diff --git a/module/src/runtime/composables/useBreadcrumbItems.ts b/module/src/runtime/nuxt/composables/useBreadcrumbItems.ts
similarity index 79%
rename from module/src/runtime/composables/useBreadcrumbItems.ts
rename to module/src/runtime/nuxt/composables/useBreadcrumbItems.ts
index 0e6d57ad..4a0bca46 100644
--- a/module/src/runtime/composables/useBreadcrumbItems.ts
+++ b/module/src/runtime/nuxt/composables/useBreadcrumbItems.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { hasTrailingSlash, parseURL, stringifyParsedURL, withTrailingSlash, withoutTrailingSlash } from 'ufo'
+import { withoutTrailingSlash } from 'ufo'
 import type { RouteMeta } from 'vue-router'
 import type { MaybeRefOrGetter } from 'vue'
 import type { BreadcrumbLink } from '@nuxt/ui/dist/runtime/types'
+import { pathBreadcrumbSegments } from '../../pure/breadcrumbs'
 import {
   computed,
   defineBreadcrumb,
@@ -83,7 +84,6 @@ export function useBreadcrumbItems(options: BreadcrumbProps = {}) {
     }
     const current = withoutQuery(withoutTrailingSlash(toValue(options.path || useRoute().path) || rootNode))
     return pathBreadcrumbSegments(current, rootNode)
-      .reverse()
       .map(path => ({
         to: path,
       }) as BreadcrumbItemProps)
@@ -143,26 +143,3 @@ export function useBreadcrumbItems(options: BreadcrumbProps = {}) {
   }
   return items
 }
-
-export function pathBreadcrumbSegments(path: string, rootNode: string = '/') {
-  const startNode = parseURL(path)
-  const appendsTrailingSlash = hasTrailingSlash(startNode.pathname)
-
-  const stepNode = (node: ReturnType<typeof parseURL>, nodes: string[] = []) => {
-    const fullPath = stringifyParsedURL(node)
-    // the pathname will always be without the trailing slash
-    const currentPathName = node.pathname || '/'
-    // when we hit the root the path will be an empty string; we swap it out for a slash
-    nodes.push(fullPath || '/')
-    if (currentPathName !== rootNode) {
-      // strip the last path segment (/my/cool/path -> /my/cool)
-      node.pathname = currentPathName.substring(0, currentPathName.lastIndexOf('/'))
-      // if the input was provided with a trailing slash we need to honour that
-      if (appendsTrailingSlash)
-        node.pathname = withTrailingSlash(node.pathname.substring(0, node.pathname.lastIndexOf('/')))
-      stepNode(node, nodes)
-    }
-    return nodes
-  }
-  return stepNode(startNode)
-}
diff --git a/module/src/runtime/pure/breadcrumbs.ts b/module/src/runtime/pure/breadcrumbs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c27cc44d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/module/src/runtime/pure/breadcrumbs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { hasTrailingSlash, parseURL, stringifyParsedURL, withTrailingSlash } from 'ufo'
+
+export function pathBreadcrumbSegments(path: string, rootNode: string = '/'): string[] {
+  const startNode = parseURL(path)
+  const appendsTrailingSlash = hasTrailingSlash(startNode.pathname)
+
+  const stepNode = (node: ReturnType<typeof parseURL>, nodes: string[] = []) => {
+    const fullPath = stringifyParsedURL(node)
+    // the pathname will always be without the trailing slash
+    const currentPathName = node.pathname || '/'
+    // when we hit the root the path will be an empty string; we swap it out for a slash
+    nodes.push(fullPath || '/')
+    if (currentPathName !== rootNode && currentPathName !== '/') {
+      // strip the last path segment (/my/cool/path -> /my/cool)
+      node.pathname = currentPathName.substring(0, currentPathName.lastIndexOf('/'))
+      // if the input was provided with a trailing slash we need to honour that
+      if (appendsTrailingSlash)
+        node.pathname = withTrailingSlash(node.pathname.substring(0, node.pathname.lastIndexOf('/')))
+      stepNode(node, nodes)
+    }
+    return nodes
+  }
+  return stepNode(startNode)
+    .reverse()
+}
diff --git a/test/unit/breadcrumbs.test.ts b/test/unit/breadcrumbs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6c4cd50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/breadcrumbs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { pathBreadcrumbSegments } from '../../module/src/runtime/pure/breadcrumbs'
+
+describe('breadcrumbs', () => {
+  it('basic', async () => {
+    const items = pathBreadcrumbSegments('/x/y', '/')
+    expect(items).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        "/",
+        "/x",
+        "/x/y",
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+  it('empty root node', async () => {
+    const items = pathBreadcrumbSegments('/x/y', '')
+    expect(items).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        "/",
+        "/x",
+        "/x/y",
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+  it('custom root node', async () => {
+    const items = pathBreadcrumbSegments('/x/y', '/x')
+    expect(items).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        "/x",
+        "/x/y",
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+  it('broken root node', async () => {
+    const items = pathBreadcrumbSegments('/x/y', '/foo')
+    expect(items).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        "/",
+        "/x",
+        "/x/y",
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+})