diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp
index 39f9529314a..e4a033ece45 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp
@@ -287,20 +287,7 @@ class GoblinUltraFlavor {
      * circuits.
      * @todo TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/876)
      */
-    class VerificationKey : public VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey> {
-      public:
-        std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
-
-        VerificationKey(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
-            : VerificationKey_(circuit_size, num_public_inputs)
-        {}
-
-        template <typename ProvingKeyPtr>
-        VerificationKey(const ProvingKeyPtr& proving_key)
-            : VerificationKey_(proving_key)
-            , public_inputs(proving_key->public_inputs)
-        {}
-    };
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     /**
      * @brief A container for storing the partially evaluated multivariates produced by sumcheck.
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp
index 16eb1b95921..21b3f80dd0e 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp
@@ -100,8 +100,6 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class GoblinUltraRecursiveFlavor_ {
     class VerificationKey
         : public VerificationKey_<GoblinUltraFlavor::PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey> {
       public:
-        std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
-
         VerificationKey(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
         {
             this->circuit_size = circuit_size;
@@ -122,10 +120,6 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class GoblinUltraRecursiveFlavor_ {
             this->log_circuit_size = numeric::get_msb(this->circuit_size);
             this->num_public_inputs = native_key->num_public_inputs;
             this->pub_inputs_offset = native_key->pub_inputs_offset;
-            this->public_inputs = std::vector<FF>(native_key->num_public_inputs);
-            for (auto [public_input, native_public_input] : zip_view(this->public_inputs, native_key->public_inputs)) {
-                public_input = FF::from_witness(builder, native_public_input);
-            }
             this->q_m = Commitment::from_witness(builder, native_key->q_m);
             this->q_l = Commitment::from_witness(builder, native_key->q_l);
             this->q_r = Commitment::from_witness(builder, native_key->q_r);
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp
index 32a3a627bea..a2323eba35f 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp
@@ -290,20 +290,7 @@ class UltraFlavor {
      * that, and split out separate PrecomputedPolynomials/Commitments data for clarity but also for portability of our
      * circuits.
      */
-    class VerificationKey : public VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey> {
-      public:
-        std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
-
-        VerificationKey(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
-            : VerificationKey_(circuit_size, num_public_inputs)
-        {}
-
-        template <typename ProvingKeyPtr>
-        VerificationKey(const ProvingKeyPtr& proving_key)
-            : VerificationKey_(proving_key)
-            , public_inputs(proving_key->public_inputs)
-        {}
-    };
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     /**
      * @brief A field element for each entity of the flavor. These entities represent the prover polynomials
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp
index 8e9a07b5a16..d1b4174252f 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp
@@ -272,8 +272,6 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class UltraRecursiveFlavor_ {
      */
     class VerificationKey : public VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey> {
       public:
-        std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
-
         VerificationKey(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
         {
             this->circuit_size = circuit_size;
@@ -293,10 +291,6 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class UltraRecursiveFlavor_ {
             this->log_circuit_size = numeric::get_msb(this->circuit_size);
             this->num_public_inputs = native_key->num_public_inputs;
             this->pub_inputs_offset = native_key->pub_inputs_offset;
-            this->public_inputs = std::vector<FF>(native_key->num_public_inputs);
-            for (auto [public_input, native_public_input] : zip_view(this->public_inputs, native_key->public_inputs)) {
-                public_input = FF::from_witness(builder, native_public_input);
-            }
             this->q_m = Commitment::from_witness(builder, native_key->q_m);
             this->q_l = Commitment::from_witness(builder, native_key->q_l);
             this->q_r = Commitment::from_witness(builder, native_key->q_r);
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_verifier.cpp
index 2f82d72cc0c..54930916236 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_verifier.cpp
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ void ProtoGalaxyVerifier_<VerifierInstances>::receive_and_finalise_instance(cons
 {
     auto& key = inst->verification_key;
     OinkVerifier<Flavor> oink_verifier{ key, transcript, domain_separator + '_' };
-    auto [relation_parameters, witness_commitments] = oink_verifier.verify();
-    inst->relation_parameters = relation_parameters;
-    inst->witness_commitments = witness_commitments;
+    auto [relation_parameters, witness_commitments, public_inputs] = oink_verifier.verify();
+    inst->relation_parameters = std::move(relation_parameters);
+    inst->witness_commitments = std::move(witness_commitments);
+    inst->public_inputs = std::move(public_inputs);
 
     // Get the relation separation challenges
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < NUM_SUBRELATIONS - 1; idx++) {
@@ -96,16 +97,15 @@ std::shared_ptr<typename VerifierInstances::Instance> ProtoGalaxyVerifier_<Verif
         vk_idx++;
     }
     next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs = accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs;
-    next_accumulator->verification_key->public_inputs =
-        std::vector<FF>(next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs, 0);
+    next_accumulator->public_inputs = std::vector<FF>(next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs, 0);
     size_t public_input_idx = 0;
-    for (auto& public_input : next_accumulator->verification_key->public_inputs) {
+    for (auto& public_input : next_accumulator->public_inputs) {
         size_t inst = 0;
         for (auto& instance : instances) {
             // TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/830)
             if (instance->verification_key->num_public_inputs >=
                 next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs) {
-                public_input += instance->verification_key->public_inputs[public_input_idx] * lagranges[inst];
+                public_input += instance->public_inputs[public_input_idx] * lagranges[inst];
                 inst++;
             }
         }
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.cpp
index b9fe586a41f..7069a0eb0cf 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.cpp
@@ -21,11 +21,10 @@ void ProtoGalaxyRecursiveVerifier_<VerifierInstances>::receive_and_finalise_inst
         transcript->template receive_from_prover<FF>(domain_separator + "_pub_inputs_offset");
     inst->verification_key->pub_inputs_offset = uint32_t(pub_inputs_offset.get_value());
 
-    inst->verification_key->public_inputs.clear();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < inst->verification_key->num_public_inputs; ++i) {
         auto public_input_i =
             transcript->template receive_from_prover<FF>(domain_separator + "_public_input_" + std::to_string(i));
-        inst->verification_key->public_inputs.emplace_back(public_input_i);
+        inst->public_inputs.emplace_back(public_input_i);
     }
 
     // Get commitments to first three wire polynomials
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ void ProtoGalaxyRecursiveVerifier_<VerifierInstances>::receive_and_finalise_inst
         transcript->template receive_from_prover<Commitment>(domain_separator + "_" + labels.z_lookup);
 
     // Compute correction terms for grand products
-    const FF public_input_delta = compute_public_input_delta<Flavor>(inst->verification_key->public_inputs,
+    const FF public_input_delta = compute_public_input_delta<Flavor>(inst->public_inputs,
                                                                      beta,
                                                                      gamma,
                                                                      inst->verification_key->circuit_size,
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<typename VerifierInstances::Instance> ProtoGalaxyRecursiveVerifi
         accumulator->verification_key->circuit_size, accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs);
     next_accumulator->verification_key->pcs_verification_key = accumulator->verification_key->pcs_verification_key;
     next_accumulator->verification_key->pub_inputs_offset = accumulator->verification_key->pub_inputs_offset;
-    next_accumulator->verification_key->public_inputs = accumulator->verification_key->public_inputs;
+    next_accumulator->public_inputs = accumulator->public_inputs;
     size_t vk_idx = 0;
     for (auto& expected_vk : next_accumulator->verification_key->get_all()) {
         size_t inst = 0;
@@ -194,16 +193,14 @@ std::shared_ptr<typename VerifierInstances::Instance> ProtoGalaxyRecursiveVerifi
         comm_idx++;
     }
 
-    next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs = accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs;
-    next_accumulator->verification_key->public_inputs =
-        std::vector<FF>(next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs, 0);
+    next_accumulator->public_inputs = std::vector<FF>(next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs, 0);
     size_t public_input_idx = 0;
-    for (auto& public_input : next_accumulator->verification_key->public_inputs) {
+    for (auto& public_input : next_accumulator->public_inputs) {
         size_t inst = 0;
         for (auto& instance : instances) {
             if (instance->verification_key->num_public_inputs >=
                 next_accumulator->verification_key->num_public_inputs) {
-                public_input += instance->verification_key->public_inputs[public_input_idx] * lagranges[inst];
+                public_input += instance->public_inputs[public_input_idx] * lagranges[inst];
                 inst++;
             };
         }
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/recursive_verifier_instance.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/recursive_verifier_instance.hpp
index 236719a8c4b..12a54f89169 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/recursive_verifier_instance.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/honk_recursion/verifier/recursive_verifier_instance.hpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ template <IsRecursiveFlavor Flavor> class RecursiveVerifierInstance_ {
     RelationParameters<FF> relation_parameters;
     RelationSeparator alphas;
     bool is_accumulator = false;
+    std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
 
     // The folding parameters (\vec{β}, e) which are set for accumulators (i.e. relaxed instances).
     std::vector<FF> gate_challenges;
@@ -48,13 +49,13 @@ template <IsRecursiveFlavor Flavor> class RecursiveVerifierInstance_ {
         : verification_key(std::make_shared<VerificationKey>(instance->verification_key->circuit_size,
                                                              instance->verification_key->num_public_inputs))
         , is_accumulator(bool(instance->is_accumulator))
+        , public_inputs(std::vector<FF>(instance->verification_key->num_public_inputs))
     {
 
         verification_key->pub_inputs_offset = instance->verification_key->pub_inputs_offset;
         verification_key->pcs_verification_key = instance->verification_key->pcs_verification_key;
-        verification_key->public_inputs = std::vector<FF>(instance->verification_key->num_public_inputs);
-        for (auto [public_input, native_public_input] :
-             zip_view(verification_key->public_inputs, instance->verification_key->public_inputs)) {
+
+        for (auto [public_input, native_public_input] : zip_view(public_inputs, instance->public_inputs)) {
             public_input = FF::from_witness(builder, native_public_input);
         }
 
@@ -110,9 +111,8 @@ template <IsRecursiveFlavor Flavor> class RecursiveVerifierInstance_ {
         VerifierInstance inst(inst_verification_key);
         inst.is_accumulator = is_accumulator;
 
-        inst.verification_key->public_inputs = std::vector<NativeFF>(verification_key->num_public_inputs);
-        for (auto [public_input, inst_public_input] :
-             zip_view(verification_key->public_inputs, inst.verification_key->public_inputs)) {
+        inst.public_inputs = std::vector<NativeFF>(verification_key->num_public_inputs);
+        for (auto [public_input, inst_public_input] : zip_view(public_inputs, inst.public_inputs)) {
             inst_public_input = public_input.get_value();
         }
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp
index e739a2fa08c..2b894a5b295 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ template <class Flavor, size_t NUM_ = 2> class VerifierInstance_ {
     RelationParameters<FF> relation_parameters;
     RelationSeparator alphas;
     bool is_accumulator = false;
+    std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
 
     // The folding parameters (\vec{β}, e) which are set for accumulators (i.e. relaxed instances).
     std::vector<FF> gate_challenges;
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.cpp
index ac285ad0753..a79e610c7a7 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.cpp
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> OinkOutput<Flavor> OinkVerifier<Flavor>::verify(
     execute_log_derivative_inverse_round();
     execute_grand_product_computation_round();
 
-    return OinkOutput<Flavor>{
-        .relation_parameters = relation_parameters,
-        .commitments = witness_comms,
-    };
+    return OinkOutput<Flavor>{ .relation_parameters = relation_parameters,
+                               .commitments = witness_comms,
+                               .public_inputs = public_inputs };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -40,11 +39,10 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> void OinkVerifier<Flavor>::execute_preamble_roun
     ASSERT(public_input_size == key->num_public_inputs);
     ASSERT(pub_inputs_offset == key->pub_inputs_offset);
 
-    key->public_inputs.clear();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < public_input_size; ++i) {
         auto public_input_i =
             transcript->template receive_from_prover<FF>(domain_separator + "public_input_" + std::to_string(i));
-        key->public_inputs.emplace_back(public_input_i);
+        public_inputs.emplace_back(public_input_i);
     }
 }
 
@@ -116,11 +114,8 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> void OinkVerifier<Flavor>::execute_log_derivativ
  */
 template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> void OinkVerifier<Flavor>::execute_grand_product_computation_round()
 {
-    const FF public_input_delta = compute_public_input_delta<Flavor>(key->public_inputs,
-                                                                     relation_parameters.beta,
-                                                                     relation_parameters.gamma,
-                                                                     key->circuit_size,
-                                                                     key->pub_inputs_offset);
+    const FF public_input_delta = compute_public_input_delta<Flavor>(
+        public_inputs, relation_parameters.beta, relation_parameters.gamma, key->circuit_size, key->pub_inputs_offset);
     const FF lookup_grand_product_delta =
         compute_lookup_grand_product_delta<FF>(relation_parameters.beta, relation_parameters.gamma, key->circuit_size);
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.hpp
index 2b7a72b9175..1386c1717b5 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/oink_verifier.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ namespace bb {
 template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> struct OinkOutput {
     bb::RelationParameters<typename Flavor::FF> relation_parameters;
     typename Flavor::WitnessCommitments commitments;
+    std::vector<typename Flavor::FF> public_inputs;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> class OinkVerifier {
     typename Flavor::CommitmentLabels comm_labels;
     bb::RelationParameters<FF> relation_parameters;
     WitnessCommitments witness_comms;
+    std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
 
     OinkVerifier(const std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey>& verifier_key,
                  const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript,
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp
index 34b197b06b8..6b20e56daa4 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ template <typename Flavor> bool UltraVerifier_<Flavor>::verify_proof(const HonkP
     transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(proof);
     VerifierCommitments commitments{ key };
     OinkVerifier<Flavor> oink_verifier{ key, transcript };
-    auto [relation_parameters, witness_commitments] = oink_verifier.verify();
+    auto [relation_parameters, witness_commitments, _] = oink_verifier.verify();
 
     // Copy the witness_commitments over to the VerifierCommitments
     for (auto [wit_comm_1, wit_comm_2] : zip_view(commitments.get_witness(), witness_commitments.get_all())) {