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<div>
<head>Appendix to Chapter XI</head>
<p>Appendix to Chapter XI</p>
<div type="numeric" n="1">
<p><num>1.</num></p>
<p>LIMITATIONS OF THIS CHAPTER</p>
<p>This chapter extends over a period of two months, more or less. It covers the time
of negotiations with the Allies, the negotiations and armistice with the Germans,
and the beginning of the Peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, as well as the
period in which were laid the foundations of the Soviet State.</p>
<p>However, it is no part of my purpose in this book to describe and interpret these
very important historical events, which require more space. They are therefore
reserved for another volume, "Kornilov to Brest-Litovsk."</p>
<p>In this chapter, then, I have confined myself to the Soviet Government's attempts
to consolidate its political power at home, and sketched its successive conquests
of hostile domestic elements—which process was temporarily interrupted by the
disastrous Peace of Brest-Litovsk.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="2">
<p><num>2.</num></p>
<p>PREAMBLE—DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA</p>
<p>The October Revolution of the workers and peasants began under the common banner
of Emancipation.</p>
<p>The peasants are being emancipated from the power of the landowners, for there is
no longer the landowner's property right in the land—it has been abolished. The
soldiers and sailors are being emancipated from the power of autocratic generals,
for generals will henceforth be elective and subject to recall. The workingmen are
being emancipated from the whims and arbitrary will of the capitalists, for
henceforth there will be established the control of the workers over mills and
factories. Everything living and capable of life is being emancipated from the
hateful shackles.</p>
<p>There remain only the peoples of Russia, who have suffered and are suffering
oppression and arbitrariness, and whose emancipation must immediately be begun,
whose liberation must be effected resolutely and definitely.</p>
<p>During the period of Tsarism the peoples of Russia were systematically incited
against one another. The result of such a policy are known: massacres and pogroms
on the one hand, slavery of peoples on the other.</p>
<p>There can be and there must be no return to this disgraceful policy. Henceforth
the policy of a voluntary and honest union of the peoples of Russia must be
substituted.</p>
<p>In the period of imperialism, after the March revolution, when the power was
transferred into the hands of the Cadet bourgeoisie, the naked policy of
provocation gave way to one of cowardly distrust of the peoples of Russia, to a
policy of fault-finding, of meaningless "freedom" and "equality" of peoples. The
results of such a policy are known: the growth of national enmity, the impairment
of mutual confidence.</p>
<p>An end must be put to this unworthy policy of falsehood and distrust, of
fault-finding and provocation. Henceforth it must be replaced by an open and
honest policy leading to the complete mutual confidence of the peoples of Russia.
Only as the result of such a trust can there be formed an honest and lasting union
of the peoples of Russia. Only as the result of such a union can the workers and
peasants of the peoples of Russia be cemented into one revolutionary force able to
resist all attempts on the part of the imperialist-annexationist bourgeoisie.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="3">
<p><num>3.</num></p>
<p>DECREES</p>
<p>On the Nationalisation of the Banks</p>
<p>In the interest of the regular organisation of the national economy, of the
thorough eradication of bank speculation and the complete emancipation of the
workers, peasants, and the whole labouring population from the exploitation of
banking capital, and with a view to the establishment of a single national bank of
the Russian Republic which shall serve the real interests of the people and the
poorer classes, the Central Executive Committee (Tsay-ee-kah) resolves:</p>
<p><num>1.</num> The banking business is declared a state monopoly.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> All existing private joint-stock banks and banking offices are
merged in the State Bank.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> The assets and liabilities of the liquidated establishments are
taken over by the State Bank.</p>
<p><num>4.</num> The order of the merger of private banks in the State Bank is to be
determined by a special decree.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> The temporary administration of the affairs of the private banks is
entrusted to the board of the State Bank.</p>
<p><num>6.</num> The interests of the small depositors will be safeguarded.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>On the Equality of Rank of All Military Men</p>
<p>In realisation of the will of the revolutionary people regarding the prompt and
decisive abolition of all remnants of former inequality in the Army, the Council
of People's Commissars decrees:</p>
<p><num>1.</num> All ranks and grades in the Army, beginning with the rank of
Corporal and ending with the rank of General, are abolished. The Army of the
Russian Republic consists now of free and equal citizens, bearing the honourable
title of Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> All privileges connected with the former ranks and grades, also all
outward marks of distinction, are abolished.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> All addressing by titles is abolished.</p>
<p><num>4.</num> All decorations, orders, and other marks of distinction are
abolished.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> With the abolition of the rank of officer, all separate officers'
organisations are abolished.</p>
<p>Note.—Orderlies are left only for headquarters, chanceries, Committees and other
Army organisations.</p>
<p>President of the Council of People's Commissars,</p>
<p>VL. ULIANOV (LENIN).</p>
<p>People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs,</p>
<p>N. KRYLENKO.</p>
<p>People's Commissar for Military Affairs,</p>
<p>N. PODVOISKY.</p>
<p>Secretary of the Council,</p>
<p>N. GORBUNOV.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>On the Elective Principle and the Organisation of Authority in the Army</p>
<p><num>1.</num> The army serving the will of the toiling people is subject to its
supreme representative—the Council of People's Commissars.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> Full authority within the limits of military units and combinations
is vested in the respective Soldiers' Committees and Soviets.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> Those phases of the life and activity of the troops which are
already under the jurisdiction of the Committees are now formally placed in their
direct control. Over such branches of activity which the Committees cannot assume,
the control of the Soldiers' Soviets is established.</p>
<p><num>4.</num> The election of commanding Staff and officers is introduced. All
commanders up to the commanders of regiments, inclusive, are elected by general
suffrage of squads, platoons, companies, squadrons, batteries, divisions
(artillery, 2-3 batteries), and regiments. All commanders higher than the
commander of a regiment, and up to the Supreme Commander, inclusive, are elected
by congresses or conferences of Committees.</p>
<p>Note.—By the term "conference" must be understood a meeting of the respective
Committees together with delegates of committees one degree lower in rank. (Such
as a "conference" of Regimental Committees with delegates from Company
Committees.—Author.)</p>
<p><num>5.</num> The elected commanders above the rank of commander of regiment must
be confirmed by the nearest Supreme Committee.</p>
<p>Note. In the event of a refusal by a Supreme Committee to confirm an elected
commander, with a statement of reasons for such refusal, a commander elected by
the lower Committee a second time must be confirmed.</p>
<p><num>6.</num> The commanders of Armies are elected by Army congresses. Commanders
of Fronts are elected by congresses of the respective Fronts.</p>
<p><num>7.</num> To posts of a technical character, demanding special knowledge or
other practical preparation, namely: doctors, engineers, technicians, telegraph
and wireless operators, aviators, automobilists, etc., only such persons as
possess the required special knowledge may be elected, by the Committees of the
units of the respective services.</p>
<p><num>8.</num> Chiefs of Staff must be chosen from among persons with special
military training for that post.</p>
<p><num>9.</num> All other members of the Staff are appointed by the Chief of Staff,
and confirmed by the respective congresses.</p>
<p>Note.—All persons with special training must be listed in a special list.</p>
<p><num>10.</num> The right is reserved to retire from the service all commanders on
active service who are not elected by the soldiers to any post, and who
consequently are ranked as privates.</p>
<p><num>11.</num> All other functions beside those pertaining to the command, with
the exception of posts in the economic departments, are filled by appointment of
the respective elected commanders.</p>
<p><num>12.</num> Detailed instructions regarding the elections of the commanding
Staff will be published separately.</p>
<p>President of the Council of People's Commissars.</p>
<p>VL. ULIANOV (LENIN).</p>
<p>People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs,</p>
<p>N. KRYLENKO.</p>
<p>People's Commissar for Military Affairs,</p>
<p>N. PODVOISKY.</p>
<p>Secretary of the Council,</p>
<p>N. GORBUNOV.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>On the Abolition of Classes and Titles</p>
<p><num>1.</num> All classes and class divisions, all class privileges and
delimitations, all class organisations and institutions and all civil ranks are
abolished.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> All classes of society (nobles, merchants, petty bourgeois,
etc.),and all titles (Prince, Count and others), and all denominations of civil
rank (Privy State Councillor, and others), are abolished, and there is established
the general denomination of Citizen of the Russian Republic.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> The property and institutions of the classes of nobility are
transferred to the corresponding autonomous Zemstvos.</p>
<p><num>4.</num> The property of merchant and bourgeois organisations is transferred
immediately to the Municipal Self-Governments.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> All class institutions of any sort, with their property, their rules
of procedure, and their archives, are transferred to the administration of the
Municipalities and Zemstvos.</p>
<p><num>6.</num> All articles of existing laws applying to these matters are herewith
repealed.</p>
<p><num>7.</num> The present decree becomes effective on the day it is published and
applied by the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies.</p>
<p>The present decree has been confirmed by the Tsay-ee-kah at the meeting of
November 23d, 1917, and signed by:</p>
<p>President of the Tsay-ee-kah,</p>
<p>SVERDLOV.</p>
<p>President of the Council of People's Commissars,</p>
<p>VL. ULIANOV (LENIN).</p>
<p>Executive of the Council of People's Commissars,</p>
<p>V. BONCH-BRUEVITCH.</p>
<p>Secretary of the Council,</p>
<p>N. GORBUNOV.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>On December 3d the Council of People's Commissars resolved "to reduce the salaries
of functionaries and employees in all Government institutions and establishments,
general or special, without exception."</p>
<p>To begin with, the Council fixed the salary of a People's Commissar at 500 rubles
per month, with 100 rubles additional for each grown member of the family
incapable of work….</p>
<p>This was the highest salary paid to any Government official….</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="4">
<p><num>4.</num></p>
<p>Countess Panina was arrested and brought to trial before the first Supreme
Revolutionary Tribunal. The trial is described in the chapter on "Revolutionary
Justice" in my forthcoming volume, "Kornilov to Brist- Litovsk." The prisoner was
sentenced to "return the money, and then be liberated to the public contempt." In
other words, she was set free!</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="5">
<p><num>5.</num></p>
<p>RIDICULE OF THE NEW RÉGIME</p>
<p>From Drug Naroda (Menshevik), November 18th:</p>
<p>"The story of the 'immediate peace' of the Bolsheviki reminds us of a joyous
moving-picture film…. Neratov runs—Trotzky pursues; Neratov climbs a wall, Trotzky
too; Neratov dives into the water—Trotzky follows; Neratov climbs onto the
roof—Trotzky right behind him; Neratov hides under the bed—and Trotzky has him! He
has him! Naturally, peace is immediately signed….</p>
<p>"All is empty and silent at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The couriers are
respectful, but their faces wear a caustic expression….</p>
<p>"How about arresting an ambassador and signing an armistice or a Peace Treaty with
him? But they are strange folk, these ambassadors. They keep silent just as if
they had heard nothing. Hola, hola, England, France, Germany! We have signed an
armistice with you! Is it possible that you know nothing about it? Nevertheless,
it has been published in all the papers and posted on all the walls. On a
Bolshevik's word of honour, Peace has been signed. We're not asking much of you;
you just have to write two words….</p>
<p>"The ambassadors remain silent. The Powers remain silent. All is empty and silent
in the office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.</p>
<p>"'Listen,' says Robespierre-Trotzky to his assistant Marat-Uritzky, 'run over to
the British Ambassador's, tell him we're proposing peace!'</p>
<p>"'Go yourself,' says Marat-Uritzky. 'He's not receiving.'</p>
<p>"'Telephone him, then.'</p>
<p>"'I've tried. The receiver's off the hook.'</p>
<p>"'Send him a telegram.'</p>
<p>"'I did.'</p>
<p>"'Well, with what result?'</p>
<p>"Marat-Uritzky sighs and does not answer. Robespierre-Trotzky spits furiously into
the corner….</p>
<p>"'Listen, Marat,' recommences Trotzky, after a moment. 'We must absolutely show
that we're conducting an active foreign policy. How can we do that?'</p>
<p>"'Launch another decree about arresting Neratov,' answers Uritzky, with a profound
air.</p>
<p>"'Marat, you're a blockhead!' cries Trotzky. All of a sudden he arises, terrible
and majestic, looking at this moment like Robespierre.</p>
<p>"'Write, Uritzky!' he says with severity. 'Write a letter to the British
ambassador, a registered letter with receipt demanded. Write! I also will write!
The peoples of the world await an immediate peace!'</p>
<p>"In the enormous and empty Ministry of Foreign Affairs are to be heard only the
sound of two typewriters. With his own hands Trotzky is conducting an active
foreign policy…."</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="6">
<p><num>6.</num></p>
<p>ON THE QUESTION OF AN AGREEMENT</p>
<p>To the Attention of All Workers and All Soldiers.</p>
<p>November 11th, in the club of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, was held an
extraordinary meeting of representatives of all the units of the Petrograd
garrison.</p>
<p>The meeting was called upon the initiative of the Preobrazhensky and Semionovsky
Regiments, for the discussion of the question as to which Socialist parties are
for the power of the Soviets, which are against, which are for the people, which
against, and if an agreement between them is possible.</p>
<p>The representatives of the Tsay-ee-kah, of the Municipal Duma, of the Avksentiev
Peasants' Soviets, and of all the political parties from the Bolsheviki to the
Populist Socialists, were invited to the meeting.</p>
<p>After long deliberation, having heard the declarations of all parties and
organisations, the meeting by a tremendous majority of votes agreed that only the
Bolsheviki and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries are for the people, and that all
the other parties are only attempting, under cover of seeking an agreement, to
deprive the people of the conquests won in the days of the great Workers' and
Peasants' Revolution of November.</p>
<p>Here is the text of the resolution carried at this meeting of the Petrograd
garrison, by 61 votes against 11, and 12 not voting:</p>
<p>"The garrison conference, summoned at the initiative of the Semionovsky and
Preobrazhensky Regiments, on hearing the representatives of all the Socialist
parties and popular organisations on the question of an agreement between the
different political parties finds that:</p>
<p>"<num>1.</num> The representatives of the Tsay-ee-kah, the representatives of the
Bolshevik party and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, declared definitely that
they stand for a Government of the Soviets, for the decrees on Land, Peace and
Workers' Control of Industry, and that upon this platform they are willing to
agree with all the Socialist parties.</p>
<p>"<num>2.</num> At the same time the representatives of the other parties
(Mensheviki, Socialist Revolutionaries) either gave no answer at all, or declared
simply that they were opposed to the power of the Soviets and against the decrees
on Land, Peace and Workers' Control.</p>
<p>"In view of this the meeting resolves:</p>
<p>"'<num>1.</num> To express severe censure of all parties which, under cover of an
agreement, wish practically to annul the popular conquests of the Revolution of
November.</p>
<p>"<num>2.</num> To express full confidence in the Tsay-ee-kah and the Council of
People's Commissars, and to promise them complete support.'</p>
<p>"At the same time the meeting deems it necessary that the comrades Left Socialist
Revolutionaries should enter the People's Government."</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="7">
<p><num>7.</num></p>
<p>WINE "POGROMS"</p>
<p>It was afterward discovered that there was a regular organisation, maintained by
the Cadets, for provoking rioting among the soldiers. There would be telephone
messages to the different barracks, announcing that wine was being given away at
such and such an address, and when the soldiers arrived at the spot an individual
would point out the location of the cellar….</p>
<p>The Council of People's Commissars appointed a Commissar for the Fight Against
Drunkenness, who, besides mercilessly putting down the wine riots, destroyed
hundreds of thousands of bottles of liquor. The Winter Palace cellars, containing
rare vintages valued at more than five million dollars, were at first flooded, and
then the liquor was removed to Cronstadt and destroyed.</p>
<p>In this work the Cronstadt sailors, "flower and pride of the revolutionary
forces," as Trotzky called them, acquitted themselves with iron
selfdicipline….</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="8">
<p><num>8.</num></p>
<p>SPECULATORS</p>
<p>Two orders concerning them:</p>
<p>Council of People's Commissars</p>
<p>To the Military Revolutionary Committee</p>
<p>The disorganisation of the food supply created by the war, and the lack of system,
is becoming to the last degree acute, thanks to the speculators, marauders and
their followers on the railways, in the steamship offices, forwarding offices,
etc.</p>
<p>Taking advantage of the nation's greatest misfortunes, these criminal spoliators
are playing with the health and life of millions of soldiers and workers, for
their own benefit.</p>
<p>Such a situation cannot be borne a single day longer.</p>
<p>The Council of People's Commissars proposes to the Military Revolutionary
Committee to take the most decisive measures towards the uprooting of speculation,
sabotage, hiding of supplies, fraudulent detention of cargoes, etc.</p>
<p>All persons guilty of such actions shall be subject, by special orders of the
Military Revolutionary Committee, to immediate arrest and confinement in the
prisons of Cronstadt, pending their arraignment before the Revolutionary
Tribunal.</p>
<p>All the popular organisations are invited to cooperate in the struggle against the
spoliators of food supplies.</p>
<p>President of the Council of People's Commissaries.</p>
<p>V. ULIANOV (LENIN).</p>
<p>Accepted for execution,</p>
<p>Military Revolutionary Committee attached to the C. E. C. of the Soviets of W.
&</p>
<p>Petrograd, Nov. 23d, 1917.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>To All Honest Citizens</p>
<p>The Military Revolutionary Committee Decrees:</p>
<p>Spoliators, marauders, speculators, are declared to be enemies of the People….</p>
<p>The Military Revolutionary Committee proposes to all public organisations, to all
honest citizens: to inform the Military Revolutionary Committee immediately of all
cases of spoliation, marauding, speculation, which become known to them.</p>
<p>The struggle against this evil is the business of all honest people. The Military
Revolutionary Committee expects the support of all to whom the interests of the
People are dear.</p>
<p>The Military Revolutionary Committee will be merciless in pursuit of speculators
and marauders.</p>
<p>THE MILITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE</p>
<p>Petrograd, Dec. 2d, 1917.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="9">
<p><num>9.</num></p>
<p>PURISHKEVITCH's LETTER TO KALEDIN</p>
<p>"The situation at Petrograd is desperate. The city is cut off from the outside
world and is entirely in the power of the Bolsheviki…. People are arrested in the
streets, thrown into the Neva, drowned and imprisoned without any charge. Even
Burtzev is shut up in Peter-Paul fortress, under strict guard.</p>
<p>"The organisation at whose head I am is working without rest to unite all the
officers and what is left of the yunker schools, and to arm them. The situation
cannot be saved except by creating regiments of officers and yunkers. Attacking
with these regiments, and having gained a first success, we could later gain the
aid of the garrison troops; but without that first success it is impossible to
count on a single soldier, because thousands of them are divided and terrorised by
the scum which exists in every regiment. Most of the Cossacks are tainted by
Bolshevik propaganda, thanks to the strange policy of General Dutov, who allowed
to pass the moment when by decisive action something could have been obtained. The
policy of negotiations and concessions has borne its fruits; all that is
respectable is persecuted, and it is the plebe and the criminals who dominate—and
nothing can be done except by shooting and hanging them.</p>
<p>"We are awaiting you here, General, and at the moment of your arrival, we shall
advance with all the forces at our disposal. But for that we must establish some
communication with you, and before all, clear up the following points:</p>
<p>"<num>(1)</num> Do you know that in your name all officers who could take part in
the fight are being invited to leave Petrograd on the pretext of joining you?</p>
<p>"<num>(2)</num> About when can we count on your arrival at Petrograd? We should
like to know in order to coordinate our actions.</p>
<p>"In spite of the criminal inaction of the conscious people here, which allowed the
yoke of Bolshevism to be laid upon us—in spite of the extraordinary pig—headedness
of the majority of officers, so difficult to organise— we believe in spite of all
that Truth is on our side, and that we shall conquer the vicious and criminal
forces who say that they are acting for motives of love of country and in order to
save it. Whatever comes, we shall not permit ourselves to be struck down, and
shall remain firm until the end."</p>
<p>Purishkevitch, being brought to trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal, was given
a short prison term….</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="10">
<p><num>10.</num></p>
<p>DECREE ON THE MONOPOLY OF ADVERTISEMENTS</p>
<p>1. The printing of advertisements, in newspapers, books, bill-boards, kiosks, in
offices and other establishments is declared to be a State monopoly.</p>
<p>2. Advertisements may only be published in the organs of the Provisional Workers'
and Peasants' Government at Petrograd, and in the organs of local Soviets.</p>
<p>3. The proprietors of newspapers and advertising offices, as well as all employees
of such establishments, should remain at their posts until the transfer of the
advertisement business to the Government…. superintending the uninterrupted
continuation of their houses, and turning over to the Soviets all private
advertising and the sums received therefor, as well as all accounts and copy.</p>
<p>4. All managers of publications and businesses dealing with paid advertising, as
well as their employees and workers, shall agree to hold a City Congress, and to
join, first the City Trade Unions, and then the All-Russian Unions, to organise
more thoroughly and justly the advertising business in the Soviet publications, as
well as to prepare better rules for the public utility of advertising.</p>
<p>5. All persons found guilty of having concealed documents or money, or having
sabotaged the regulations indicated in paragraphs 3 and 4, will be punished by a
sentence of not more than three years' imprisonment, and all their property will
be confiscated.</p>
<p>6. The paid insertion of advertisements…. in private publications, or under a
masqued form, will also be severely penalised.</p>
<p>7. Advertising offices are confiscated by the Government, the owners being
entitled to compensation in cases of necessity. Small proprietors, depositors and
stock-holders of the confiscated establishments will be reimbursed for all moneys
held by them in the concern.</p>
<p>8. All buildings, officers, counters, and in general every establishment doing a
business in advertising, should immediately inform the Soviet of Workers' and
Soldiers' Deputies of its address, and proceed to the transfer of its business,
under penalty of the punishment indicated in paragraph 5.</p>
<p>President of the Council of People's Commissars,</p>
<p>VL. ULIANOV (LENIN).</p>
<p>People's Commissar for Public Instruction,</p>
<p>A. V. LUNATCHARSKY.</p>
<p>Secretary of the Council,</p>
<p>N. GORBUNOV.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="11">
<p><num>11.</num></p>
<p>OBLIGATORY ORDINANCE</p>
<p><num>1.</num> The city of Petrograd is declared to be in a state of siege.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> All assemblies, meetings and congregations on the streets and
squares are prohibited.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> Attempts to loot wine-cellars, warehouses, factories, stores,
business premises, private dwellings, etc., etc., will be stopped by machine-gun
fire without warning.</p>
<p><num>4.</num> House Committees, doormen, janitors and Militiamen are charged with
the duty of keeping strict order in all houses, courtyards and in the streets, and
house-doors and carriage-entrances must be locked at 9 o'clock in the evening, and
opened at 7 o'clock in the morning. After 9 o'clock in the evening only tenants
may leave the house, under strict control of the House Committees.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> Those guilty of the distribution, sale or purchase of any kind of
alcoholic liquor, and also those guilty of the violation of sections 2 and 4, will
be immediately arrested and subjected to the most severe punishment.</p>
<p>Petrograd, 6th of December, 3 o'clock in the night.</p>
<p>Committee to Fight Against Pogroms, attached to the Executive Committee of the
Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="12">
<p><num>12.</num></p>
<p>TWO PROCLAMATIONS</p>
<p>Lenin, To the People of Russia:</p>
<p>"Comrades workers, soldiers, peasants—all toilers!</p>
<p>"The Workers' and Peasants' Revolution has won at Petrograd, at Moscow…. From the
Front and the villages arrive every day, every hour, greetings to the new
Government…. The victory of the Revolution…. is assured, seeing that it is
sustained by the majority of the people.</p>
<p>"It is entirely understandable that the proprietors and the capitalists, the
employees and functionaries closely allied with the bourgeoisic—in a word, all the
rich and all those who join hands with them—regard the new Revolution with
hostility, oppose its success, threaten to halt the activity of the banks, and
sabotage or obstruct the work of other establishments…. Every conscious worker
understands perfectly that we cannot avoid this hostility, because the high
officials have set themselves against the People and do not wish to abandon their
posts without resistance. But the working classes are not for one moment afraid of
that resistance. The majority of the people are for us. For us are the majority of
the workers and the oppressed of the whole world. We have justice on our side. Our
ultimate victory is certain.</p>
<p>"The resistance of the capitalists and high officials will be broken. No one will
be deprived of his property without a special law on the nationalisation of banks
and financial syndicates. This law is in preparation. Not a worker will lose a
single kopek; on the contrary, he will be assisted. Without at this moment
establishing the new taxes, the new Government considers one of its primary duties
to make a severe accounting and control on the reception of taxes decreed by the
former régime….</p>
<p>"Comrades workers! Remember that you yourselves direct the Government. No one will
help you unless you organise yourselves and take into your own hands the affairs
of the State. Your Soviets are now the organs of governmental power…. Strengthen
them, establish a severe revolutionary control, pitilessly crush the attempts at
anarchy on the part of drunkards, brigands, counter-revolutionary yunkers and
Kornilovists.</p>
<p>"Establish a strict control over production and the accounting for products.
Arrest and turn over to the Revolutionary Tribunal of the People every one who
injures the property of the People, by sabotage in production, by concealment of
grain-reserves, reserves of other products, by retarding the shipments of grain,
by bringing confusion into the railroads, the posts and the telegraphs, or in
general opposing the great work of bringing Peace and transferring the Land to the
peasants….</p>
<p>"Comrades workers, soldiers, peasants—all toilers!</p>
<p>"Take immediately all local power into your hands…. Little by little, with the
consent of the majority of peasants, we shall march firmly and unhesitatingly
toward the victory of Socialism, which will fortify the advance-guards of the
working-class of the most civilised Countries, and give to the peoples an enduring
peace, and free them from every slavery and every exploitation."</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="13">
<p><num>13.</num></p>
<p>"To All Workers of Petrograd!</p>
<p>"Comrades! The Revolution is winning—the revolution has won. All the power has
passed over to our Soviets. The first weeks are the most difficult ones. The
broken reaction must be finally crushed, a full triumph must be secured to our
endeavours. The working-class ought to—must—show in these days THE GREATEST
FIRMNESS AND ENDURANCE, in order to facilitate the execution of all the aims of
the new People's Government of Soviets. In the next few days decrees on the Labour
question will be issued, and among the very first will be the decree on Workers'
Control over the production and regulation of Industry.</p>
<p>"STRIKES AND DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE WORKER MASSES IN PETROGRAD NOW CAN ONLY DO
HARM.</p>
<p>"We ask you to cease immediately all economic and political strikes, to take up
your work, and do it in perfect order. The work in the factories and all the
industries is necessary for the new Government of Soviets, because any
interruption of this work will only create new difficulties for us, and we have
enough as it is. All to your places.</p>
<p>"The best way to support the new Government of Soviets in these days—is by doing
your job.</p>
<p>"LONG LIVE THE IRON FIRMNESS OF THE PROLETARIAT! LONG LIVE THE REVOLUTION!"</p>
<p>Petrograd Soviet of W. & S. D.</p>
<p>Petrograd Council of Trade Unions.</p>
<p>Petrograd Council of Factory-Shop Committees.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="14">
<p><num>14.</num></p>
<p>APPEALS AND COUNTER-APPEALS</p>
<p>From the Employees of the State and private Banks To the Population of
Petrograd:</p>
<p>“Comrades workers, soldiers and citizens!</p>
<p>“The Military Revolutionary Committee in an ‘extraordinary notice’ is accusing the
workers of the State and private banking and other institutions of ‘impeding the
work of the Government, directed towards the ensuring of the Front with
provisions.’</p>
<p>“Comrades and citizens, do not believe this calumny, brought against us, who are
part of the general army of labour.</p>
<p>“However difficult it be for us to work under the constant threat of interference
by acts of violence in our hard-working life, however depressing it be to know
that our Country and the Revolution are on the verge of ruin, we, nevertheless,
all of us, from the highest to the lowest, employees, artelshtchiki, counters,
labourers, couriers, etc., are continuing to fulfil our duties which are connected
with the ensuring of provisions and munitions to the Front and country.</p>
<p>“Counting upon your lack of information, comrades workers and soldiers, in
questions of finance and banking, you are being incited against workers like
yourselves, because it is desirable to divert the responsibility for the starving
and dying brother-soldiers at the Front from the guilty persons to the innocent
workers who are accomplishing their duty under the burden of general poverty and
disorganisation.</p>
<p>“REMEMBER, WORKERS AND SOLDIERS! THE EMPLOYEES HAVE ALWAYS STOOD UP FOR AND WILL
ALWAYS STAND UP FOR THE INTERESTS OF THE TOILING PEOPLE, PART OF WHICH THEY ARE
THEMSELVES, AND NOT A SINGLE KOPEK NECESSARY FOR THE FRONT AND THE WORKERS HAS
EVER BEEN DETAINED AND WILL NOT BE DETAINED BY THE EMPLOYEES.</p>
<p>“From November 6th to November 23d, i.e., during 17 days, 500 million rubles were
dispatched to the Front, and 120 millions to Moscow, besides the sums sent to
other towns.</p>
<p>“Keeping guard over the wealth of the people, the master of which can be only the
Constituent Assembly, representing the whole nation, the employees refuse to give
out money for purposes which are unknown to them.</p>
<p>“DO NOT BELIEVE THE CALUMNIATORS CALLING YOU TO TAKE THE LAW INTO YOUR OWN
HANDS!”</p>
<p>Central Board of the All-Russian Union of Employees of the State Bank.</p>
<p>Central Board of the All-Russian Trade Union of Employees of Credit
Institutions.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>To the Population of Petrograd.</p>
<p>“CITIZENS: Do not believe the falsehood which irresponsible people are trying to
suggest to you by spreading terrible calumnies against the employees of the
Ministry of Supplies and the workers in other Supply organisations who are
labouring in these dark days for the salvation of Russia. Citizens! In posted
placards you are called upon to lynch us, we are accused falsely of sabotage and
strikes, we are blamed for all the woes and misfortunes that the people are
suffering, although we have been striving indefatigably and uninterruptedly, and
are still striving, to save the Russian people from the horrors of starvation.
Notwithstanding all that we are bearing as citizens of unhappy Russia, we have not
for one hour abandoned our heavy and responsible work of supplying the Army and
population with provisions.</p>
<p>“The image of the Army, cold and hungry, saving our very existence by its blood
and its tortures, does not leave us for a single moment.</p>
<p>“Citizens! If we have survived the blackest days in the life and history of our
people, if we have succeeded in preventing famine in Petrograd, if we have managed
to procure to the suffering army bread and forage by means of enormous, almost
superhuman, efforts, it is because we have honestly continued and are still
continuing to do our work….</p>
<p>“To the ‘last warning’ of the usurpers of the power we reply: It is not for you
who are leading the country to ruin to threaten us who are doing all we can not to
allow the country to perish. We are not afraid of threats; before us stands the
sacred image of tortured Russia. We will continue our work of supplying the Army
and the people with bread to our last efforts, so long as you will not prevent us
from accomplishing our duty to our country. In the contrary case the Army and the
people will stand before the horrors of famine, but the responsibility therefor
belongs to the perpetrators of violence.</p>
<p>Executive Committee of the Employees of the Ministry of Supplies.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>To the Tchinovniki (Government Officials).</p>
<p>It is notified hereby, that all officials and persons who have quitted the service
in Government and public institutions or have been dismissed for sabotage or for
having failed to report for work on the day fixed, and who have nevertheless
received their salary paid in advance for the time they have not served, are bound
to return such salary not later than on November 27th, 1917, to those institutions
where they were in service.</p>
<p>In the event of this not being done, these persons will be rendered answerable for
stealing the Treasury’s property and tried by the Military Revolutionary
Court.</p>
<p>The Military-Revolutionary Committee.</p>
<p>December 7th, 1917.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
<p>From the Special Board for the Supplies</p>
<p>CITIZENS</p>
<p>“The conditions of our work for the supplying of Petrograd are getting more and
more difficult every day.</p>
<p>“The interference with our work—which is so ruinous to our business—of the
Commissars of the Military Revolutionary Committee is still continuing.</p>
<p>“THEIR ARBITRARY ACTS, their annulling of our orders, MAY LEAD TO A
CATASTROPHE.</p>
<p>“Seals have been affixed to one of the cold storages where the meat and butter
destined for the population are kept, and we cannot regulate the temperature SO
THAT THE PRODUCTS WOULD NOT BE SPOILT.</p>
<p>“One carload of potatoes and one carload of cabbages have been seized and carried
away no one knows where to.</p>
<p>“Cargoes which are not liable to requisition (khalva) are requisitioned by the
Commissars and, as was the case one day, five boxes of khalva were seized by the
Commissar for his own use.</p>
<p>“WE ARE NOT IN A POSITION TO DISPOSE OF OUR STORAGES, where the selfappointed
Commissars do not allow the cargoes to be taken out, and terrorise our employees,
threatening them with arrest.</p>
<p>“ALL THAT IS GOING ON IN PETROGRAD IS KNOWN IN THE PROVINCES, AND FROM THE DON,
FROM SIBERIA, FROM VORONEZH AND OTHER PLACES PEOPLE ARE REFUSING TO SEND FLOUR AND
BREAD.</p>
<p>“THIS CANNOT GO ON MUCH LONGER.</p>
<p>“The work is simply falling out of our hands.</p>
<p>“OUR DUTY is to let the population know of this.</p>
<p>“To the last possibility we will remain on guard of the interests of the
population.</p>
<p>“WE WILL DO EVERYTHING TO AVOID THE ONCOMING FAMINE, BUT IF UNDER THESE DIFFICULT
CONDITIONS OUR WORK IS COMPELLED TO STOP, LET THE PEOPLE KNOW THAT IT IS NOT OUR
FAULT….”</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="15">
<p><num>15.</num></p>
<p>ELECTIONS TO THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY IN PETROGRAD</p>
<p>There were nineteen tickets in Petrograd. The results are as follows, published
November 30th:</p>
<table cols="2" rows="20">
<row n="1">
<cell n="1">"Party"</cell>
<cell n="2">"Vote"</cell>
</row>
<row n="2">
<cell n="1">Populist Socialists</cell>
<cell n="2">19,109</cell>
</row>
<row n="3">
<cell n="1">Cadets</cell>
<cell n="2">245,006</cell>
</row>
<row n="4">
<cell n="1">Christian Democrats</cell>
<cell n="2">3,707</cell>
</row>
<row n="5">
<cell n="1">Bolsheviki</cell>
<cell n="2">424,027</cell>
</row>
<row n="6">
<cell n="1">Socialist Universalists</cell>
<cell n="2">158</cell>
</row>
<row n="7">
<cell n="1">S. D. and S. R. Ukrainean and Jewish Workers</cell>
<cell n="2">4,219</cell>
</row>
<row n="8">
<cell n="1">League of Women’s Rights</cell>
<cell n="2">5,310</cell>
</row>
<row n="9">
<cell n="1">Socialist Revolutionaries (''oborontsi'')</cell>
<cell n="2">4,696</cell>
</row>
<row n="10">
<cell n="1">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</cell>
<cell n="2">152,230</cell>
</row>
<row n="11">
<cell n="1">League of the People’s Development</cell>
<cell n="2">385</cell>
</row>
<row n="12">
<cell n="1">Radical Democrats</cell>
<cell n="2">413</cell>
</row>
<row n="13">
<cell n="1">Orthodox Parishes</cell>
<cell n="2">24,139</cell>
</row>
<row n="14">
<cell n="1">Feminine League for Salvation of Country</cell>
<cell n="2">318</cell>
</row>
<row n="15">
<cell n="1">Independent League of Workers, Soldiers, Peasants</cell>
<cell n="2">4,942</cell>
</row>
<row n="16">
<cell n="1">Christian Democrats (Catholic)</cell>
<cell n="2">14,382</cell>
</row>
<row n="17">
<cell n="1">Unified Social Democrats</cell>
<cell n="2">11,740</cell>
</row>
<row n="18">
<cell n="1">Mensheviki</cell>
<cell n="2">17,427</cell>
</row>
<row n="19">
<cell n="1">''Yedinstvo'' group</cell>
<cell n="2">1,823</cell>
</row>
<row n="20">
<cell n="1">League of Cossack Troops</cell>
<cell n="2">6,712</cell>
</row>
</table>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="16">
<p><num>16.</num></p>
<p>FROM THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’s COMMISSARS TO THE TOILING COSSACKS</p>
<p>“Brothers-Cossacks.</p>
<p>“You are being deceived. You are being incited against the People. You are told
that the Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies are your enemies,
that they want to take away your Cossack land, your Cossack ‘liberty’. Don’t
believe it, Cossacks…. Your own Generals and landowners are deceiving you, in
order to keep you in darkness and slavery. We, the Council of People’s Commissars,
address ourselves to you, Cossacks, with these words. Read them attentively and
judge yourselves which is the truth and which is cruel deceit. The life and
service of a Cossack were always bondage and penal servitude. At the first call of
the authorities a Cossack always had to saddle his horse and ride out on campaign.
All his military equipment a Cossack had to provide with his own hardly earned
means. A Cossack is on service, his farm is going to rack and ruin. Is such a
condition fair? No, it must be altered for ever. THE COSSACKS MUST BE FREED FROM
BONDAGE. The new People’s Soviet power is willing to come to the assistance of the
toiling Cossacks. It is only necessary that the Cossacks themselves should resolve
to abolish the old order, that they should refuse submission to their slave-driver
officers, land-owners, rich men, that they should throw off the cursed yoke from
their necks. Arise, Cossacks! Unite! The Council of People’s Commissars calls upon
you to enter a new, fresh, more happy life.</p>
<p>“In November and December in Petrograd there were All-Russian Congresses of
Soviets of Soldiers’, Workers’, and Peasants’ Deputies. These Congresses
transferred all the authority in the different localities into the hands of the
Soviets, i.e., into the hands of men elected by the People. From now on there must
be in Russia no rulers or functionaries who command the People from above and
drive them. The People create the authority themselves. A General has no more
rights than a soldier. All are equal. Consider, Cossacks, is this wrong or right?
We are calling upon you, Cossacks, to join this new order and to create your own
Soviets of Cossacks’ Deputies. To such Soviets all the power must belong in the
different localities. Not to hetmans with the rank of General, but to the elected
representatives of the toiling Cossacks, to your own trustworthy reliable men.</p>
<p>“The All-Russian Congresses of Soldiers’, Workers’, and Peasants’ Deputies have
passed a resolution to transfer all landowners’ land into the possession of the
toiling people. Is not that fair, Cossacks? The Kornilovs, Kaledins, Dutovs,
Karaulovs, Bardizhes, all defend with their whole souls the interests of the rich
men, and they are ready to drown Russia in blood if only the lands remain in the
hands of the landowners. But you, the toiling Cossacks, do not you suffer
yourselves from poverty, oppression and lack of land? How many Cossacks are there
who have more than 4-5 dessiatins per head? But the landowners, who have thousands
of dessiatins of their own land, wish besides to get into their hands the lands of
the Cossack Army. According to the new Soviet laws, the lands of Cossack
landowners must pass without compensation into the hands of the Cossack workers,
the poorer Cossacks. You are being told that the Soviets wish to take away your
lands from you. Who is frightening you? The rich Cossacks, who know that the
Soviet AUTHORITY WISHES TO transfer the landowners’ lands to you. Choose then,
Cossacks, for whom will you stand: for the Kornilovs and Kaledins, for the
Generals and rich men, or for the Soviets of Peasants’, Soldiers’, Workers’ and
Cossacks’ Deputies.</p>
<p>“THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’s COMMISSARS elected by the All-Russian Congress HAS
PROPOSED TO ALL NATIONS AN IMMEDIATE ARMISTICE AND AN HONOURABLE DEMOCRATIC PEACE
WITHOUT LOSS OR DETRIMENT TO ANY NATION. All the capitalists, landowners,
Generals-Kornilovists have risen against the peaceful policy of the Soviets. The
war was bringing them profits, power, distinctions. And to you, Cossack privates?
You were perishing without reason, without purpose, like your brothers-soldiers
and sailors. It will soon be three years and a half that this accursed war has
gone on, a war devised by the capitalists and landowners of all countries for
their own profit, their world robberies. To the toiling Cossacks the war has only
brought ruin and death. The war has drained all the resources from Cossack farm
life. The only salvation for the whole of our country and for the Cossacks in
particular is a prompt and honest peace. The Council of People’s Commissars has
declared to all Governments and peoples: We do not want other people’s property,
and we do not wish to give away our own. Peace without annexations and without
indemnities. Every nation must decide its own fate. There must be no oppressing of
one nation by another. Such is the honest, democratic, People’s peace which the
Council of People’s Commissars is proposing to all Governments, to all peoples,
allies and enemies. And the results are visible: ON THE RUSSIAN FRONT AN ARMISTICE
HAS BEEN CONCLUDED.</p>
<p>“The soldier’s and the Cossack’s blood is not flowing there any more. Now,
Cossacks, decide: do you wish to continue this ruinous, senseless, criminal
slaughter? Then support the Cadets, the enemies of the people, support Tchernov,
Tseretelli, Skobeliev, who drove you into the offensive of July 1st; support
Kornilov, who introduced capital punishment for soldiers and Cossacks at the
front. BUT IF YOU WISH A PROMPT AND HONEST PEACE, THEN ENTER THE RANKS OF THE
SOVIETS AND SUPPORT THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’s COMMISSARS.</p>
<p>“Your fate, Cossacks, lies in your own hands. Our common foes, the landowners,
capitalists, officers-Kornilovists, bourgeois newspapers, are deceiving you and
driving you along the road to ruin. In Orenburg, Dutov has arrested the Soviet and
disarmed the garrison. Kaledin is threatening the Soviets in the province of the
Don. He has declared the province to be in a state of war and is assembling his
troops. Karaulov is shooting the local tribes in the Caucasus. The Cadet
bourgeoisie is supplying them with its millions. Their common aim is to suppress
the People’s Soviets, to crush the workers and peasants, to introduce again the
discipline of the whip in the army, and to eternalise the bondage of the toiling
Cossacks.</p>
<p>“Our revolutionary troops are moving to the Don and the Ural in order to put an
end to this criminal revolt against the people. The commanders of the
revolutionary troops have received orders not to enter into any negotiations with
the mutinous Generals, to act decisively and mercilessly.</p>
<p>“Cossacks! On you depends now whether your brothers’ blood is to flow still. We
are holding out our hand to you. Join the whole people against its enemies.
Declare Kaledin, Kornilov, Dutov, Karaulov and all their aiders and abettors to be
the enemies of the people, traitors and betrayers. Arrest them with your own
forces and turn them over into the hands of the Soviet authority, which will judge
them in open and public Revolutionary Tribunal. Cossacks! Form Soviets of
Cossacks’ Deputies. Take into your toil-worn hands the management of all the
affairs of the Cossacks. Take away the lands of your own wealthy landowners. Take
over their grain, their inventoried property and live-stock for the cultivation of
the lands of the toiling Cossacks, who are ruined by the war.</p>
<p>“Forward, Cossacks, to the fight for the common cause of the people!</p>
<p>“Long live the toiling Cossacks!</p>
<p>“Long live the union of the Cossacks, the soldiers, peasants and workers!</p>
<p>“Long live the power of the Soviets of Cossacks’, Soldiers’, Workers’ and
Peasants’ Deputies.</p>
<p>“Down with the war! Down with the landowners and the Kornilovist-Generals!</p>
<p>“Long live Peace and the Brotherhood of peoples!”</p>
<p>Council of People’s Commissars.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="17">
<p><num>17.</num></p>
<p>FROM THE COMMISSION ON PUBLIC EDUCATION ATTACHED TO THE CENTRAL CITY DUMA</p>
<p>“Comrades Workingmen and Workingwomen!</p>
<p>“A few days before the holidays, a strike has been declared by the teachers of the
public schools. The teachers side with the bourgeoisie against the Workers’ and
Peasants’ Government.</p>
<p>“Comrades, organise parents’ committees and pass resolutions against the strike of
the teachers. Propose to the Ward Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, the
Trade Unions, the Factory-Shop and Party Committees, to organise protest meetings.
Arrange with your own resources Christmas trees and entertainments for the
children, and demand the opening of the schools, after the holidays, at the date
which will be set by the Duma.</p>
<p>“Comrades, strengthen your position in matters of public education, insist on the
control of the proletarian organisations over the schools.”</p>
<p>Commission on Public Education attached to the Central City Duma.</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="18">
<p><num>18.</num></p>
<p>DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT</p>
<p>The notes issued by Trotzky to the Allies and to the neutral powers, as well as
the note of the Allied military Attachés to General Dukhonin, are too voluminous
to give here. Moreover they belong to another phase of the history of the Soviet
Republic, with which this book has nothing to do—the foreign relations of the
Soviet Government. This I treat at length in the next volume, “Kornilov to
Brest-Litovsk.”</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="19">
<p><num>19.</num></p>
<p>APPEALS TO THE FRONT AGAINST DUKHONIN</p>
<p>“… The struggle for peace has met with the resistance of the bourgeoisie and the
counter-revolutionary Generals…. From the accounts in the newspapers, at the
Stavka of former Supreme Commander Dukhonin are gathering the agents and allies of
the bourgeoisie, Verkhovski, Avksentiev, Tchernov, Gotz, Tseretelli, etc. It seems
even that they want to form a new power against the Soviets.</p>
<p>“Comrades soldiers! All the persons we have mentioned have been Ministers already.
They have acted in accord with Kerensky and the bourgeoisie. They are responsible
for the offensive of July 1st and for the prolongation of the war. They promised
the land to the peasants and then arrested the Land Committees. They reestablished
capital punishment for soldiers. They obey the orders of French, English and
American financiers….</p>
<p>“General Dukhonin, for having refused to obey orders of the Council of People’s
Commissars, has been dismissed from his position as Supreme Commander…. For answer
he is circulating among the troops the note from the Military Attachés of the
Allied imperialist Powers, and attempting to provoke a counter-revolution….</p>
<p>“Do not obey Dukhonin! Pay no attention to his provocation! Watch him and his
group of counter-revolutionary Generals carefully….”</p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="20">
<p><num>20.</num></p>
<p>FROM KRYLENKO Order Number Two</p>
<p>“… The ex-Supreme Commander, General Dukhonin, for having opposed resistance to
the execution of orders, for criminal action susceptible of provoking a new civil
war, is declared enemy of the People. All persons who support Dukhonin will be
arrested, without respect to their social or political position or their past.
Persons equipped with special authority will operate these arrests. I charge
General Manikhovsky with the execution of the above-mentioned dispositions….”</p>
</div>
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