-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathindex.html
3317 lines (3305 loc) · 126 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<title>Connected objects</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/theme/pb.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="pres-style.css">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighting of code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="plugin/highlight/monokai.css">
<!-- Matomo -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
/* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
_paq.push(['trackPageView']);
_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
(function () {
var u = "//matomo.systev.com/";
_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u + 'matomo.php']);
_paq.push(['setSiteId', '2']);
var d = document, g = d.createElement('script'), s = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
g.type = 'text/javascript'; g.async = true; g.src = u + 'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g, s);
})();
</script>
<!-- End Matomo Code -->
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section>
<h1>Connected Objects</h1>
<h5>Pascal Bodin</h5>
<img src="images/iot.png" height="350">
<div class="pbverysmall">To enter the presentation, click the arrow to the right - <a href="https://pascalbod.github.io/iot-fr-presentation/"
target="_blank">Version française</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Document history</h2>
<table class="pbsmaller">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>When</th>
<th>What</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>01-Nov-2023</td>
<td>Project management section improved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13-Sep-2023</td>
<td>Computer reminders section improved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>02-Jan-2023</td>
<td>Floating-point arithmetic - Sigfox update</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18-Dec-2021</td>
<td>Links to platforms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11-Dec-2021</td>
<td>Standardization section</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13-Nov-2021</td>
<td>More about software - Case studies</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24-Feb-2021</td>
<td>Added links to STM32 and ESP32 hands-on labs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21-Feb-2021</td>
<td>Added link to a BLE hands-on lab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19-Jan-2021</td>
<td>Creation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a></p>
<p>You can sponsor it: <iframe src="https://github.com/sponsors/PascalBod/button"
title="Sponsor PascalBod" height="35" width="116"
style="border: 0; vertical-align: bottom;"></iframe></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js">reveal.js</a> - Copyright (C)
2020 Hakim El Hattab</li>
<li><a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik" title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a>
from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/" title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://material.io/resources/icons/?style=baseline" target="_blank">material.io</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://matomo.org/" target="_blank">Matomo</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>How to navigate</h2>
<ul>
<li>Use the right and left arrows (in bottom right corner) to navigate from one topic to another
</li>
<li>In a topic, use the top and down arrows
<br>
<img src="images/navigation.png" height="200">
</li>
<li>Overview: press "O" letter - navigate with arrow keys - "ESC" or click on slide to exit</li>
<li>Full screen: press "F" letter - "ESC" to exit</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Contents</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/foreword">Foreword</a></h3>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/introduction">Introduction</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/introduction-1">Some history</a></li>
<li><a href="#/introduction-2">Everything is smart</a></li>
<li><a href="#/introduction-3">Definition?</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/example">Example used throughout the presentation</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/example-1">Expressed requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#/example-2">Looking at requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#/example-3">Technical fields</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="connectedDevice.html" target="_blank">Connected device</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-1" target="_blank">Our example</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-2" target="_blank">Hardware progress</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-3" target="_blank">Memory, processing power and
applications</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-4" target="_blank">Connected device architecture</a>
</li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-5" target="_blank">Peripherals</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-6" target="_blank">Interfacing</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-6b" target="_blank">Floating point arithmetic</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-7" target="_blank">Software development</a></li>
<li><a href="connectedDevice.html#/device-8" target="_blank">Points to remember</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/positioning">Positioning</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/positioning-1">Our example</a></li>
<li><a href="#/positioning-2">GNSS</a></li>
<li><a href="#/positioning-3">Positioning with a fixed infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="#/positioning-4">Dead reckoning</a></li>
<li><a href="#/positioning-5">Indoors</a></li>
<li><a href="#/positioning-6">Points to remember</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/communications">Communications</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/communications-1">Our example</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-2">Land mobile networks</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-3">Unlicensed LPWAN</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-4">Satellite networks</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-5">PMR networks</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-6">Short distance radiocommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-7">Data interchange</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-8">Integration in the Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="#/communications-9">Points to remember</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/architecture">Architecture</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/architecture-1">Distributed processing</a></li>
<li><a href="#/architecture-2">Layered architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="#/architecture-3">Platforms</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/security">Security</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/security-1">Goals</a></li>
<li><a href="#/security-2">Attack surface</a></li>
<li><a href="#/security-3">How to deal with attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="#/security-4">Points to remember</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/standardization">Standardization</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/standardization-1">OneM2M</a></li>
<li><a href="#/standardization-2">ITU-T Study Group 20</a></li>
<li><a href="#/standardization-3">IETF Internet of Things Directorate</a></li>
<li><a href="#/standardization-4">W3C Web of Things</a></li>
<li><a href="#/standardization-5">Other organizations</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/project">Project management</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/project-1">How to make any project successful?</a></li>
<li><a href="#/project-2">Involved technical domains</a></li>
<li><a href="#/project-3">More than playing with technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="#/project-4">Agile Software Development</a></li>
<li><a href="#/project-5">Adaptation to a connected objects project</a></li>
<li><a href="#/project-6">Case studies</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3><a href="#/conclusion">Conclusion</a></h3>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Hands-on labs</h3>
<ul>
<li>Connected device:
<ul>
<li><a href="#/hoSTM32SampleApplication">A bare-metal application for the NUCLEO-L476RG
dev board</a></li>
<li><a href="#/hoESP32SampleApplication">An application for the ESP32-DevKitC dev
board</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Communications:
<ul>
<li><a href="#/hoBluetoothRuuvi">Receiving and decoding advertisement data transmitted
by a Ruuvi tag</a></li>
<li><a href="#/hoUdpOverWifi">UDP over Wi-Fi</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="foreword">
<h2>Foreword</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Who am I?</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://systev.com" target="_blank">
Independent consultant and freelancer - connected devices</a> <br />
<a href="https://baylibre.com/" targe="_blank">
<img src="images/logo_baylibre_rvb_400-300x104.png.webp" width="160"></a>
<a href="https://www.connectedcycle.com" target="_blank">
<img src="images/logo-connectedCycle.png"></a>
<a href="https://www.ackl.io" target="_blank">
<img src="images/logo-acklio.png"></a>
<a href="https://www.ademe.fr/en/frontpage/" target="_blank">
<img src="images/logoademe2020_gb_rvb.webp" height="100"></a>
</li>
<li>Beforehand: software engineer, project leader, team manager, co-founder, technical expert</li>
<li>
McDonnell Douglas Informations Systems, Digital Equipement Corporation (DEC), Orange
</li>
<li>
Co-founded (and closed down) two companies
</li>
<li>First connected objects project: in 1990</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>More information</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://fr.systev.com" target="_blank">Systev</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/pascalbodin/" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/PascalBod" target="_blank">GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="https://mastodon.world/@pascalb06" target="_blank">Mastodon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/pascalbod06" target="_blank">X</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Integrator's point of view</h3>
<ul>
<li>Deliver on committed date and committed budget</li>
<li>Deliver a working system</li>
<li>Sometimes: integrate legacy subsystems</li>
<li>Deliver a maintainable system</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Target: customer satisfaction</li>
<li>Solving technical problems is only a means</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Which systems ?</h3>
<ul>
<li>Consumer systems</li>
<li>Industrial systems</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li><del>Consumer systems</del></li>
<li>Industrial systems</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Industrial systems:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Feature-rich</li>
<li>Technical complexity</li>
<li>More constraints (real time, security, maintainability, etc.)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="introduction">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
</section>
<section id="introduction-1">
<h3>Some history</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Before the '90s</h4>
<img src="images/scada.png">
<p class="pbcenter">SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)</p>
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons from <a href="https://material.io/resources/icons/?style=baseline"
target="_blank">material.io</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>In the '90s</h4>
<img src="images/m2m.png" height="400">
<p class="pbcenter">M2M (Machine to Machine)</br>
LBS (Location Based Services)</p>
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a>, <a
href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/photo3idea-studio"
target="_blank">photo3idea_studio</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons from <a href="https://material.io/resources/icons/?style=baseline"
target="_blank">material.io</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>In the '00s</h4>
<img src="images/iot.png">
<p class="pbcenter">IoT (Internet of Things)</p>
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons from <a href="https://material.io/resources/icons/?style=baseline"
target="_blank">material.io</a></div>
</section>
<section id="introduction-2">
<h4>In the '10s</h4>
<ul>
<li>Smart Agriculture</li>
<li>Smart City</li>
<li>Smart Environment</li>
<li>Smart Health</li>
<li>Smart Industry</li>
<li>Smart Utilities</li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="introduction-3">
<h4>Definition?</h4>
<blockquote>
The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects ("things") that are
embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems
over the Internet.
</blockquote>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"
target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>The topic of this presentation</h4>
<p>Systems where objects are connected to some remote applications</p>
<p>⇒ Broader than the above definition</p>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Inventor of <em>IoT</em> acronym</h4>
<p class="pbcenter">Kevin Ashton - 1999</p>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Points to remember</h4>
<ul>
<li>No real definition - too broad a topic</li>
<li>Systems were existing before the <em>IoT</em> acronym</li>
<li>Large diversity of user needs</li>
<li>Different technologies</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="example">
<h2>Example used throughout the presentation</h2>
</section>
<section id="example-1">
<h3>Expressed requirements</h3>
<ul>
<li>Monitor a convoy of 5 vehicles over Europe</li>
<li>Transmit an alarm when:</li>
<ul>
<li>The distance between 2 consecutive vehicles exceeds a limit</li>
<li>A driver presses an emergency button</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>When an alarm occurs:
<ul>
<li>Display the alarm at the operations center</li>
<li>Live display of the positions of every vehicle until the end of the alarm</li>
<li>Audio monitoring</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Outdoor coverage must be global</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/convoy.png" height="600">
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
</section>
<section id="example-2">
<h3>Looking at requirements</h3>
<ul>
<li>What is the average distance between vehicles?</li>
<li>Should the distance limit be modifiable?</li>
<li>Which accuracy?</li>
<li>How to handle road traffic constraints?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Alarm reception delay?</li>
<li>Alarm shutdown procedure?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Installation of equipments in the vehicles?</li>
<li>Power supply?</li>
<li>Limitations for installation of external components (antennas)?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="example-3">
<h3>Technical domains</h3>
<ul>
<li>Distance between vehicles: sensors, GNSS...</li>
<li>Manual alarm triggering: sensor</li>
<li>Alarm transmission: wireless network</li>
<li>Embedded / onboard devices</li>
<li>Vehicle tracking: GNSS, GIS...</li>
<li>Global coverage: land mobile networks, satellite...</li>
<li>Confidenciality, integrity, availability</li>
<li>Software</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/domains.png">
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/domains-2.png">
</section>
<section>
<p>Undertanding real user needs can be a challenge. But it is key to success.</p>
</section>
<section>
<p class="pbcenter">We will see in detail all these elements...</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2><a href="connectedDevice.html" target="_blank">Connected Device</a></h2>
</section>
<section>
<section id="positioning">
<h2>Positioning</h2>
</section>
<section id="positioning-1">
<h3>Our example</h3>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/convoy.png" height="600">
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Tracking on alarm</li>
<li>Distance between two vehicles:
<ul>
<li>Location of every vehicle</li>
<li>Exchange of locations</li>
<li>Calculation of distances</li>
<li>Question: which precision?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="positioning-2">
<h3>GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)</h3>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/gnssCircles.png" height="600">
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<p>Principle:</p>
<ul>
<li>Satellite constellation</li>
<li>Every satellite transmits messages</li>
<li>Receiver, where location is to be calculated</li>
<li>Messages contains satellite time and location</li>
<li>Satellite time very accurate (atomic clock)</li>
<li>With 3 satellites: location estimate</li>
<li>With a 4<sup>th</sup>satellite: synchronization of receiver clock</li>
<li>⇒ Location</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Duration/distance : 1 m ⇔ 3,3 ns</li>
<li>Possible sources of errors:
<ul>
<li>Satellite location: 2,5 m</li>
<li>Satellite clock: 1,5 m</li>
<li>Atmospheric perturbations: 6 m</li>
<li>The most important one: multipath (reflections of satellite signals - urban canyons)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://galileognss.eu/the-path-to-high-gnss-accuracy/"
title="GalileoGNSS" target="_blank">GalileoGNSS</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Example of Galileo accuracy</h4>
<img src="images/galileoAccuracy.png" height="500">
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a
href="https://www.gsc-europa.eu/electronic-library/galileo-service-performance-reports"
title="European GSC" target="_blank">European GSC</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Constellations</h4>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>GPS:
<ul>
<li>USA</li>
<li>Started in 1973, operational in 1993</li>
<li>30 operational satellites in September 2020</li>
<li>Orbits: 20200 km (MEO)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GLONASS:
<ul>
<li>Russia</li>
<li>Started in 1976, operational in 1995</li>
<li>24 operational satellites in October 2020</li>
<li>Orbits: 19100 km (MEO)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/" title="GPS"
target="_blank">GPS</a>,
<a href="https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/index.php" title="GLONASS" target="_blank">GLONASS</a>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Galileo:
<ul>
<li>Europe</li>
<li>Started in 1999, operational in 2016</li>
<li>24 operational satellites in October 2020</li>
<li>Orbits: 23200 km (MEO)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BeiDou (北斗):
<ul>
<li>China</li>
<li>Started in 2000, operational in 2020</li>
<li>30 satellites launched from 2017 to 2020</li>
<li>Orbits: MEO, GEO and GSO</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a
href="https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system-service-status/constellation-information"
title="Galileo" target="_blank">Galileo</a>,
<a href="http://en.beidou.gov.cn/" title="BeiDou" target="_blank">BeiDou</a>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>NavIC:
<ul>
<li>India</li>
<li>Tegional system</li>
<li>8 operational satellites in 2020</li>
<li>Orbits: GEO and GSO</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>QZSS:
<ul>
<li>Japan</li>
<li>Regional system</li>
<li>4 operational satellites in September 2020</li>
<li>Orbits: QZO</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/satellite-navigation"
title="NavIC" target="_blank">NavIC</a>,
<a href="https://qzss.go.jp/en/index.html" title="QZSS" target="_blank">QZSS</a>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Accuracy: real-world example</h4>
<img src="images/gnssAccuracy.png">
</section>
<section>
<p>Conditions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Smartphone GNSS receiver - GPS + GLONASS</li>
<li>In 2017</li>
<li>Indoors, street level, 2 m from a window</li>
<li>One location every 2 s during 15 min</li>
<li>⇒ Several locations more than 60 m far from real location</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Increasing accuracy</h4>
<ul>
<li>Broadcasting corrections on regional area</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/sbas.png">
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a
href="https://www.gsa.europa.eu/european-gnss/what-gnss/what-sbas" title="SBAS"
target="_blank">SBAS</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Decreasing acquisition time</h4>
<ul>
<li>First-location acquisition time: Time To First Fix (TTFF)</li>
<li>To decrease it: provide GNSS receiver with almanacs and ephemeris</li>
<li>These data must be transmitted to the device</li>
<li>Historical name: A-GPS (Assisted GPS)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Interfacing with a GNSS receiver</h4>
<img src="images/positionningInterface.png">
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Physical level: serial link (board voltage or V.28)</li>
<li>Data level:</li>
<ul>
<li>NMEA 0183 - not designed for GNSS</li>
<li>Very often: optimized proprietary protocols</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/nmea0183.png">
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a
href="https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/products/documents/u-blox6-GPS-GLONASS-QZSS-V14_ReceiverDescrProtSpec_%28GPS.G6-SW-12013%29_Public.pdf"
title="u-blox" target="_blank">u-blox</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<p>Proprietary protocols:</p>
<ul>
<li>SiRF (Qualcomm)</li>
<li>u-blox</li>
<li>SkyTraq</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Most GNSS receivers are multi-constellations</li>
<li>Antenna quality and placement are important</li>
<li>It's easy to degrade reception</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="positioning-3">
<h3>Positioning with a fixed infrastructure</h3>
<ul>
<li>Trilateration: several distance measurements resulting from time measurements (similar to
GNSS)</li>
<li>Triangulation: several angle measurements</li>
<li>Receiving antenna location ("cell")</li>
<li>Beacons, for proximity detection</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="positioning-4">
<h3>Dead reckoning</h3>
<ul>
<li>Start from a known location</li>
<li>Path tracking thanks to sensors: gyroscope, accelerometer, magnetometer...)</li>
<li>Sensor data filtering and fusion</li>
<li>Periodical resynchronization</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="positioning-5">
<h3>Indoors</h3>
<ul>
<li>Previous technologies may be used indoors, with varying results</li>
<li>Installation of dedicated infrastructure is often required, for good results</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Our example</h3>
<ul>
<li>Power supply should be accessible, in the vehicles</li>
<li>⇒ No energy constraint</li>
<li>It seems that inter-vehicle distance calculation may rely on GNSS data</li>
<li>Where to place the GNSS antenna? Where to run the antenna cable?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="positioning-6">
<h3>Points to remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>GNSS, not GPS 🙂</li>
<li>Accuracy increases</li>
<li>Acquisition time decreases</li>
<li>Required energy decreases</li>
<li>But it is still challenging today to position everywhere everytime</li>
<li>Do not confuse positioning and tracking</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="communications">
<h2>Communications</h2>
</section>
<section id="communications-1">
<h3>Our example</h3>
</section>
<section>
<img src="images/convoy.png" height="600">
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Transmit an alarm to the operations center</li>
<li>Audio monitoring</li>
<li>Real-time tracking</li>
<li>Global coverage</li>
<li>Communications between vehicles</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Foreword</h3>
<ul>
<li>Parts of the information below relate to Europe only, or to France only</li>
<li>But similar elements apply in the rest of the world, with some differences in technology and
in regulation</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="communications-2">
<h3>Land mobile networks</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Overview</h4>
<ul>
<li>1G: '80s - analog networks</li>
<li>2G: '90s - digital switchover
<ul>
<li>Services: voice, data, SMS</li>
<li>Technologies: GSM/GPRS, EDGE, CDMAOne, PDC, iDEN, IS-136, D-AMPS</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3G: '00s
<ul>
<li>GSM/GPRS evolution, CDMA2000 1X/EVDO, UMTS-HSPA+</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4G: '10s
<ul>
<li>LTE Advanced</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5G: '20s</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Sources: <a href="http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/3G/technology/index.html"
title="ITU" target="_blank">ITU</a>,
<a href="https://www.3gpp.org/about-3gpp" title="3GPP" target="_blank">3GPP</a>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>A network is shared among all users</li>
<li>(Almost) no priority management</li>
<li>Operators aim at providing coverage for population, not for territory</li>
<li>Coverage can't be adapted to specific needs</li>
<li>Regulated frequency bands</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Data services</h4>
</section>
<section>
<h5>SMS (Short Message Service)</h5>
<img src="images/sms-ms-sc.png">
<div class="pbverysmall">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik"
title="Freepik" target="_blank">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/"
title="Flaticon" target="_blank">www.flaticon.com</a></div>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://www.3gpp.org/dynareport/23040.htm"
target="_blank">3GPP</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>140 bytes, or 160 7-bit characters, or 70 UCS2 characters</li>
<li>Concatenation is possible</li>
<li>No end-to-end acknowledge</li>
<li>Latency: may be high (several hours)</li>
<li>Benefit: allows to send downlink data (to a terminal)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h5>Packet data</h5>
<ul>
<li>Based on Internet potocols (IP, TCP, UDP, etc.)</li>
<li>Some limitations may apply, depending on the subscription (protocols, ports)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>2G:
<ul>
<li>GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) - 2,5G</li>
<li>GPRS services are closed, are being closed, or will be closed</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>3G:
<ul>
<li>Rural area: 144 kb/s at least - 384 kb/s at most, 500 km/h at most</li>
<li>Urban area: 384 kb/s at least - 512 kb/s at most, 120 km/h at most</li>
<li>Close to the base station: 2 Mb/s at least, 10 km/h at most</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4G:
<ul>
<li>100 Mb/s downlink, 50 Mb/s uplink</li>
<li>optimized for slow speed, but supports high speed, 500 km/h at most</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://www.etsi.org/technologies/mobile/" title="ETSI"
target="_blank">ETSI</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Historically, data services designed for:
<ul>
<li>E-mails</li>
<li>Web browsing</li>
<li>Playing movies</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Connected devices have specific needs and constraints:
<ul>
<li>Infrequent, short messages</li>
<li>Often: no external power supply</li>
<li>Often: low cost</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>To fulfill these needs: LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network)</li>
<ul>
<li>NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)</li>
<li>LTE-M (Long Term Evolution - Category M1) (LTE = 3G → 4G)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other LPWAN technologie: see further below</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h5><img src="images/lte_m_rgb-medium.png"> </h5>
<ul>
<li>PSM (Power Saving Mode): decreased signalling</li>
<li>eDRX (Extended Discontinuous Reception): receiver switched off part of the time</li>
<li>HLCom (High Latency Communications): buffering and dedicated signalling for PSM and eDRX
</li>
<li>Half Duplex Mode</li>
<li>CE (Coverage Enhancement): repetitions on data and control channels</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://www.gsma.com/iot/mobile-iot/" title="GSMA"
target="_blank">GSMA</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Targets:
<ul>
<li>Achieve a 10 year battery life</li>
<li>Simpler terminal ⇒ less expensive</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h5>Characteristics</h5>
<ul>
<li>Speed: 1 Mb/s uplink and downlink</li>
<li>Latency: from 10 ms up to 4 s</li>
<li>Voice</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a
href="https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/resources/innovation-technology/lte-m"
title="Thales" target="_blank">Thales</a>
</section>
<section>
<h5><img src="images/nbiot_black_rgb-medium.png"> </h5>
<ul>
<li>PSM (Power Saving Mode): decreased signalling</li>
<li>eDRX (Extended Discontinuous Reception): receiver switched off part of the time</li>
<li>Coverage Extension : increased power levels and repetitions</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a href="https://www.gsma.com/iot/mobile-iot/" title="GSMA"
target="_blank">GSMA</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li>Targets:
<ul>
<li>Achieve a 10 year battery life</li>
<li>Simpler terminal ⇒ less expensive</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h5>Characteristics</h5>
<ul>
<li>Speed: up to 158 kb/s uplink and 124 kb/s downlink</li>
<li>Latency: 1,4 up to 10 s</li>
<li>Voice not supported</li>
</ul>
<div class="pbverysmall">Source: <a
href="https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/resources/innovation-technology/lte-m"
title="Thales" target="_blank">Thales</a></div>
</section>
<section>
<h5>Active networks (August 2020)</h5>