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<div class="header">
<h1>Chess Engine Communication Protocol</h1>
<h2><a href="http://www.tim-mann.org/">Tim Mann</a> &amp; <a href="http://home.hccnet.nl/h.g.muller/winboardF.html">H.G.Muller</a></h2>
<p>
Version 2; implemented in xboard/WinBoard 4.2.1 and later. (Sept 3, 2009)<br />
Changes since version 1 are indicated in <span class="version1">red</span>.<br />
Changes for WinBoard 4.3.xx are indicated in <span class="version43">green</span>.<br />
Changes for WinBoard 4.4.xx are indicated in <span class="version44">blue</span>.
</p>
</div>

<ul>
<li><a href="#1">1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#2">2. Connection</a></li>
<li><a href="#3">3. Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#4">4. How it got this way</a></li>
<li><a href="#5">5. WinBoard requires Win32 engines</a></li>
<li><a href="#6">6. Hints on input/output</a></li>
<li><a href="#7">7. Signals</a></li>
<li><a href="#8">8. Commands from xboard to the engine</a></li>
<li><a href="#9">9. Commands from the engine to xboard</a></li>
<li><a href="#10">10. Thinking Output</a></li>
<li><a href="#11">11. Time control</a></li>
<li><a href="#12">12. Analyze Mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#13">13. Idioms and backward compatibility features</a></li>
</ul>

<hr />

<h2><a name="1">1. Introduction</a></h2>

<p>
This document is a set of rough notes on the protocol that xboard and
WinBoard use to communicate with gnuchessx and other chess engines.
These notes may be useful if you want to connect a different chess
engine to xboard.  Throughout the notes, "xboard" means both xboard
and WinBoard except where they are specifically contrasted.
</p>

<p>
There are two reasons I can imagine someone wanting to do this: 
</p>

<ol>
<li>You have, or are developing, a chess engine but you don't want to
write your own graphical interface. </li>
<li>You have, or are developing,a chess engine, and you want to
interface it to the Internet Chess Server.</li>
</ol>

<p>
In case (2), if you are using xboard, you will need to configure the
"Zippy" code into it, but WinBoard includes this code already.  See
the file <a
href="http://www.tim-mann.org/xboard/zippy.README">zippy.README</a>
in the xboard or WinBoard distribution for more information.
</p>

<p>
These notes are unpolished, but I've attempted to make them complete
in this release.  If you notice any errors, omissions, or misleading
statements, let me know.
</p>

<p>
I'd like to hear from everyone who is trying to interface their own
chess engine to xboard/WinBoard. Please join the mailing list for 
authors of xboard/WinBoard compatible chess engines and post a message 
about what you're doing. The list is now hosted by Yahoo Groups; you 
can join at <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/chess-engines" 
>http://groups.yahoo.com/group/chess-engines</a>, or you can read the
list there without joining.  The list is filtered to prevent spam.
</p>

<p class="version43">
Note that the WinBoard 4.3.xx line was developed independently of the
original GNU project, by H.G.Muller.
If you have questions about WinBoard 4.3.xx, or want to report bugs in it,
report them in the appropriate section of the 
<a href="http://www.open-aurec.com/wbforum/">WinBoard forum</a>.
</p>

<h2><a name="2">2. Connection</a></h2>

<p>
An xboard chess engine runs as a separate process from xboard itself,
connected to xboard through a pair of anonymous pipes.  The engine
does not have to do anything special to set up these pipes.  xboard
sets up the pipes itself and starts the engine with one pipe as its
standard input and the other as its standard output.  The engine then
reads commands from its standard input and writes responses to its
standard output.  This is, unfortunately, a little more complicated to
do right than it sounds; see <a href="#6">section 6</a> below.
</p>

<p>
And yes, contrary to some people's expectations, exactly the same
thing is true for WinBoard.  Pipes and standard input/output are
implemented in Win32 and work fine.  You don't have to use DDE, COM,
DLLs, BSOD, or any of the other infinite complexity that
Microsoft has created just to talk between two programs.  A WinBoard
chess engine is a Win32 console program that simply reads from its
standard input and writes to its standard output.  See sections 
<a href="#5">5</a> and <a href="#6">6</a> below for additional details.
</p>

<h2><a name="3">3. Debugging</a></h2>

<p>
To diagnose problems in your engine's interaction with xboard, use the
-debug flag on xboard's command line to see the messages that are
being exchanged.  In WinBoard, these messages are written to the file
WinBoard.debug instead of going to the screen.
</p>

<p>
You can turn debug mode on or off while WinBoard is running by
pressing Ctrl+Alt+F12.  You can turn debug mode on or off while xboard
is running by binding DebugProc to a shortcut key (and pressing the
key!); see the instructions on shortcut keys in the xboard man page.
</p>

<p>
While your engine is running under xboard/WinBoard, you can send a
command directly to the engine by pressing Shift+1 (xboard) or Alt+1
(WinBoard 4.0.3 and later).  This brings up a dialog that you can type
your command into.  Press Shift+2 (Alt+2) instead to send to the
second chess engine in Two Machines mode.  On WinBoard 4.0.2 and earlier,
Ctrl+Alt is used in place of Alt; this had to be changed due to a conflict
with typing the @-sign on some European keyboards.
</p>

<h2><a name="4">4. How it got this way</a></h2>

<p>
Originally, xboard was just trying to talk to the existing
command-line interface of GNU Chess 3.1+ and 4, which was designed
for people to type commands to.  So the communication protocol is very
ad-hoc.  It might have been good to redesign it early on, but because
xboard and GNU Chess are separate programs, I didn't want to force
people to upgrade them together to versions that matched.  I
particularly wanted to keep new versions of xboard working with old
versions of GNU Chess, to make it easier to compare the play of old
and new gnuchess versions.  I didn't foresee the need for a clean
protocol to be used with other chess engines in the future.
</p>

<p>
Circumstances have changed over the years, and now there are many more
engines that work with xboard.  I've had to make the protocol
description more precise, I've added some features that GNU Chess
does not support, and I've specified the standard semantics of a few
features to be slightly different from what GNU Chess 4 does.
</p>

<p class="version1">
This release of the protocol specification is the first to carry a
version number of its own -- version 2.  Previous releases simply
carried a last-modified date and were loosely tied to specific 
releases of xboard and WinBoard.  The version number "1" applies
generally to all those older versions of the protocol.
</p>

<p class="version1">
Protocol version 2 remains compatible with older engines but has
several new capabilities.  In particular, it adds the 
"feature" command, a new mechanism for making backward-compatible
changes and extensions to the protocol.  Engines that do not support a
particular new feature do not have to use it; new features are not
enabled unless the engine specifically requests them using the feature
command.  If an engine does not send the feature command at all, the
protocol behavior is nearly identical to version 1.  Several new
features can be selected by the feature command in version 2,
including the "ping" command (recommended for all engines), the
"setboard" command, and many optional parameters.  Additional features
will probably be added in future versions.
</p>

<p class="version43">
If it is necessary to have a separate name, 
it would be best to refer to the protocol including the green additions as version 2f.
I really don't think it is a different protocol from version 2, though.
I just tried to clarify some ambiguities in the original definition,
now that the WinBoard 4.3.xx line has implemented them in a specific way.
The hand-shaking protocol for features as defined in protocol 2 perfectly
allows addition of an occasional new features without any need for stepping up the protocol version number,
and I think refraining from the latter would enormously lower the barrier for actual
implementation of these features in engines.
<br />
The two really new things are the engine debug comments, and the "nps" command.
The former merely tries to regulate an extremely common existing pactice 
of having engines dump debug messages on WinBoard in an unprotected way, 
as usually you get away with that.
</p>

<h2><a name="5">5. WinBoard requires Win32 engines</a></h2>

<p>
Due to some Microsoft brain damage that I don't understand, WinBoard
does not work with chess engines that were compiled to use a DOS
extender for 32-bit addressing.  (Probably not with 16-bit DOS or
Windows programs either.)  WinBoard works only with engines that are
compiled for the Win32 API.  You can get a free compiler that targets
the Win32 API from <a href="http://sources.redhat.com/cygwin/"
>http://sources.redhat.com/cygwin/</a>.  I think DJGPP 2.x should also
work if you use the RSXNTDJ extension, but I haven't tried it.  Of
course, Microsoft Visual C++ will work.  Most likely the other
commercial products that support Win32 will work too (Borland, etc.),
but I have not tried them.  Delphi has been successfully used to write
engines for WinBoard; if you want to do this, Tony Werten has donated
some <a href="http://www.tim-mann.org/winboard/delphi.txt" >sample
code</a> that should help you get started.
</p>

<h2><a name="6">6. Hints on input/output</a></h2>

<p>
Beware of using buffered I/O in your chess engine.  The C stdio
library, C++ streams, and the I/O packages in most other languages use
buffering both on input and output.  That means two things.  First,
when your engine tries to write some characters to xboard, the library
stashes them in an internal buffer and does not actually write them to
the pipe connected to xboard until either the buffer fills up or you
call a special library routine asking for it to be flushed.  (In C
stdio, this routine is named <tt>fflush</tt>.)  Second, when your engine tries
to read some characters from xboard, the library does not read just
the characters you asked for -- it reads all the characters that are
currently available (up to some limit) and stashes any characters you
are not yet ready for in an internal buffer.  The next time you ask to
read, you get the characters from the buffer (if any) before the
library tries to read more data from the actual pipe.
</p>

<p>
Why does this cause problems?  First, on the output side, remember
that your engine produces output in small quantities (say, a few
characters for a move, or a line or two giving the current analysis),
and that data always needs to be delivered to xboard/WinBoard for
display immediately.  If you use buffered output, the data you print
will sit in a buffer in your own address space instead of being
delivered.
</p>

<p>
You can usually fix the output buffering problem by asking for the
buffering to be turned off.  In C stdio, you do this by calling
<tt>setbuf(stdout, NULL)</tt>.  A more laborious and error-prone
method is to carefully call <tt>fflush(stdout)</tt> after every line
you output; I don't recommend this.  In C++, you can try
<tt>cout.setf(ios::unitbuf)</tt>, which is documented in current
editions of "The C++ Programming Language," but not older ones.
Another C++ method that might work is
<tt>cout.rdbuf()-&gt;setbuf(NULL, 0)</tt>.  Alternatively, you can
carefully call <tt>cout.flush()</tt> after every line you output;
again, I don't recommend this.
</p>

<p>
Another way to fix the problem is to use unbuffered operating system
calls to write directly to the file descriptor for standard output.
On Unix, this means <tt>write(1, ...)</tt> -- see the man page for write(2).
On Win32, you can use either the Unix-like <tt>_write(1, ...)</tt> or Win32
native routines like <tt>WriteFile</tt>.
</p>

<p>
Second, on the input side, you are likely to want to poll during your
search and stop it if new input has come in.  If you implement
pondering, you'll need this so that pondering stops when the user
makes a move.  You should also poll during normal thinking on your
move, so that you can implement the "?" (move now) command, and so
that you can respond promptly to a "result", "force", or "quit"
command if xboard wants to end the game or terminate your engine.
Buffered input makes polling more complicated -- when you poll, you
must stop your search if there are <em>either</em> characters in the buffer
<em>or</em> characters available from the underlying file descriptor.
</p>

<p>
The most direct way to fix this problem is to use unbuffered operating
system calls to read (and poll) the underlying file descriptor
directly.  On Unix, use <tt>read(0, ...)</tt> to read from standard input, and
use <tt>select()</tt> to poll it.  See the man pages read(2) and select(2).
(Don't follow the example of GNU Chess 4 and use the FIONREAD ioctl to
poll for input.  It is not very portable; that is, it does not exist
on all versions of Unix, and is broken on some that do have it.)  On
Win32, you can use either the Unix-like <tt>_read(0, ...)</tt> or the native
Win32 <tt>ReadFile()</tt> to read.  Unfortunately, under Win32, the function to
use for polling is different depending on whether the input device is
a pipe, a console, or something else.  (More Microsoft brain damage
here -- did they never hear of device independence?)  For pipes, you
can use <tt>PeekNamedPipe</tt> to poll (even when the pipe is unnamed).
For consoles, 
you can use <tt>GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents</tt>.  For sockets only, you can
use <tt>select()</tt>.  It might be possible to use
<tt>WaitForSingleObject</tt> more 
generally, but I have not tried it.  Some code to do these things can
be found in Crafty's utility.c, but I don't guarantee that it's all
correct or optimal.
</p>

<p>
A second way to fix the problem might be to ask your I/O library not
to buffer on input.  It should then be safe to poll the underlying
file descriptor as described above.  With C, you can try calling
<tt>setbuf(stdin, NULL)</tt>.  However, I have never tried this.  Also, there
could be problems if you use <tt>scanf()</tt>, at least with certain patterns,
because <tt>scanf()</tt> sometimes needs to read one extra character and "push
it back" into the buffer; hence, there is a one-character pushback
buffer even if you asked for stdio to be unbuffered.  With C++, you
can try <tt>cin.rdbuf()-&gt;setbuf(NULL, 0)</tt>, but again, I have never tried
this.
</p>

<p>
A third way to fix the problem is to check whether there are
characters in the buffer whenever you poll.  C I/O libraries generally
do not provide any portable way to do this.  Under C++, you can use
<tt>cin.rdbuf()-&gt;in_avail()</tt>.  This method has been reported to
work with 
EXchess.  Remember that if there are no characters in the buffer, you
still have to poll the underlying file descriptor too, using the
method described above.
</p>

<p>
A fourth way to fix the problem is to use a separate thread to read
from stdin.  This way works well if you are familiar with thread
programming.  This thread can be blocked waiting for input to come in
at all times, while the main thread of your engine does its thinking.
When input arrives, you have the thread put the input into a buffer
and set a flag in a global variable.  Your search routine then
periodically tests the global variable to see if there is input to
process, and stops if there is.  WinBoard and my Win32 ports of ICC
timestamp and FICS timeseal use threads to handle multiple input
sources.
</p>

<h2><a name="7">7. Signals</a></h2>

<p>Engines that run on Unix need to be concerned with two Unix
signals: <tt>SIGTERM</tt> and <tt>SIGINT</tt>.  This applies both to
engines that run under xboard and (the unusual case of) engines that
WinBoard remotely runs on a Unix host using the -firstHost or
-secondHost feature.  It does not apply to engines that run on
Windows, because Windows does not have Unix-style signals.
<span class="version1">
Beginning with version 2, you can now turn off the use of
either or both
signals.  See the "feature" command in <a href="#6">section 9</a> below.
</span>
</p>

<p>First, when an engine is sent the "quit" command, it is also given
a <tt>SIGTERM</tt> signal shortly afterward to make sure it goes away.
If your engine reliably responds to "quit", and the signal causes
problems for you, you should either ignore it by calling
<tt>signal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN)</tt> at the start of your program,
or disable it with the "feature" command.</p>

<p>Second, xboard will send an interrupt signal (<tt>SIGINT</tt>) at
certain times when it believes the engine may not be listening to user
input (thinking or pondering).  WinBoard currently does this only when
the engine is running remotely using the -firstHost or -secondHost
feature, not when it is running locally.  You probably need to know
only enough about this grungy feature to keep it from getting in your
way.
</p>

<p>
The <tt>SIGINT</tt>s are basically tailored to the needs of GNU Chess 4
on systems where its input polling code is broken or disabled.
Because they work in a rather peculiar way, it is recommended that you
either ignore <tt>SIGINT</tt> by having your engine call
<tt>signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN)</tt>, or disable it with the "feature"
command.</p>

<p>
Here are details for the curious.  If xboard needs to send a command
when it is the chess engine's move (such as before the "?" command), 
it sends a <tt>SIGINT</tt> first.  If xboard needs to send commands when it is
not the chess engine's move, but the chess engine may be pondering
(thinking on its opponent's time) or analyzing (analysis or analyze
file mode), xboard sends a <tt>SIGINT</tt> before the first such command only.
Another <tt>SIGINT</tt> is not sent until another move is made, even if xboard
issues more commands.  This behavior is necessary for GNU Chess 4.  The
first <tt>SIGINT</tt> stops it from pondering until the next move, but on some
systems, GNU Chess 4 will die if it receives a <tt>SIGINT</tt> when not 
actually thinking or pondering.
</p>

<p>
There are two reasons why WinBoard does not send the Win32 equivalent
of <tt>SIGINT</tt> (which is called <tt>CTRL_C_EVENT</tt>) to local
engines.  First, the Win32 GNU Chess 4 port does not need it.  Second, I
could not find a way to get it to work.  Win32 seems to be designed
under the assumption that only console applications, not windowed
applications, would ever want to send a <tt>CTRL_C_EVENT</tt>.
</p>

<h2><a name="8">8. Commands from xboard to the engine</a></h2>

<p>
All commands from xboard to the engine end with a newline (\n), even
where that is not explicitly stated.  All your output to xboard must
be in complete lines; any form of prompt or partial line will cause
problems.
</p>

<p>
At the beginning of each game, xboard sends an initialization string.
This is currently "new\nrandom\n" unless the user changes it with the
initString or secondInitString option.
</p>

<p>
xboard normally reuses the same chess engine process for multiple
games.  At the end of a game, xboard will send the "force" command
(see below) to make sure your engine stops thinking about the current
position.  It will later send the initString again to start a new
game.  If your engine can't play multiple games, you can disable reuse
<span class="version1">
either with the "feature" command (beginning in protocol version
2; see below) or 
</span>
with xboard's -xreuse (or -xreuse2) command line
option.  xboard will then ask the process to quit after each game and
start a new process for the next game.
</p>

<dl>
<dt>xboard</dt>
<dd>This command will be sent once immediately after your engine
process is started.  You can use it to put your engine into "xboard
mode" if that is needed.  If your engine prints a prompt to ask for
user input, you must turn off the prompt and output a newline when the
"xboard" command comes in.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">protover N</dt>
<dd class="version1">
<p>Beginning in protocol version 2 (in which N=2), this command will
be sent immediately after the "xboard" command.  If you receive some
other command immediately after "xboard" (such as "new"), you can
assume that protocol version 1 is in use.  The "protover" command is
the only new command that xboard always sends in version 2.  All other
new commands to the engine are sent only if the engine first enables
them with the "feature" command.  Protocol versions will always be
simple integers so that they can easily be compared.
</p>

<p>Your engine should reply to the protover command by sending the
"feature" command (see below) with the list of non-default feature
settings that you require, if any.</p>

<p>Your engine should never refuse to run due to receiving a higher
protocol version number than it is expecting!  New protocol versions
will always be compatible with older ones by default; the larger
version number is simply a hint that additional "feature" command
options added in later protocol versions may be accepted.
</p>
</dd>

<dt class="version1">accepted</dt>
<dt class="version1">rejected</dt>
<dd class="version1">
These commands may be sent to your engine in reply to the "feature"
command; see its documentation below.
</dd>

<dt>new</dt>
<dd>Reset the board to the standard chess starting position.  Set
White on move.  Leave force mode and set the engine to play Black.
Associate the engine's clock with Black and the opponent's clock with
White.  Reset clocks and time controls to the start of a new game.
Use wall clock for time measurement.
Stop clocks.  Do not ponder on this move, even if pondering is on.
Remove any search depth limit previously set by the sd command.
</dd>

<dt>variant VARNAME</dt>
<dd>If the game is not standard chess, but a variant, this command is
sent after "new" and before the first move or "edit" command.  Currently
defined variant names are:

<table>
<tr><td>wildcastle</td><td>Shuffle chess where king can castle from d file</td></tr>
<tr><td>nocastle</td><td>Shuffle chess with no castling at all</td></tr>
<tr><td>fischerandom</td><td>Fischer Random</td></tr>
<tr><td>bughouse</td><td>Bughouse, ICC/FICS rules</td></tr>
<tr><td>crazyhouse</td><td>Crazyhouse, ICC/FICS rules</td></tr>
<tr><td>losers</td><td>Win by losing all pieces or getting mated (ICC)</td></tr>
<tr><td>suicide</td><td>Win by losing all pieces including king,
    or by having fewer pieces when one player has no legal moves (FICS)</td></tr>
<tr class="version1"><td>giveaway</td><td>Win by losing all pieces including king,
    or by having no legal moves (ICC)</td></tr>
<tr><td>twokings</td><td>Weird ICC wild 9</td></tr>
<tr><td>kriegspiel</td><td>Kriegspiel (engines not supported)</td></tr>
<tr><td>atomic</td><td>Atomic</td></tr>
<tr><td>3check</td><td>Win by giving check 3 times</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>xiangqi </td><td>Chinese Chess (9x10 board)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>shogi </td><td>Japanese Chess (9x9 bord)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>capablanca</td><td>Capablanca Chess (10x8 board, with Archbishop and Chancellor)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>gothic  </td><td>Gothic Chess (10x8 board, same with better opening setup)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>falcon  </td><td>Falcon Chess (10x8 board, with two Falcon pieces)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>shatranj  </td><td>ancient Arabic Chess, with Elephants and General in stead of B and Q</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>courier  </td><td>Courier Chess (12x8 board, a medieval precursor of modern Chess</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>knightmate  </td><td>King moves as Knight and vice versa</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>berolina</td><td>    Pawns capture straight ahead, and move diagonally</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>janus</td><td>    Janus Chess (10x8, with two Archbishops)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>caparandom  </td><td>shuffle variant like FRC (10x8 board)</td></tr>
<tr class="version43"><td>cylinder  </td><td>Pieces wrap around between side edges, like board is a cylinder</td></tr>
<tr class="version44"><td>super  </td><td>Superchess: a shuffle variant with 4 fairy pieces on 8x8 board</td></tr>
<tr class="version44"><td>great  </td><td>Great Shatranj: sliders are replaced by corresponding short-range pieces on a 10x8 board</td></tr>
<tr class="version48"><td>lion  </td><td>Mighty-Lion Chess, with a super-knight, more powerful than a Queen</td></tr>
<tr class="version48"><td>elven  </td><td>Elven Chess: hybrid between Chess and Chu Shogi on 10x10 board</td></tr>
<tr class="version48"><td>chu  </td><td>Chu Shogi: Edo-period Japanese Chess on a 12x12 board</td></tr>
<tr><td>unknown</td><td>Unknown variant (not supported)</td></tr>
</table>

<span class="version48">As of XBoard 4.8, engines can define arbitrary variant names; see the "feature" and "setup" commands in <a href="#9">section 9</a>.</span>
</dd>

<dt>quit</dt>
<dd>The chess engine should immediately exit.  This command is used
when xboard is itself exiting, and also between games if the -xreuse
command line option is given (or -xreuse2 for the second engine).
See also <a href="#7">Signals</a> above.
</dd>

<dt>random</dt>
<dd>This command is specific to GNU Chess 4.  You can either ignore it
completely (that is, treat it as a no-op) or implement it as GNU Chess
does.  The command toggles "random" mode (that is, it sets random =
!random).  In random mode, the engine adds a small random value to its
evaluation function to vary its play.  The "new" command sets random
mode off.
</dd>

<dt>force</dt>
<dd>Set the engine to play neither color ("force mode").  Stop clocks.
The engine should check that moves received in force mode are legal
and made in the proper turn, but should not think, ponder, or make
moves of its own.
</dd>

<dt>go</dt>
<dd>Leave force mode and set the engine to play the color that is on
move.  Associate the engine's clock with the color that is on move,
the opponent's clock with the color that is not on move.  Start the engine's
clock.  Start thinking and eventually make a move.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">playother</dt>
<dd class="version1">
(This command is new in protocol version 2.  It is not
sent unless you enable it with the feature command.)
Leave force mode and set the engine to play the color that is <i>not</i> on
move.  Associate the opponent's clock with the color that is on move,
the engine's clock with the color that is not on move.  Start the opponent's
clock.  If pondering is enabled, the engine should begin pondering.
If the engine later receives a move, it should start thinking and eventually
reply.
</dd>

<dt>white</dt>
<dd>
<p><span class="version1">
(This command is obsolete as of protocol version 2, but is still
sent in some situations to accommodate older engines unless you disable it 
with the feature command.)
</span>
Set White on move.  Set the engine to play Black.  Stop clocks.
</p>
</dd>
  
<dt>black </dt>
<dd>
<span class="version1">
(This command is obsolete as of protocol version 2, but is still
sent in some situations to accommodate older engines unless you disable it 
with the feature command.)
</span>
Set Black on move.  Set the engine to play White.  Stop clocks.
</dd>

<dt>level MPS BASE INC</dt>
<dd>Set time controls.  See the <a href="#11">Time Control</a> section below.
</dd>
  
<dt>st TIME</dt>
<dd>Set time controls.  See the <a href="#11">Time Control</a> section
below. 
</dd>

<dt>sd DEPTH</dt>
<dd>
<p>The engine should limit its thinking to DEPTH ply.
<span class="version43">The commands "level" or "st" and "sd" can be used together in an orthogonal way.
If both are issued, the engine should observe both limitations:</span>
In the protocol, the "sd" command isn't a time control.  It doesn't
say that your engine has unlimited time but must search to exactly the
given depth.  It says that you should pay attention to the time
control as normal, but cut off the search at the specified depth even
if you have time to search deeper.  If you don't have time to search
to the specified depth, given your normal time management algorithm,
then you will want to stop sooner than the given depth.
</p><p>
The "new" command should set the search depth back to unlimited.  This
is already stated in the spec.  The "level" command should not affect
the search depth.  As it happens, xboard/WinBoard currently always
sends sd (if needed) right after level, but that isn't part of the
spec.</p>
</dd>

<dt><span class="version43">nps NODE_RATE</span></dt>
<dd><span class="version43">The engine should not use wall-clock time to make its timing decisions,
but an own internal time measure based on the number of nodes it has searched
(and will report as "thinking output", see <a href="#10">section 10</a>),
converted to seconds through dividing by the given NODE_RATE.
Example: after receiving the commands "st 8" and "nps 10000",
the engine should never use more that 80,000 nodes in the search for any move.
In this mode, the engine should report user CPU time used (in its thinking output), 
rather than wall-clock time.
This even holds if NODE_RATE is given as 0,
but in that case it should also use the user CPU time for its timing decisions.
The effect of an "nps" command should persist until the next "new" command.
</span>
</dd>

<dt>time N</dt>
<dd>Set a clock that always belongs to the engine.  N is a number in
  centiseconds (units of 1/100 second).  Even if the engine changes to
  playing the opposite color, this clock remains with the engine.
</dd>

<dt>otim N</dt>

<dd><p>Set a clock that always belongs to the opponent.  N is a number in
centiseconds (units of 1/100 second).  Even if the opponent changes to
playing the opposite color, this clock remains with the opponent.
</p><p>
If needed for purposes of board display in force mode (where the
engine is not participating in the game) the time clock should be
associated with the last color that the engine was set to play, the
otim clock with the opposite color.
</p>
<p>
<span class="version43">This business of "clocks remaining with the engine" is apparently so ambiguous
that many engines implement it wrong.
The clocks in fact always remain with the color.
Which clock reading is relayed with "time", and which by "otim", is determined by which side the engine plays.
Note that the way the clocks operate and receive extra time (in accordance with the selected time control)
is not affected in any way by which moves are made by the engine, which by the opponent, and which were forced.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="version1">
Beginning in protocol version 2, if you can't handle the time and
otim commands, you can use the "feature" command to disable them; see
below.  
</span>
The following techniques from older protocol versions also
work: You can ignore the time and otim commands (that is, treat them
as no-ops), or send back "Error (unknown command): time" the first
time you see "time".
</p></dd>

<dt>MOVE</dt>
<dd>
<p>See below for the syntax of moves.  If the move is illegal, print
an error message; see the section "<a href="#9">Commands from the engine to
xboard</a>".  If the move is legal and in turn, make it.  If not in force
mode, stop the opponent's clock, start the engine's clock, start
thinking, and eventually make a move.
</p><p>
When xboard sends your engine a move, it normally sends coordinate
algebraic notation.  Examples:
</p>
<table>
<tr><td>Normal moves:</td><td>e2e4</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pawn promotion:</td><td>e7e8q</td></tr>
<tr><td>Castling:</td><td>e1g1, e1c1, e8g8, e8c8</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bughouse/crazyhouse drop:</td><td>P@h3</td></tr>
<tr><td>ICS Wild 0/1 castling:</td><td>d1f1, d1b1, d8f8, d8b8</td></tr>
<tr><td>FischerRandom castling:</td><td>O-O, O-O-O (oh, not zero)</td></tr>
<tr class="version48"><td>Multi-leg move:</td><td>c4d5,d5e4 (legs separated by comma)</td></tr>
<tr class="version48"><td>Null move:</td><td>@@@@</td></tr>
</table>

<p class="version43">
Note that on boards with <span class="version48">exactly 10</span> ranks, counting of the ranks starts at 0.
</p>
<p class="version1">
Beginning in protocol version 2, you can use the feature command
to select SAN (standard algebraic notation) instead; for example, e4,
Nf3, exd5, Bxf7+, Qxf7#, e8=Q, O-O, or P@h3.  Note that the last form,
P@h3, is a extension to the PGN standard's definition of SAN, which does
not support bughouse or crazyhouse.
</p>

<p>
xboard doesn't reliably detect illegal moves, because it does not keep
track of castling unavailability due to king or rook moves, or en
passant availability.  If xboard sends an illegal move, send back an
error message so that xboard can retract it and inform the user; see
the section "<a href="#9">Commands from the engine to xboard</a>".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="version1">usermove MOVE</dt>
<dd class="version1">
By default, moves are sent to the engine without a command name;
the notation is just sent as a line by itself.
Beginning in protocol version 2, you can use the feature command
to cause the command name "usermove" to be sent before the move.
Example: "usermove e2e4".
</dd>

<dt>?</dt>
<dd><p>Move now.  If your engine is thinking, it should move immediately;
  otherwise, the command should be ignored (treated as a no-op).  It
  is permissible for your engine to always ignore the ? command.  The
  only bad consequence is that xboard's Move Now menu command will do
  nothing.
</p><p>
It is also permissible for your engine to move immediately if it gets
any command while thinking, as long as it processes the command right
after moving, but it's preferable if you don't do this.  For example,
xboard may send post, nopost, easy, hard, force, quit,
<span class="version1">
or other commands
</span>
while the engine is on move.
</p>
</dd>

<dt class="version1">ping N</dt>
<dd class="version1">
<p>In this command, N is a decimal number.  When you receive the command,
reply by sending the string <strong>pong N</strong>, where N is the
same number you received.  Important: You must not reply to a "ping"
command until you have finished executing all commands that you
received before it.  Pondering does not count; if you receive a ping
while pondering, you should reply immediately and continue pondering.
Because of the way xboard uses the ping command, if you implement the
other commands in this protocol, you should never see a "ping" command
when it is your move; however, if you do, you must not send the "pong"
reply to xboard until after you send your move.  For example, xboard
may send "?" immediately followed by "ping".  If you implement the "?"
command, you will have moved by the time you see the subsequent ping
command.  Similarly, xboard may send a sequence like "force", "new",
"ping".  You must not send the pong response until after you have
finished executing the "new" command and are ready for the new game to
start.
</p>
<p>
The ping command is new in protocol version 2 and will not be sent
unless you enable it with the "feature" command.  Its purpose is to
allow several race conditions that could occur in previous versions of
the protocol to be fixed, so it is highly recommended that you
implement it.  It is especially important in simple engines that do
not ponder and do not poll for input while thinking, but it is needed in all
engines.  
</p>
</dd>

<dt>draw</dt>
<dd>The engine's opponent offers the engine a draw.  To accept the
draw, send "offer draw".  To decline, ignore the offer (that is, send
nothing).  If you're playing on ICS, it's possible for the draw offer
to have been withdrawn by the time you accept it, so don't assume the
game is over because you accept a draw offer.  Continue playing until
xboard tells you the game is over.  See also "offer draw" below.
</dd>

<dt>result RESULT {COMMENT}</dt>
<dd>After the end of each game, xboard will send you a result command.
You can use this command to trigger learning.  RESULT is either 1-0,
0-1, 1/2-1/2, or *, indicating whether white won, black won, the game
was a draw, or the game was unfinished.  The COMMENT string is purely
a human-readable comment; its content is unspecified and subject to
change.  In ICS mode, it is passed through from ICS uninterpreted.
Example: <pre>result 1-0 {White mates}</pre>
<p>
Here are some notes on interpreting the "result" command.  Some apply
only to playing on ICS ("Zippy" mode).
</p>

<p>
If you won but did not just play a mate, your opponent must have
resigned or forfeited.  If you lost but were not just mated, you
probably forfeited on time, or perhaps the operator resigned manually.
If there was a draw for some nonobvious reason, perhaps your opponent
called your flag when he had insufficient mating material (or vice
versa), or perhaps the operator agreed to a draw manually.
</p>

<p>
You will get a result command even if you already know the game ended
-- for example, after you just checkmated your opponent.  In fact, if
you send the "RESULT {COMMENT}" command (discussed below), you will
simply get the same thing fed back to you with "result" tacked in
front.  You might not always get a "result *" command, however.  In
particular, you won't get one in local chess engine mode when the user
stops playing by selecting Reset, Edit Game, Exit or the like.
</p>
</dd>

<dt><span class="version1">setboard FEN</span></dt>
<dd>
<p><span class="version1">
The setboard command is the new way to set up positions, beginning
in protocol version 2.  It is not used unless it has been selected
with the feature command.  Here FEN is a position in Forsythe-Edwards
Notation, as defined in the PGN standard.</span>
<span class="version43">Note that this PGN standard referred to here
only applies to normal Chess;
Obviously in variants that cannot be described by a FEN for normal Chess,
e.g. because the board is not 8x8, other pieces then PNBRQK participate, 
there are holdings that need to be specified, etc., 
xboard will use a FEN format that is standard or suitable for that variant.
In particular, in FRC or CRC, WinBoard will use Shredder-FEN or X-FEN standard,
i.e. it can use the rook-file indicator letter to represent a castling right 
(like HAha) whenever it wants, but if it uses KQkq, this will always refer 
to the outermost rook on the given side.</span>
</p>

<p class="version1">
<em>Illegal positions:</em> Note that either setboard or edit can
be used to send an illegal position to the engine.  The user can
create any position with xboard's Edit Position command (even, say,
an empty board, or a board with 64 white kings and no black ones).
If your engine receives a position that it considers illegal, 
I suggest that you send the response "tellusererror Illegal position",
and then respond to any attempted move with "Illegal move" until
the next new, edit, or setboard command.
</p>
</dd>

<dt>edit</dt>
<dd>
<p><span class="version1">
The edit command is the old way to set up positions.  For compatibility
with old engines, it is still used by default, but new engines may prefer
to use the feature command (see below) to cause xboard to use setboard instead.
</span>
The edit command puts the chess engine into a special mode, where
it accepts the following subcommands:</p>
<table>
<tr><td>c</td><td>change current piece color, initially white</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pa4 (for example)</td><td>place pawn of current color on a4</td></tr>
<tr><td>xa4 (for example)</td><td>empty the square a4 (not used by xboard)</td></tr>
<tr><td>#</td><td>clear board</td></tr>
<tr><td>.</td><td>leave edit mode</td></tr>
</table>
<p class="version1">
See the Idioms section below for additional subcommands used in
ChessBase's implementation of the protocol.
</p>

<p>The edit command does not change the side to move.  To set up a
black-on-move position, xboard uses the following command sequence:
</p>
<pre>
    new
    force
    a2a3
    edit
    &lt;edit commands&gt;
    .
</pre>

<p>
This sequence is used to avoid the "black" command, which is now
considered obsolete and which many engines never did implement as 
specified in this document.
</p>

<p>
After an edit command is complete, if a king and a rook are on their
home squares, castling is assumed to be available to them.  En passant
capture is assumed to be illegal on the current move regardless of the
positions of the pawns.  The clock for the 50 move rule starts at
zero, and for purposes of the draw by repetition rule, no prior
positions are deemed to have occurred.
<span class="version43">
In FRC or CRC, any rook and king put on the back rank should be considered to
have castling rights, even if it later becomes apparent that they cannot be both in the
initial position, because the position just set up is asymmetric.
It is upto WinBoard to find work-around in cases where this is not desired,
similar to the "black kludge" shown above, by setting up an earlier position,
and then do a move to destroy castling rights or create e.p. rights.
(Don't bet your life on it...)
</span>
</p>
</dd>

<dt>hint</dt>
<dd>If the user asks for a hint, xboard sends your engine the command
"hint".  Your engine should respond with "Hint: xxx", where xxx is a
suggested move.  If there is no move to suggest, you can ignore the
hint command (that is, treat it as a no-op).
</dd>

<dt>bk</dt>
<dd>If the user selects "Book" from the xboard menu, xboard will send
your engine the command "bk".  You can send any text you like as the
response, as long as each line begins with a blank space or tab (\t)
character, and you send an empty line at the end.  The text pops up in
a modal information dialog.
</dd>

<dt>undo</dt>
<dd>If the user asks to back up one move, xboard will send you the
"undo" command.  xboard will not send this command without putting you
in "force" mode first, so you don't have to worry about what should
happen if the user asks to undo a move your engine made.  (GNU Chess 4
actually switches to playing the opposite color in this case.)
</dd>

<dt>remove</dt>
<dd>If the user asks to retract a move, xboard will send you the
"remove" command.  It sends this command only when the user is on
move.  Your engine should undo the last two moves (one for each
player) and continue playing the same color.
</dd>

<dt>hard</dt>
<dd>Turn on pondering (thinking on the opponent's time, also known as
"permanent brain").  xboard will not make any assumption about what
your default is for pondering or whether "new" affects this setting.
</dd>

<dt>easy</dt>
<dd>Turn off pondering.</dd>
  
<dt>post</dt>
<dd>Turn on thinking/pondering output.  
See <a href="#10">Thinking Output</a> section.</dd>

<dt>nopost</dt>
<dd>Turn off thinking/pondering output.</dd>
  
<dt>analyze</dt>
<dd>Enter analyze mode.  See <a href="#12">Analyze Mode</a> section.</dd>

<dt>name X </dt>
<dd>This command informs the engine of its
opponent's name.  When the engine is playing on a chess server, xboard
obtains the opponent's name from the server. 
<span class="version1">
When the engine is
playing locally against a human user, xboard obtains the user's login
name from the local operating system.  When the engine is playing
locally against another engine, xboard uses either the other engine's
filename or the name that the other engine supplied in the myname
option to the feature command.  By default, xboard uses the name
command only when the engine is playing on a chess server.  Beginning
in protocol version 2, you can change this with the name option to the
feature command; see below.
</span>
</dd>

<dt>rating</dt>
<dd>In ICS mode, xboard obtains the ICS opponent's rating from the
"Creating:" message that appears before each game.  (This message may
not appear on servers using outdated versions of the FICS code.)  In
Zippy mode, it sends these ratings on to the chess engine using the
"rating" command.  The chess engine's own rating comes first, and if
either opponent is not rated, his rating is given as 0.  
<span class="version1">
In the future this command may also be used in other modes, if ratings
are known.
</span>
Example: <pre>rating 2600 1500</pre>
</dd>

<dt><span class="version1">ics HOSTNAME</span></dt>
<dd class="version1">
If HOSTNAME is "-", the engine is playing against a local
opponent; otherwise, the engine is playing on an Internet Chess Server
(ICS) with the given hostname.  This command is new in protocol
version 2 and is not sent unless the engine has enabled it with
the "feature" command.  Example: "ics freechess.org"
</dd>

<dt>computer</dt>
<dd>The opponent is also a computer chess engine.  Some engines alter
their playing style when they receive this command.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">pause</dt>
<dt class="version1">resume</dt>
<dd class="version1">(These commands are new in protocol
version 2 and will not be sent unless feature pause=1 is set.  At
this writing, xboard actually does not use the commands at all, but it
or other interfaces may use them in the future.)
The "pause" command puts the engine into a special state where it
does not think, ponder, or otherwise consume significant CPU time.
The current thinking or pondering (if any) is suspended and both
player's clocks are stopped.  The only command that the interface may
send to the engine while it is in the paused state is "resume".  The
paused thinking or pondering (if any) resumes from exactly where it
left off, and the clock of the player on move resumes running from
where it stopped.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">memory N</dt>
<dd class="version44">
This command informs the engine on how much memory it is allowed to use maximally, in MegaBytes.
On receipt of this command, the engine should adapt the size of its hash tables accordingly.
This command does only fix the total memory use,
the engine has to decide for itself 
(or be configured by the user by other means) 
how to divide up the available memory between the various tables it wants to use 
(e.g. main hash, pawn hash, tablebase cache, bitbases).
This command will only be sent to engines that have requested it through the memory feature,
and only at the start of a game,
as the first of the commands to relay engine option settings just before each "new" command.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">cores N</dt>
<dd class="version44">
This command informs the engine on how many CPU cores it is allowed to use maximally.
This could be interpreted as the number of search threads for SMP engines. 
(Threads that do not consume significant amounts of CPU time, like I/O threads, need not be included in the count.)
This command will only be sent to engines that have requested it through the smp feature.
The engine should be able to respond to the "cores" command any time during a game,
but it is allowed to finish a search in progress before procesing the command.
(Obeying the command should take priority over finishing a ponder search, though.)
In any case it will be sent at the start of every game
as the last command to relay engine option settings before the "new" command.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">egtpath TYPE PATH</dt>
<dd class="version44">
This command informs the engine in which directory (given by the PATH argument)
it can find end-game tables of the specified TYPE.
The TYPE argument can be any character string which does not contain spaces.
Currently <strong>nalimov</strong> and <strong>scorpio</strong> are defined types, 
for Nalimov tablebases and Scorpio bitbases, respectively,
but future developers of other formats are free to define their own format names.
The GUI simply matches the TYPE names the engine says it supports 
with those that the user supplied when configuring xboard.
For every match, it sends a separate "y" command.
The PATH argument would normally (for Nalimov) be the pathname of the directory the EGT files are in,
but could also be the name of a file, or in fact anything the particular EGT type requires.
It is upto the developer of the EGT format to specify the syntax of this parameter.
This command will only be sent to engines that have told the GUI they support EGTs of the given TYPE
through the egt feature.
It will be sent at the start of each game, before the "new" command.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">option NAME[=VALUE]</dt>
<dd class="version44">
This command changes the setting of the option NAME defined by the engine 
(through an earlier feature command)
to the given VALUE.
XBoard will in general have no idea what the option means,
and will send the command only when a user changes the value of this option through a menu,
or at startup of the engine 
(before the first 'cores' command or, if that is not sent, the first 'new' command)
in reaction to command-line options.
The NAME echoes back to the engine the string that was identified as an option NAME
in the feature command defining the option.
The VALUE is of the type (numeric or text or absent) that was implied by the option type
specified in this feature command,
i.e. with 'spin' and 'check' options VALUE will be a decimal integer (in the latter case 0 or 1),
with 'combo' and 'string' options VALUE will be a text string,
and with 'button' and 'save' options no VALUE will be sent at all.
</dd>

<dt class="version47">exclude MOVE</dt>
<dt class="version47">include MOVE</dt>
<dt class="version47">exclude all</dt>
<dt class="version47">include all</dt>
<dd class="version47">
These commands change the set of moves that the engine should consider in the root node of its search,
by removing or adding the mentioned MOVE from this set.
After reaching a new position, (e.g. through a usermove, undo, new or setboard command),
or after receiving "include all",
this set should always be reset to all legal moves from that position.
If the set of moves changes during a search, 
the engine could start a new search from scratch, or it can try to be smart, 
and continue the current search with the new set of moves
(e.g. after exclusion of a move that has not been searched yet in the current iteration).
After "exclude all", the engine would have no legal moves in the root,
which logically should make it behave as if it is (stale)mated,
but it is allowed to defer any effects of this command on a search in progress
to when the set gets non-empty again through addition of a move.
These commands will only be sent to engines that have requested such through the exclude feature.
</dd>

<dt class="version47">setscore SCORE DEPTH</dt>
<dd class="version47">
This command instructs the engine to treat future search requests on the current position
(also when it is encountered inside a larger search tree)
upto the given DEPTH as if these result is SCORE centi-Pawn in favor of the side that has the move in this position.
It is entirely up to the engine to decide when the effect of this option should expire.
(E.g. it could last upto the next "new" or "quit" command,
or even into future sessions until the user explicitly clears it through an engine-defined option.)
This command will only be sent to engines that have requested it through the setscore feature.
</dd>

<dt class="version48">lift SQUARE</dt>
<dt class="version48">put SQUARE</dt>
<dt class="version48">hover SQUARE</dt>
<dd class="version48">
These commands are only important for variants the GUI does not know the rules of,
and keep the engine aware of how the user is manipulating pieces in the GUI,
so that it can supply relevant rule information.
The "lift" command is sent by the GUI when the user 'picks up' (or selects) a piece from the mentioned SQUARE,
so that the engine can reply with a "highlight" command to mark the squares where that piece can move to.
The "put" command similarly indicates where the user releases that piece;
as the GUI clears the highlights on that event by itself, usually no engine response would be required.
The "hover" command is sent whenever the mouse pointer enters a square that is currently marked in red,
(reserved for captures)
so that the engine can (optionally) reply with a "highlight" command to mark victims of non-standard capture
(such as e.p. capture in Chess, or jump capture in Checkers) when the user would move the currently selected piece there.
These commands will only be sent to engines that have requested such through the highlight feature.
</dd>
</dl>

<h3>Bughouse commands:</h3>

<p>
xboard now supports bughouse engines when in Zippy mode.  See
<a href="http://www.tim-mann.org/xboard/zippy.README"
>zippy.README</a> for information on Zippy mode and how to turn on the
bughouse support.  The bughouse move format is given above.  xboard
sends the following additional commands to the engine when in bughouse
mode.  
Commands to inform your engine of the partner's game state may
be added in the future.
</p>

<dl>
<dt>partner &lt;player&gt;</dt>
<dd>&lt;player&gt; is now your partner for future games.  Example: <pre>partner mann</pre>
</dd>

<dt>partner</dt>
<dd>Meaning: You no longer have a partner.
</dd>

<dt>ptell &lt;text&gt;</dt>
<dd>Your partner told you &lt;text&gt;, either with a ptell or an ordinary tell.  
</dd>

<dt>holding [&lt;white&gt;] [&lt;black&gt;]</dt>
<dd>White currently holds &lt;white&gt;; black currently holds &lt;black&gt;.
  Example: <pre>holding [PPPRQ] []</pre></dd>

<dt>holding [&lt;white&gt;] [&lt;black&gt;] &lt;color&gt;&lt;piece&gt;</dt>
<dd>White currently holds &lt;white&gt;; black currently holds &lt;black&gt;, after
  &lt;color&gt; acquired &lt;piece&gt;.   Example: <pre>holding [PPPRQ] [R] BR</pre></dd>
</dl>

<h2><a name="9">9. Commands from the engine to xboard</a></h2>

<p class="version1">
In general, an engine should not send any output to xboard that is not
described in this document.  As the protocol is extended, newer
versions of xboard may recognize additional strings as commands that
were previously not assigned a meaning.
</p>

<dl>

<dt class="version1"> feature FEATURE1=VALUE1 FEATURE2=VALUE2 ... </dt>
<dd class="version1">
<p>Beginning with version 2, the protocol includes the "feature"
command, which lets your engine control certain optional protocol
features.  Feature settings are written as FEATURE=VALUE, where
FEATURE is a name from the list below and VALUE is the value to be
assigned.  Features can take string, integer, or boolean values; the
type of value is listed for each feature.  String values are written
in double quotes (for example, <tt>feature myname="Miracle Chess
0.9"</tt>), integers are written in decimal, and boolean values are
written as 0 for false, 1 for true.  Any number of features can be set
in one feature command, or multiple feature commands can be given.</p>

<p>
Your engine should send one or more feature commands immediately after
receiving the "protover" command, since xboard needs to know the
values of some features before sending further commands to the engine.
Because engines that predate protocol version 2 do not send "feature",
xboard uses a timeout mechanism: when it first starts your engine, it
sends "xboard" and "protover N", then listens for feature commands for
two seconds before sending any other commands.  To end this timeout
and avoid the wait, set the feature "done=1" at the end of your last
feature command.  To increase the timeout, if needed, set the feature
"done=0" before your first feature command and "done=1" at the end.
If needed, it is okay for your engine to set done=0 soon as it starts,
even before it receives the xboard and protover commands.  This can be
useful if your engine takes a long time to initialize itself.  It
should be harmless even if you are talking to a (version 1) user
interface that does not understand the "feature" command, since such
interfaces generally ignore commands from the engine that they do not
understand.
</p>

<p>
The feature command is designed to let the protocol change without
breaking engines that were written for older protocol versions.  When
a new feature is added to the protocol, its default value is always
chosen to be compatible with older versions of the protocol that did
not have the feature.  Any feature that your engine does not set in a
"feature" command retains its default value, so as the protocol
changes, you do not have to change your engine to keep up with it
unless you want to take advantage of a new feature.  Because some
features are improvements to the protocol, while others are meant to
cater to engines that do not implement all the protocol features, the
recommended setting for a feature is not always the same as the
default setting.  The listing below gives both default and recommended
settings for most features.
</p>

<p>
You may want to code your engine so as to be able to work with
multiple versions of the engine protocol.  Protocol version 1 does not
send the protover command and does not implement the feature command;
if you send a feature command in protocol version 1, it will have no
effect and there will be no response.  In protocol version 2 or later,
each feature F that you set generates the response "accepted F" if the
feature is implemented, or "rejected F" if it is not.  Thus an engine
author can request any feature without having to keep track of which
protocol version it was introduced in; you need only check whether the
feature is accepted or rejected.  This mechanism also makes it
possible for a user interface author to implement a subset of a
protocol version by rejecting some features that are defined in that
version; however, you should realize that engine authors are likely to
code for xboard and may not be prepared to have a feature that they
depend on be rejected.
<span class="version44">If the GUI rejects an option feature because of the
syntax of the value, it should print the value string with the
"rejected" command, e.g. "rejected option nonsense" in response
to receiving feature option="nonsense".</span>
</p>

<p>
Here are the features that are currently defined.
</p>

<dl>
<dt class="version1">ping (boolean, default 0, recommended 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If ping=1, xboard may use the protocol's new "ping" command;
if ping=0, xboard will not use the command.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">setboard (boolean, default 0, recommended 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If setboard=1, xboard will use the protocol's new "setboard" command
to set up positions; if setboard=0, it will use the older "edit" command.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">playother (boolean, default 0, recommended 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If playother=1, xboard will use the protocol's new "playother" command
when appropriate; if playother=0, it will not use the command.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">san (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If san=1, xboard will send moves to the engine in standard algebraic
notation (SAN); for example, Nf3.  If san=0, xboard will send moves in
coordinate notation; for example, g1f3.  See MOVE in 
<a href="#8">section 8</a> above for more details of both kinds of notation.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">usermove (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If usermove=1, xboard will send moves to the engine with the
command "usermove MOVE"; if usermove=0, xboard will send just the move,
with no command name.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">time (boolean, default 1, recommended 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If time=1, xboard will send the "time" and "otim" commands to
update the engine's clocks; if time=0, it will not.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">draw (boolean, default 1, recommended 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If draw=1, xboard will send the "draw" command if the engine's opponent
offers a draw; if draw=0, xboard will not inform the engine about
draw offers.  Note that if draw=1, you may receive a draw offer while you
are on move; if this will cause you to move immediately, you should set
draw=0.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">sigint (boolean, default 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If sigint=1, xboard may send SIGINT (the interrupt signal) to
the engine as <a href="#7">section 7</a> above; if sigint=0, it will
not.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">sigterm (boolean, default 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If sigterm=1, xboard may send SIGTERM (the termination signal) to
the engine as <a href="#7">section 7</a> above; if sigterm=0, it will
not.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">reuse (boolean, default 1, recommended 1) </dt>
<dd class="version1">
If reuse=1, xboard may reuse your engine for multiple games.  If
reuse=0 (or if the user has set the -xreuse option on xboard's command
line), xboard will kill the engine process after every game and start
a fresh process for the next game.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">analyze (boolean, default 1, recommended 1)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If analyze=0, xboard will not try to use the "analyze" command; it
will pop up an error message if the user asks for analysis mode.  If
analyze=1, xboard will try to use the command if the user asks for
analysis mode.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">myname (string, default determined from engine filename)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
This feature lets you set the name that xboard will use for your
engine in window banners, in the PGN tags of saved game files, and when
sending the "name" command to another engine.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">variants (string, see text below)</dt>
<dd><span class="version1">
This feature indicates which chess variants your engine accepts.
It should be a comma-separated list of variant names.  See the table
under the "variant" command in <a href="#8">section 8</a> above.  If
you do not set this feature, xboard will assume by default that your
engine supports all variants.  (However, the -zippyVariants
command-line option still limits which variants will be accepted in
Zippy mode.)  It is recommended that you set this feature to the
correct value for your engine (just "normal" in most cases) rather
than leaving the default in place, so that the user will get an
appropriate error message if he tries to play a variant that your
engine does not support.</span>
<span class="version48">As of XBoard 4.8 a variant name not known to the GUI will be
considered an engine-defined variant.
The user will be given the opportunity to select such variants,
but when this happens, the engine should define its meaning
in detail with the aid of a "setup" command defined below,
in order to avoid an error.</span>
<br />
<span class="version43">If your engine can play variants on a deviating board size,
like capablanca on an 8x8 board, or capablanca crazyhouse,
it can list them amongst the variants with a prefix specifying board size plus
holdings size, like 8x8+0_capablanca or 10x8+7_capablanca.
If it is capable of playing any variant with an arbitrary board size,
it should list "boardsize" as one of the variants.
If there is a maximum to the board size, this can be prefixed,
e.g. "12x10+0_boardsize".
</span>
</dd>

<dt class="version1">colors (boolean, default 1, recommended 0) </dt>
<dd><span class="version1">
If colors=1, xboard uses the obsolete "white" and "black"
commands in a stylized way that works with most older chess engines
that require the commands.  See the "<a href="#13">Idioms</a>" section
below for details.  If colors=0, xboard does not use the "white" and
"black" commands at all.
</span>
</dd>

<dt class="version1">ics (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If ics=1, xboard will use the protocol's new "ics" command
to inform the engine of whether or not it is playing on a chess server;
if ics=0, it will not.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">name (boolean, see text below)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If name=1, xboard will use the protocol's "name" command
to inform the engine of the opponent's name; if name=0, it will not.
By default, name=1 if the engine is playing on a chess server; name=0 if not.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">pause (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version1">
If pause=1, xboard may use the protocol's new "pause" command;
if pause=0, xboard assumes that the engine does not support this command.
</dd>

<dt class="version43">nps (boolean, default ?)</dt>
<dd class="version43">
If nps=1, it means the engine supports the nps command.
If nps=0, it means the engine does not support it, and WinBoard should refrain from sending it.
Default is that WinBoard sends it, in an attempt to try out if the engine understand it.
The engine should properly respond with "Error (unkown command): nps" if it does not implement it,
(as any protocol version pre-scribes),
or WinBoard might assume that the engine did understand the command. 
In that case the use of different time standards that ensues could lead to time forfeits for the engine.
</dd>

<dt class="version43">debug (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version43">
If debug=1, it means the engine wants to send debug output prefixed by '#',
which WinBoard should ignore, except for including it in the winboard.debug file.
As this feature is added to protocol 2 ony late,
so that not all protocol-2 supporting versions of WinBoard might implement it,
it is important that engines check if WinBoard accepts the feature.
If the feature is rejected,
engines must refrain from sending the debug output,
or do so at their own risk.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">memory (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version44">
If memory=1, the size of the total amount of memory available for the memory-consuming tables of the engine 
(e.g. hash, EGTB cache)
will be set by the GUI through the "memory" command.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">smp (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version44">
If smp=1, the GUI will send the "cores" command to the engine to inform it how many CPU cores it can use.
Note that sending smp=1 does not imply the engine can use more than one CPU;
just that it wants to receive the "cores" command.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">egt (string, see text below)</dt>
<dd class="version44">
This feature indicates which end-game table formats the engine supports.
It should be a comma-separated list of format names.
See under the "egtpath" command in <a href="#8">section 8</a> above.
If you do not set this feature, xboard will assume the engine does not support end-game tables,
and will not send any "egtpath" commands to inform the engine about their whereabouts.
</dd>

<dt class="version44">option (string, see text below)</dt>
<dd><span class="version44">
This feature is used by the engine to define an option command to appear in a GUI menu,
so that the user can change the corresponding setting of the engine through the GUI interactively.
The string describes the option by defining a name, type, current value and (sometimes) the acceptable value range.
Unlike other features, option features are accumulated by the GUI, 
and the GUI must be able to add a new option to the list at any time,
even after having received feature done=1.
There are ten different options types, each requiring a slighly different syntax of the defining string:
<br />
feature option="NAME -button"
<br />
feature option="NAME -save"
<br />
feature option="NAME -reset"
<br />
feature option="NAME -check VALUE"
<br />
feature option="NAME -string VALUE"
<br />
feature option="NAME -spin VALUE MIN MAX"
<br />
feature option="NAME -combo CHOICE1 /// CHOICE2 ..."
<br />
feature option="NAME -slider VALUE MIN MAX"
<br />
feature option="NAME -file VALUE"
<br />
feature option="NAME -path VALUE"
<br />
NAME is an arbitrary alphanumeric string which can contain spaces; 
the other words in capitals would be replaced by the current (default) setting of the option,
(a character string for -string options, a decimal number for -spin and -check options,
were the latter uses 1=checked, 0=unchecked),
the minimum or maximum value of numeric (-spin) options, 
or arbitrary text labels (for -combo option).
In the latter case, the current value will be preceded by an asterisk.
The -file and -path options are similar to -string, but can be used to inform the GUI that
the text represents a file name or folder name respectively, 
so the GUI dialog could add the appropriate browse button to the text-edit field.
Similarly, a -slider option is like a -spin, but the GUI might make a different
graphical representation for it.
A -save option is like a -button, and defines an immediate command to be sent by the engine.
With -save the GUI will make sure all current option settings are flushed to the engine
before it sends this command.
A -reset option is like a -button, but use of it purges the list of options before sending 
the corresponding option command to the engine.
This enables the engine to completely redefine its options or their current settings,
by sending a new set of option feature commands to the GUI, 
terminated by feature done=1.
(The effect of sending an option feature for an option with the same name as was defined before, 
without first receiving a -reset option command, is undefined.)
</span>
</dd>

<dt class="version47">exclude (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version47">
If exclude=1 the GUI can send "exclude" and "include" commands to control which moves
from the root position should be searched.
</dd>

<dt class="version47">setscore (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version47">
If setscore=1 the GUI can send "setscore" commands to define the score of the current position.
</dd>

<dt class="version48">highlight (boolean, default 0)</dt>
<dd class="version48">
If highlight=1 the GUI will send "lift", "put" and "hover" commands to the engine,
to keep the latter aware of the user's piece manipulation before the move entry is completed,
so it can respond with the proper "highlight" and "click" commands.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">done (integer, no default)</dt>
<dd><span class="version1">
If you set done=1 during the initial two-second timeout after
xboard sends you the "xboard" command, the
timeout will end and xboard will not look for any more feature
commands before starting normal operation.
If you set done=0, the initial timeout is increased to one hour;
in this case, you must set done=1 before xboard will enter normal operation.
</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</p>

<dt>setup FEN</dt>
<dt>setup (PIECETOCHAR) FEN</dt>
<dt>setup (PIECETOCHAR) WxH+S_PARENTVARIANT FEN</dt>
<dd>The engine can optionally send a setup command to the GUI in reply
to the variant command.
In the simplest form this sends the FEN of the initial position.
This can be used to implement engines for non-standard variants
that only differ from standard variants through the initial position.
(E.g. many of the 'wild' boards you can play on an ICS.)
Whether the GUI should obey or ignore this command depends on the situation.
Normally it would ignore it in variants where it knows the standard initial position
and legality testing is on, or when the user specified an initial position.
In other cases it will use the FEN sent by the first engine
for setting up the initial position, as if it was an externally supplied position.
Such a position will always be sent to a second engine that might be involved,
and any setup commands received from the latter will always be ignored.
(This to allow for shuffle games, where the two engines might pick different setups.)
When no initial position is known, such as for 'catch-all' variants like fairy,
or whenever the board width is overruled to a non-standard value,
the FEN will be used as default initial position even when legality testing is on.
<p>
Optionally the meaning of the piece ID letters in the FEN can be defined
between parentheses; this will be interpreted as if it was the value of a
-pieceToCharTable command-line option, mapping letters to GUI piece types.
Also optionally behind that, the setup command can specify board width W,
board height H and holdings size S, as well as a 'parent variant'.
This is typically done in response to a variant command with a non-standard name,
about which the GUI is not supposed to know anything at all.
The engine can then specify board size, participating pieces, initial setup,
and other rule details (inherited from the parent variant),
saving the user the trouble to configure the GUI for this non-standard variant.
Example:
<pre>
  setup (PN.RQKpn.rqk) 6x6+0_fairy rnqknr/pppppp/6/6/PPPPPP/RNQKNR w - - 0 1
</pre>
could be used by an engine for Los-Alamos Chess in response to 'variant losalamos',
and would automatically switch the GUI to this variant as soon as the user
selected it from the GUI menu.
The PIECETOCHAR element would ensure a Bishop would not be accepted as promotion choice. 
</p>
</dd>

<dt><span class="version48">piece ID PIECEDESC</span></dt>
<dd><span class="version48">The engine can send one or more piece commands
in response to a variant command, in order to specify that the piece
indicated by ID moves in a non-standard way in this variant.
(This to enable the GUI to reliably perform mate detection, and produce good SAN.)
Like in FEN the ID is a case-sensitive letter, specifying the color.
When it is a capital suffixed by &, the description is valid for both colors.
PIECEDESC describes the moves in 'Betza notation',
basically a concatenation of one-letter (upper-case) codes for all of its moves.
These codes can be prefixed with lower-case 'modifiers' to indicate directional sub-sets
(combinations of fblrvs, if the piece is not totally symmetric),
move modality (non-capture, capture, e.p. capture; mce),
and whether the move can jump directly to its destination,
or can be blocked (n).
Moves only valid for a virgin piece are prefixed by 'i'.
An optional numeric suffix on the move indicates the maximum number of times
the move can be repeated in the same direction,
to indicate sliders / riders (with the convention 0 = infinite).
</span>
</dd>
</p>

<dt>Illegal move: MOVE</dt>
<dt>Illegal move (REASON): MOVE</dt>
<dd>If your engine receives a MOVE command that is recognizably a move
but is not legal in the current position, your engine must print an
error message in one of the above formats so that xboard can pass the
error on to the user and retract the move.  The (REASON) is entirely
optional.  Examples:

<pre>
  Illegal move: e2e4
  Illegal move (in check): Nf3
  Illegal move (moving into check): e1g1
</pre>
<p>
Generally, xboard will never send an ambiguous move, so it does not 
matter whether you respond to such a move with an Illegal move message 
or an Error message.
</p>
</dd>

<dt>Error (ERRORTYPE): COMMAND</dt>
<dd>If your engine receives a command it does not understand or does
not implement, it should print an error message in the above format so
that xboard can parse it.  Examples:
<pre>
  Error (ambiguous move): Nf3
  Error (unknown command): analyze
  Error (command not legal now): undo
  Error (too many parameters): level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
</pre>
</dd>

<dt>move MOVE</dt>
<dd>Your engine is making the move MOVE.  Do not echo moves from
xboard with this command; send only new moves made by the engine.

<div class="version1">
<p>For the actual move text from your chess engine (in place of MOVE
above), your move should be either</p>
<ul>
<li>in coordinate notation (e.g.,
e2e4, e7e8q) with castling indicated by the King's two-square move (e.g.,
e1g1), or</li>
<li>in Standard Algebraic Notation (SAN) as defined in the
Portable Game Notation standard (e.g, e4, Nf3, O-O, cxb5, Nxe4, e8=Q),
with the extension piece@square (e.g., P@f7) to handle piece placement
in bughouse and crazyhouse.</li>
</ul>
<p>
xboard itself also accepts some variants of SAN, but for compatibility
with non-xboard interfaces, it is best not to rely on this behavior.
</p>

<p>Warning: Even though all versions of this protocol specification
have indicated that xboard accepts SAN moves, some non-xboard
interfaces are known to accept only coordinate notation.  See the
Idioms section for more information on the known limitations of some
non-xboard interfaces.  It should be safe to send SAN moves if you
receive a "protover 2" (or later) command from the interface, but
otherwise it is best to stick to coordinate notation for maximum
compatibility.  An even more conservative approach would be for your
engine to send SAN to the interface only if you have set feature san=1
(which causes the interface to send SAN to you) and have received
"accepted san" in reply.
</p>

<p class="version48">
For a multi-leg move, each leg will have to be sent in a separate "move" command,
a comma at the end of all non-final legs indicating there is more to follow.
</p>
</div>
</dd>

<dt>RESULT {COMMENT}</dt>
<dd>When your engine detects
that the game has ended by rule, your engine must output a line of the
form "RESULT {comment}" (without the quotes), where RESULT is a PGN
result code (1-0, 0-1, or 1/2-1/2), and comment is the reason.  Here
"by rule" means that the game is definitely over because of what
happened on the board.  In normal chess, this includes checkmate,
stalemate, triple repetition, the 50 move rule, or insufficient
material; it does not include loss on time or the like.
Examples:
<pre>
  0-1 {Black mates}
  1-0 {White mates}
  1/2-1/2 {Draw by repetition}
  1/2-1/2 {Stalemate}
</pre>

<p>
xboard relays the result to the user, the ICS, the other engine in Two
Machines mode, and the PGN save file as required.
<span class="version43">Note that "definitey over" above means that sending this command 
will be taken by WinBoard as an unconditional refusal of the engine to play on,
which might cause you to forfeit if the game was in fact not over.
This command should thus not be used to offer draws, accept draws,
or make draw-by-rule claims that are not yet valid in the current position
(but will be after you move).
For offering and claiming such draws, "offer draw" should be used.</span>
</p>

<p class="version44">
Note that (in accordance with FIDE rules) only KK, KNK, KBK and KBKB with all bishops on the
same color can be claimed as draws on the basis of insufficient mating material.
The end-games KNNK, KBKN, KNKN and KBKB with unlike bishops do have mate positions,
and cannot be claimed.
Complex draws based on locked Pawn chains will not be recognized as draws by most interfaces,
so do not claim in such positions, but just offer a draw or play on.
</p>

<p class="version44">
Note to GUI programmers: RESULT commands that the engine sends immediately after its move
might be detected by the GUI only after the opponent has moved, because of communication
and scheduling delays, no matter how fast the engine sent it.
Any judgement of the validity of RESULT claims based on te "current" board position
will have to account for this uncertainty.
</p>
</dd>

<dt>resign</dt>
<dd>If your engine wants to resign, it can send the command "resign".
Alternatively, it can use the "RESULT {comment}" command if the string
"resign" is included in the comment; for example "0-1 {White
resigns}".  xboard relays the resignation to the user, the ICS, the
other engine in Two Machines mode, and the PGN save file as required.
<span class="version44">Note that many interfaces work more smoothly if you resign <em>before</em>
you move.</span>
</dd>

<dt>offer draw</dt>
<dd>If your engine wants to offer a draw by agreement (as opposed to
claiming a draw by rule), it can send the command "offer draw".
xboard relays the offer to the user, the ICS, the other engine in Two
Machines mode, and the PGN save file as required.  In Machine White,
Machine Black, or Two Machines mode, the offer is considered valid
until your engine has made two more moves.
<span class="version43">This command must also be used to accept a draw offer.
Do not use the 1/2-1/2 command for that, as the offer might be no longer valid,
in which case a refusal to play on implied by the RESULT command might make you forfeit the game.
"offer draw" should also be used to claim 50-move and 3-fold-repetition draws
that will occur <em>after</em> your move, by sending it <em>before</em> making the move.
WinBoard will grant draw offers without the opponent having any say in
it in situations where draws can be claimed.
Only if the draw cannot be claimed, the offer will be passed to your opponent after you make your next move,
just before WinBoard relays this move to the opponent.
</span>
</dd>

<dt class="version1">tellopponent MESSAGE</dt>
<dd class="version1">
This command lets the engine give a message to its opponent,
independent of whether the opponent is a user on the local machine or
a remote ICS user (Zippy mode).  MESSAGE consists of any characters,
including whitespace, to the end of the line.  When the engine is
playing against a user on the local machine, xboard pops up an
information dialog containing the message.  When the engine is playing
against an opponent on the ICS (Zippy mode), xboard sends "say
MESSAGE\n" to the ICS.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">tellothers MESSAGE </dt>
<dd class="version1">This command lets the engine give a message to people watching the
game other than the engine's opponent.  MESSAGE consists of any
characters, including whitespace, to the end of the line.  When the
engine is playing against a user on the local machine, this command
does nothing.  When the engine is playing against an opponent on the
ICS (Zippy mode), xboard sends "whisper MESSAGE\n" to the ICS.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">tellall MESSAGE</dt>
<dd class="version1">This command lets the engine give a message to its opponent and
other people watching the game, 
independent of whether the opponent is a user on the local machine or
a remote ICS user (Zippy mode).  MESSAGE consists of any characters,
including whitespace, to the end of the line.  When the engine is
playing against a user on the local machine, xboard pops up an
information dialog containing the message.  When the engine is playing
against an opponent on the ICS (Zippy mode), xboard sends "kibitz
MESSAGE\n" to the ICS.
</dd>

<dt>telluser MESSAGE</dt>
<dd>xboard pops up an information dialog containing the message.
MESSAGE consists of any characters, including whitespace, to the end
of the line.
</dd>

<dt>tellusererror MESSAGE</dt>
<dd>xboard pops up an error dialog containing the message.
MESSAGE consists of any characters, including whitespace, to the end
of the line.
</dd>

<dt>askuser REPTAG MESSAGE</dt>
<dd>Here REPTAG is a string containing no whitespace, and MESSAGE
consists of any characters, including whitespace, to the end of the
line.  xboard pops up a question dialog that says MESSAGE and
has a typein box.  If the user types in "bar", xboard sends "REPTAG
bar" to the engine.  The user can cancel the dialog and send nothing.
</dd>

<dt>tellics MESSAGE</dt>
<dd>In Zippy mode, xboard sends "MESSAGE\n" to ICS.  MESSAGE consists
of any characters, including whitespace, to the end of the line.
</dd>

<dt class="version1">tellicsnoalias MESSAGE</dt>
<dd class="version1">
In Zippy mode, xboard sends "xMESSAGE\n" to ICS, where "x" is a
character that prevents the ICS from expanding command aliases, if
xboard knows of such a character.  (On chessclub.com and chess.net,
"/" is used; on freechess.org, "$" is used.)  MESSAGE consists of any
characters, including whitespace, to the end of the line.
</dd>

<dt class="version43"># COMMENT</dt>
<dd class="version43">
The engine can send any string of printable characters, terminated by a newline,
for inclusion in the winboard.debug file, provided the line starts with a '#' character.
If the engine has set feature debug=1,
it is guaranteed that WinBoard (and any future version of it) will completely ignore
these lines in any other respect.
</dd>

<dt class="version48">highlight COLORFEN</dt>
<dd class="version48">
Through this command the engine can apply markers to the board squares,
of the same type as the GUI uses for indicating where the user could put down a piece he grabs.
The COLORFEN is a construct similar to the board part of a FEN,
in which the letters indicate colors rather than piece types.
Eight colors are available, through the single-letter codes: RYGCBMWD,
for red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, white, black ('dark'), respectively.
For example, "highlight 8/8/8/8/4y3/4yr2/8/8" would mark e3 and e4 yellow, and f3 red.
Some colors have special meaning to the GUI:
<table>
<tr><th>color</th><th>used for</th><th>effect</th><tr>
<tr><td>red</td><td>capture</td><td>hovering over the square makes the GUI send a "hover" command</td><tr>
<tr><td>magenta</td><td>promotion</td><td>moving to the square will be treated by the GUI as a promotion</td><tr>
<tr><td>cyan</td><td>multi-move</td><td>moving to the square will not complete the move entry</td><tr>
<tr><td>green</td><td>victims</td><td>no real effect, but used by convention to indicate capture victims on "hover"</td><tr>
</table>
The GUI will use the markers for legality checking,
and will consider moves to squares left non-marked in a highlight command as illegal even when legality checking is off.
This way the GUI can be made aware of the rules of unknown variants,
popping up promotion dialogs where it would otherwise not,
and knowing where to wait for more input on multi-leg moves.
When it would be necessary to mark squares where no legal moves go to
(e.g. to indicate side effects),
the corresponding lower-case character can be used for the color.
For indicating a legal destination square without visibly marking it, T (transparent) can be used.
</dd>

<dt class="version48">click SQUARE</dt>
<dd class="version48">
The GUI will treat this command as if the user had clicked the mentioned SQUARE.
This can be used to implement one-click moving in variants the GUI does not know the rules of
(having the engine send the clicks needed to complete the move).
It can also be used to implement side effects of the move the GUI would not know about
(e.g. moving the Rook in a non-standard castling).
</dd>
</dl>

<h2><a name="10">10. Thinking Output</a></h2>

<p>
If the user asks your engine to "show thinking", xboard sends your
engine the "post" command.  It sends "nopost" to turn thinking off.
In post mode, your engine sends output lines to show the progress of
its thinking.  The engine can send as many or few of these lines as it
wants to, whenever it wants to.  Typically they would be sent when the
PV (principal variation) changes or the depth changes.  The thinking
output should be in the following format:
</p>

<pre>ply score time nodes pv</pre>

<p>Where:</p>
<table>
<tr><td>ply</td><td>Integer giving current search depth.</td></tr>
<tr><td>score</td><td>Integer giving current evaluation in centipawns.</td></tr>
<tr><td>time</td><td>Current search time in centiseconds (ex:1028 = 10.28 seconds).</td></tr>
<tr><td>nodes</td><td>Nodes searched.</td></tr>
<tr><td>*selective depth</td><td>Maximium length of any branch in the current search.</td></tr>
<tr><td>*speed</td><td>Nodes per second in last measured time interval.</td></tr>
<tr><td>*</td><td>Reserved for future extensions.</td></tr>
<tr><td>*tbhits</td><td>Number of tablebase probes made in the current search.</td></tr>
<tr><td>pv</td><td>Freeform text giving current "best" line.
You can continue the pv onto another line if you start each
continuation line with at least four space characters.</td></tr>
</table>

<p class="version48">
The items marked with * are optional.
If any of these items is present, the <b>pv</b> field must be preceeded directly by a tab character;
if no tab character preceeds the first non-integer token,
the <b>pv</b> field will start at the first non-blank character after <b>nodes</b>.
Otherwise it will start after the last tab that is not behind any non-integer token.
Of all integers between <b>nodes</b> and <b>pv</b> the last one is intepreted as <b>tbhits</b>.
Of any remaining ones the first is interpreted as <b>selective depth</b>,
and a second as <b>speed</b>.
More infos could be added to this in the future.
Note that older interfaces might consider the optional infos to be part of the <b>pv</b> field,
and display them exactly as sent.
It is therefore encouraged that engines use tabs or spaces to format this optional info
so that it will display nicely in (not too wide) columns.
</p>

<p class="version48">
A question mark as the last character in the <b>pv</b> field should be used to indicate
the reported score is from a fail low, and thus represents an upper bound only.
Similarly, an exclamation point should be used to indicate a fail high / lower bound.
</p>

<p class="version48">
Mate scores should be indicated as 100000 + N for "mate in N moves",
and -100000 - N for "mated in N moves".
</p>

<p>
Example:
</p>

<pre>  9 156 1084 48000 Nf3 Nc6 Nc3 Nf6</pre>

<p>
Meaning:
</p>

<pre>
9 ply, score=1.56, time = 10.84 seconds, nodes=48000, PV = "Nf3 Nc6 Nc3 Nf6"
</pre>

<p>
Longer example from actual Crafty output:
</p>

<pre>
  4    109      14   1435  1. e4 d5 2. Qf3 dxe4 3. Qxe4 Nc6
  4    116      23   2252  1. Nf3 Nc6 2. e4 e6
  4    116      27   2589  1. Nf3 Nc6 2. e4 e6
  5    141      44   4539  1. Nf3 Nc6 2. O-O e5 3. e4
  5    141      54   5568  1. Nf3 Nc6 2. O-O e5 3. e4
</pre>

<p>
You can use the PV to show other things; for instance, while in book,
Crafty shows the observed frequency of different reply moves in its
book.  In situations like this where your engine is not really
searching, start the PV with a '(' character:
</p>

<pre>
  0      0       0      0  (e4 64%, d4 24%)
</pre>

<p>
GNU Chess output is very slightly different.  The ply number is
followed by an extra nonblank character, and the time is in seconds,
not hundredths of seconds.  For compatibility, xboard accepts the
extra character and takes it as a flag indicating the different time
units.  Example:
</p>

<pre>
 2.     14    0       38   d1d2  e8e7 
 3+     78    0       65   d1d2  e8e7  d2d3 
 3&amp;     14    0       89   d1d2  e8e7  d2d3 
 3&amp;     76    0      191   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3 
 3.     76    0      215   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3 
 4&amp;     15    0      366   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6 
 4.     15    0      515   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6 
 5+     74    0      702   d1e2  f7f5  e2e3  e8e7  e3f4 
 5&amp;     71    0     1085   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3f4 
 5.     71    0     1669   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3f4 
 6&amp;     48    0     3035   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3e4  f7f5  e4d4 
 6.     48    0     3720   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3e4  f7f5  e4d4 
 7&amp;     48    0     6381   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3e4  f7f5  e4d4 
 7.     48    0    10056   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3e4  f7f5  e4d4 
 8&amp;     66    1    20536   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3d4  g7g5  a2a4  f7f5 
 8.     66    1    24387   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3d4  g7g5  a2a4  f7f5 
 9&amp;     62    2    38886   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3d4  h7h5  a2a4  h5h4 
                           d4e4 
 9.     62    4    72578   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3d4  h7h5  a2a4  h5h4 
                           d4e4 
10&amp;     34    7   135944   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3d4  h7h5  c2c4  h5h4 
                           d4e4  f7f5  e4f4 
10.     34    9   173474   d1e2  e8e7  e2e3  e7e6  e3d4  h7h5  c2c4  h5h4 
                           d4e4  f7f5  e4f4 
</pre>

<p>If your engine is pondering (thinking on its opponent's time) in post
mode, it can show its thinking then too.  In this case your engine may
omit the hint move (the move it is assuming its opponent will make)
from the thinking lines <em>if and only if</em> it sends xboard the move in
the usual "Hint: xxx" format before sending the first line.
</p>

<h2><a name="11">11. Time control</a></h2>

<p>
xboard supports three styles of time control: conventional chess clocks,
the ICS-style incremental clock, and an exact number of seconds per move.
</p>

<p>In conventional clock mode, every time control period is the same.
That is, if the time control is 40 moves in 5 minutes, then after each
side has made 40 moves, they each get an additional 5 minutes, and so
on, ad infinitum.  At some future time it would be nice to support a
series of distinct time controls.  This is very low on my personal
priority list, but code donations to the xboard project are accepted,
so feel free to take a swing at it.  I suggest you talk to me first,
though.
</p>

<p>
The command to set a conventional time control looks like this:
</p>

<pre>
  level 40 5 0
  level 40 0:30 0
</pre>

<p>
The 40 means that there are 40 moves per time control.  The 5 means
there are 5 minutes in the control.  In the second example, the 0:30
means there are 30 seconds.  The final 0 means that we are in
conventional clock mode.
</p>

<p class="version43">
Note that the time parameter in this command is not a pure numeric argument,
but in general is a character string, in order to pass the number of seconds.
Engines are encouraged to ignore any unexpected characters at the end of this string,
i.e. following the MIN or MIN:SEC specification.
Future protocol versions might (under control of an appropriate feature)
append such extra characters to this argument,
in order to inform the engine in advance of the time control it can expect after the current session completes.
E.g. "level 40 25+5 0" could mean that the engine has to play 40 moves in 25 minutes,
but should expect to get only 5 minutes for the entire remainder of the game after that,
rather than another 25 minutes for the next 40 moves.
When the time comes, (i.e. after the 40 moves), 
it will be informed of the time-control change by receiving a new "level 0 5 0" command,
but engines with advanced time management might want to plan for this in advance.
</p>

<p>
The command to set an incremental time control looks like this:
</p>

<pre>
  level 0 2 12
</pre>

<p>
Here the 0 means "play the whole game in this time control period",
the 2 means "base=2 minutes", and the 12 means "inc=12 seconds".  As
in conventional clock mode, the second argument to level can be in
minutes and seconds.
</p>

<p>
At the start of the game, each player's clock is set to base minutes.
Immediately after a player makes a move, inc seconds are added to his
clock.  A player's clock counts down while it is his turn.  Your flag
can be called whenever your clock is zero or negative.  (Your clock
can go negative and then become positive again because of the
increment.)
</p>

<p class="version44">
The number of moves given in the level command (when non-zero) should 
be taken as the number of moves still to do before the specified time
will be added to the clock, if the "level" command is received after
some moves have already been played.
The time given should be interpreted as the time left on its clock
(including any time left over from the previous sessions),
and not necessarily the time that will be added to the clock
after the specified number of moves has been played.
This is only relevant in WinBoard 4.3.xx, which might send the engine
"level" commands during a game,
just before the engine has to start thinking about the first move of 
a new time-control session.
Example: if at the start of the game "level 40 60 0" was given 
(40 moves per hour),
and the engine receives "level 20 22 0" just before move 41,
it should understand that it should do the next 20 moves in 22 minutes
(pehaps because the secondary session was 20 moves per 15 minutes,
and it had 7 minutes left on its clock after the first 40 moves).
</p>

<p>
A special rule on some ICS implementations: if you ask for a game with
base=0, the clocks really start at 10 seconds instead of 0.  xboard
itself does not know about this rule, so it passes the 0 on to the
engine instead of changing it to 0:10.
</p>

<p>
ICS also has time odds games.  With time odds, each player has his own
(base, inc) pair, but otherwise things work the same as in normal
games.  The Zippy xboard accepts time odds games but ignores the fact
that the opponent's parameters are different; this is perhaps not
quite the right thing to do, but gnuchess doesn't understand time
odds.  Time odds games are always unrated.
</p>

<p>
The command to set an exact number of seconds per move looks like this:
</p>

<pre>
  st 30
</pre>

<p>
This means that each move must be made in at most 30 seconds.  Time not used
on one move does not accumulate for use on later moves.
</p>

<h2><a name="12">12. Analyze Mode</a></h2>

<p>xboard supports analyzing fresh games, edited positions, and games
from files.  However, all of these look the same from the chess
engine's perspective. Basically, the engine just has to respond to the
"analyze" command.  
<span class="version1">
Beginning in protocol version 2,
if your engine does not support analyze mode, it should use
the feature command to set analyze=0.  
</span>
The older method of
printing the error message "Error (unknown command): analyze" in
response to the "analyze" command will also work, however.
</p>

<p>
To enter analyze mode, xboard sends the command sequence "post", "analyze".  
Analyze mode in your engine should be
similar to force mode, except that your engine thinks about what move
it would make next if it were on move.  Your engine should accept the
following commands while in analyze mode:
</p>

<ul>
<li>Any legal move, as in force mode</li>
<li><strong>undo</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Back up one move and analyze previous position.</li>
<li><strong>new</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Reset position to start of game but stay in analyze mode.</li>
<li><span class="version1"><strong>setboard</strong> if you have set feature setboard=1; otherwise <strong>edit</strong>.  Exiting edit mode returns to analyze mode.</span></li>
<li><strong>exit</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Leave analyze mode.</li>
<li><strong>.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Send a search status update (optional); see below.</li>
<li><span class="version1">
<strong>bk</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Show book moves from this position,
if any; see above.</span></li>
<li><span class="version1">
<strong>hint</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Show the predicted move from this
position, if any; see above.</span></li>
</ul>
  
<p>
If the user selects "Periodic Updates", xboard will send the string
".\n" to the chess engine periodically during analyze mode, unless the
last PV received began with a '(' character.
</p>

<p>
The chess engine should respond to ".\n" with a line like this:
</p>

<pre>
stat01: time nodes ply mvleft mvtot <span class="version1">mvname</span>
</pre>

<p>Where:</p>
<table>
<tr><td>time</td><td>Elapsed search time in centiseconds (ie: 567 = 5.67 seconds).</td></tr>
<tr><td>nodes</td><td>Nodes searched so far.</td></tr>
<tr><td>ply</td><td>Search depth so far.</td></tr>
<tr><td>mvleft</td><td>Number of moves left to consider at this depth.</td></tr>
<tr><td>mvtot</td><td>Total number of moves to consider.</td></tr>
<tr class="version1"><td>mvname</td><td>Move currently being considered (SAN or coordinate notation).  Optional;
added in protocol version 2.</td></tr>
</table>

<p>
Examples:
</p>
<pre>
  stat01: 1234 30000 7 5 30
  stat01: 1234 30000 7 5 30 Nf3
</pre>

<p>
Meaning:
</p>

<p>After 12.34 seconds, I've searched 7 ply/30000 nodes, there are a
  total of 30 legal moves, and I have 5 more moves to search
  before going to depth 8.  In the second example, of the 30 legal
  moves, the one I am currently searching is Nf3.</p>

<p>
Implementation of the "." command is optional. If the engine does not
respond to the "." command with a "stat01..." line, xboard will stop
sending "."  commands.  If the engine does not implement this command,
the analysis window will use a shortened format to display the engine
info.
</p>

<p>
To give the user some extra information, the chess engine can output
the strings "++\n" and "--\n", to indicate that the current search is
failing high or low, respectively.  You don't have to send anything
else to say "Okay, I'm not failing high/low anymore."  xboard will
figure this out itself.
</p>

<h2><a name="13">13. Idioms and backward compatibility features</a></h2>

<p>
Some engines have variant interpretations of the force/go/white/black,
time/otim, and hard/easy command sets.  
In order to accommodate these older engines, xboard uses these commands
only according to the stylized patterns ("idioms") given in this section.
The obsolete white and black commands
have historically been particularly troublesome, and it is recommended
that new engines set the feature colors=0 and/or ignore the commands.
</p>

<dl>

<dt>time N</dt>
<dt>otim N</dt>
<dt>MOVE</dt>
<dd>Sent when the opponent makes a move and the engine is already
playing the opposite color.
</dd>
<dt>white</dt>
<dt>go</dt>
<dd>Sent when the engine is in force mode or playing Black but should
switch to playing White.  This sequence is sent only when White is
already on move.  
<span class="version1">
If you set the feature colors=0, "white" is not sent.
</span>
</dd>

<dt>black</dt>
<dt>go</dt>
<dd>Sent when the engine is in force mode or playing White but should
switch to playing Black.  This sequence is sent only when Black is
already on move.  
<span class="version1">
If you set the feature colors=0, "black" is not sent.
</span>
</dd>

<dt>white</dt>
<dt>time N</dt>
<dt>otim N</dt>
<dt>black</dt>
<dt>go</dt>
<dd>Sent when Black is on move, the engine is in force mode or playing
White, and the engine's clock needs to be updated before it starts
playing.  
The initial "white" is a kludge to accommodate GNU Chess
4's variant interpretation of these commands.  
<span class="version1">
If you set the feature colors=0, "white" and "black" are not sent.
</span>
</dd>

<dt>black</dt>
<dt>time N</dt>
<dt>otim N</dt>
<dt>white</dt>
<dt>go</dt>
<dd>Sent when White is on move, the engine is in force mode or playing
Black, and the engine's clock needs to be updated before it starts
playing.  See previous idiom.  
The initial "black" is a kludge to accommodate GNU Chess
4's variant interpretation of these commands.  
<span class="version1">
If you set the feature colors=0, "black" and "white" are not sent.
</span>
</dd>

<dt>hard</dt>
<dt>easy</dt>
<dd>Sent in sequence to turn off pondering if xboard is not sure
whether it is on.  When xboard is sure, it will send "hard" or "easy"
alone.  xboard does this because "easy" is a toggle in GNU Chess 4 but
"hard" is an absolute on.
</dd>
</dl>

<p>
To support older engines, certain additional commands from the engine
to xboard are also recognized.  (These are commands by themselves, not
values to be placed in the comment field of the PGN result code.)
These forms are not recommended for new engines; use the PGN result
code commands or the resign command instead.
</p>

<table>
<tr><th>Command</th>              <th>Interpreted as</th></tr>
<tr><td>White resigns        </td><td>0-1 {White resigns}</td></tr>
<tr><td>Black resigns        </td><td>1-0 {Black resigns}</td></tr>
<tr><td>White                </td><td>1-0 {White mates}</td></tr>
<tr><td>Black                </td><td>0-1 {Black mates}</td></tr>
<tr><td>Draw                 </td><td>1/2-1/2 {Draw}</td></tr>
<tr><td>computer mates       </td><td>1-0 {White mates} or 0-1 {Black mates}</td></tr>
<tr><td>opponent mates       </td><td>1-0 {White mates} or 0-1 {Black mates}</td></tr>
<tr><td>computer resigns     </td><td>0-1 {White resigns} or 1-0 {Black resigns}</td></tr>
<tr><td>game is a draw       </td><td>1/2-1/2 {Draw}</td></tr>
<tr><td>checkmate            </td><td>1-0 {White mates} or 0-1 {Black mates}</td></tr>
</table>

<p>
Commands in the above table are recognized if they begin a line and
arbitrary characters follow, so (for example) "White mates" will be
recognized as "White", and "game is a draw by the 50 move rule" will
be recognized as "game is a draw".  All the commands are
case-sensitive.
</p>

<p>
An alternative move syntax is also recognized:
</p>

<table>
<tr><th>Command              </th><th>Interpreted as</th></tr>
<tr><td>NUMBER ... MOVE      </td><td>move MOVE</td></tr>
</table>

<p>
Here NUMBER means any string of decimal digits, optionally ending in a
period.  MOVE is any string containing no whitespace.  In this command
format, xboard requires the "..." even if your engine is playing
White.  A command of the form NUMBER MOVE will be ignored.  This odd
treatment of the commands is needed for compatibility with gnuchessx.
The original reasons for it are lost in the mists of time, but I
suspect it was originally a bug in the earliest versions of xboard,
before I started working on it, which someone "fixed" in the wrong
way, by creating a special version of gnuchess (gnuchessx) instead of
changing xboard.
</p>

<p>
Any line that contains the words "offer" and "draw" is recognized as
"offer draw".
</p>

<p>
The "Illegal move" message is recognized even if spelled "illegal
move" and even if the colon (":") is omitted.  This accommodates GNU
Chess 4, which prints messages like "Illegal move (no matching
move)e2e4", and old versions of Crafty, which print just "illegal move".
</p>

<p>
In Zippy mode, for compatibility with older versions of Crafty,
xboard passes through to ICS any line that begins "kibitz", "whisper",
"tell", or "draw".  Do not use this feature in new code.  Instead, use the
commands "tellall", "tellothers", "tellopponent", "tellics" (if needed),
"1/2-1/2 {COMMENT}", or "offer draw", as appropriate.
</p>

<p class="version1">
If the engine responds to the "sd DEPTH" command with an error message
indicating the command is not supported (such as "Illegal move: sd"),
xboard sets an internal flag and subsequently uses the command
"depth\nDEPTH" instead, for the benefit of GNU Chess 4.  Note the
newline in the middle of this command!  New engines should not rely on
this feature.
</p>

<p class="version1">
If the engine responds to the "st TIME" command with an error message
indicating the command is not supported (such as "Illegal move: st"),
xboard sets an internal flag and subsequently uses the command "level
1 TIME" instead, for the benefit of GNU Chess 4.  Note that this is
not a standard use of the level command, as TIME seconds are not added
after each player makes 1 move; rather, each move is made in at most
TIME seconds.  New engines should not implement or rely on this
feature.
</p>

<div class="version1">
<p>
In support of the -firstHost/-secondHost features, which allow a chess
engine to be run on another machine using the rsh protocol, xboard recognizes
error messages that are likely to come from rsh as fatal errors.  The following
messages are currently recognized:
</p>

<ul>
<li>unknown host</li>
<li>No remote directory</li>
<li>not found</li>
<li>No such file</li>
<li>can't alloc</li>
<li>Permission denied</li>
</ul>
</div>

<p class="version1">
ChessBase/Fritz now implements the xboard/winboard protocol and can use
WinBoard-compatible engines in its GUI.  ChessBase's version of the
protocol is generally the same as version 1, except that they have
added the commands <strong>fritz</strong>, <strong>reset</strong>, and
<strong>ponder</strong>, and the edit subcommands
<strong>castle</strong> and <strong>ep</strong>.  If you want your
engine to work well with the ChessBase/Fritz GUI, you may need to
implement these additional commands, and you should also be aware of
the peculiar way that ChessBase uses the protocol.  See their <a
href="http://www.chessbase.com/Products/engines/winboard/tech.htm"
>web page</a> for documentation.
</p>

<p class="version1">
ChessMaster 8000 also implements version 1 of the xboard/winboard
protocol and can use WinBoard-compatible engines.  The original
release of CM8000 also has one additional restriction: only pure
coordinate notation (e.g., e2e4) is accepted in the move command.  A
patch to correct this should be available from The Learning Company
(makers of CM8000) in February 2001.
</p>

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