetch<ElementC>, // C
      cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90EVT<cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90Compute<cutlass::multiplies, ElementCompute, ElementCompute, RoundStyle>, // alpha * acc
        cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90ScalarBroadcast<ElementScalar>, // alpha
        cutlass::epilogue::fusion::Sm90AccFetch // acc
      >
    >;

  // A predefined set of fusion operations (implemented with EVT) are supported by the TMA warp-specialized epilogue.
  // Users can select one of these operations by passing one of the tags defined in include/cutlass/epilogue/fusion/operations.hpp
  // to the CollectiveBuilder. This frees the user from having to compute additional parameters such as stage counts and copy atoms/layouts.
  // These tags also provide additional metadata that can be queried at compile time.
  using DefaultOperation = cutlass::epilogue::fusion::LinearCombination<ElementD, ElementCompute, ElementC, ElementScalar, RoundStyle>;

  using CollectiveEpilogue = typename cutlass::epilogue::collective::CollectiveBuilder<
      cutlass::arch::Sm90, cutlass::arch::OpClassTensorOp,
      Shape<_128,_128,_64>, Shape<_1,_1,_1>,
      cutlass::epilogue::collective::EpilogueTileAuto,
      ElementAccumulator, ElementCompute,
      ElementC, LayoutC, AlignmentC,
      ElementD, LayoutD, AlignmentD,
      EpilogueScheduleType,
      cute::conditional_t<UseCustomEVT, CustomEVT, DefaultOperation>
    >::CollectiveOp;

  using CollectiveMainloop = typename cutlass::gemm::collective::CollectiveBuilder<
      cutlass::arch::Sm90, cutlass::arch::OpClassTensorOp,
      ElementA, LayoutA, AlignmentA,
      ElementB, LayoutB, AlignmentB,
      ElementAccumulator,
      Shape<_128,_128,_64>, Shape<_2,_1,_1>,
      cute::conditional_t<cute::is_same_v<StageCountType, cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto>,
          cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAutoCarveout<static_cast<int>(sizeof(typename CollectiveEpilogue::SharedStorage))>,
          StageCountType>,
      MainloopScheduleType
    >::CollectiveOp;

  using GemmKernel = cutlass::gemm::kernel::GemmUniversal<
      Shape<int,int,int,int>,
      CollectiveMainloop,
      CollectiveEpilogue,
      TileSchedulerType
  >;

  using Gemm = cutlass::gemm::device::GemmUniversalAdapter<GemmKernel>;

  using ProblemShapeType = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::ProblemShape;

  using StrideA = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::StrideA;
  using StrideB = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::StrideB;
  using StrideC = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::StrideC;
  using StrideD = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::StrideD;

  using LayoutTagA = cutlass::gemm::detail::StrideToLayoutTagA_t<StrideA>;
  using LayoutTagB = cutlass::gemm::detail::StrideToLayoutTagB_t<StrideB>;
  using LayoutTagC = cutlass::gemm::detail::StrideToLayoutTagC_t<StrideC>;
  using LayoutTagD = cutlass::gemm::detail::StrideToLayoutTagC_t<StrideD>;

  //
  // Data members
  //

  /// Initialization
  StrideA stride_A;
  StrideB stride_B;
  StrideC stride_C;
  StrideD stride_D;
  uint64_t seed = 0;

  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementA> block_A;
  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementB> block_B;
  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementC> block_C;
  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementD> block_D;
  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementD> block_ref_D;

  //
  // Methods
  //

  bool verify(const ProblemShapeType& problem_size, float alpha, float beta) {
    auto [M, N, K, L] = problem_size;

    cutlass::TensorRef ref_A(block_A.get(), Gemm::LayoutA::packed({M, K}));
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_B(block_B.get(), Gemm::LayoutB::packed({K, N}));
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_C(block_C.get(), Gemm::LayoutC::packed({M, N}));
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_D(block_ref_D.get(), Gemm::LayoutD::packed({M, N}));

    cutlass::reference::device::GemmComplex(
          {M, N, K},
          ElementScalar(alpha),
          ref_A,
          cutlass::ComplexTransform::kNone,
          ref_B,
          cutlass::ComplexTransform::kNone,
          ElementScalar(beta),
          ref_C,
          ref_D,
          ElementAccumulator(0),
          L,     // batch_count
          M * K, // batch_stride_A
          K * N, // batch_stride_B
          M * N, // batch_stride_C
          M * N  // batch_stride_D
        );

    cudaError_t result = cudaDeviceSynchronize();
    if (result != cudaSuccess) {
      std::cerr << "Reference kernel failed. Last CUDA error: "
                << cudaGetErrorString(result) << std::endl;
      return false;
    }

    // Check if output from CUTLASS kernel and reference kernel are equal or not
    bool passed = cutlass::reference::device::BlockCompareEqual(block_ref_D.get(), block_D.get(), block_D.size());

    return passed;
  }

  /// Initialize operands to be used in the GEMM and reference GEMM
  void initialize(const ProblemShapeType& problem_size) {
    auto problem_shape_MNKL = cute::append<4>(problem_size, 1);
    auto [M, N, K, L] = problem_shape_MNKL;

    stride_A = cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideA{}, cute::make_shape(M, K, L));
    stride_B = cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideB{}, cute::make_shape(N, K, L));
    stride_C = cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideC{}, cute::make_shape(M, N, L));
    stride_D = cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideD{}, cute::make_shape(M, N, L));

    block_A.reset(M * K * L);
    block_B.reset(K * N * L);
    block_C.reset(M * N * L);
    block_D.reset(M * N * L);
    block_ref_D.reset(M * N * L);

    initialize_block(block_A, seed + 2023);
    initialize_block(block_B, seed + 2022);
    initialize_block(block_C, seed + 2021);
  }

  bool run(const Options& options, const cutlass::KernelHardwareInfo& hw_info) {
    ProblemShapeType problem_size = ProblemShapeType{options.m, options.n, options.k, options.l};

    initialize(problem_size);

    typename Gemm::Arguments arguments{
      cutlass::gemm::GemmUniversalMode::kGemm,
      problem_size,
      {block_A.get(), stride_A, block_B.get(), stride_B},
      {{}, // epilogue.thread
       block_C.get(), stride_C, block_D.get(), stride_D},
      hw_info
    };

    // Custom EVT fusions will have nested unnamed args, the structure of which
    // can be deduced from the type definition of the EVT.
    // Each node's arguments has the recursive structure of
    // {first_child_args, ..., last_child_args, op_args},
    // For more complex examples of EVT initialization please refer to
    // include/cutlass/epilogue/fusion/sm90_callbacks_tma_warpspecialized.hpp
    if constexpr (UseCustomEVT) {
      arguments.epilogue.thread =
        {    // ternary op : beta * C + (alpha * acc)
          {{options.beta}}, // leaf op+args : beta
          {},               // leaf op+args : C
          {                 // binary op : alpha * acc
            {{options.alpha}}, // leaf op+args : alpha
            {},                // leaf op+args : acc
            {}              // binary args : multiplies
          },                // end binary op
          {} // ternary args : multiply_add
        };   // end ternary op
    }
    // Pre-defined fusions will have flat, named args for user-friendlyness
    else {
      arguments.epilogue.thread.alpha = options.alpha;
      arguments.epilogue.thread.beta = options.beta;
    }

    Gemm gemm_op;

    size_t workspace_size = Gemm::get_workspace_size(arguments);
    cutlass::device_memory::allocation<uint8_t> workspace(workspace_size);

    cutlass::Status status = gemm_op.can_implement(arguments);
    if (status != cutlass::Status::kSuccess) {
      std::cerr << "This kernel is not supported. Last CUDA error is: "
                << cudaGetErrorString(cudaGetLastError()) << std::endl;
      return false;
    }

    status = gemm_op.initialize(arguments, workspace.get());
    if (status != cutlass::Status::kSuccess) {
      std::cerr << "Failed to initialize the CUTLASS kernel. Last CUDA error is: "
                << cudaGetErrorString(cudaGetLastError()) << std::endl;
      return false;
    }

    // Run the GEMM
    status = gemm_op.run();
    if (status != cutlass::Status::kSuccess) {
      std::cerr << "Failed to launch the CUTLASS kernel. Last CUDA error is: "
                << cudaGetErrorString(cudaGetLastError()) << std::endl;
      return false;
    }

    cudaError_t result = cudaDeviceSynchronize();
    if (result != cudaSuccess) {
      std::cerr << "Error running the CUTLASS kernel. Last CUDA error is: "
                << cudaGetErrorString(result) << std::endl;
      return false;
    }

    // Verify that the result is correct
    bool passed = verify(problem_size, options.alpha, options.beta);
    if (!passed) {
      std::cerr << "Reference check failed" << std::endl;
    }

    return passed;
  }

};

#endif // defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM90_SUPPORTED)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// Helper to print a description of the example run and its result
void print_result(const std::string& description, bool passed) {
  std::cout << description << ": " << (passed ? "Passed" : "Failed") << std::endl;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main(int argc, char const **args) {

  cudaDeviceProp props;

  cudaError_t error = cudaGetDeviceProperties(&props, 0);
  if (error != cudaSuccess) {
    std::cerr << "cudaGetDeviceProperties() returned an error: " << cudaGetErrorString(error) << std::endl;
    return -1;
  }

  if (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ < 12 || props.major < 9) {
    std::cout
      << "This example requires a GPU of NVIDIA's Hopper Architecture or "
      << "later (compute capability 90 or greater) and CUDA 12.0 or greater.\n";
      return 0;
  }
  
  else if (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ < 12 || props.major != 9 || props.minor != 0) {
    std::cout
      << "This example requires a GPU of NVIDIA's Hopper Architecture "
      << "(compute capability 90) and CUDA 12.0 or greater.\n";
    return 0;
  }
  

  //
  // Parse options
  //

  Options options;

  options.parse(argc, args);

  if (options.help) {
    options.print_usage(std::cout) << std::endl;
    return 0;
  }

  if (options.error) {
    std::cerr << "Aborting execution." << std::endl;
    return -1;
  }

#if defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM90_SUPPORTED)

  //
  // Run examples
  //

  // The KernelHardwareInfo struct holds the number of SMs on the GPU with a given device ID. This
  // information is used by the underlying kernel.
  cutlass::KernelHardwareInfo hw_info;

  // Change device_id to another value if you are running on a machine with multiple GPUs and wish
  // to use a GPU other than that with device ID 0.
  hw_info.device_id = 0;
  hw_info.sm_count = cutlass::KernelHardwareInfo::query_device_multiprocessor_count(hw_info.device_id);

  bool passed;

  // This first example constructs a GEMM using the default schedule and stage count provided by
  // the CollectiveBuilder. The scheduling policy that is expected to be most performant will be
  // selected and the maximum number of stages that can fit in shared memory will be selected.
  //
  // This example is equivalent to declaring
  //    ExampleRunner<
  //        cutlass::gemm::collective::KernelScheduleAuto,
  //        cutlass::epilogue::collective::EpilogueScheduleAuto,
  //        cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto>
  // Each of the `Auto` types indicate that the CollectiveBuilder should determine the scheduling policy and
  // stage count. Note that the behavior of the CollectiveBuilder with `Auto` parameters is subject to change
  // -- do not rely on `Auto` if you require a specific scheduling policy.
  // If you opt in to a non-'Auto' schedule, make sure all collectives are built using specific, compatible schedules.
  ExampleRunner<> auto_schedule_auto_stage_runner;
  passed = auto_schedule_auto_stage_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("Automatically-selected schedule and stage count", passed);

  // One can override the stage count used in the GEMM by replacing cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto
  // with the number of stages to use (5 in this case).
  ExampleRunner<
    cutlass::gemm::collective::KernelScheduleAuto,
    cutlass::epilogue::collective::EpilogueScheduleAuto,
    _5> auto_schedule_5_stage_runner;

  passed = auto_schedule_5_stage_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("Automatically-selected schedule with 5 stages", passed);

  // One can also override the scheduling policy to use. In this case, use the KernelTma scheduling
  // policy, which specifies that the Hopper TMA feature should be used, and we also use an epilogue
  // that does not use any shared memory.
  ExampleRunner<cutlass::gemm::KernelTma, cutlass::epilogue::NoSmemWarpSpecialized> tma_schedule_auto_stage_runner;
  passed = tma_schedule_auto_stage_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("TMA schedule with automatically-selected stage count", passed);

  // Here, we override the scheduling policy to use Hopper's TMA feature alongside the warp-specialized
  // scheduling policy, and an epilogue that does not use any shared memory.
  ExampleRunner<cutlass::gemm::KernelTmaWarpSpecialized, cutlass::epilogue::NoSmemWarpSpecialized> ws_schedule_auto_stage_runner;
  passed = ws_schedule_auto_stage_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("Warp-specialized TMA schedule with automatically-selected stage count", passed);

  // Here, we override the scheduling policy to use Hopper's TMA feature, alongside the warp-specialized
  // scheduling policy, TMA-based epilogue, leveraging persistent thread blocks.
  ExampleRunner<
    cutlass::gemm::KernelTmaWarpSpecializedPingpong,
    cutlass::epilogue::TmaWarpSpecialized> ws_pingpong_schedule_auto_stage_runner;
  passed = ws_pingpong_schedule_auto_stage_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("Ping-pong warp-specialized TMA schedule with automatically-selected stage count", passed);

  // Here, we override the scheduling policy to use stream-K problem decomposition atop the cooperative
  // warp-specialized scheduling policy. This kernel continues to leverage persistent thread blocks
  // as well aso TMA in both the mainloop and epilogue.
  ExampleRunner<
    cutlass::gemm::KernelTmaWarpSpecializedCooperative,
    cutlass::epilogue::TmaWarpSpecializedCooperative,
    cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto,
    cutlass::gemm::StreamKScheduler> ws_cooperative_stream_k_schedule_auto_stage_runner;
  passed = ws_cooperative_stream_k_schedule_auto_stage_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("Cooperative warp-specialized TMA schedule using stream-K with automatically-selected stage count", passed);

  // Here, we override the fusion operation to use a customized EVT fusion, in addition to the previous schedule overrides
  ExampleRunner<
    cutlass::gemm::KernelTmaWarpSpecializedCooperative,
    cutlass::epilogue::TmaWarpSpecializedCooperative,
    cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto,
    cutlass::gemm::PersistentScheduler,
    true> ws_cooperative_schedule_auto_stage_custom_evt_runner;
  passed = ws_cooperative_schedule_auto_stage_custom_evt_runner.run(options, hw_info);
  print_result("Cooperative warp-specialized TMA schedule using custom epilogue visitor tree with automatically-selected stage count", passed);

#endif

  return 0;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////