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05-first-steps.md

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First Steps

We will now see how to run a traditional 'Hello World' program in Python. This will teach you how to write, save and run Python programs.

There are two ways of using Python to run your program - using the interactive interpreter prompt or using a source file. We will now see how to use both of these methods.

Using The Interpreter Prompt

Open the terminal in your operating system (as discussed previously in the Installation chapter) and then open the Python prompt by typing python3 (in GNU/Linux or Mac OS X) or python (in Windows) and pressing enter key.

Once you have started Python, you should see >>> where you can start typing stuff. This is called the Python interpreter prompt.

At the Python interpreter prompt, type print('Hello World') followed by the enter key. You should see the words Hello World as output.

Here is an example of what you should be seeing, when using a Mac OS X computer. The details about the Python software will differ based on your computer, but the part from the prompt (i.e. from >>> onwards) should be the same regardless of the operating system.

$ python3
Python 3.3.2 (default, May 30 2013, 19:40:13)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 4.2 (clang-425.0.28)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("hello world")
hello world
>>>

Notice that Python gives you the output of the line immediately! What you just entered is a single Python statement. We use print to (unsurprisingly) print any value that you supply to it. Here, we are supplying the text Hello World and this is promptly printed to the screen.

How to Quit the Interpreter Prompt

: If you are using a GNU/Linux or Unix shell, you can exit the interpreter prompt by pressing ctrl-d or entering exit() (note: remember to include the parentheses, '()') followed by the enter key. If you are using the Windows command prompt, press ctrl-z followed by the enter key.

Choosing An Editor

We cannot type out our program at the interpreter prompt every time we want to run something, so we have to save them in files and can run our programs any number of times.

To create our Python source files, we need an editor software where you can type and save. A good programmer's editor will make your life easier in writing the source files. Hence, the choice of an editor is crucial indeed. You have to choose an editor as you would choose a car you would buy. A good editor will help you write Python programs easily, making your journey more comfortable and helps you reach your destination (achieve your goal) in a much faster and safer way.

One of the very basic requirements is syntax highlighting where all the different parts of your Python program are colorized so that you can see your program and visualize its running.

If you have no idea where to start, I would recommend using Sublime Text 3 software which is available on Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux. Details in next section.

If you are using Windows, do not use Notepad - it is a bad choice because it does not do syntax highlighting and also importantly it does not support indentation of the text which is very important in our case as we will see later. Good editors such as Komodo Edit will automatically do this.

If you are an experienced programmer, then you must be already using Vim or Emacs. Needless to say, these are two of the most powerful editors and you will benefit from using them to write your Python programs. I personally use both for most of my programs, and have even written an entire book on Vim.

In case you are willing to take the time to learn Vim or Emacs, then I highly recommend that you do learn to use either of them as it will be very useful for you in the long run. However, as I mentioned before, beginners can start with Sublime Text and focus the learning on Python rather than the editor at this moment.

To reiterate, please choose a proper editor - it can make writing Python programs more fun and easy.

Sublime Text

To use Sublime Text with Python 3, click on Tools --- Build System --- New Build System and paste the following into the new file:

For Windows users:

{
    "cmd": ["C:\\python33\\python.exe", "-u", "$file"],
    "file_regex": "^[ ]*File \"(...*?)\", line ([0-9]*)",
    "selector": "source.python",
    "encoding": "utf8",
    "path": "C:\\Python33\\"
}

For Mac OS X users:

{
    "cmd": ["/usr/local/bin/python3", "-u", "$file"],
    "file_regex": "^[ ]*File \"(...*?)\", line ([0-9]*)",
    "selector": "source.python",
    "encoding": "utf8",
    "path": "/usr/local/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/bin/"
}

and save the file as Python3.sublime-build.

Note that you will have to change the cmd and path in the above configuration as per your system's installation.

When you create a new file and want to run using Sublime Text, make sure you first save the file with a .py extension, for example, hello.py.

When you open or create a new Python file, be sure to select Tools --- Build System --- Python3. After that, you should be able to use Tools --- Build to run your Python file within Sublime Text.

Vim

  1. Read how to make Vim a powerful Python IDE by John M Anderson.
  2. Try jedi-vim plugin
  3. Also recommended is https://github.com/swaroopch/dotvim.

Emacs

  1. Install Emacs 24
  2. Run M-x list-packages, search for ELPY and click on Install
  3. Learn how to use ELPY at https://github.com/jorgenschaefer/elpy/wiki
  4. Also recommended is https://github.com/ghoseb/dotemacs.

Using A Source File

Now let's get back to programming. There is a tradition that whenever you learn a new programming language, the first program that you write and run is the 'Hello World' program - all it does is just say 'Hello World' when you run it. As Simon Cozens (the author of the amazing 'Beginning Perl' book) puts it, it is the "traditional incantation to the programming gods to help you learn the language better."

Start your choice of editor, enter the following program and save it as hello.py.

If you are using Sublime Text, click on File --- New File, type the lines:

print("Hello World")

In Sublime Text, do File --- Save to save to a file called hello.py.

Where should you save the file? To any folder for which you know the location of the folder. If you don't understand what that means, create a new folder and use that location to save and run all your Python programs:

  • C:\\py on Windows
  • /tmp/py on GNU/Linux
  • /tmp/py on Mac OS X

To create a folder, use the mkdir command in the terminal, for example, mkdir /tmp/py.

Important

: Always ensure that you give it the file extension of .py, for example, foo.py.

In Sublime Text, click on Tools --- Build output printed in a small window below.

The best way, though, is to type it in Sublime Text but to use a terminal:

  1. Open a terminal as explained in the Installation chapter.
  2. Change directory where you saved the file, for example, cd /tmp/py
  3. Run the program by entering the command python3 hello.py.

The output is as shown below.

$ python3 hello.py
Hello World

If you got the output as shown above, congratulations! - you have successfully run your first Python program. You have successfully crossed the hardest part of learning programming, which is, getting started with your first program!

In case you got an error, please type the above program exactly as shown above and run the program again. Note that Python is case-sensitive i.e. print is not the same as Print - note the lowercase p in the former and the uppercase P in the latter. Also, ensure there are no spaces or tabs before the first character in each line - we will see why this is important later.

How It Works

A Python program is composed of statements. In our first program, we have only one statement. In this statement, we call the print function which just prints the text "Hello World". We will learn about functions in detail in a later chapter - what you should understand now is that whatever you supply in the parentheses will be printed back to the screen. In this case, we supply the text "Hello World".

Getting Help

If you need quick information about any function or statement in Python, then you can use the built-in help functionality. This is very useful especially when using the interpreter prompt. For example, run help(print) - this displays the help for the print function which is used to print things to the screen.

Note

: Press q to exit the help.

Similarly, you can obtain information about almost anything in Python. Use help() to learn more about using help itself!

In case you need to get help for operators like return, then you need to put those inside quotes such as help("return") so that Python doesn't get confused on what we're trying to do.

Summary

You should now be able to write, save and run Python programs at ease.

Now that you are a Python user, let's learn some more Python concepts.