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<title type="full">Ten days that shook the World/Appendices</title>
<title type="full">Appendix to Chapter I</title>
<author cert="high">John Reed</author>
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<head>Appendix to Chapter I</head>
<div type="numeric" n="1">
<head>First paragraph</head>
<p><hi rend="italic">Oborontsi</hi>—“Defenders.” All the “moderate” Socialist groups
adopted or were given this name, because they consented to the continuation of the
war under Allied leadership, on the ground that it was a war of National Defence. The
Bolsheviki, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, the Mensheviki Internationalists
(Martov’s faction), and the Social Democrats Internationalists (Gorky’s group) were
in favour of forcing the Allies to declare democratic war-aims, and to offer peace to
Germany on those terms…. </p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="2">
<head>WAGES AND COST OF LIVING BEFORE AND DURING THE REVOLUTION</head>
<p>The following tables of wages and costs were compiled, in October, 1917, by a joint
Committee from the Moscow Chamber of Commerce and the Moscow section of the Ministry
of Labour, and published in Novaya Zhizn, October 26th, 1917: </p>
<table cols="4" rows="9">
<head><hi rend="italic">Wages Per Day—(Rubles and kopeks)</hi></head>
<row n="1">
<cell n="1">Trade</cell>
<cell n="2">July 1914</cell>
<cell n="3">July 1916</cell>
<cell n="4">August 1917</cell>
</row>
<row n="2">
<cell n="1">Carpenter, Cabinet-maker</cell>
<cell n="2">1,60-2.</cell>
<cell n="3">4.-6.</cell>
<cell n="4">8.50</cell>
</row>
<row n="3">
<cell n="1">Terrassier</cell>
<cell n="2">1.30-1.50</cell>
<cell n="3">3.-3.50</cell>
<cell n="4"/>
</row>
<row n="4">
<cell n="1">Mason, plasterer</cell>
<cell n="2">1.70-1.50</cell>
<cell n="3">4.-6.</cell>
<cell n="4">8.</cell>
</row>
<row n="5">
<cell n="1">Painter, upholsterer</cell>
<cell n="2">1.80-2.20</cell>
<cell n="3">3.-5.50</cell>
<cell n="4">8.</cell>
</row>
<row n="6">
<cell n="1">Blacksmith</cell>
<cell n="2">1.-2.25</cell>
<cell n="3">4.-5.</cell>
<cell n="4">8.50</cell>
</row>
<row n="7">
<cell n="1">Chimney-sweep</cell>
<cell n="2">1.50-2.</cell>
<cell n="3">4.-5.50</cell>
<cell n="4">7.50</cell>
</row>
<row n="8">
<cell n="1">Locksmith</cell>
<cell n="2">.90-2.</cell>
<cell n="3">3.50-6.</cell>
<cell n="4">9.</cell>
</row>
<row n="9">
<cell n="1">Helper</cell>
<cell n="2">1.-1.50</cell>
<cell n="3">2.50-4.50</cell>
<cell n="4">8.</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>In spite of numerous stories of gigantic advances in wages immediately following the
Revolution of March, 1917, these figures, which were published by the Ministry of
Labour as characteristic of conditions all over Russia, show that wages did not rise
immediately after the Revolution, but little by little. On an average, wages
increased slightly more than 500 per cent….</p>
<p>But at the same time the value of the ruble fell to less than one-third its former
purchasing power, and the cost of the necessities of life increased enormously. </p>
<p>The following table was compiled by the Municipal Duma of Moscow, where food was
cheaper and more plentiful than in Petrograd: </p>
<table cols="4" rows="11">
<head><hi rend="italic">Cost of Food—(Rubles and Kopeks)</hi></head>
<row n="1">
<cell n="1">Food</cell>
<cell n="2">August 1914</cell>
<cell n="3">August 1917</cell>
<cell n="4">Increase(%)</cell>
</row>
<row n="2">
<cell n="1">Black bread(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.02 1/2</cell>
<cell n="3">.12</cell>
<cell n="4">330</cell>
</row>
<row n="3">
<cell n="1">White bread(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.05</cell>
<cell n="3">.20</cell>
<cell n="4">300</cell>
</row>
<row n="4">
<cell n="1">Beef(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.22</cell>
<cell n="3">1.10</cell>
<cell n="4">400</cell>
</row>
<row n="5">
<cell n="1">Veal(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.26</cell>
<cell n="3">2.15</cell>
<cell n="4">727</cell>
</row>
<row n="6">
<cell n="1">Pork(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.23</cell>
<cell n="3">2.</cell>
<cell n="4">770</cell>
</row>
<row n="7">
<cell n="1">Herring(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.06</cell>
<cell n="3">.52</cell>
<cell n="4">767</cell>
</row>
<row n="8">
<cell n="1">Cheese(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.40</cell>
<cell n="3">3.50</cell>
<cell n="4">754</cell>
</row>
<row n="9">
<cell n="1">Butter(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.48</cell>
<cell n="3">3.20</cell>
<cell n="4">557</cell>
</row>
<row n="10">
<cell n="1">Eggs(Doz.)</cell>
<cell n="2">.30</cell>
<cell n="3">1.60</cell>
<cell n="4">443</cell>
</row>
<row n="11">
<cell n="1">Milk(Krushka)</cell>
<cell n="2">.07</cell>
<cell n="3">.40</cell>
<cell n="4">471</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>On an average, food increased in price 556 per cent, or 51 per cent more than
wages.</p>
<p>The following table was compiled by the Economic section of the Moscow Soviet of
Workers’ Deputies, and accepted as correct by the Ministry of Supplies of the
Provisional Government. </p>
<table cols="4" rows="18">
<head><hi rend="italic">Cost of Other Necessities—(Rubles and Kopeks)</hi></head>
<row n="1">
<cell n="1">Other Necessities</cell>
<cell n="2">August 1914</cell>
<cell n="3">August 1917</cell>
<cell n="4">Increase(%)</cell>
</row>
<row n="2">
<cell n="1">Calico(Arshin)</cell>
<cell n="2">.11</cell>
<cell n="3">1.40</cell>
<cell n="4">1173</cell>
</row>
<row n="3">
<cell n="1">Cotton Cloth(Arshin)</cell>
<cell n="2">.15</cell>
<cell n="3"> 2.</cell>
<cell n="4">1233</cell>
</row>
<row n="4">
<cell n="1">Dress Goods(Arshin)</cell>
<cell n="2">2.</cell>
<cell n="3">40.</cell>
<cell n="4">1900</cell>
</row>
<row n="5">
<cell n="1">Castor Cloth(Arshin)</cell>
<cell n="2">6.</cell>
<cell n="3">80.</cell>
<cell n="4">1233</cell>
</row>
<row n="6">
<cell n="1">Men's Shoes(Pair)</cell>
<cell n="2">12.</cell>
<cell n="3">144.</cell>
<cell n="4">1097</cell>
</row>
<row n="7">
<cell n="1">Sole Leather</cell>
<cell n="2">20.</cell>
<cell n="3">400.</cell>
<cell n="4">1900</cell>
</row>
<row n="8">
<cell n="1">Rubbers(Pair)</cell>
<cell n="2">2.50</cell>
<cell n="3">15.</cell>
<cell n="4">500</cell>
</row>
<row n="9">
<cell n="1">Men's Clothing(Suit)</cell>
<cell n="2">40.</cell>
<cell n="3">400.-455.</cell>
<cell n="4">900-1109</cell>
</row>
<row n="10">
<cell n="1">Tea(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">4.50</cell>
<cell n="3">18.</cell>
<cell n="4">300</cell>
</row>
<row n="11">
<cell n="1">Matches(Carton)</cell>
<cell n="2">.10</cell>
<cell n="3">.50</cell>
<cell n="4">400</cell>
</row>
<row n="12">
<cell n="1">Soap(Pood)</cell>
<cell n="2">4.50</cell>
<cell n="3">40.</cell>
<cell n="4">780</cell>
</row>
<row n="13">
<cell n="1">Gasoline(Vedro)</cell>
<cell n="2">1.70</cell>
<cell n="3">11.</cell>
<cell n="4">547</cell>
</row>
<row n="14">
<cell n="1">Candles(Pood)</cell>
<cell n="2">8.50</cell>
<cell n="3">100.</cell>
<cell n="4">1076</cell>
</row>
<row n="15">
<cell n="1">Caramel(Fund)</cell>
<cell n="2">.30</cell>
<cell n="3">4.50</cell>
<cell n="4">1400</cell>
</row>
<row n="16">
<cell n="1">Fire Wood(Load)</cell>
<cell n="2">10.</cell>
<cell n="3">120.</cell>
<cell n="4">1100</cell>
</row>
<row n="17">
<cell n="1">Charcoal</cell>
<cell n="2">.80</cell>
<cell n="3">13.</cell>
<cell n="4">1525</cell>
</row>
<row n="18">
<cell n="1">Sundry Metal Ware</cell>
<cell n="2">1.</cell>
<cell n="3">20.</cell>
<cell n="4">1900</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>On an average, the above categories of necessities increased about 1,109 per cent in
price, more than twice the increase of salaries. The difference, of course, went into
the pockets of speculators and merchants. </p>
<p>In September, 1917, when I arrived in Petrograd, the average daily wage of a skilled
industrial worker—for example, a steel-worker in the Putilov Factory—was about 8
rubles. At the same time, profits were enormous…. I was told by one of the owners of
the Thornton Woollen Mills, an English concern on the outskirts of Petrograd, that
while wages had increased about 300 per cent in his factory, his profits had gone up
900 <hi rend="italic">per cent</hi>. </p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="3">
<head>THE SOCIALIST MINISTERS</head>
<p>The history of the efforts of the Socialists in the Provisional Government of July to
realise their programme in coalition with the bourgeois Ministers, is an illuminating
example of class struggle in politics. Says Lenin, in explanation of this phenomenon: </p>
<p>“The capitalists, … seeing that the position of the Government was untenable,
resorted to a method which since 1848 has been for decades practised by the
capitalists in order to befog, divide, and finally overpower the working-class.
This method is the so-called ‘Coalition Ministry,’ composed of bourgeois and of
renegades from the Socialist camp.</p>
<p>“In those countries where political freedom and democracy have existed side by
side with the revolutionary movement of the workers—for example in England and
France—the capitalists make use of this subterfuge, and very successfully too. The
‘Socialist’ leaders, upon entering the Ministries, invariably prove mere
figure-heads, puppets, simply a shield for the capitalists, a tool with which to
defraud the workers. The ‘democratic’ and ‘republican’ capitalists in Russia set
in motion this very same scheme. The Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviki fell
victim to it, and on June 1st a ‘Coalition’ Ministry, with the participation of
Tchernov, Tseretelli, Skobeliev, Avksentiev, Savinkov, Zarudny and Nikitin became
an accomplished fact….”<hi rend="italic">Problems of the
Revolution.</hi></p>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="4">
<head>SEPTEMBER MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS IN MOSCOW</head>
<p>In the first week of October, 1917, Novaya Zhizn published the following comparative
table of election results, pointing out that this meant the bankruptcy of the policy
of Coalition with the propertied classes. “If civil war can yet be avoided, it can
only be done by a united front of all the revolutionary democracy….”</p>
<table cols="3" rows="5">
<head><hi rend="italic">Elections for the Moscow Central and Ward Dumas. Reed, John.
1922. Ten Days That Shook the World</hi></head>
<row n="1">
<cell n="1">Party</cell>
<cell n="2">June 1917</cell>
<cell n="3">September 1917</cell>
</row>
<row n="2">
<cell n="1">Socialist Revolutionaries</cell>
<cell n="2">58 Members</cell>
<cell n="3">14 Members</cell>
</row>
<row n="3">
<cell n="1">Cadets</cell>
<cell n="2">17 Members</cell>
<cell n="3">30 Members</cell>
</row>
<row n="4">
<cell n="1">Mensheviki</cell>
<cell n="2">12 Members</cell>
<cell n="3">4 Members</cell>
</row>
<row n="5">
<cell n="1">Bolsheviki</cell>
<cell n="2">11 Members</cell>
<cell n="3">47 Members</cell>
</row>
</table>
</div>
<div type="numeric" n="5">
<head>GROWING ARROGANCE OF THE REACTIONARIES</head>
<p>September 18th. The Cadet Shulgin, writing in a Kiev newspaper, said that the
Provisional Government’s declaration that Russia was a Republic constituted a gross
abuse of its powers.“We cannot admit either a Republic, or the present
Republican Government…. And we are not sure that we want a Republic in
Russia….”</p>
<p>October 23d. At a meeting of the Cadet party held at Riazan, M. Dukhonin declared,
<said>“On March 1st we must establish a Constitutional Monarchy. We must not
reject the legitimate heir to the throne, Mikhail Alexandrovitch….”</said></p>
<p>October 27th. Resolution passed by the Conference of Business Men at Moscow:</p>
<p>"The Conference… insists that the Provisional Government take the following immediate
measures in the Army: </p>
<p><num>1</num>Forbidding of all political propaganda; the Army must be out of
politics.</p>
<p><num>2</num>Propaganda of antinational and international ideas and theories deny the
necessity for armies, and hurt discipline; it should be forbidden, and all
propagandists punished….</p>
<p><num>3</num>The function of the Army Committees must be limited to economic
questions exclusively. All their decisions should be confirmed by their superior
officers, who have the right to dissolve the Committees at any time….</p>
<p><num>4</num>The salute to be reestablished, and made obligatory. Full
reestablishment of disciplinary power in the hands of officers, with right of review
of sentence….</p>
<p><num>5</num>Expulsion from the Corps of Officers of those who dishonour it by
participating in the movement of the soldier-masses, which teaches them
disobedience…. Reestablishment for this purpose of the Courts of Honor….</p>
<p><num>6</num>The Provisional Government should take the necessary measures to make
possible the return to the army of Generals and other officers unjustly discharged
under the influence of Committees, and other irresponsible organisations….”</p>
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